treatments-xml/data/A4/30/87/A4308784FF9B015C76AB212DFA6E54B5.xml

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<mods:title id="9F145D65384AE18A788E23D9E7DF9289">Notes on the taxonomy and distribution of Xylocopa coronata Smith, 1860, a large carpenter bee from Maluku, Indonesia (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apidae)</mods:title>
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<treatmentCitation id="AD381083FF9B015976AB212DFDB35754" author="Smith F." box="[192,637,294,324]" page="135" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" year="1860">
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9B015976AB212DFDB35754" ID-CoL="5CKRR" authority="Smith 1860: 135" authorityName="Smith" authorityPageNumber="135" authorityYear="1860" box="[192,637,294,324]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coronata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9B015976AB212DFDB35754" bold="true" box="[192,637,294,324]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9B015976AB212DFE665753" bold="true" box="[192,424,294,323]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Xylocopa coronata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9B015977C4212CFDB35754" author="Smith F." box="[431,637,295,324]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" pagination="93 - 143" refId="ref3569" refString="Smith F. 1860. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace in the islands of Bachian, Kaisaa, Amboyna, Gilolo, and at Dory in New Guinea. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of London 5: 93 - 143." type="journal article" year="1860">Smith 1860: 135</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="2C263692FF9B015976AB2140FEE05775" blockId="3.[192,637,294,357]" box="[192,302,331,357]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
<figureCitation id="B4A22A17FF9B015976AB2140FEE75775" box="[192,297,331,357]" captionStart-0="Figures 1–4" captionStart-1="Figures 5–12" captionStart-2="Figure 13" captionStartId-0="3.[192,279,1866,1892]" captionStartId-1="4.[192,279,1001,1027]" captionStartId-2="5.[192,268,1866,1892]" captionTargetBox-0="[273,1386,1068,1835]" captionTargetBox-1="[274,1374,216,962]" captionTargetBox-2="[240,1392,1116,1819]" captionTargetId-0="figure-276@3.[240,1392,1068,1836]" captionTargetId-1="figure-413@4.[240,1392,210,970]" captionTargetId-2="figure-460@5.[240,1392,1097,1836]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionText-0="Figures 1–4. Holotype female of Xylocopa coronata and accompanying labels.1) Dorsal view.2) Labels.3) Lateral view. 4) Oblique view." captionText-1="Figures 5–12. Female and male specimens of Xylocopa coronata; all are X. coronata coronata except for the female of X. coronata combinatain Figures 8 and 12. 5) Dorsal habitus, female, Halmahera.6) Dorsal habitus, female, Bacan. 7) Dorsal habitus, female, Tidore. 8) Dorsal habitus, female, Obi. 9) Dorsal habitus, male, Bacan. 10) Lateral view, male, Bacan. 11) Lateral view, female, Tidore. 12) Lateral view, female, Obi." captionText-2="Figure 13. Map showing known distribution of Xylocopa coronata, with schematic illustrations of the dorsal coloration patterns in females from each locality." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565281" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565283" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565285" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4565281/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4565283/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4565285/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 1–13</figureCitation>
.
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<treatmentCitation id="AD381083FF9B0159768B217FFD8E579C" author="Smith F." box="[224,576,372,396]" page="135" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" year="1860">
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9B0159768B217FFD8E579C" ID-CoL="5CKRR" authority="Smith 1860: 135" authorityName="Smith" authorityPageNumber="135" authorityYear="1860" box="[224,576,372,396]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coronata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9B0159768B217FFE58579C" box="[224,406,372,396]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Xylocopa coronata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9B015977F0217FFD8E579C" author="Smith F." box="[411,576,372,396]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" pagination="93 - 143" refId="ref3569" refString="Smith F. 1860. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace in the islands of Bachian, Kaisaa, Amboyna, Gilolo, and at Dory in New Guinea. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of London 5: 93 - 143." type="journal article" year="1860">Smith 1860: 135</bibRefCitation>
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; 
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<typeStatus id="F3228830FF9B01597421217EFDB8579D" box="[586,630,373,397]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">type</typeStatus>
locality “Kaisaa” (= 
<location id="29466049FF9B01597529217FFCB1579C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A4308784FF9B015C76AB212DFA6E54B5:29466049FF9B01597529217FFCB1579C" box="[834,895,372,396]" country="Indonesia" municipality="Kayoa" name="Kaioa" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" stateProvince="Maluku Utara">Kaioa</location>
, also spelled 
<collectingMunicipality id="CC42ACE8FF9B01597269217EFB8D579D" box="[1026,1091,373,397]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Kayoa</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingRegion id="EE5DF870FF9B01597227217FFB53579C" box="[1100,1181,372,396]" country="Indonesia" name="Maluku Utara" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Maluku</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="548E7602FF9B015972CC217FFAC1579C" box="[1191,1295,372,396]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
)
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.
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<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9B015976AB2196FEFA57A7" bold="true" box="[192,308,413,439]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
<typeStatus id="F3228830FF9B015976AB2196FEE157A7" box="[192,303,413,439]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Female, labeled “Kaisaa” and “ 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9B015974E32195FCF657A7" authority="Sm." authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1860" box="[648,824,413,439]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coronata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9B015974E32195FCC857A7" box="[648,774,414,439]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">X. coronata</emphasis>
Sm.
</taxonomicName>
, ‘Malay Arch’, F. Sm. coll.” found by the author in collection of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, to be returned to the Frederick Smith Collection, Oxford University Museum, 
<figureCitation id="B4A22A17FF9B015974E821E9FD1157EC" box="[643,735,482,508]" captionStart="Figures 1–4" captionStartId="3.[192,279,1866,1892]" captionTargetBox="[273,1386,1068,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-276@3.[240,1392,1068,1836]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 1–4. Holotype female of Xylocopa coronata and accompanying labels.1) Dorsal view.2) Labels.3) Lateral view. 4) Oblique view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565281/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Fig. 1–4</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2C263692FF9B015976AB2207FEF9547C" blockId="3.[192,1440,524,620]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9B015976AB2207FE8E5436" bold="true" box="[192,320,524,550]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Synonyms.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9B015977232206FCDD5437" authority="Ritsema (1876: 181)" authorityName="Ritsema" authorityPageNumber="181" authorityYear="1876" box="[328,787,524,551]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="combinata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9B015977232206FDEB5437" box="[328,549,525,551]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Xylocopa combinata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9B015974452206FCDD5437" author="Ritsema C." box="[558,787,524,551]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" pagination="177 - 185" refId="ref3548" refString="Ritsema C. 1876. Acht nieuwe Oost-Indische Xylocopa - soorten. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 19: 177 - 185." type="journal article" year="1876">Ritsema (1876: 181)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<typeStatus id="F3228830FF9B015975742206FC815437" box="[799,847,525,551]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">type</typeStatus>
locality “Obi-eilanden” (= Obi, 
<collectingRegion id="EE5DF870FF9B015972D72206FADB5437" box="[1212,1301,525,551]" country="Indonesia" name="Maluku Utara" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Maluku</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="548E7602FF9B015973492206FA5A5438" box="[1314,1428,525,552]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
); synonymy by 
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9B015977082224FD88545A" author="Lieftinck MA" box="[355,582,559,586]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" pagination="55 - 73" refId="ref3402" refString="Lieftinck MA. 1956. Revision of the carpenter-bees (Xylocopa Latreille) of the Moluccan Islands, with notes on other Indo- Australian species. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 99: 55 - 73." type="journal article" year="1956">Lieftinck (1956: 63)</bibRefCitation>
. 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9B0159743A2224FBCF5459" authority="Ritsema" authorityName="Ritsema" box="[593,1025,559,585]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="coronata" subSpecies="combinata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9B0159743A2224FC545459" box="[593,922,559,585]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Xylocopa coronata combinata</emphasis>
Ritsema
</taxonomicName>
, combination proposed by 
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9B015973562224FEFA547C" author="Lieftinck MA" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" pagination="55 - 73" refId="ref3402" refString="Lieftinck MA. 1956. Revision of the carpenter-bees (Xylocopa Latreille) of the Moluccan Islands, with notes on other Indo- Australian species. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 99: 55 - 73." type="journal article" year="1956">Lieftinck (1956: 63)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2C263692FF9B015976AB2277FC825576" blockId="3.[191,1441,636,870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9B015976AB2277FE7A5486" bold="true" box="[192,436,636,662]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Known distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9B015977D62277FC8A5486" authority="coronata Smith" authorityName="Smith" box="[445,836,636,662]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="coronata" subSpecies="coronata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9B015977D62277FD3A5486" box="[445,756,636,662]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Xylocopa coronata coronata</emphasis>
Smith
</taxonomicName>
: 
<collectingCountry id="548E7602FF9B0159753A2277FC0C5486" box="[849,962,636,662]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
: Bacan: Wajaua, Labuha, and unspecified localities; Halmahera: Akilamo, Atjengo, Dodinga, Galelo, Goa, Kau, Tolewang, and unspecified localities in North, South, and Southeast Halmahera; Kai; Kaioa; Obi: Kasowari and unspecified localities; 
<collectingCountry id="548E7602FF9B015972BB22C9FAE954CC" box="[1232,1319,706,732]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Ternate</collectingCountry>
: Bukunora and unspecified localities; 
<collectingCountry id="548E7602FF9B0159778E22EFFDFE54EE" box="[485,560,740,766]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Tidore</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9B0159745622EFFCC454EF" author="Lieftinck MA" box="[573,778,739,767]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" pagination="55 - 73" refId="ref3402" refString="Lieftinck MA. 1956. Revision of the carpenter-bees (Xylocopa Latreille) of the Moluccan Islands, with notes on other Indo- Australian species. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 99: 55 - 73." type="journal article" year="1956">Lieftinck 1956: 62</bibRefCitation>
). The Kai locality given by 
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9B0159725922EFFAC254EF" author="Lieftinck MA" box="[1074,1292,739,767]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" pagination="55 - 73" refId="ref3402" refString="Lieftinck MA. 1956. Revision of the carpenter-bees (Xylocopa Latreille) of the Moluccan Islands, with notes on other Indo- Australian species. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 99: 55 - 73." type="journal article" year="1956">Lieftinck (1956: 62)</bibRefCitation>
based on old specimens in the F. Smith collection requires confirmation, given the significant geographic distance between Kai or Kei and the other localities reported here for this species. 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9B0159751C2322FAEF5553" authority="Ritsema" authorityName="Ritsema" box="[887,1313,809,835]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="coronata" subSpecies="combinata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9B0159751C2322FB725553" box="[887,1212,809,835]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Xylocopa coronata combinata</emphasis>
Ritsema
</taxonomicName>
: 
<collectingCountry id="548E7602FF9B015973402322FA525553" box="[1323,1436,809,835]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
: Obi: Laiwui and unspecified localities (
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9B015974192340FCF15576" author="Lieftinck MA" box="[626,831,843,870]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" pagination="55 - 73" refId="ref3402" refString="Lieftinck MA. 1956. Revision of the carpenter-bees (Xylocopa Latreille) of the Moluccan Islands, with notes on other Indo- Australian species. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 99: 55 - 73." type="journal article" year="1956">Lieftinck 1956: 63</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9B015976AB237EFDE8559F" bold="true" box="[192,550,885,911]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Additional material examined.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9B01597446237DFCDC559F" authority="coronata" box="[557,786,886,911]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="coronata" subSpecies="coronata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9B01597446237DFCDC559F" box="[557,786,886,911]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">X. coronata coronata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<materialsCitation id="9CF13CCFFF9B01597575237DFDDC55A3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3046462310" collectingDate="1981-07-27" collectingDateMax="1981-07-31" collectingDateMin="1981-07-27" collectorName="Messer" country="Indonesia" location="Bacan Island" municipality="Kampung Wayamiga" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
<collectingCountry id="548E7602FF9B01597575237DFC415580" box="[798,911,886,912]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
: 
<location id="29466049FF9B015975F2237DFBE75580" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A4308784FF9B015C76AB212DFA6E54B5:29466049FF9B015975F2237DFBE75580" box="[921,1065,886,912]" country="Indonesia" municipality="Kampung Wayamiga" name="Bacan Island" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Bacan Island</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="CC42ACE8FF9B0159725F237DFAEE5580" box="[1076,1312,886,912]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Kampung Wayamiga</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<date id="58271052FF9B01597341237DFF3655A2" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" value="1981-07-27" valueMax="1981-07-31" valueMin="1981-07-27">
<collectingDate id="4863E9BAFF9B01597341237DFF3655A2" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" value="1981-07-27" valueMax="1981-07-31" valueMin="1981-07-27">27–31 July 1981</collectingDate>
</date>
, A. C. 
<collectorName id="816C5344FF9B0159772D2392FE5B55A3" box="[326,405,921,947]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Messer</collectorName>
(
<specimenCount id="3A9FFD1BFF9B015977C32393FDC555A3" box="[424,523,920,947]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="9CF13CCFFF9B015974742393FE6955E8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3046462302" collectingDate="1981-01-29" collectionCode="R" collectorName="A. C. Messer &amp; P. M. Taylor" country="Indonesia" county="Isthmus of Dodinga" location="Halmahera Island" municipality="Jailolo District" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="1">
“S. Batjan” with no further locality information, VI–VII.1953, A. M. 
<collectionCode id="4A88AE57FF9B015973422392FAF055A3" box="[1321,1342,921,947]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">R</collectionCode>
. Wegner (
<specimenCount id="3A9FFD1BFF9B015976A623B0FEE555C5" box="[205,299,955,981]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount id="3A9FFD1BFF9B0159775D23B0FE4B55C6" box="[310,389,955,982]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
). 
<location id="29466049FF9B015977FC23B0FDAF55C5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A4308784FF9B015C76AB212DFA6E54B5:29466049FF9B015977FC23B0FDAF55C5" box="[407,609,955,981]" country="Indonesia" county="Isthmus of Dodinga" municipality="Jailolo District" name="Halmahera Island" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Halmahera Island</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="CC42ACE8FF9B0159740723B0FCDF55C5" box="[620,785,955,981]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Jailolo District</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCounty id="C5474E1EFF9B0159757023B0FC3355C5" box="[795,1021,955,981]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Isthmus of Dodinga</collectingCounty>
, 
<date id="58271052FF9B0159726323B0FB7055C5" box="[1032,1214,955,981]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" value="1981-01-29">
<collectingDate id="4863E9BAFF9B0159726323B0FB7055C5" box="[1032,1214,955,981]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" value="1981-01-29">29 January 1981</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName id="816C5344FF9B015972A223B0FA9655C5" box="[1225,1368,955,981]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">A. C. Messer</collectorName>
and 
<collectorName id="816C5344FF9B015973E423B0FEE355E7" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">P. M. Taylor</collectorName>
(
<specimenCount id="3A9FFD1BFF9B0159775523D6FE6E55E8" box="[318,416,989,1016]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="9CF13CCFFF9B015E77D923D6FDC252A8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3046462311" collectingDate="1981-01-01" collectingDateMax="1981-01-14" collectingDateMin="1981-01-01" collectorName="Messer &amp; Taylor" country="Indonesia" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="3" latitude="0.8833333" location="Jailolo District" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="127.683334" municipality="Kampung Pasir Putih" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" specimenCount="11" specimenCount-female="11">
<location id="29466049FF9B015977D923D6FD9955E7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A4308784FF9B015C76AB212DFA6E54B5:29466049FF9B015977D923D6FD9955E7" box="[434,599,989,1015]" country="Indonesia" latitude="0.8833333" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="127.683334" municipality="Kampung Pasir Putih" name="Jailolo District" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Jailolo District</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="CC42ACE8FF9B0159740A23D5FC9A55E7" box="[609,852,989,1016]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Kampung Pasir Putih</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="49AD5055FF9B0159753523D6FC7A55E8" box="[862,948,989,1018]" degrees="0" direction="north" minutes="53" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" precision="925" value="0.8833333">
0°53 
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9B015975F823D4FC5755EA" bold="true" box="[915,921,991,1018]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">′</emphasis>
N
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="49AD5055FF9B015975D523D6FBE455E8" box="[958,1066,989,1018]" degrees="127" direction="east" minutes="41" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" precision="925" value="127.683334">
127°41 
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9B0159726423D4FBDB55EA" bold="true" box="[1039,1045,991,1018]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">′</emphasis>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date id="58271052FF9B0159725E23D6FAC955E7" box="[1077,1287,989,1016]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" value="1981-01-01" valueMax="1981-01-14" valueMin="1981-01-01">
<collectingDate id="4863E9BAFF9B0159725E23D6FAC955E7" box="[1077,1287,989,1016]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" value="1981-01-01" valueMax="1981-01-14" valueMin="1981-01-01">1–14 January 1981</collectingDate>
</date>
, A. C. 
<collectorName id="816C5344FF9B0159733A23D5FA6E55E8" box="[1361,1440,990,1016]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Messer</collectorName>
and P. M. 
<collectorName id="816C5344FF9C015E77592496FEB752A7" box="[306,377,1181,1207]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Taylor</collectorName>
(
<specimenCount id="3A9FFD1BFF9C015E77E22496FDCB52A8" box="[393,517,1181,1208]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="female">11 females</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="9CF13CCFFF9C015E74732495FB8A52A8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3046462307" box="[536,1092,1181,1208]" collectingDate="1981-01-15" collectingDateMax="1981-01-31" collectingDateMin="1981-01-15" collectorName="Messer &amp; Taylor" country="Indonesia" latitude="0.8833333" location="Jailolo District" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="127.683334" municipality="Kampung Pasir Putih" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2">
same data except 
<date id="58271052FF9C015E74B42496FC7052A7" box="[735,958,1181,1208]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1981-01-15" valueMax="1981-01-31" valueMin="1981-01-15">
<collectingDate id="4863E9BAFF9C015E74B42496FC7052A7" box="[735,958,1181,1208]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1981-01-15" valueMax="1981-01-31" valueMin="1981-01-15">15–31 January 1981</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<specimenCount id="3A9FFD1BFF9C015E75A52496FBF352A8" box="[974,1085,1181,1208]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="9CF13CCFFF9C015E723B2495FDE652CA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3046462308" collectingDate="1981-02-01" collectingDateMax="1981-02-14" collectingDateMin="1981-02-01" collectorName="Messer &amp; Taylor" country="Indonesia" latitude="0.8833333" location="Jailolo District" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="127.683334" municipality="Kampung Pasir Putih" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="3" specimenCount-male="1">
same data except 
<date id="58271052FF9C015E737D2496FEEF52C9" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1981-02-01" valueMax="1981-02-14" valueMin="1981-02-01">
<collectingDate id="4863E9BAFF9C015E737D2496FEEF52C9" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1981-02-01" valueMax="1981-02-14" valueMin="1981-02-01">1–14 February 1981</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<specimenCount id="3A9FFD1BFF9C015E775A24B4FE5452C9" box="[305,410,1215,1241]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="female">3 females</specimenCount>
and 
<specimenCount id="3A9FFD1BFF9C015E77B924B4FDEE52CA" box="[466,544,1215,1242]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="9CF13CCFFF9C015E745824CBFEF052EC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3046462305" collectingDate="1980-12" collectingDateMax="1981-05-14" collectingDateMin="1980-12" collectorName="Messer &amp; Taylor" country="Indonesia" latitude="0.8833333" location="Jailolo District" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="127.683334" municipality="Kampung Pasir Putih" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3">
same data except 
<date id="58271052FF9C015E749224B4FC6752C9" box="[761,937,1215,1241]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1980-12">
<collectingDate id="4863E9BAFF9C015E749224B4FC6752C9" box="[761,937,1215,1241]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1980-12">December 1980</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<specimenCount id="3A9FFD1BFF9C015E75D024B4FBD352CA" box="[955,1053,1215,1242]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
), same data except 
<date id="58271052FF9C015E729F24B4FA6E52C9" box="[1268,1440,1215,1242]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1981-05-01" valueMax="1981-05-14" valueMin="1981-05-01">
<collectingDate id="4863E9BAFF9C015E729F24B4FA6E52C9" box="[1268,1440,1215,1242]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1981-05-01" valueMax="1981-05-14" valueMin="1981-05-01">1–14 May 1981</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<specimenCount id="3A9FFD1BFF9C015E76A224EAFEF952EC" box="[201,311,1249,1276]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="9CF13CCFFF9C015E772124EAFC0052EC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3046462312" box="[330,974,1249,1276]" collectingDate="1981-07-15" collectingDateMax="1981-07-31" collectingDateMin="1981-07-15" collectorName="Taylor" country="Indonesia" latitude="0.8833333" location="Jailolo District" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="127.683334" municipality="Kampung Pasir Putih" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
same data except 
<date id="58271052FF9C015E746524EAFD0D52EB" box="[526,707,1249,1276]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1981-07-15" valueMax="1981-07-31" valueMin="1981-07-15">
<collectingDate id="4863E9BAFF9C015E746524EAFD0D52EB" box="[526,707,1249,1276]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1981-07-15" valueMax="1981-07-31" valueMin="1981-07-15">15–31 July 1981</collectingDate>
</date>
, P. M. 
<collectorName id="816C5344FF9C015E756624EAFC9A52EB" box="[781,852,1249,1275]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Taylor</collectorName>
(
<specimenCount id="3A9FFD1BFF9C015E750D24EAFC0952EC" box="[870,967,1249,1276]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="9CF13CCFFF9C015E75B224EAFED8530E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3046462314" collectingDate="1981-07-15" collectingDateMax="1981-07-31" collectingDateMin="1981-07-15" collectorName="Taylor" country="Indonesia" latitude="0.8833333" location="Jailolo District" longLatPrecision="1308" longitude="127.683334" municipality="Kampung Pasir Putih" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
same data except no date of collection (
<specimenCount id="3A9FFD1BFF9C015E73FF24EAFEC1530E" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="9CF13CCFFF9C015E77492508FE4C532F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3046462306" collectingDate="1981-03-01" collectingDateMax="1981-03-14" collectingDateMin="1981-03-01" collectorName="A. C. Messer &amp; P. M. Taylor" country="Indonesia" county="Kampung Tuguls" location="Kao District" municipality="Air Kanan" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
<location id="29466049FF9C015E77492508FE60530D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A4308784FF9B015C76AB212DFA6E54B5:29466049FF9C015E77492508FE60530D" box="[290,430,1283,1309]" country="Indonesia" county="Kampung Tuguls" municipality="Air Kanan" name="Kao District" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Kao District</location>
, Kao 
<location id="29466049FF9C015E77862508FDBE530D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A4308784FF9B015C76AB212DFA6E54B5:29466049FF9C015E77862508FDBE530D" box="[493,624,1283,1309]" country="Indonesia" county="Kampung Tuguls" municipality="Air Kanan" name="River Basin" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">River Basin</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="CC42ACE8FF9C015E74172508FD3D530D" box="[636,755,1283,1309]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Air Kanan</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCounty id="C5474E1EFF9C015E74942508FC0C530D" box="[767,962,1283,1309]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Kampung Tuguls</collectingCounty>
, 
<date id="58271052FF9C015E75A62508FB5A530D" box="[973,1172,1283,1309]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1981-03-01" valueMax="1981-03-14" valueMin="1981-03-01">
<collectingDate id="4863E9BAFF9C015E75A62508FB5A530D" box="[973,1172,1283,1309]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1981-03-01" valueMax="1981-03-14" valueMin="1981-03-01">1–14 March 1981</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName id="816C5344FF9C015E72F42508FAE1530D" box="[1183,1327,1283,1309]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">A. C. Messer</collectorName>
and 
<collectorName id="816C5344FF9C015E730C2508FEC6532E" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">P. M. Taylor</collectorName>
(
<specimenCount id="3A9FFD1BFF9C015E7772252EFEB5532F" box="[281,379,1316,1343]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="9CF13CCFFF9C015E77E6252EFA87532F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3046462301" box="[397,1353,1316,1343]" collectingDate="1981-03-19" collectorName="A. C. Messer &amp; P. M. Taylor" country="Indonesia" location="Kao District" municipality="Kampung Kao" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
<location id="29466049FF9C015E77E6252EFDD6532E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A4308784FF9B015C76AB212DFA6E54B5:29466049FF9C015E77E6252EFDD6532E" box="[397,536,1316,1343]" country="Indonesia" municipality="Kampung Kao" name="Kao District" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Kao District</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="CC42ACE8FF9C015E7448252EFD08532F" box="[547,710,1317,1343]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Kampung Kao</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<date id="58271052FF9C015E74BA252EFCB4532F" box="[721,890,1316,1343]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1981-03-19">
<collectingDate id="4863E9BAFF9C015E74BA252EFCB4532F" box="[721,890,1316,1343]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1981-03-19">19 March 1981</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectorName id="816C5344FF9C015E75EF252EFBDD532F" box="[900,1043,1317,1343]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">A. C. Messer</collectorName>
and 
<collectorName id="816C5344FF9C015E7221252EFB1E532E" box="[1098,1232,1316,1343]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">P. M. Taylor</collectorName>
(
<specimenCount id="3A9FFD1BFF9C015E728A252EFA8D532F" box="[1249,1347,1316,1343]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="9CF13CCFFF9C015E733E252FFBBA5393" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3046462304" collectingDate="1981-04-11" collectingDateMax="1981-07-10" collectingDateMin="1981-04-11" collectionCode="T" collectorName="A. C. Messer &amp; P. M. Taylor" country="Ternate Island" county="Kampung Guaepaji" location="Tobelo District" municipality="Kampung Rupo" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="5">
<location id="29466049FF9C015E733E252FFED65370" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A4308784FF9B015C76AB212DFA6E54B5:29466049FF9C015E733E252FFED65370" country="Ternate Island" county="Kampung Guaepaji" municipality="Kampung Rupo" name="Tobelo District" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Tobelo District</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="CC42ACE8FF9C015E7748254CFE185371" box="[291,470,1351,1377]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Kampung Rupo</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<date id="58271052FF9C015E7789254CFDB25371" box="[482,636,1350,1377]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1981-04-11">
<collectingDate id="4863E9BAFF9C015E7789254CFDB25371" box="[482,636,1350,1377]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1981-04-11">11 April 1981</collectingDate>
</date>
, A. C. 
<collectorName id="816C5344FF9C015E74A3254CFCD95371" box="[712,791,1351,1377]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Messer</collectorName>
and P. M. 
<collectorName id="816C5344FF9C015E75E4254DFC185370" box="[911,982,1350,1376]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Taylor</collectorName>
(
<specimenCount id="3A9FFD1BFF9C015E7583254CFB845371" box="[1000,1098,1350,1377]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
). 
<collectingCountry id="548E7602FF9C015E7237254CFB305370" box="[1116,1278,1350,1377]" name="Ternate Island" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Ternate Island</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectionCode id="4A88AE57FF9C015E7362254CFAD55371" box="[1289,1307,1351,1377]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">T</collectionCode>
. 
<collectorName id="816C5344FF9C015E734E254DFA4C5370" box="[1317,1410,1350,1376]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Barbour</collectorName>
(
<specimenCount id="3A9FFD1BFF9C015E73FF254CFEDE5393" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
). 
<collectingCountry id="548E7602FF9C015E77492563FE745392" box="[290,442,1384,1410]" name="Tidore Island" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Tidore Island</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCounty id="C5474E1EFF9C015E77AE2562FD6F5392" box="[453,673,1384,1411]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Kampung Guaepaji</collectingCounty>
, 
<date id="58271052FF9C015E74C72563FC9A5392" box="[684,852,1384,1411]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1981-07-05" valueMax="1981-07-10" valueMin="1981-07-05">
<collectingDate id="4863E9BAFF9C015E74C72563FC9A5392" box="[684,852,1384,1411]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1981-07-05" valueMax="1981-07-10" valueMin="1981-07-05">5–10 July 1981</collectingDate>
</date>
, A. C. 
<collectorName id="816C5344FF9C015E75CB2562FC215393" box="[928,1007,1385,1411]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Messer</collectorName>
(
<specimenCount id="3A9FFD1BFF9C015E75942563FBA35393" box="[1023,1133,1384,1411]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="female">3 females</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="9CF13CCFFF9C015E72EB2562FEF253D7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3046462303" collectingDate="1981-07-06" collectingDateMax="1981-07-07" collectingDateMin="1981-07-06" collectionCode="R" country="Indonesia" county="Kampung Guaepaji" elevation="100" location="Tobelo District" municipality="Kampung Rupo" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" specimenCount="10" specimenCount-female="10">
same data except 
<date id="58271052FF9C015E732E2563FF3953B4" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1981-07-06" valueMax="1981-07-07" valueMin="1981-07-06">
<collectingDate id="4863E9BAFF9C015E732E2563FF3953B4" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1981-07-06" valueMax="1981-07-07" valueMin="1981-07-06">6–7 July 1981</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<specimenCount id="3A9FFD1BFF9C015E776E2581FEBC53B5" box="[261,370,1418,1445]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="female">8 females</specimenCount>
). 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9C015E77EB2580FDB953B4" box="[384,631,1418,1444]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="coronata" subSpecies="combinata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9C015E77EB2580FDB953B4" box="[384,631,1418,1444]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">X. coronata combinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<collectingCountry id="548E7602FF9C015E74EF2581FD3B53B4" box="[644,757,1418,1444]" name="Indonesia" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectorName id="816C5344FF9C015E74952581FCE453B4" box="[766,810,1418,1444]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Obi</collectorName>
, NW 
<collectorName id="816C5344FF9C015E75022581FC5B53B4" box="[873,917,1418,1444]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Obi</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="816C5344FF9C015E75F42581FC2053B4" box="[927,1006,1418,1444]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Laiwui</collectorName>
, 
<quantity id="EB619B77FF9C015E759C2581FB9753B5" box="[1015,1113,1418,1445]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="m" value="100.0" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="0.0">
<elevation id="A7B4D1A1FF9C015E759C2581FB9753B5" box="[1015,1113,1418,1445]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="m" value="100.0" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="0.0">0–200 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, IX–X.1953, 
<collectorName id="816C5344FF9C015E72832581FAE853B5" box="[1256,1318,1418,1445]" name="A. C. Messer" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">A. M.</collectorName>
<collectionCode id="4A88AE57FF9C015E73402580FA8E53B5" box="[1323,1344,1419,1445]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">R</collectionCode>
. 
<collectorName id="816C5344FF9C015E73222580FA6E53B5" box="[1353,1440,1419,1445]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Wegner</collectorName>
(
<specimenCount id="3A9FFD1BFF9C015E76AC25A7FEFB53D7" box="[199,309,1452,1479]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="9CF13CCFFF9C015E772C25A7FBA053D6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3046462309" box="[327,1134,1452,1479]" collectingDate="1953-09" collectingDateMax="1981-07-07" collectingDateMin="1981-07-06" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="All" country="Indonesia" county="Kampung Guaepaji" elevation="100" location="Tobelo District" municipality="Kampung Rupo" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
same data except 
<date id="58271052FF9C015E746025A7FDAC53D7" box="[523,610,1452,1479]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1953-09">
<collectingDate id="4863E9BAFF9C015E746025A7FDAC53D7" box="[523,610,1452,1479]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1953-09">IX.1953</collectingDate>
</date>
(
<specimenCount id="3A9FFD1BFF9C015E741F25A7FD1853D7" box="[628,726,1452,1479]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
). 
<collectorName id="816C5344FF9C015E748C25A7FCC753D6" box="[743,777,1452,1478]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">All</collectorName>
specimens in 
<collectionCode id="4A88AE57FF9C015E75CC25A7FC3853D6" box="[935,1014,1452,1478]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
collection
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="78E6661AFF9B015976AB2741FE795196" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565281" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4565281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565281/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" startId="3.[192,279,1866,1892]" targetBox="[273,1386,1068,1835]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="2C263692FF9B015976AB2741FE795196" blockId="3.[191,1440,1866,1926]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9B015976AB2741FE805174" bold="true" box="[192,334,1866,1892]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Figures 1–4.</emphasis>
Holotype female of 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9B015974402741FD3C5174" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1860" box="[555,754,1866,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coronata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9B015974402741FD3C5174" box="[555,754,1866,1892]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Xylocopa coronata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and accompanying labels. 
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9B015972722741FBFF5174" bold="true" box="[1049,1073,1866,1892]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">1)</emphasis>
Dorsal view. 
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9B015972AF2741FB135174" bold="true" box="[1220,1245,1866,1892]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">2)</emphasis>
Labels. 
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9B0159735F2741FA835174" bold="true" box="[1332,1357,1866,1892]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">3)</emphasis>
Lateral view. 
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9B015976942767FED95196" bold="true" box="[255,279,1900,1926]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">4)</emphasis>
Oblique view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="78E6661AFF9C015E76AB23E2FB885278" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565283" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4565283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565283/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" startId="4.[192,279,1001,1027]" targetBox="[274,1374,216,962]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="2C263692FF9C015E76AB23E2FB885278" blockId="4.[191,1440,1001,1129]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9C015E76AB23E2FE955213" bold="true" box="[192,347,1001,1027]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Figures 5–12.</emphasis>
Female and male specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9C015E74DD23E2FCB05213" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1860" box="[694,894,1001,1027]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coronata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9C015E74DD23E2FCB05213" box="[694,894,1001,1027]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Xylocopa coronata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; all are 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9C015E75B923E1FB7B5213" authority="coronata" box="[978,1205,1002,1027]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="coronata" subSpecies="coronata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9C015E75B923E1FB7B5213" box="[978,1205,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">X. coronata coronata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
except for the female of 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9C015E76B02407FE1C5235" box="[219,466,1035,1061]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="coronata" subSpecies="combinata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9C015E76B02407FE1C5235" box="[219,466,1035,1061]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">X. coronata combinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Figures 8 and 12. 
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9C015E74DA2401FD075234" bold="true" box="[689,713,1034,1060]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">5)</emphasis>
Dorsal habitus, female, Halmahera. 
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9C015E72322401FBBF5234" bold="true" box="[1113,1137,1034,1060]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">6)</emphasis>
Dorsal habitus, female, Bacan. 
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9C015E769F2427FEC25256" bold="true" box="[244,268,1068,1094]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">7)</emphasis>
Dorsal habitus, female, Tidore. 
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9C015E74062427FD4B5256" bold="true" box="[621,645,1068,1094]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">8)</emphasis>
Dorsal habitus, female, Obi. 
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9C015E75AC2427FC115256" bold="true" box="[967,991,1068,1094]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">9)</emphasis>
Dorsal habitus, male, Bacan. 
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9C015E734D2427FA825256" bold="true" box="[1318,1356,1068,1094]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">10)</emphasis>
Lateral view, male, Bacan. 
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9C015E77F92445FE775278" bold="true" box="[402,441,1102,1128]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">11)</emphasis>
Lateral view, female, Tidore. 
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9C015E74942445FCEB5278" bold="true" box="[767,805,1102,1128]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">12)</emphasis>
Lateral view, female, Obi.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2C263692FF9C015F76AB25DDFC0C540E" blockId="4.[191,1443,1494,1927]" lastBlockId="5.[191,1443,214,543]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9C015E76AB25DDFD4953E0" bold="true" box="[192,647,1494,1520]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
Notes on type material of 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9C015E779325DDFD4E53E0" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1860" box="[504,640,1494,1520]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coronata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9C015E779325DDFD4E53E0" bold="true" box="[504,640,1494,1520]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">X. coronata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
This species was originally described by Frederick Smith from a single female specimen collected at “Kaisaa” by Alfred Russel Wallace during his travels in the Malay Archipelago (
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9C015E76A22612FE855023" author="Smith F." box="[201,331,1561,1587]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="93 - 143" refId="ref3569" refString="Smith F. 1860. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace in the islands of Bachian, Kaisaa, Amboyna, Gilolo, and at Dory in New Guinea. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of London 5: 93 - 143." type="journal article" year="1860">Smith 1860</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9C015E773F2611FE425024" author="Smith F." box="[340,396,1562,1588]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="247 - 302" refId="ref3622" refString="Smith F. 1874. Monograph of the genus Xylocopa Latr. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1874: 247 - 302." type="journal article" year="1874">1874</bibRefCitation>
; see also 
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9C015E77842612FD785023" author="Lieftinck MA" box="[495,694,1561,1588]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="55 - 73" refId="ref3402" refString="Lieftinck MA. 1956. Revision of the carpenter-bees (Xylocopa Latreille) of the Moluccan Islands, with notes on other Indo- Australian species. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 99: 55 - 73." type="journal article" year="1956">Lieftinck 1956: 62</bibRefCitation>
, who notes that the original description was based on a single specimen). According to the detailed chronicle of Wallace’s travels published by 
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9C015E72702630FB7E5045" author="Baker DB" box="[1051,1200,1595,1621]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="251 - 341" refId="ref3265" refString="Baker DB. 2001. Alfred Russel Wallace's record of his consignments to Samuel Stevens, 1854 - 1861. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 75: 251 - 341." type="journal article" year="2001">Baker (2001)</bibRefCitation>
, the locality “Kaisaa” corresponds to modern-day Kaioa or Kayoa, an island in the 
<collectingRegion id="EE5DF870FF9C015E751C2656FC005067" box="[887,974,1629,1655]" country="Indonesia" name="Maluku Utara" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Maluku</collectingRegion>
Archipelago of 
<collectingCountry id="548E7602FF9C015E72E82656FB3A5067" box="[1155,1268,1629,1655]" name="Indonesia" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
. In preparation for his revision of the species of 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9C015E74492674FD4A5089" baseAuthorityName="Hurd and Moure" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[546,644,1663,1689]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9C015E74492674FD4A5089" box="[546,644,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Xylocopa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the 
<collectingRegion id="EE5DF870FF9C015E749A2674FC865089" box="[753,840,1663,1689]" country="Indonesia" name="Maluku Utara" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Maluku</collectingRegion>
Archipelago, 
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9C015E75892674FB72508A" author="Lieftinck MA" box="[994,1212,1663,1690]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="55 - 73" refId="ref3402" refString="Lieftinck MA. 1956. Revision of the carpenter-bees (Xylocopa Latreille) of the Moluccan Islands, with notes on other Indo- Australian species. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 99: 55 - 73." type="journal article" year="1956">Lieftinck (1956: 62)</bibRefCitation>
was unable to locate any specimens in the Smith collection or other institutional collections which were specifically labeled “Kaisaa,” and material from “Kaisaa” is not listed among the numerous specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9C015E727226CFFB5450CD" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1860" box="[1049,1178,1732,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coronata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9C015E727226CFFB5450CD" box="[1049,1178,1732,1757]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">X. coronata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that were examined by 
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9C015E76AA26EEFE6E5110" author="Lieftinck MA" box="[193,416,1764,1792]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="55 - 73" refId="ref3402" refString="Lieftinck MA. 1956. Revision of the carpenter-bees (Xylocopa Latreille) of the Moluccan Islands, with notes on other Indo- Australian species. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 99: 55 - 73." type="journal article" year="1956">Lieftinck (1956: 62)</bibRefCitation>
. Instead, 
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9C015E746126EEFD285110" author="Lieftinck MA" box="[522,742,1764,1792]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="55 - 73" refId="ref3402" refString="Lieftinck MA. 1956. Revision of the carpenter-bees (Xylocopa Latreille) of the Moluccan Islands, with notes on other Indo- Australian species. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 99: 55 - 73." type="journal article" year="1956">Lieftinck (1956: 62)</bibRefCitation>
designated a female specimen collected at “Kai” as a 
<typeStatus id="F3228830FF9C015E735026EEFA6F50EF" box="[1339,1441,1765,1791]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
for 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9C015E768D270CFEAB5130" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1860" box="[230,357,1799,1824]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coronata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9C015E768D270CFEAB5130" box="[230,357,1799,1824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">X. coronata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Kai or Kei is an altogether different island group within the 
<collectingRegion id="EE5DF870FF9C015E7268270DFB945130" box="[1027,1114,1798,1824]" country="Indonesia" name="Maluku Utara" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Maluku</collectingRegion>
Archipelago which is located approximately 
<quantity id="EB619B77FF9C015E77022723FE715152" box="[361,447,1832,1858]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.72" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="km" value="872.0">872 km</quantity>
from Kaioa (shortest distance according to 
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9C015E75D62723FB545152" author="Google Maps" box="[957,1178,1832,1859]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" refId="ref3294" refString="Google Maps. 2020. Google Maps Website. Available at https: // www. google. com / maps. (Last accessed April 2020.)" type="url" year="2020">Google Maps 2020</bibRefCitation>
). While examining the collection of specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9C015E77992740FDBD5174" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1860" box="[498,627,1867,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coronata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9C015E77992740FDBD5174" box="[498,627,1867,1892]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">X. coronata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, I discovered a female with a smaller handwritten label stating it was collected at “Kaisaa” and a larger handwritten label indicating that it was from the F. Smith collection (
<figureCitation id="B4A22A17FF9D015F752820DDFC6D56E0" box="[835,931,214,240]" captionStart="Figures 1–4" captionStartId="3.[192,279,1866,1892]" captionTargetBox="[273,1386,1068,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-276@3.[240,1392,1068,1836]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 1–4. Holotype female of Xylocopa coronata and accompanying labels.1) Dorsal view.2) Labels.3) Lateral view. 4) Oblique view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565281/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1–4</figureCitation>
). The specimen corresponds closely with the description of the unique 
<typeStatus id="F3228830FF9D015F778120FCFD825701" box="[490,588,247,273]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
provided by 
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9D015F748E20FCFC7E5702" author="Smith F." box="[741,944,247,274]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="93 - 143" refId="ref3569" refString="Smith F. 1860. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects collected by Mr. A. R. Wallace in the islands of Bachian, Kaisaa, Amboyna, Gilolo, and at Dory in New Guinea. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of London 5: 93 - 143." type="journal article" year="1860">Smith (1860: 135)</bibRefCitation>
as well as the redescription of the 
<typeStatus id="F3228830FF9D015F732B20FCFA6C5701" box="[1344,1442,247,273]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
given by 
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9D015F77412112FDE25723" author="Smith F." box="[298,556,281,307]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="247 - 302" refId="ref3622" refString="Smith F. 1874. Monograph of the genus Xylocopa Latr. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1874: 247 - 302." type="journal article" year="1874">Smith (1874: 279–280)</bibRefCitation>
in his monographic revision of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9D015F72782112FBBD5723" baseAuthorityName="Hurd and Moure" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[1043,1139,281,307]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9D015F72782112FBBD5723" box="[1043,1139,281,307]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Xylocopa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The accompanying larger handwritten label is similar in style and content to labels reported from the F. Smith collection by 
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9D015F72982131FF2B5767" author="Lieftinck MA" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="55 - 73" refId="ref3402" refString="Lieftinck MA. 1956. Revision of the carpenter-bees (Xylocopa Latreille) of the Moluccan Islands, with notes on other Indo- Australian species. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 99: 55 - 73." type="journal article" year="1956">Lieftinck (1956: 62)</bibRefCitation>
, while the handwriting on the smaller label is similar to that of Alfred Russel Wallace in the examples published by 
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9D015F77462175FE715788" author="Baker DB" box="[301,447,382,408]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="251 - 341" refId="ref3265" refString="Baker DB. 2001. Alfred Russel Wallace's record of his consignments to Samuel Stevens, 1854 - 1861. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 75: 251 - 341." type="journal article" year="2001">Baker (2001)</bibRefCitation>
and in additional examples of original Wallace labels studied by 
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9D015F72CA2175FAAB5789" author="Mawdsley JR" box="[1185,1381,382,409]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 98" refId="ref3437" refString="Mawdsley JR. 2006. Taxonomy, phylogeny, and cladistic biogeography of the genus Omadius (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cleridae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 34 (4): 1 - 98." type="journal article" year="2006">Mawdsley (2006)</bibRefCitation>
. This specimen had been sent by staff of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History to the late Paul D. Hurd, Jr. of the Smithsonian Institution in preparation for his comprehensive monograph reclassification of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9D015F76AA21E9FDF857ED" authority="(Hurd and Moure 1963)" baseAuthorityName="Hurd and Moure" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[193,566,482,509]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9D015F76AA21E9FEED57EC" box="[193,291,482,508]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Xylocopa</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9D015F775B21E9FDE057ED" author="Hurd PD &amp; Moure JS" box="[304,558,482,509]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 365" refId="ref3362" refString="Hurd PD Jr., Moure JS. 1963. A classification of the large carpenter bees (Xylocopini) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). University of California Publications in Entomology 29: i-vi + 1 - 365." type="book chapter" year="1963">Hurd and Moure 1963</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Based on the evidence available, this specimen appears to be the original 
<typeStatus id="F3228830FF9D015F730F21E9FF3E540F" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
specimen on which Smith’s description of the species was based.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2C263692FF9D015F76AB2225FC6655EC" blockId="5.[191,1441,557,1020]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9D015F76AB2225FD2B5457" bold="true" box="[192,741,557,584]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Notes on geographic variation and subspecies.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9D015F74862225FC6C5459" author="Lieftinck MA" box="[749,930,558,585]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="55 - 73" refId="ref3402" refString="Lieftinck MA. 1956. Revision of the carpenter-bees (Xylocopa Latreille) of the Moluccan Islands, with notes on other Indo- Australian species. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 99: 55 - 73." type="journal article" year="1956">Lieftinck (1956)</bibRefCitation>
placed 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9D015F75952224FAFD5458" authority="Ritsema 1876" authorityName="Ritsema" authorityYear="1876" box="[1022,1331,558,584]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="combinata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9D015F75952224FB5D5458" box="[1022,1171,558,584]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">X. combinata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9D015F72F22225FAFD5458" author="Ritsema C." box="[1177,1331,558,584]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="177 - 185" refId="ref3548" refString="Ritsema C. 1876. Acht nieuwe Oost-Indische Xylocopa - soorten. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 19: 177 - 185." type="journal article" year="1876">Ritsema 1876</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as a subspecies of 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9D015F775D225BFE785479" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1860" box="[310,438,592,617]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coronata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9D015F775D225BFE785479" box="[310,438,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">X. coronata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on examination of pinned specimens, which included large series of specimens of both taxa, the original syntypic series of 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9D015F74FB2279FCED549B" authorityName="Ritsema" authorityYear="1876" box="[656,803,625,651]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="combinata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9D015F74FB2279FCED549B" box="[656,803,625,651]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">X. combinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and multiple specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9D015F720E2279FB28549B" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1860" box="[1125,1254,626,651]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coronata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9D015F720E2279FB28549B" box="[1125,1254,626,651]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">X. coronata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which had been authoritatively identified by F. Smith. The principal difference between the two forms is in the coloration of the pubescence on the dorsal mesosoma in females. In certain populations on the island of Obi, particularly in the northwestern portion of the island, females have a broad band of yellow pubescence across the posterior portion of the mesosoma (
<figureCitation id="B4A22A17FF9D015F77E122FCFE3F5501" box="[394,497,759,785]" captionStart="Figures 5–12" captionStartId="4.[192,279,1001,1027]" captionTargetBox="[274,1374,216,962]" captionTargetId="figure-413@4.[240,1392,210,970]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 5–12. Female and male specimens of Xylocopa coronata; all are X. coronata coronata except for the female of X. coronata combinatain Figures 8 and 12. 5) Dorsal habitus, female, Halmahera.6) Dorsal habitus, female, Bacan. 7) Dorsal habitus, female, Tidore. 8) Dorsal habitus, female, Obi. 9) Dorsal habitus, male, Bacan. 10) Lateral view, male, Bacan. 11) Lateral view, female, Tidore. 12) Lateral view, female, Obi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565283/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Fig. 8, 12</figureCitation>
) which is otherwise black in females from elsewhere in the 
<collectingRegion id="EE5DF870FF9D015F72EA22FCFB165501" box="[1153,1240,759,785]" country="Indonesia" name="Maluku Utara" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Maluku</collectingRegion>
Archipelago (
<figureCitation id="B4A22A17FF9D015F731F22FCFF025523" captionStart="Figures 1–4" captionStartId="3.[192,279,1866,1892]" captionTargetBox="[273,1386,1068,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-276@3.[240,1392,1068,1836]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 1–4. Holotype female of Xylocopa coronata and accompanying labels.1) Dorsal view.2) Labels.3) Lateral view. 4) Oblique view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565281/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="B4A22A17FF9D015F76B02312FEE05523" box="[219,302,793,820]" captionStart="Figures 5–12" captionStartId="4.[192,279,1001,1027]" captionTargetBox="[274,1374,216,962]" captionTargetId="figure-413@4.[240,1392,210,970]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 5–12. Female and male specimens of Xylocopa coronata; all are X. coronata coronata except for the female of X. coronata combinatain Figures 8 and 12. 5) Dorsal habitus, female, Halmahera.6) Dorsal habitus, female, Bacan. 7) Dorsal habitus, female, Tidore. 8) Dorsal habitus, female, Obi. 9) Dorsal habitus, male, Bacan. 10) Lateral view, male, Bacan. 11) Lateral view, female, Tidore. 12) Lateral view, female, Obi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565283/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">5–7, 11</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="B4A22A17FF9D015F77502312FE975523" box="[315,345,793,819]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="5.[192,268,1866,1892]" captionTargetBox="[240,1392,1116,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-460@5.[240,1392,1097,1836]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 13. Map showing known distribution of Xylocopa coronata, with schematic illustrations of the dorsal coloration patterns in females from each locality." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565285" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565285/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">13</figureCitation>
). This color difference is very consistent in the limited material that I have examined, which suggests a possibility that two separate species may be involved. However, 
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9D015F75BE2331FB7E5545" author="Lieftinck MA" box="[981,1200,826,853]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="55 - 73" refId="ref3402" refString="Lieftinck MA. 1956. Revision of the carpenter-bees (Xylocopa Latreille) of the Moluccan Islands, with notes on other Indo- Australian species. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 99: 55 - 73." type="journal article" year="1956">Lieftinck (1956: 64)</bibRefCitation>
notes that specimens with small amounts of yellow pubescence or individual yellow hairs on the base of the mesosoma occur at sites elsewhere in the species range, including the island of Bacan and West Obi. Further studies of morphology, species biology, and molecular systematics will be needed to determine the status of the populations on the island of Obi. For the time being, I prefer to follow 
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9D015F74FE23CAFC8755CC" author="Lieftinck MA" box="[661,841,961,988]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="55 - 73" refId="ref3402" refString="Lieftinck MA. 1956. Revision of the carpenter-bees (Xylocopa Latreille) of the Moluccan Islands, with notes on other Indo- Australian species. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 99: 55 - 73." type="journal article" year="1956">Lieftinck (1956)</bibRefCitation>
in recognizing two separate subspecies, which can be separated readily by the differences in dorsal coloration of females.
</paragraph>
<caption id="78E6661AFF9D015F76AB2741FD715196" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565285" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4565285" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565285/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" startId="5.[192,268,1866,1892]" targetBox="[240,1392,1116,1819]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="2C263692FF9D015F76AB2741FD715196" blockId="5.[192,1440,1866,1927]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9D015F76AB2741FEF85174" bold="true" box="[192,310,1866,1892]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Figure 13.</emphasis>
Map showing known distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9D015F74BE2741FC505174" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1860" box="[725,926,1866,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coronata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9D015F74BE2741FC505174" box="[725,926,1866,1892]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Xylocopa coronata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with schematic illustrations of the dorsal coloration patterns in females from each locality.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2C263692FF9E015C776B20DDFA6E54B5" blockId="6.[191,1442,214,677]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
In my own examination of specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9E015C74BE20DCFC9856E0" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1860" box="[725,854,215,240]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coronata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9E015C74BE20DCFC9856E0" box="[725,854,215,240]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">X. coronata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the 
<collectionCode id="4A88AE57FF9E015C75AC20DDFBD856E0" box="[967,1046,214,240]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
collection, I noticed that the wing iridescence in female specimens of this species also exhibits geographic variation. In female specimens identified as 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9E015C76B72111FE1D5723" box="[220,467,281,307]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="coronata" subSpecies="combinata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9E015C76B72111FE1D5723" box="[220,467,281,307]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">X. coronata combinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from northwest Obi, the wings are iridescent blue-violet or blue-green, with strong blue iridescence predominating (
<figureCitation id="B4A22A17FF9E015C77972131FDF05745" box="[508,574,314,341]" captionStart="Figures 5–12" captionStartId="4.[192,279,1001,1027]" captionTargetBox="[274,1374,216,962]" captionTargetId="figure-413@4.[240,1392,210,970]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 5–12. Female and male specimens of Xylocopa coronata; all are X. coronata coronata except for the female of X. coronata combinatain Figures 8 and 12. 5) Dorsal habitus, female, Halmahera.6) Dorsal habitus, female, Bacan. 7) Dorsal habitus, female, Tidore. 8) Dorsal habitus, female, Obi. 9) Dorsal habitus, male, Bacan. 10) Lateral view, male, Bacan. 11) Lateral view, female, Tidore. 12) Lateral view, female, Obi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565283/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). Female specimens identified as 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9E015C75D52130FB695744" authority="coronata" box="[958,1191,315,340]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="coronata" subSpecies="coronata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9E015C75D52130FB695744" box="[958,1191,315,340]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">X. coronata coronata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="548E7602FF9E015C72872131FAF75744" box="[1260,1337,314,340]" name="Indonesia" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Tidore</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="548E7602FF9E015C732D2130FA525745" box="[1350,1436,315,341]" name="Indonesia" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Ternate</collectingCountry>
, and Kaioa have wing iridescence that is coppery or coppery-violet in color (
<figureCitation id="B4A22A17FF9E015C72672157FB855766" box="[1036,1099,348,374]" captionStart="Figures 1–4" captionStartId="3.[192,279,1866,1892]" captionTargetBox="[273,1386,1068,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-276@3.[240,1392,1068,1836]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 1–4. Holotype female of Xylocopa coronata and accompanying labels.1) Dorsal view.2) Labels.3) Lateral view. 4) Oblique view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565281/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="B4A22A17FF9E015C72332156FBA95767" box="[1112,1127,349,375]" captionStart="Figures 5–12" captionStartId="4.[192,279,1001,1027]" captionTargetBox="[274,1374,216,962]" captionTargetId="figure-413@4.[240,1392,210,970]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 5–12. Female and male specimens of Xylocopa coronata; all are X. coronata coronata except for the female of X. coronata combinatain Figures 8 and 12. 5) Dorsal habitus, female, Halmahera.6) Dorsal habitus, female, Bacan. 7) Dorsal habitus, female, Tidore. 8) Dorsal habitus, female, Obi. 9) Dorsal habitus, male, Bacan. 10) Lateral view, male, Bacan. 11) Lateral view, female, Tidore. 12) Lateral view, female, Obi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565283/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">7</figureCitation>
), while females identified as 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9E015C76AB2174FE685788" authority="coronata" box="[192,422,383,408]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="coronata" subSpecies="coronata">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9E015C76AB2174FE685788" box="[192,422,383,408]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">X. coronata coronata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Halmahera and Bacan have wing iridescence that is purplish-blue with strong purple iridescence predominating (
<figureCitation id="B4A22A17FF9E015C77952194FD9057AA" box="[510,606,415,442]" captionStart="Figures 5–12" captionStartId="4.[192,279,1001,1027]" captionTargetBox="[274,1374,216,962]" captionTargetId="figure-413@4.[240,1392,210,970]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 5–12. Female and male specimens of Xylocopa coronata; all are X. coronata coronata except for the female of X. coronata combinatain Figures 8 and 12. 5) Dorsal habitus, female, Halmahera.6) Dorsal habitus, female, Bacan. 7) Dorsal habitus, female, Tidore. 8) Dorsal habitus, female, Obi. 9) Dorsal habitus, male, Bacan. 10) Lateral view, male, Bacan. 11) Lateral view, female, Tidore. 12) Lateral view, female, Obi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4565283" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4565283/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 5, 6</figureCitation>
). Further study of additional specimens is needed to determine the exact geographic distribution of these various color variants. The color of wing iridescence is frequently used as a diagnostic character to separate taxa at the species level in other lineages of 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9E015C758C21E9FB8757EC" baseAuthorityName="Hurd and Moure" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[999,1097,482,508]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9E015C758C21E9FB8757EC" box="[999,1097,482,508]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Xylocopa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see, for example, illustrations and discussion in 
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9E015C77E6220FFD86540E" author="Mawdsley JR" box="[397,584,516,542]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" refId="ref3476" refString="Mawdsley JR. 2017 a. Large carpenter bees: A guide to the species of Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) from North and Central America. Pineway Press; University Park, Maryland. 64 p." type="book" year="2017">Mawdsley 2017a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9E015C743F220FFD55540F" author="Mawdsley JR" box="[596,667,516,543]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" refId="ref3513" refString="Mawdsley JR. 2017 b. Giant carpenter bees: Taxonomy and identification of the species of the Xylocopa (Mesotrichia) group. Pineway Press; University Park, Maryland. 68 p." type="book" year="2017">2017b</bibRefCitation>
), and thus these different forms clearly merit further investigation in order to determine whether multiple valid species-level taxa are present. However, it should also be noted that at least one other widespread species of 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9E015C7436224CFD705471" baseAuthorityName="Hurd and Moure" baseAuthorityYear="1963" box="[605,702,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9E015C7436224CFD705471" box="[605,702,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Xylocopa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibits infraspecific geographic variation in wing iridescence coloration: the Central and South American 
<taxonomicName id="EB994D11FF9E015C74E72261FBC15494" authority="(Olivier)" baseAuthorityName="Olivier" baseAuthorityYear="1789" box="[652,1039,617,644]" class="Insecta" family="Apidae" genus="Xylocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis" subGenus="Neoxylocopa">
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9E015C74E72261FD6B5493" box="[652,677,618,643]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">X.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9E015C74DF2262FCF35493" box="[692,829,617,643]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Neoxylocopa</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="1EEDEA80FF9E015C75262262FC685493" box="[845,934,617,643]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">frontalis</emphasis>
(Olivier)
</taxonomicName>
, in which different populations have violet, blue, blue-violet, greenish-blue, golden-green, or dark green wing iridescence, as discussed by 
<bibRefCitation id="48084B63FF9E015C737B2281FA5254B5" author="Hurd PD" box="[1296,1436,650,677]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" refId="ref3323" refString="Hurd PD Jr. 1978. An annotated catalog of the carpenter bees (Genus Xylocopa Latreille) of the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Smithsonian Institution Press; Washington, DC. 106 p." type="book" year="1978">Hurd (1978)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>