933 lines
87 KiB
XML
933 lines
87 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489" ID-PMC="PMC4547026" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-55-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FF8CFFB4FFD52937FFDFFFB2FF93FC06" ID-PubMed="26312044" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576322" ModsDocID="1314-2003-55-1" checkinTime="1451251384199" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Mitchell, John D. & Daly, Douglas C." docDate="2015" docId="A4DB172E1F52204F479AC65D22FC7C2B" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 55: 1-92" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 55" docPubDate="2015-08-05" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489" docTitle="Spondias mombin L., Sp. pl. 371. 1753." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="FF8CFFB4FFD52937FFDFFFB2FF93FC06" lastPageNumber="36" masterDocId="FF8CFFB4FFD52937FFDFFFB2FF93FC06" masterDocTitle="A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics" masterLastPageNumber="92" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="29" updateTime="1668141444944" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics</mods:title>
|
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</mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mitchell, John D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10458 - 5126</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">johndanmitchell@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Daly, Douglas C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10458 - 5126</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2015-08-05</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>55</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>92</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-55-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576322</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152026238" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A4DB172E1F52204F479AC65D22FC7C2B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A4DB172E1F52204F479AC65D22FC7C2B" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<taxonomicName LSID="A4DB172E-1F52-204F-479A-C65D22FC7C2B" authority="L., Sp. pl. 371. 1753." authorityName="L., Sp. pl. 371. 1753." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">Spondias mombin L., Sp. pl. 371. 1753.</taxonomicName>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Leaflets of Spondias species, showing details of the margin (insets): Spondias dulcis (Ayala & Criollo 3982, NY); Spondias macrocarpa (Thomas et al. 6823, NY); Spondias mombin (Acevedo 6037, NY); Spondias globosa (Neill & Palacios 7079, NY); Spondias radlkoferi narrow-leaflet form (Crane 458, LL) and broad-leaflet form (Contreras 6976, LL); Spondias purpurea (Grijalva 770, NY); Spondias testudinis (Lao Magin 112, NY); Spondias tuberosa (Carvalho et al. 3767, NY); Spondias venulosa (Stehmann 20855, NY)." pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Leaf architecture of Spondias mombin. A Epimedial tertiaries B Somewhat arcuate secondary vein course C Intersecondary vein D Area of irregular-reticulate tertiaries. (from Hopkins 1454, NY)." pageId="28" pageNumber="29">, 7</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Leaf architecture of Spondias mombin (contd.). A Intramarginal vein B Fimbrial vein. (from Hopkins 1454, NY)." pageId="28" pageNumber="29">, 9</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Flowers of Spondias mombin. A Opening bud B Flower at anthesis (top) and longisection at center of same C Flower post-anthesis with pistil further developed (top), longisection at center of same (bottom), and disk and pistil. A-C from Rusby & Squires 102 (NY)." pageId="28" pageNumber="29">, 11</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Distribution of Spondias mombin." pageId="28" pageNumber="29">, 12</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias myrobalanus" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrobalanus">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="29" pageNumber="30" start="start">Spondias</pageBreakToken>
|
||
myrobalanus
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L., Syst. nat. ed. 10, 2: 1036. 1759 (non L., Fl. jamaic. 1759), nom. illegit. Type. Based on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Spondias mombin</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias lutea" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lutea">Spondias lutea</taxonomicName>
|
||
L., Sp. pl. ed. 2, 1: 613. 1762, nom. illegit.;
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Salisb" authorityYear="1796" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias lucida" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lucida">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Spondias lucida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Salisb., Prodr. stirp. Chap. Allerton 172: 1796, nom. illegit. Type. Based on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Spondias mombin</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias cirouella" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cirouella">Spondias cirouella</taxonomicName>
|
||
sensu Tussac, Fl. Antill. 3: 37, t. 8. 1824, excl. synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias purpurea" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Spondias purpurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tussac" authorityYear="1827" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias pseudomyrobalanus" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudomyrobalanus">Spondias pseudomyrobalanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Tussac, Fl. Antill. 4: 97, t. 33, 1827.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marchand" authorityYear="1869" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias lutea subsp. var. var. pseudomyrobalanus" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="lutea" subSpecies="var." variety="pseudomyrobalanus">Spondias lutea L. var. pseudomyrobalanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Tussac) Marchand,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rév">Rev</normalizedToken>
|
||
. Anacardiac.: 156. 1869.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">Spondias mombin</taxonomicName>
|
||
Type [icon]: Tussac, Fl. Antill. 4: t. 33. 1827 (lectotype, here designated).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Macfad" authorityYear="1837" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias graveolens" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="graveolens">Spondias graveolens</taxonomicName>
|
||
Macfadyen, Fl. jamaica 1: 228. 1837.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">Spondias mombin</taxonomicName>
|
||
Type. Ghana, Thonning s.n. (C n.v.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Engl" authorityYear="1876" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias lutea subsp. var. var. glabra" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="lutea" subSpecies="var." variety="glabra">Spondias lutea L. var. glabra</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Engl. in Mart., Fl. bras. 12(2): 374. 1876.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">Spondias mombin</taxonomicName>
|
||
Type. Brazil. Minas Gerais: Contendas, w/o date, Martius s.n. (M, n.v.)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Engl" authorityYear="1876" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias lutea subsp. var. var. maxima" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="lutea" subSpecies="var." variety="maxima">Spondias lutea L. var. maxima</taxonomicName>
|
||
Engl. in Mart., Fl. bras. 12(2): 374. 1876.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">Spondias mombin</taxonomicName>
|
||
Type. Haiti, pro pertum Principes [Port-au-Prince], w/o date, Jaeger 208 (lectotype: P!, here designated; isolectotypes US!, W!, WU!).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias myrobalanus" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrobalanus">Spondias myrobalanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
sensu
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sessé">Sesse</normalizedToken>
|
||
&
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mociño">Mocino</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Flora mexic. 8(6): 119, pl. 105 (Torner coll. 0587, 0796). 1894.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="type">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Type</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
[icon]: Merian, Metamorph. Insect. Surinam 13, t. 13. 1705 (lectotype designated by Bornstein in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Howard, RA" journalOrPublisher="Fl. Lesser Antilles [R. A. Howard]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="B72" refString="Howard, RA, 1989. . Fl. Lesser Antilles [R. A. Howard] Vol. 5" volume="Vol. 5" year="1989">Howard 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hermaphroditic trees</emphasis>
|
||
, sometimes facultatively deciduous, reproductive height (3)6-25 m. Trunk 20-56 cm diam;
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">outer bark</emphasis>
|
||
brown or gray, rough (rarely smooth), usually deeply fissured, usually with corky, sometimes spinose projections, shed in rectangular plates;
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">inner bark</emphasis>
|
||
pinkish and orange-striate.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Trichomes</emphasis>
|
||
of two types: white and erect to 0.2 (0.3) mm long, and fine erect bristles to 0.05 (0.1) mm long.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Leaves</emphasis>
|
||
(1)3-10(-12)jugate, 14.5-42.5 cm long; petiole 3.5-13.5 cm long, petiole and rachis glabrous to sparsely pubescent; petiolules pubescent or glabrous, lateral petiolules (2-)3-10 mm long, terminal petiolule 5-40 mm long; basal leaflets 3.2-8.8
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.7-4.5 cm, (broadly) ovate, less often lanceolate or rotund, other laterals 5-25
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.4-6(8) cm, (oblong-)lanceolate to (oblong-)elliptic, less often ovate or oblong-oblanceolate, terminal leaflet 3.1-7.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.7-3.8(4.8) cm, lanceolate to narrowly ovate or elliptic; leaflet apex usually broadly and gradually acuminate, acumen 2-25(30) mm long, less often acute or rounded; lamina of lateral leaflets medially and usually basally asymmetrical, acroscopic side rounded to truncate or cuneate, basiscopic side cuneate to obtuse or attenuate, basal insertion usually asymmetrical and excurrent; leaflet margin flat and (sub)entire (on seedlings, first expanded leaflet blades crenate to serrate), sparsely ciliate with bristles; leaflets chartaceous to coriaceous, surface dull.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Inflorescences</emphasis>
|
||
(sub)terminal, developing when mature leaves are present, 15-60 cm long, 3-8 mm diam near base, broadly branched, secondary axes 2-24 cm long, axes with dense to sparse hairs to 0.3 mm long, sparser toward base or occasionally glabrous, also with sparse to dense bristles at branching points of inflorescences as well as on ultimate branches and on pedicel; bracts subtending inflorescences to 4.5 mm long, lanceolate and acuminate, bracts subtending secondary branches to 5 mm long, slightly broader than primary bracts, those on higher-order axes to 2 mm long, ovate, bracteoles 0.3-0.4 mm, deltate to ovate, bracts and bracteoles with usually dense bristles; pedicel 2-4.5 mm long overall, portion distal to articulation 1-2.6 mm long.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Calyx</emphasis>
|
||
0.5-0.8 mm long, aestivation apert, lobes 0.2-0.6 mm long, (rounded-)deltate, with sparse hairs to 0.2 mm long and sparse bristles abaxially and on the margin; petals 2.5-3.2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1)1.3-1.4 mm, (ob)lanceolate, white, glabrous, reflexed at anthesis, apex slightly acuminate; stamens spreading, the antesepalous and antepetalous ones 2.5-2.7 and 2-2.3 mm long, respectively, the anthers 1-1.3 mm long, in dorsiventral view oblong, in lateral view oblong or less often elliptic; disk 0.3-0.7 mm tall, 0.1-0.2 mm thick,
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="30" pageNumber="31" start="start">summit</pageBreakToken>
|
||
undulate and outer margin deeply sulcate, yellow; pistil 1.3-1.6 mm long, slightly ovoid overall, divided ca. half to 2/3 its length into subulate, apically divergent styles 0.7-1 mm long, stigmas extrorse, vertically elliptic.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fruits</emphasis>
|
||
2-4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.8-2.7 cm, oblong or less often ellipsoid or slightly oblong-ovoid, maturing yellow or orange, apex and base rounded to truncate, surface smooth; endocarp oblong.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Seedlings</emphasis>
|
||
(fide
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Garwood, NC" journalOrPublisher="Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refId="B57" refString="Garwood, NC, 2009. Seedlings of Barro Colorado Island and the Neotropics. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca" title="Seedlings of Barro Colorado Island and the Neotropics" year="2009">Garwood 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
): first eophylls trifoliate, the petiole, rachis, and lower midvein with sparse stiff hairs, eophyll leaflets ovate, sparsely toothed, the margin glabrous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Leaflet venation</emphasis>
|
||
: Fimbrial vein present; secondary vein pairs 10-16, mostly straight, the spacing slightly decreasing near base only, the angle decreasing toward apex and increasing toward base, insertion decurrent; inter-secondaries present, average <1 per pair of secondaries and parallel to them, longer than halfway to margin but zig-zagging; intercostal tertiaries irregular-reticulate and admedially ramified, quaternaries irregular-reticulate and admedially ramified, areolation at tertiary and quaternary ranks; FEVs highly branched, dendritic, some slight thickening; fimbrial vein present; on abaxial side the midvein and secondaries prominent (secondaries rarely prominulous to flat), glabrous except midvein and secondary veins sometimes sparsely pubescent; on adaxial side the midvein prominulous or rarely flat, secondaries prominulous to impressed, glabrous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Spondias mombin</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widely cultivated in the moist tropics, but it is native in Mexico south to SE Brazil; it may be native to E Brazil but this is uncertain.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Native populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Spondias mombin</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occur in tropical moist to semi-deciduous forests as well as gallery forests and forest islands in savannas, less often in floodplain forests (e.g., Little 8092, NY; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peters, CM" journalOrPublisher="Advances in Economic Botany" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="159 - 176" refId="B143" refString="Peters, CM, Hammond, EJ, 1990. Fruits from the flooded forests of Peruvian Amazonia: yield estimates for natural populations of three promising species. Advances in Economic Botany 8: 159 - 176" title="Fruits from the flooded forests of Peruvian Amazonia: yield estimates for natural populations of three promising species." volume="8" year="1990">Peters and Hammond 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); one collection is from white-sand dunes (Prance & Silva 24231, NY). In Central America,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Spondias mombin</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been considered a relatively early-successional species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nason, JD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Heredity" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="264 - 276" publicationUrl="10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a023104" refId="B133" refString="Nason, JD, Hamrick, JL, 1997. Reproductive and genetic consequences of forest fragmentation: Two case studies of Neotropical canopy trees. Journal of Heredity 88: 264 - 276, DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a023104" title="Reproductive and genetic consequences of forest fragmentation: Two case studies of Neotropical canopy trees." url="10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a023104" volume="88" year="1997">Nason and Hamrick 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In drier or more open conditions, the bark tends to be thicker and to produce spinose projections; reportedly it insulates against fire damage to the cambium (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pinard, MA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Tropical Ecology" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="727 - 740" publicationUrl="10.1017/S0266467400010890" refId="B144" refString="Pinard, MA, Huffman, J, 1997. Fire resistance and bark properties of trees in a seasonally dry forest in eastern Bolivia. Journal of Tropical Ecology 13 (5): 727 - 740, DOI: 10.1017/S0266467400010890" title="Fire resistance and bark properties of trees in a seasonally dry forest in eastern Bolivia." url="10.1017/S0266467400010890" volume="13" year="1997">Pinard and Huffman 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
Given this
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
broad distribution, its known phenology is broken down by region. Mexico: flowering Mar-May, fruiting May-Jul and Sep-Nov; Central America: flowering Mar-May (Sep); fruiting Mar-Oct; West Indies: flowering Mar-Jun (Dec); fruiting Apr-Aug (Dec); NW South America W of the Andes: flowering Nov-Jun (Sep), fruiting all year; N Venezuela and the Guianas: flowering Oct-Jun, fruiting Oct-Jun; W Amazonia: flowering Oct-May, fruiting Jan-Jun; NW Amazonia: flowering Oct-May, fruiting Jan-Jun; E and C Amazonian Brazil: flowering Jul-Apr, fruiting Nov; SW Amazonia: flowering Oct-Nov; fruiting Oct-Mar; C & E Brazil (S of the Amazon): flowering Aug-Feb, fruiting Sep-Apr.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
In Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Spondias mombin</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is evergreen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rodrigues, KF" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Basic Microbiology" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="131 - 135" publicationUrl="10.1002/(SICI)1521-4028(199905)39:2<131::AID-JOBM131>3.0.CO;2-9" refId="B150" refString="Rodrigues, KF, Samuels, GJ, 1999. Fungal endophytes of Spondias mombin leaves in Brazil. Journal of Basic Microbiology 39: 131 - 135, DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4028(199905)39:2<131::AID-JOBM131>3.0.CO;2-9" title="Fungal endophytes of Spondias mombin leaves in Brazil." url="10.1002/(SICI)1521-4028(199905)39:2<131::AID-JOBM131>3.0.CO;2-9" volume="39" year="1999">Rodrigues and Samuels 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), whereas in other parts of its range, such as C Panama and NW Costa Rica, it can be facultatively deciduous for up to two months (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Croat, T" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="483 - 490" publicationUrl="10.2307/2395070" refId="B33" refString="Croat, T, 1974a. A reconsideration of Spondias mombin L. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 61: 483 - 490, DOI: 10.2307/2395070" title="A reconsideration of Spondias mombin L." url="10.2307/2395070" volume="61" year="1974 a">Croat 1974a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Janzen, DH" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Tropical Ecology" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="131 - 155" publicationUrl="10.1017/S0266467400000195" refId="B75" refString="Janzen, DH, 1985. Spondias mombin is culturally deprived in megafauna-free forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 1: 131 - 155, DOI: 10.1017/S0266467400000195" title="Spondias mombin is culturally deprived in megafauna-free forest." url="10.1017/S0266467400000195" volume="1" year="1985">Janzen 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, respectively). In Guanacaste Province, NW Costa Rica, the species flowers toward the end of the 6-month long dry season (late April to early May). In C Panama, flowering
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="31" pageNumber="32" start="start">can</pageBreakToken>
|
||
range Feb-May, and the local period of flowering is ca. two months, with the trees of any given population hightly synchronized (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Adler, GH" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="686 - 692" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00516.x" refId="B1" refString="Adler, GH, Kielpinski, KA, 2000. Reproductive phenology of a tropical canopy tree, Spondias mombin. Biotropica 32: 686 - 692, DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00516.x" title="Reproductive phenology of a tropical canopy tree, Spondias mombin." url="10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00516.x" volume="32" year="2000">Adler and Kielpinski 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). At that same site, fruits required approx. five months to mature, and they ripened Jul-Oct with a peak in Aug-Sep. The fruiting season tends to be highly regular, but fruit production varies greatly among years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Milton, K" editor="Dew, JL" journalOrPublisher="Springer, The Netherlands" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="5 - 35" publicationUrl="10.1007/1-4020-3833-X_2" refId="B120" refString="Milton, K, Giacalone, J, Wright, SJ, Stockmayer, G, 2005. Do frugivore population fluctuations reflect fruit production? Evidence from Panama. In: Dew, JL, Boubli, JD, Eds., Tropical Fruits and Frugivores: The Search for Strong Interactors. Springer, The Netherlands: 5 - 35, DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-3833-X_2" title="Do frugivore population fluctuations reflect fruit production? Evidence from Panama." url="10.1007/1-4020-3833-X_2" volumeTitle="Tropical Fruits and Frugivores: The Search for Strong Interactors." year="2005">Milton et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
In addition to the animals that are hunted below
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Spondias mombin</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees (see below under Economic Botany), animals that disperse the fruits include deer, peccaries (collared and white-lipped), coatis, kinkajous, squirrels, spiny rats, agoutis, saki monkeys, several species of bats, and reptiles such as ctenosaurs (Hladik and Hladik 1969,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smythe, N" journalOrPublisher="American Naturalist" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="25 - 35" publicationUrl="10.1086/282638" refId="B163" refString="Smythe, N, 1970. Relationships between fruiting seasons and seed dispersal in a Neotropical forest. American Naturalist 104: 25 - 35, DOI: 10.1086/282638" title="Relationships between fruiting seasons and seed dispersal in a Neotropical forest." url="10.1086/282638" volume="104" year="1970">Smythe 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Croat, T" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="135 - 137" publicationUrl="10.2307/2989826" refId="B34" refString="Croat, T, 1974b. A case for selection for delayed fruit maturation in Spondias (Anacardiaceae). Biotropica 6: 135 - 137, DOI: 10.2307/2989826" title="A case for selection for delayed fruit maturation in Spondias (Anacardiaceae)." url="10.2307/2989826" volume="6" year="1974 b">Croat 1974b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Heithaus, R" journalOrPublisher="Ecology" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="841 - 854" publicationUrl="10.2307/1936295" refId="B66" refString="Heithaus, R, Fleming, TH, Opler, PA, 1975. Forging patterns and resource utilization of eight species of bats in a seasonal tropical forest. Ecology 56: 841 - 854, DOI: 10.2307/1936295" title="Forging patterns and resource utilization of eight species of bats in a seasonal tropical forest." url="10.2307/1936295" volume="56" year="1975">Heithaus et al. 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vasquez-Yanes, C" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="73 - 76" publicationUrl="10.2307/2989749" refId="B174" refString="Vasquez-Yanes, C, Orozco, A, Francois, G, Trejo, L, 1975. Observations on seed dispersal by bats in a tropical humid region in Vera Cruz, Mexico. In: Biotropica.: 73 - 76, DOI: 10.2307/2989749" title="Observations on seed dispersal by bats in a tropical humid region in Vera Cruz, Mexico." url="10.2307/2989749" volumeTitle="Biotropica." year="1975">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vàsques-Yanes">Vasques-Yanes</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 1975
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="van Roosmalen, MGM" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="419 - 441" refId="B173" refString="van Roosmalen, MGM, 1981. The bearded sakis, genus Chiropotes. Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates Vol 1: 419 - 441" title="The bearded sakis, genus Chiropotes." volume="Vol 1" year="1981">van Roosmalen 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kiltie, RA" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="188 - 195" publicationUrl="10.2307/2388025" refId="B81" refString="Kiltie, RA, 1982. Bite force as a basis for niche differentiation between rainforest peccaries (Tayassu tajacu and T. pecari). Biotropica 14: 188 - 195, DOI: 10.2307/2388025" title="Bite force as a basis for niche differentiation between rainforest peccaries (Tayassu tajacu and T. pecari)." url="10.2307/2388025" volume="14" year="1982">Kiltie 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Orozco-Segovia, A" journalOrPublisher="Brenesia" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="137 - 149" refId="B137" refString="Orozco-Segovia, A, Vasquez-Yanes, C, 1982. Plants and fruit bat interactions in a tropical rain forest area, Southeastern Mexico. Brenesia 19-20: 137 - 149" title="Plants and fruit bat interactions in a tropical rain forest area, Southeastern Mexico." volume="19 - 20" year="1982">
|
||
Orozco-Segovia and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vázquez-Yanes">Vazquez-Yanes</normalizedToken>
|
||
1982
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Janzen, DH" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Tropical Ecology" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="131 - 155" publicationUrl="10.1017/S0266467400000195" refId="B75" refString="Janzen, DH, 1985. Spondias mombin is culturally deprived in megafauna-free forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 1: 131 - 155, DOI: 10.1017/S0266467400000195" title="Spondias mombin is culturally deprived in megafauna-free forest." url="10.1017/S0266467400000195" volume="1" year="1985">Janzen 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fleming, TH" journalOrPublisher="University of Chicago Press, Chicago" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refId="B50" refString="Fleming, TH, 1988. The short-tailed fruit bat: a study in plant-animal interactions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago" title="The short-tailed fruit bat: a study in plant-animal interactions" year="1988">Fleming 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barreto, GR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="79 - 284" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb01958.x" refId="B13" refString="Barreto, GR, Hernandez, OE, Ojasti, J, 1997. Diet of peccaries (Tayassu tajacu and T. pecari) in a dry forest of Venezuela. Journal of Zoology 241: 79 - 284, DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb01958.x" title="Diet of peccaries (Tayassu tajacu and T. pecari) in a dry forest of Venezuela." url="10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb01958.x" volume="241" year="1997">Barreto et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Adler, GH" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="686 - 692" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00516.x" refId="B1" refString="Adler, GH, Kielpinski, KA, 2000. Reproductive phenology of a tropical canopy tree, Spondias mombin. Biotropica 32: 686 - 692, DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00516.x" title="Reproductive phenology of a tropical canopy tree, Spondias mombin." url="10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00516.x" volume="32" year="2000">Adler and Kielpinski 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Henry, O" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="364 - 368" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00480.x" refId="B67" refString="Henry, O, Feer, F, Sabatier, D, 2000. Diet of the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris L) in French Guiana. Biotropica 32: 364 - 368, DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00480.x" title="Diet of the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris L) in French Guiana." url="10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00480.x" volume="32" year="2000">Henry et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lobova, TA" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 471" refId="B95" refString="Lobova, TA, Geiselman, CK, Mori, SA, 2009. Seed Dispersal by Bats in the Neotropics. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 101: 1 - 471" title="Seed Dispersal by Bats in the Neotropics." volume="101" year="2009">Lobova et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="common names">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Common names.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
As noted,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Morton, JF" journalOrPublisher="C. C. Thomas, Springfield" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" refId="B127" refString="Morton, JF, 1981. Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America - Bahamas to Yucatan. C. C. Thomas, Springfield" title="Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America - Bahamas to Yucatan" year="1981">Morton (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed 96 different common names for S. mombin. This species has been recorded as being called jobo in Belize, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, northern Colombia, Ecuador (Esmeraldas), Guatemala, Nicaragua, Mexico (Oaxaca, Veracruz), Panama, and Puerto Rico, and called hog plum in Belize, Jamaica, Tortola, and Trinidad and Tobago. The species is generally called
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="taperebá">tapereba</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="taperibá">taperiba</normalizedToken>
|
||
) in Brazilian Amazonia but more commonly called
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="cajá">caja</normalizedToken>
|
||
or cajazeiro in the rest of Brazil (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ducke, A" journalOrPublisher="Boletim Tecnico do Instituto Agronomico do Norte" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refId="B40" refString="Ducke, A, 1946. Plantas de Cultura Pre-Colombiana na Amazonia. Boletim Tecnico do Instituto Agronomico do Norte 8" title="Plantas de Cultura Pre-Colombiana na Amazonia." volume="8" year="1946">Ducke 1946</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, N" journalOrPublisher="Amazon Conservation Association, Lima" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" refId="B162" refString="Smith, N, Vasquez, R, Wust, WH, 2007. Amazon River Fruits: Flavors for Conservation. Amazon Conservation Association, Lima" title="Amazon River Fruits: Flavors for Conservation" year="2007">Smith et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Other common names include the following. Bolivia, Beni: cedrillo (Oscar et al. 1000, NY),
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="aquiachá">aquiacha</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sirionó">Siriono</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Vargas et al. 423, NY), Santa Cruz:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="azucaró">azucaro</normalizedToken>
|
||
de monte; nusucarr (Toledo et al. 556, NY); Brazil, Acre:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="cajá">caja</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Daly et al. 10175, NY); Amazonas:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="taperebá">tapereba</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Krukoff 8329, NY); Bahia:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="cajá">caja</normalizedToken>
|
||
mirim (F. Souza Santos 820, NY), cajarana (Hage 2186, NY);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pará">Para</normalizedToken>
|
||
:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="kaijuwa’ywa">kaijuwa'ywa</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Assurini,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Balée">Balee</normalizedToken>
|
||
2569, NY), tawa-wa-'y ("yellow fruit tree,"
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guajá">Guaja</normalizedToken>
|
||
Indians,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Balée">Balee</normalizedToken>
|
||
3380, NY),
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="taperiwa’y">taperiwa'y</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ka’apor">Ka'apor</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Balée">Balee</normalizedToken>
|
||
2212, NY),
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="akãija’i">akaija'i</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Araweté">Arawete</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Balee 2033, NY),
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="taperebá">tapereba</normalizedToken>
|
||
(S. A. M. Souza et al. 1226, NY); Roraima:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="cajá">caja</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Portuguese), canaxaron (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Uaicá-Mucajaí">Uaica-Mucajai</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Prance et al. 10979, NY); Dominica: mobin (creole-patois, Stijfhoorn et al. 867, GH, NY); Dominican Republic: jobo de puerco (Ososki &
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Saborío">Saborio</normalizedToken>
|
||
468, NY); El Salvador: jocote jobo (Villacorta & Giammattei 2548, NY); Guadeloupe and Martinique: monbin,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="prûne">prune</normalizedToken>
|
||
monbin (Duss 3272, 322, NY), faux mirobolan (Tussac Fl. Antill. 4: 97, tab. 33. 1827); Guyana: plumtree (English), kubu (Arawak), Usiarao (Wr)(Reinders 81, NY); Jamaica: Jew plum (Yuncker 17086, NY); Mexico, Oaxaca: beea-chi (Zacateca, A. Miller et al. 318, NY), jumuy (Zoque,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hernández">Hernandez</normalizedToken>
|
||
G. 2695, TEX), a2 hma3 o3 nei23 (Chinantec, Sabino, s.n., NY); Puebla: kwawxokot (Nahuatl, Mendoza & Amith 1430, NY); San Luis
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Potosí">Potosi</normalizedToken>
|
||
:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="k’inim">k'inim</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Huastec, Alcorn 1519, TEX); Netherlands Antilles (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Curaçao">Curacao</normalizedToken>
|
||
): hoba (Arnoldo-Broeders 3902, NY); Nicaragua: jocote jobo (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guzmán">Guzman</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 578, NY), walak (Ulwa; Coe 2275, MO); Panama: jobo de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="montaña">montana</normalizedToken>
|
||
, (Miller et al. 261, NY); Surinam:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="mopé">mope</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Carib), hobo (Arawak)(Stahel 168, A); Venezuela, Amazonas:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="mopiyo’">mopiyo'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Panare, Boom & Grillo, NY), tanomami (Yanomami,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fernández">Fernandez</normalizedToken>
|
||
6814, NY).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="economic botany">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Economic botany.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
The range and habitats of introduced
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Spondias mombin</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
overlap significantly. The species has a long pre-Columbian history of use (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ducke, A" journalOrPublisher="Boletim Tecnico do Instituto Agronomico do Norte" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refId="B40" refString="Ducke, A, 1946. Plantas de Cultura Pre-Colombiana na Amazonia. Boletim Tecnico do Instituto Agronomico do Norte 8" title="Plantas de Cultura Pre-Colombiana na Amazonia." volume="8" year="1946">Ducke 1946</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); carbonized endocarps are abundant in middens of the extinct Marajoara culture of
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="32" pageNumber="33" start="start">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Marajó">Marajo</normalizedToken>
|
||
</pageBreakToken>
|
||
Island at the mouth of the Amazon (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Roosevelt, AC" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press, San Diego" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" refId="B152" refString="Roosevelt, AC, 1991. Moundbuilders of the Amazon: Geophysical Archaeology on Marajo Island, Brazil. Academic Press, San Diego" title="Moundbuilders of the Amazon: Geophysical Archaeology on Marajo Island, Brazil" year="1991">Roosevelt 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias lutea" order="Sapindales" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lutea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Spondias lutea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and it is described and illustrated (as
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">caia</emphasis>
|
||
) in Frei
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cristóvão">Cristovao</normalizedToken>
|
||
de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lisbôa’s">Lisboa's</normalizedToken>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="História">Historia</normalizedToken>
|
||
dos Animais e
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Árvores">Arvores</normalizedToken>
|
||
do
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Maranhão">Maranhao</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(1968, fascimile of ca. 1625 manuscript). It continues to be an important plant resource in Amazonia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, N" journalOrPublisher="Amazon Conservation Association, Lima" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" refId="B162" refString="Smith, N, Vasquez, R, Wust, WH, 2007. Amazon River Fruits: Flavors for Conservation. Amazon Conservation Association, Lima" title="Amazon River Fruits: Flavors for Conservation" year="2007">Smith et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the West Indies, it was probably introduced, as suggested by its occurrence primarily in disturbed areas. It is well-established as an invasive species in tropical West African forests and savannas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ghazanfar, SA" journalOrPublisher="Macmillan Publishers, London" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refId="B58" refString="Ghazanfar, SA, 1989. Savanna Plants of Africa - An Illustrated Guide. Macmillan Publishers, London" title="Savanna Plants of Africa - An Illustrated Guide" year="1989">Ghazanfar 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is more commonly cultivated in tropical Africa than S and SE Asia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kostermans, AJGH" journalOrPublisher="Bogor, Indonesia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="B85" refString="Kostermans, AJGH, 1991. Kedondong, Ambarella, Amra, the Spondiadeae (Anacardiaceae) in Asia and the Pacific area. Bogor, Indonesia" title="Kedondong, Ambarella, Amra, the Spondiadeae (Anacardiaceae) in Asia and the Pacific area" year="1991">Kostermans 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Most collections that cite uses note the edible fruit. The species can be dominant in some periodically flooded riverine habitats (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peters, CM" journalOrPublisher="Advances in Economic Botany" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="159 - 176" refId="B143" refString="Peters, CM, Hammond, EJ, 1990. Fruits from the flooded forests of Peruvian Amazonia: yield estimates for natural populations of three promising species. Advances in Economic Botany 8: 159 - 176" title="Fruits from the flooded forests of Peruvian Amazonia: yield estimates for natural populations of three promising species." volume="8" year="1990">Peters and Hammond 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and individual trees can be highly productive, producing up to 10,000 fruits per tree (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Adler, GH" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="686 - 692" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00516.x" refId="B1" refString="Adler, GH, Kielpinski, KA, 2000. Reproductive phenology of a tropical canopy tree, Spondias mombin. Biotropica 32: 686 - 692, DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00516.x" title="Reproductive phenology of a tropical canopy tree, Spondias mombin." url="10.1111/j.1744-7429.2000.tb00516.x" volume="32" year="2000">Adler and Kielpinski 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The second most reported observation is that the fruits of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Spondias mombin</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are eaten by game animals and in these cases
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Spondias mombin</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
serves as a "waiting tree" where locals go to hunt in the fruiting season. The animals include
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cebidae" genus="Ateles" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ateles" order="Primates" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Ateles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Croat 12291, NY),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1799" class="Mammalia" family="Cebidae" genus="Alouatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Alouatta" order="Primates" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Alouatta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Cebidae" genus="Cebus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cebus" order="Primates" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
monkeys (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Balée">Balee</normalizedToken>
|
||
3380 and 2569, NY, respectively) as well as yellow-footed tortoises and pacas (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Balée">Balee</normalizedToken>
|
||
2033, NY), tapirs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ayres, JM" journalOrPublisher="Acta Amazonica" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="287 - 298" refId="B8" refString="Ayres, JM, Ayres, C, 1979. Aspectos de caca no alto Rio Aripuana. Acta Amazonica 9: 287 - 298" title="Aspectos de caca no alto Rio Aripuana." volume="9" year="1979">Ayres and Ayres 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and toucans (Miller et al. 217, NY).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ayoka, AO" journalOrPublisher="African Journal of Biomedical Research" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="129 - 136" refId="B6" refString="Ayoka, AO, Akomolafe, RO, Akinsomisoye, OS, Ukponmwan, OE, 2008. Medicinal and economic value of Spondias mombin. African Journal of Biomedical Research 11: 129 - 136" title="Medicinal and economic value of Spondias mombin." volume="11" year="2008">Ayoka et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided a useful review of the economic and traditional uses of the species. The primary use of the species is for its fruits, reportedly high in vitamins C and B1 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Keshinro, OO" journalOrPublisher="Nutrition Report International" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="381 - 387" refId="B80" refString="Keshinro, OO, 1985. The unconventional sources of ascorbic acid in the tropics. Nutrition Report International 31: 381 - 387" title="The unconventional sources of ascorbic acid in the tropics." volume="31" year="1985">Keshinro 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bora, PS" journalOrPublisher="Food Chemistry" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="341 - 348" publicationUrl="10.1016/0308-8146(91)90058-V" refId="B20" refString="Bora, PS, Narain, N, Holschuh, HJ, Vasconcelos, MAS, 1991. Changes in physical and chemical composition during maturation of yellow mombin (Spondias mombin) fruits. Food Chemistry 41: 341 - 348, DOI: 10.1016/0308-8146(91)90058-V" title="Changes in physical and chemical composition during maturation of yellow mombin (Spondias mombin) fruits." url="10.1016/0308-8146(91)90058-V" volume="41" year="1991">Bora et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The pulp is stewed, or made into preserves, or used to prepare juices and alcoholic beverages (fermented or for flavoring)(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cavalcante, PB" journalOrPublisher="Apidologie" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" refId="B27" refString="Cavalcante, PB, 1976. Frutas Comestiveis da Amazonia. Ed. Habid Fraiha Neto, Belem." title="Frutas Comestiveis da Amazonia. Ed. Habid Fraiha Neto, Belem" year="1976">Cavalcante 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lorenzi, H" journalOrPublisher="Instituto Plantarum de Estudos da Flora Ltda, Nova Odessa, Brazil" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refId="B98" refString="Lorenzi, H, Bacher, LB, Sartori, SF, Lacerda, MTC, 2006. Brazilian fruits and cultivated exotics (for consuming in natura). Instituto Plantarum de Estudos da Flora Ltda, Nova Odessa, Brazil" title="Brazilian fruits and cultivated exotics (for consuming in natura)" year="2006">Lorenzi et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); one fermented product is referred to in Brazil as
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
vinho de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="taperebá">tapereba</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Severo, Jr. JB" journalOrPublisher="Process Biochemistry" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="1516 - 1520" publicationUrl="10.1016/j.procbio.2007.08.003" refId="B156" refString="Severo, Jr. JB, Almeida, SS, Narain, N, Souza, RR, Santana, JCC, Tambourgi, EB, 2007. Wine clarification from Spondias mombin L. pulp by hollow fiber membrane system. Process Biochemistry 42: 1516 - 1520, DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2007.08.003" title="Wine clarification from Spondias mombin L. pulp by hollow fiber membrane system." url="10.1016/j.procbio.2007.08.003" volume="42" year="2007">Severo et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) The juice is available in restaurants and foodstores in Brazil, and the frozen pulp is commercialized throughout the country. The tree is commonly planted as a living fence or in home gardens, or planted for shade and food for livestock (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Morton, JF" journalOrPublisher="C. C. Thomas, Springfield" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" refId="B127" refString="Morton, JF, 1981. Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America - Bahamas to Yucatan. C. C. Thomas, Springfield" title="Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America - Bahamas to Yucatan" year="1981">Morton 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the Dominican Republic the fruits are fed to pigs (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Zanoni et al. 3028</emphasis>
|
||
, NY).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Other important uses of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Spondias mombin</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are in traditional medicine (see review in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Duke, JA" journalOrPublisher="CRC Press, Boca Raton" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refId="B42" refString="Duke, JA, Bogenschutz-Godwin, MJ, Ottesen, AR, 2009. Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of Latin America. CRC Press, Boca Raton" title="Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of Latin America" year="2009">Duke et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), both in its native range and where it has been introduced. The ethnobotanical literature and herbarium specimen labels provide many accounts of the uses of its roots, leaves, flowers, fruits (rarely) and especially bark for medicinal purposes, to treat myriad medical problems such as wounds, fever (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Balée">Balee</normalizedToken>
|
||
2569, NY), dysentery, vaginal bleeding, genital ulcers, respiratory conditions, intestinal and digestive ailments, (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Morton, JF" journalOrPublisher="C. C. Thomas, Springfield" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" refId="B127" refString="Morton, JF, 1981. Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America - Bahamas to Yucatan. C. C. Thomas, Springfield" title="Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America - Bahamas to Yucatan" year="1981">Morton 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Grenand, P" journalOrPublisher="I. R. D. (Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement), Paris" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refId="B61" refString="Grenand, P, Moretti, C, Jacquemin, H, Prevost, M-F, 2004. Pharmacopees traditionalles en Guyane Creoles, Wayapi, Palikur. I.R.D. (Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement), Paris" title="Pharmacopees traditionalles en Guyane Creoles, Wayapi, Palikur" year="2004">Grenand et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), malaria (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Milliken, W" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" refId="B119" refString="Milliken, W, 1997. Plants for Malaria, Plants for Fever. In: Medicinal Species in Latin America - a Bibliographic Survey. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew" title="Plants for Malaria, Plants for Fever." volumeTitle="Medicinal Species in Latin America - a Bibliographic Survey." year="1997">Milliken 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), leishmaniasis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fleury, M" journalOrPublisher="Essai d'ethnobotanique chez les Aluku (Boni) en Guyane Francaise" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" refId="B51" refString="Fleury, M, 1991. "Busi-nenge": Les hommes-foret. Essai d'ethnobotanique chez les Aluku (Boni) en Guyane Francaise VI" title="" Busi-nenge ": Les hommes-foret." volume="VI" year="1991">Fleury 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), colds (Yuncker 17086, NY), and as a contraceptive and abortifacient (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Offiah, VN" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ethnopharmacology" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" pagination="317 - 320" publicationUrl="10.1016/0378-8741(89)90104-9" refId="B134" refString="Offiah, VN, Anyanwu, IL, 1989. Abortifacient activity of an aqueous extract of Spondias mombin leaves. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 26: 317 - 320, DOI: 10.1016/0378-8741(89)90104-9" title="Abortifacient activity of an aqueous extract of Spondias mombin leaves." url="10.1016/0378-8741(89)90104-9" volume="26" year="1989">Offiah and Anyanwu 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schultes, RE" journalOrPublisher="Dioscorides Press, Portland" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" refId="B155" refString="Schultes, RE, Raffauf, RF, 1990. Medicinal and Toxic Plants of the Northwest Amazonia. Dioscorides Press, Portland" title="Medicinal and Toxic Plants of the Northwest Amazonia" year="1990">Schultes and Raffauf 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Most often the preparations are infusions or decoctions that are either ingested or applied to the affected area. In Amazonia, the inner bark is ground into a powder and used as a disinfectant for wounds, and the boiled powder is used as an oral disinfectant (Nelson 749, 785, NY). In Nicaragua, a decoction of bark and leaves is used to treat malaria, diarrhea, infections, skin rashes, and sores (Coe 2275, MO).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Recently, compounds purified from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Spondias mombin</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been tested for a range of biological activity in lab animals, including antifungal, antimicrobial (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Corthout, J" journalOrPublisher="Planta Medica" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="460 - 463" publicationUrl="10.1055/s-2006-959532" refId="B31" refString="Corthout, J, Pieters, LA, Claeys, M, Geerts, S, van den Berghe, DA, Vlietink, AJ, 1994. Antibacterial and molluscicidal phenolic acids from Spondias mombin. Planta Medica 60: 460 - 463, DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-959532" title="Antibacterial and molluscicidal phenolic acids from Spondias mombin." url="10.1055/s-2006-959532" volume="60" year="1994">
|
||
Corthout et al.
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="33" pageNumber="34" start="start">1994</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Rodrigues and Hasse 2000), anthelminthic (Ademola et al. 2005), anti-viral (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Corthout, J" journalOrPublisher="Phytochemistry" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="1129 - 1130" publicationUrl="10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95187-2" refId="B30" refString="Corthout, J, Pieters, LA, Claeys, M, van den Berghe, DA, Vlietinck, AJ, 1991. Antiviral ellagitannins from Spondias mombin. Phytochemistry 30: 1129 - 1130, DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95187-2" title="Antiviral ellagitannins from Spondias mombin." url="10.1016/S0031-9422(00)95187-2" volume="30" year="1991">Corthout et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Ayoka 2008), and psychoactive properties (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Akubue, PI" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ethnopharmacology" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="53 - 63" publicationUrl="10.1016/0378-8741(83)90089-2" refId="B3" refString="Akubue, PI, Mittal, GC, Aguwa, CN, 1983. Preliminary pharmacological study of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 8: 53 - 63, DOI: 10.1016/0378-8741(83)90089-2" title="Preliminary pharmacological study of some Nigerian medicinal plants." url="10.1016/0378-8741(83)90089-2" volume="8" year="1983">Akubue et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ayoka, AO" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Ethnopharmacology" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="166 - 175" publicationUrl="10.1016/j.jep.2005.07.019" refId="B7" refString="Ayoka, AO, Akomolafe, RO, Iwalewa, EO, Akanmu, MA, Ukponmwan, OE, 2006. Sedative, antiepileptic and antipsychotic effects of Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae) in mice and rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103: 166 - 175, DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.07.019" title="Sedative, antiepileptic and antipsychotic effects of Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae) in mice and rats." url="10.1016/j.jep.2005.07.019" volume="103" year="2006">Ayoka et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
The wood of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Spondias mombin</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is used as a fuelstuff (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Balée">Balee</normalizedToken>
|
||
2212), but it is of poor quality because it is susceptible to rot and attack by insects (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Record, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Tropical Woods" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" pagination="11 - 45" refId="B148" refString="Record, SJ, 1939. American woods of the family Anacardiaceae. Tropical Woods 60: 11 - 45" title="American woods of the family Anacardiaceae." volume="60" year="1939">Record 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ter Welle, JH" journalOrPublisher="Flora of the Guianas, Series A (Phanerogams), Anacardiaceae" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" pagination="48 - 67" refId="B167" refString="Ter Welle, JH, Detienne, P, Terrazas, T, 1997. Wood and timber. Flora of the Guianas, Series A (Phanerogams), Anacardiaceae 19: 48 - 67" title="Wood and timber." volume="19" year="1997">Ter Welle et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); even so, it is used occasionally for construction, carpentry, and fenceposts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ayoka, AO" journalOrPublisher="African Journal of Biomedical Research" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="129 - 136" refId="B6" refString="Ayoka, AO, Akomolafe, RO, Akinsomisoye, OS, Ukponmwan, OE, 2008. Medicinal and economic value of Spondias mombin. African Journal of Biomedical Research 11: 129 - 136" title="Medicinal and economic value of Spondias mombin." volume="11" year="2008">Ayoka et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The thick bark is carved to make handcrafts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="additional specimens examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Additional specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">BELIZE</emphasis>
|
||
. Little Coquericot, Belize River, 27 May 1933, Lundell 4356 (K).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">BERMUDA</emphasis>
|
||
: Montrose, Sep 1913, Brown et al. 1656 (NY).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">BOLIVIA. Beni</emphasis>
|
||
: Prov. Yacuma, Bosque de Chimanes, ca. 65 km SE of San Borja and 65 km SW of San Ignacio, Fatima logging concession, along base of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Serranía">Serrania</normalizedToken>
|
||
Eva Eva, S of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
Chinzi near logging camp El Combate, ca.
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="15" direction="south" minutes="30" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-15.5">15°30'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="66" direction="west" minutes="15" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-66.25">66°15'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 27 Oct 1989, R. Foster & W. Terceros 13386 (F, NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">La Paz</emphasis>
|
||
: Prov. Iturralde, 3 km NE of Buena Vista,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="14" direction="south" minutes="22" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-14.366667">14°22'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="67" direction="west" minutes="33" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-67.55">67°33'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elev. 180 m, 25 Apr 1995, DeWalt 316 (MO);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Santa Cruz</emphasis>
|
||
: Prov. Velasco, Reserva
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ecológica">Ecologica</normalizedToken>
|
||
El Refugio, 1 km W of camp on trail to saltpeter mine of Cerro La Pista elev. 250 m,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="14" direction="south" minutes="45" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="53" value="-14.764722">14°45'53"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="02" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="21" value="-61.039165">61°02'21"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 25 Jan 1995,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guillén">Guillen</normalizedToken>
|
||
& Roca 3034 (NY).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">BRAZIL Acre</emphasis>
|
||
: Mun. Xapuri, Rio Acre, @ 3 hrs. by boat downstream from Xapuri and 1 hr. walking inland from left bank,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="south" minutes="45" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-10.75">10°45'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="68" direction="west" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-68.333336">68°20'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 6 Nov 1991, Daly et al. 7174 (HUFAC, NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Alagoas</emphasis>
|
||
: Mun. Quebrangulo, Reserva
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Biológica">Biologica</normalizedToken>
|
||
de Pedra Talhada,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="south" minutes="15" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-9.25">9°15'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="36" direction="west" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-36.416668">36°25'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 13 Jan 1994, Cervi et al. 7358 (NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Amapá">Amapa</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Rio Oiapoque, E of Cachoeira
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Manauá">Manaua</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="2" direction="north" minutes="18" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="2.3">2°18'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="52" direction="west" minutes="38" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-52.633335">52°38'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 17 Sep 1960, Irwin et al. 48317 (MG, NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Amazônas">Amazonas</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Mun. Manaus Reserva Florestal Ducke, km 26 Manaus-Itacoatiara road, 8 Jul 1995, M. Hopkins et al. 1454 (NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Bahia</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ilhéus">Ilheus</normalizedToken>
|
||
, campus of Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, 14 May 1965,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Belém">Belem</normalizedToken>
|
||
&
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Magalhães">Magalhaes</normalizedToken>
|
||
973 (NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Goiás">Goias</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Mun. Vila Boa, near Vila Chamada, ca.
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="15" direction="south" minutes="10" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-15.166667">15°10'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="47" direction="west" minutes="00" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-47.0">47°00'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, ca. 650 m, 19 Oct 1995, B. Pereira & D. Alvarenga 2895 (NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Rio de Janeiro</emphasis>
|
||
: Rio de Janeiro, Morro do
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Telégrafo">Telegrafo</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 18 Oct 1930, Brade s.n. (R 73761 (R).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">COLOMBIA</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Amazonas</emphasis>
|
||
: Aduche, Asentamiento Muinane, south bank of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="río">rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Caquetá">Caqueta</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="0" direction="south" minutes="41" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="45" value="-0.6958333">0°41'45"S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="72" direction="west" minutes="05" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="45" value="-72.09583">72°05'45"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 11 May 1999,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Arévalo">Arevalo</normalizedToken>
|
||
A. & Reyes R. 58 (NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Antioquia</emphasis>
|
||
: Mpio. San Luis, Corr. El Prodigio, Finca Dormene y
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Serranías">Serranias</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="6" direction="north" minutes="06" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="6.1">6°06'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="74" direction="west" minutes="48" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-74.8">74°48'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elev. 350-400 m, 25 Jun 1990,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cárdenas">Cardenas</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2866 (MO);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bolívar">Bolivar</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Mun.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Acandí">Acandi</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Corr.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Triganá">Trigana</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Reserva
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Zazardí">Zazardi</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="20" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="8.333333">8°20'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="10" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-77.166664">77°10'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elev. 100 m, 23 Mar 2006, Cardona-N. et al. 1644 (NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Mpio.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Acandí">Acandi</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Corr.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Triganá">Trigana</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Reserva
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Zazardí">Zazardi</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="20" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="8.333333">8°20'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="10" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-77.166664">77°10'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elev. 100 m, 23 Mar 2006, Cardona et al. 1644 (NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Magdalena</emphasis>
|
||
: Santa Marta, elev. 800 m, 1898-1901, H. H. Smith 912 (COL, GH, MPU);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Meta</emphasis>
|
||
: Parque Nacional Natural Tinigua,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Serranía">Serrania</normalizedToken>
|
||
Chamusa, Centro de Investigaciones
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Primatológicas">Primatologicas</normalizedToken>
|
||
La Macarena, Aug 1990, Stevenson 178 (MO).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">COSTA RICA</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Guanacaste</emphasis>
|
||
: Parque Nacional Palo Verde Area de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Conservación">Conservacion</normalizedToken>
|
||
del Tempisque, main trail do Sendero Guayacancito,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="21" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="10.35">10°21'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="85" direction="west" minutes="22" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-85.36667">85°22'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 27 Mar 1992,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chavarría">Chavarria</normalizedToken>
|
||
590 (NY).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">CUBA.</emphasis>
|
||
Santa Clara, Guajimica, 23 Mar 1910, Britton et al. 5817 (NY).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="CURAÇAO">CURACAO</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Christoffelpark, 8 Feb 1999, van Proosdij et al. 581 (NY).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">DOMINICAN REPUBLIC</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Prov. Barahona</emphasis>
|
||
, Sierra de Baoruco, at the cross of El
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Platán">Platan</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 9.4 km NNE of Paraiso on road parallel to
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
Nizaito,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="18" direction="north" minutes="03.5" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="18.058332">18°03.5'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="71" direction="west" minutes="13" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-71.21667">71°13'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 23 May 1984, Zanoni et al. 30298 (NY).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">ECUADOR</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Esmeraldas</emphasis>
|
||
: Mataje, left bank of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="río">rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="34" pageNumber="35" start="start">Mataje</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, elev. 140 m, 9 Sep 1991, Jaramillo et al. 13845 (MO);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Napo</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Estación">Estacion</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Científica">Cientifica</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yasuní">Yasuni</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
Tiputini, NW of confluence with
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
Tivacuno, 6 km E of Carretera Maxus, km 44 of branch to pozo Tivacuno,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="0" direction="south" minutes="59" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-0.98333335">0°59'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="45" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-77.75">77°45'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elev. 200-300 m, 26 Jun 1999, Romoleroux & Grefa 3239 (NY).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Guayas</emphasis>
|
||
: Guayaquil, highway W of town, 8 Mar 1955, Asplund 15634 (NY, R).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">EL SALVADOR</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ahuachapán">Ahuachapan</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: San Francisco
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Menéndez">Menendez</normalizedToken>
|
||
, beach of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="río">rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
San Francisco,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="13" direction="north" minutes="49" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="13.816667">13°49'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="89" direction="west" minutes="56" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-89.933334">89°56'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 4 Mar 1994, S.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martínez">Martinez</normalizedToken>
|
||
s.n. (LAGU ISF0063) (MO).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">HONDURAS</emphasis>
|
||
: Valle San Francisco, near El Zamorano,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="13" direction="north" minutes="58" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="11" value="13.969722">13°58'11"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="86" direction="west" minutes="59" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="38" value="-86.99389">86°59'38"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 789 m, 13 July 2001, Miller et al. 149 (NY).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">FRENCH GUIANA</emphasis>
|
||
. Mont La
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fumée">Fumee</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="3" direction="north" minutes="37" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="3.6166668">3°37'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="53" direction="west" minutes="12" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-53.2">53°12'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elev. 200-400 m, 4 Dec 1982, Mori & Boom 15324 (NY).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">GRENADA</emphasis>
|
||
: St. George, Annandale Falls,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="12" direction="north" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="12.083333">12°05'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="43" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-61.716667">61°43'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 12 Jun 2001, Hawthorne et al. 480B (NY).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">GUATEMALA</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Izabal</emphasis>
|
||
: vicinity Lago Izabal, 15°15-25'S, 89°0-25'W, 2 May 1966, G. Jones & L. Facey 3240 (NY).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">GUYANA</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Barima-Waini Region</emphasis>
|
||
, Waini Peninsula, Shell Beach Sea Turtle Monitoring Camp,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="57" value="8.399166">8°23'57"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="59" direction="west" minutes="45" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="14" value="-59.753887">59°45'14"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elev. 1 m, 5 May 2000, Hollowell 309 (NY).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">JAMAICA</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">St. Andrew</emphasis>
|
||
: Campus Univ. College of West Indies, Mona, 15 Oct. 1957, Yuncker 17086 (NY).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">MEXICO</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Chiapas</emphasis>
|
||
: Escuintla, Jul 1938, Matuda 2617 (A, NY, TEX).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Guerrero</emphasis>
|
||
: Arcelia, Coyuca, 15 Sep 1934, Hinton 6599 (BM, GH, NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
San Luis
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Potosí">Potosi</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Mpio. Aquismon, Tancuime, 23 Aug 1978, Alcorn 1519 (TEX);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Sinaloa</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mazatlán">Mazatlan</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 10 m, 26 Feb 1926,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gonzáles">Gonzales</normalizedToken>
|
||
O. 5670 (K);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Tabasco</emphasis>
|
||
: roadside on levee, Aldama, near Comalcalco, 8 May 1963, West 25/1 (GH);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Yucatán">Yucatan</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Mun.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sucilá">Sucila</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 3 km W of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sucilá">Sucila</normalizedToken>
|
||
, toward Buctzotz,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="21" direction="north" minutes="14" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="30" value="21.241667">21°14'30"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="88" direction="west" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="45" value="-88.34583">88°20'45"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 22 Sep 1996,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Durán">Duran</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2616 (GH, TEX).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">NICARAGUA</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Carazo</emphasis>
|
||
: Quebrada La Chota, trib. of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="río">rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
Escalante, ca. 7 km NE of Chococenter station, ca.
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="11" direction="north" minutes="35" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="11.583333">11°35'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="86" direction="west" minutes="09" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-86.15">86°09'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elev. 100 m, 19 Mar 1983, A. Grijalva 2415 (MO).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">PANAMA</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Bocas del Toro</emphasis>
|
||
: Punta
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Peña">Pena</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="54" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="52" value="8.914444">8°54'52"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="82" direction="west" minutes="11" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="10" value="-82.18611">82°11'10"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elev. 90 m, 30 Aug 2001, Miller et al. 259 (MO).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">PARAGUAY</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Central</emphasis>
|
||
: Trinidad,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Asunción">Asuncion</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jardín">Jardin</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Botánico">Botanico</normalizedToken>
|
||
y
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Zoológico">Zoologico</normalizedToken>
|
||
[likely cultivated],
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="25" direction="south" minutes="20" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-25.333334">25°20'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="57" direction="west" minutes="28" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-57.466667">57°28'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Dec 1991, B.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pérez">Perez</normalizedToken>
|
||
1426 (NY).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">PERU</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Huánuco">Huanuco</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Prov. Puerto Inca, Dtto. Yuyapichis, Unidad Modelo de Manejo y
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Producción">Produccion</normalizedToken>
|
||
Forestal Dantas,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="south" minutes="40" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-9.666667">9°40'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="75" direction="west" minutes="02" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-75.03333">75°02'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 115 Oct 1990, Tello 258;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Lambayeque</emphasis>
|
||
: Prov. Chiclayo, Reque, 25 m, 7 Mar 1994, Quiroz 3451 (NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Loreto</emphasis>
|
||
: lower
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
Huallaga, elev. 155-210 m, Oct-Nov 1929), Williams 4933 (A);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Madre de Dios</emphasis>
|
||
: Tambopata, Comunidad Nativa de Infierno, Hermosa Chica,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="12" direction="south" minutes="50" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-12.833333">12°50'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="69" direction="west" minutes="17" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-69.28333">69°17'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 260 m, 10 Feb 1989, Alexiades & Pesha 262 (NY).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">PUERTO RICO</emphasis>
|
||
: Caribbean National Forest, near Catalina Field Office,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="18" direction="north" minutes="17" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="18.283333">18°17'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="65" direction="west" minutes="47" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-65.78333">65°47'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 31 July 1986, Boom & Rivera 6793 (NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">SURINAM</emphasis>
|
||
: Tumuc Humac mountains, Litani River,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="2" direction="north" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="2.5166667">2°31'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="54" direction="west" minutes="45" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-54.75">54°45'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elev. 190 m, 14 Aug 1993,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Acevedo-Rodríguez">Acevedo-Rodriguez</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 6033 (TEX).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">TRINIDAD</emphasis>
|
||
: coastal hillside, Pointe Gourde, 31 Mar 1921, Britton & Broadway 2647 (NY).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">UNITED STATES</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Florida</emphasis>
|
||
: Monroe County, Homestead, cultivated at Subtropical Experiment Station 19 Oct 1971, Gillis 11119, MO).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">VENEZUELA</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Amazonas</emphasis>
|
||
: Depto.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
Negro, elev. 540 m,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="2" direction="north" minutes="16" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="2.2666667">2°16'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="63" direction="west" minutes="31" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-63.516666">63°31'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, Oct 1991, Chaviel 52 (NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Apure</emphasis>
|
||
: Distrito Pedro Camejo, bank of the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="río">rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
Orinoco, 35 airline km NE of Puerto
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paéz">Paez</normalizedToken>
|
||
, just NE of Isla El Gallo,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="6" direction="north" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="6.0833335">6°05'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="67" direction="west" minutes="13" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-67.21667">67°13'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elev. 40 m, 23 Feb 1978, Davidse &
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="González">Gonzalez</normalizedToken>
|
||
14459 (NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Aragua</emphasis>
|
||
: Tovar, elev. 3000 ft., 5 Jun 1855, Fendler 1310 (GH).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bolívar">Bolivar</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Mun. Padre Chien, 24 km from El Palmar toward
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
Grande, elev. 275 m,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="01" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="30" value="8.025">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="35" pageNumber="36" start="start">8</pageBreakToken>
|
||
°01'30"N
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="51" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="40" value="-61.86111">61°51'40"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 12 Apr 1997, Diaz et al. 3172 (NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Zulia</emphasis>
|
||
: Dtto.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Páez">Paez</normalizedToken>
|
||
, near
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Misión">Mision</normalizedToken>
|
||
de Guana, between highway and km 4 of road E of CarrasqueroGuanaGuarero highway, elev. 100-150 m, 5 Jun 1977, Bunting 5130 (NY).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">We consider this species to be of Least Concern because of its broad range and often large populations, moreover it is widely cultivated.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
This species is compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. D. Mitch. & Daly" authorityYear="2015" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias globosa" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="globosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Spondias globosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the discussion under the latter species. The occurrence of a number of distinct intermediates between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Spondias mombin</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and several other species suggests the possibility that this species is prone to hybridization (see discussion above in sections treating the genus as a whole).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |