412 lines
47 KiB
XML
412 lines
47 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="287679" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.8.114527" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e13392ec-8851-40da-9403-4f2574646f10" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2535-0730-1-15" ID-Pensoft-UUID="9667B588C08053D1BC52E6807E89A599" ID-ZooBank="42D6D571379D4EB0BC8DB3134A4E0912" ModsDocID="2535-0730-8-1-15" checkinTime="1707483718867" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Arteaga, Alejandro, Pyron, R. Alexander, Batista, Abel, Vieira, Jose, Meneses Pelayo, Elson, Smith, Eric N., Barrio Amoros, Cesar L., Koch, Claudia, Agne, Stefanie, Valencia, Jorge H., Bustamante, Lucas & Harris, Kyle J." docDate="2024" docId="A3BC7A50BA4D5349904035EA34738E91" docLanguage="en" docName="EvolutSyst 8(1): 15-64" docOrigin="Evolutionary Systematics 8 (1)" docPubDate="2024-02-08" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.8.114527" docTitle="Bothriechis hussaini Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris 2024, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="43A03715-A0CB-439B-ACAC-220569BB993A" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" id="9667B588C08053D1BC52E6807E89A599" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="9667B588C08053D1BC52E6807E89A599" masterDocTitle="Systematic revision of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper Bothriechis schlegelii (Serpentes, Viperidae), with the description of five new species and revalidation of three" masterLastPageNumber="64" masterPageNumber="15" pageNumber="15" updateTime="1732668639335" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="DE7C17DC11016248EB4112CF1DE1C8CF">Systematic revision of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper Bothriechis schlegelii (Serpentes, Viperidae), with the description of five new species and revalidation of three</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="42754A1E203C5D992E3B6EF6AA2EE644">Arteaga, Alejandro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4459A6BA9871D276B7F1D4C545E921E7">Khamai Foundation, Quito, Ecuador & Tropical Herping S. A., Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="7480B7DAE2383DB55558E2B1C125FCDB" type="email">af.arteaga.navarro@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="FE7BE78E1CD0297369324479F255E47B">Pyron, R. Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FA6D2D674430FD7C7366F32D23E7E281">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA & Division of Amphibians & Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D0CB2DDB1B2AB9A6515C60974D4F6006">Batista, Abel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="8AF57EA9D3842259809652B7A7509B5F" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8053-3373</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="CB59C7FE4F527DBAFDBF68093852893D">Universidad Autonoma de Chiriqui (UNACHI), Instituto Interdisciplinario de Investigacion e Innovacion, David, Panama & Fundacion Los Naturalistas, Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama & Sistema Nacional de Investigacion (SNI), SENACYT, Clayton Panama, Panama</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="ABA1DC9A910E4FD47EDDBE3366680CE0">Vieira, Jose</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="98683C943F39840A35617DD6231162B5">Tropical Herping S. A., Quito, Ecuador & ExSitu, Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6D30FBB097C18379D1CC46A9DE1D52CF">Meneses Pelayo, Elson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="73AC10EC31A78DC0BFC4EEF9B8621761">Grupo de Estudios en Anfibios y Reptiles de Santander, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9454E9FA88AFA34B8200069F11E1F00E">Smith, Eric N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="68119EA6E284DEF10D14E37C94335E09">Grupo de Estudios en Biodiversidad, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="67EFD63311711C781CFE77A32F59CF33">Barrio Amoros, Cesar L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="972E688609ED55DB2FBCAFE8546A0E71">Amphibian and Reptile Diversity Research Center, Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2F65DBB7D4A6C4C0CE92A4FDDA626F38">Koch, Claudia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="6DED0EF1D7F3CCCCA79DF90056CF3F18" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7115-2816</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="365FA760FAAD5256E04652C92D0EF821">CRWild, Bahia Ballena, Uvita, Costa Rica</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C0BE511A6C49E95F1A07ED20FAEA3868">Agne, Stefanie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6B905EB8843D76ACE72DB2BA5EE90643">Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum Koenig, Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9E2FA3F89F31F225827D63028F3B0E1C">Valencia, Jorge H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5FED71B68080229500FDDC756ED03AAA">Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany & Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecologia, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="54342C40001CC20EA99FF5C45479D1C2">Bustamante, Lucas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="178C6530433213A7682EF69D3281FEF4">Tropical Herping S. A., Quito, Ecuador & Red de Biogeografia y Ecologia Espacial (BioGeo 2), Universidad Regional Amazonica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D97F9500C5C5173F78C1665F0CA79BA8">Harris, Kyle J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E4E55B10A50B3D2E15576BA015802A18">Savia Fund, Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="89A750958AD1491A1212A2F55F3119A5">Evolutionary Systematics</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="41CD5329E1253EC062DD4BB041E23C7D">
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<mods:date id="8D7AE6895564E4B283BF0103217780C9">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CA8BF765EAB0E09CF4518B902A545448">1</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="229167DB5438AC4ED8C77AEFD6100E28" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.8.114527</mods:identifier>
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<subSection id="7D43114072897F0B1EA3F924511F9C16" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="results">
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<treatment id="A3BC7A50BA4D5349904035EA34738E91" ID-GBIF-Taxon="221225636" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:43A03715-A0CB-439B-ACAC-220569BB993A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A3BC7A50BA4D5349904035EA34738E91" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" scope_family="Viperidae">
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<subSubSection id="4B2DAE38FCBD2CB78D2540D725D14758" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9DA0ACD1C35EFE26F82249EB37BF805D" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="EEE87226236A8BADC540F6BC94F03A64" LSID="https://zoobank.org/43A03715-A0CB-439B-ACAC-220569BB993A" authority="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris, 2024" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis hussaini" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="hussaini" status="sp. nov.">Bothriechis hussaini</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="EE49E9EAEBBC84871B0DBA1FAA41C498" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="69B5B3C1E6BD2DF1B03319458DE3A932" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="description">
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<paragraph id="14F6C878440A5C3E6B8ECA469E977443" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<figureCitation id="BCEB02B5E863DAFDEEEFFE6DF38E5232" captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="F29" captionText="Figure 29. Adult male holotype of Bothriechis hussaini sp. nov. ZSFQ 5056 in a. Dorsal and b. Ventral view. Photos by Alejandro Arteaga." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981715" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figs 29</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="452D19F36A3032A5AA98D815A79051B8" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="F30" captionText="Figure 30. Photographs of living specimens of Bothriechis hussaini sp. nov. from Ecuador. a. CZ- 003 adult female from El Colorado, El Oro province; b. CZ- 001 adult male from El Colorado, El Oro province; c. CZ- 004 adult male from San Carlos, Guayas province; d. ZSFQ 5058 juvenile female from Buenaventura Biological Reserve, El Oro province; e. AMARU SN adult female Buenaventura Biological Reserve, El Oro province; f. subadult of undetermined sex from Buenaventura Biological Reserve, El Oro province; g. ZSFQ 5056 adult male holotype from Buenaventura Biological Reserve, El Oro province. Photos by Alejandro Arteaga and Jose Vieira." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981716" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">, 30</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="F875A3D98DF0BC665581EA614E6EE63F" captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="F31" captionText="Figure 31. Hemipenial architecture of Bothriechis hussaini sp. nov. in sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views. a. MZUTI 5872 and b. ZSFQ 5056 from Reserva Biologica Buenaventura, El Oro province, Ecuador. Photos by Amanda Quezada." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981717" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">, 31</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C764D941EA6D3A21A589C893DA57CF2A" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="type material">
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<paragraph id="2F8E2992CBB8B1A9884CD08C7C978854" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="572815747CDE9C6E0DFD5DD8F3F01FA1" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<emphasis id="69588F41591456F1F462DF0185136EEA" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Holotype</emphasis>
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: ZSFQ 5056 (Figs
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<figureCitation id="5B3B6D6B56949227902F0A962677E5D5" captionStart="Figure 29" captionStartId="F29" captionText="Figure 29. Adult male holotype of Bothriechis hussaini sp. nov. ZSFQ 5056 in a. Dorsal and b. Ventral view. Photos by Alejandro Arteaga." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981715" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">29</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="4B4BDB1B729A540159A3FC9BB218FC23" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="F30" captionText="Figure 30. Photographs of living specimens of Bothriechis hussaini sp. nov. from Ecuador. a. CZ- 003 adult female from El Colorado, El Oro province; b. CZ- 001 adult male from El Colorado, El Oro province; c. CZ- 004 adult male from San Carlos, Guayas province; d. ZSFQ 5058 juvenile female from Buenaventura Biological Reserve, El Oro province; e. AMARU SN adult female Buenaventura Biological Reserve, El Oro province; f. subadult of undetermined sex from Buenaventura Biological Reserve, El Oro province; g. ZSFQ 5056 adult male holotype from Buenaventura Biological Reserve, El Oro province. Photos by Alejandro Arteaga and Jose Vieira." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981716" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">30g</figureCitation>
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), subadult male collected on June 11, 2019 at Buenaventura Biological Reserve, El Oro province, Ecuador (
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<geoCoordinate id="112BF9F3EE20A4B3C6947E5DAC266A45" degrees="3.65467" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-3.65467">-3.65467</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="C6527757EE641D297C30F0A2780211B8" degrees="79.76794" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-79.76794">-79.76794</geoCoordinate>
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; 524 m).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="850889BB964283A34DF354D2A0388C94" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<emphasis id="C83F64BD4D9C760CDF8BAC46A6BB811C" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Paratypes</emphasis>
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: All labeled
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<taxonomicName id="3BE3F38A81DB1DB044B3F1DCB05F7748" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis hussaini" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="hussaini">
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<emphasis id="C043363A8D21D2AA719C9C1EEB68CD16" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis hussaini</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. in Suppl. material 1 from museum collections AMNH, DHMECN, MZUA, and ZSFQ.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2D72814CCDC086DA2B3CA2AF277DABD2" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="proposed standard english name">
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<paragraph id="4DEFD11B6CDC1A773BF8DD5157DF2041" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Proposed standard English name.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="68DCAFE1BF9FBE82B042273D42D73AEA" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F081EC8098C276AC921B03F29C2725D1" originalValue="Hussain’s">Hussain's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Eyelash-Pitviper.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A605075D6A66E31EF535B6A73CC7B543" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="proposed standard spanish name">
|
||
<paragraph id="EFA9168CF05BB68E5C1F4ABA8EB5501A" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Proposed standard Spanish name.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C81C817C1ED41CA16EF8E7B443B6A673" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="912D082BE0687F399BB12EB0CCD8E8C5" originalValue="Víbora">Vibora</normalizedToken>
|
||
de
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A3A62AF01594A6E7E580551265FE15E4" originalValue="pestañas">pestanas</normalizedToken>
|
||
de Hussain.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D77D9466202DDF9FEEA3E821FCCDC5B2" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="local spanish names">
|
||
<paragraph id="D76634FC60F3020F3F08719A91103F16" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Local Spanish names.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="80E7BDF63A79DC15A775F0DE4C521DCC" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Cabeza de candado,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="224B5A7959B0BEC5055CB9843CD1EC84" originalValue="víbora">vibora</normalizedToken>
|
||
sol (yellow morph).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A751AA46E6159A4477D93E1EF2C78C2B" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="B887867B94B1C70ED5D36FD74C4AF9D6" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="71E01841A66FC345AE972F99DE4A43E4" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1D2CCA355F450208DE954C7A248FC4DA" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis hussaini" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="hussaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B6DE0D08E67775530D2E9985A76EB741" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis hussaini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is diagnosed based on the following combination of characters: (1) supraciliary scales low and granular to triangular; (2) anterior dorsal head scales smooth or barely keeled; (3) gular scales 1/2 size of chinshields; (4) 5-8 interoculolabials; (5) 2-3 canthals, which may be flat or slightly raised forming a ridge along the canthus; (6) loreal in contact with preocular; (7) yellow morph present; (8) dorsal bands black or pink or a combination of both; (9) opposing kidney shaped dorsal marks absent; (10) black speckles on dorsal scales present; (11) black speckling on ventral surfaces prominent; (12) ventral surfaces never entirely white; (13) iris green to yellow with fine black speckles, spots, or reticulations; (14) 21-23 dorsal scale rows at mid-body; (15) 140-151 ventrals in males, 147-153 in females; (16) maximum total length in males 608 mm, in females 656 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E26E9D2023DCD2A43F9FF2E0766790D1" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="comparisons">
|
||
<paragraph id="5DC620C36DF0BD55C0D844BC88D56FE1" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Comparisons.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5B47EF90F8B2637D68ADE7592E2B833B" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D82D76D7A8ABA2CC7222DBDD33511165" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis hussaini" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="hussaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="752AEB8C7F9CB703D705AF28CE8149A3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis hussaini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is compared to other species of the genus previously subsumed under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="61E6325953B6BBDE20B9F023316FBFFB" lsidName="B. schlegelii" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE921F9DFFFD75330CE4337D2D74EBF2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="D1CA54A07DCD054F363F82DC80A4158E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">sensu lato</emphasis>
|
||
(differences summarized in Table
|
||
<tableCitation id="99194CBE5FEEA12850B1990C739DFE32" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Differences in coloration, scale counts, hemipenial architecture, size, and median lethal dose (LD 50), between members of the Bothriechis schlegelii species complex. The range of each continuous variable is from our own sample (Suppl. material 1), Kuch and Freire (1995), and Solorzano et al. (1998)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4C8B465DA02061B16CBCD59564B9E214" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="4C8B465DA02061B16CBCD59564B9E214">2</tableCitation>
|
||
). It differs from all of them by having supraciliaries not raised, a low number of canthals (2-3) and interoculolabials (5-8), a low number of ventral scales, and a green dorsum heavily speckled with black pigment (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="EB0C7DBAE5D00D10BCA35AF65C652A27" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="F30" captionText="Figure 30. Photographs of living specimens of Bothriechis hussaini sp. nov. from Ecuador. a. CZ- 003 adult female from El Colorado, El Oro province; b. CZ- 001 adult male from El Colorado, El Oro province; c. CZ- 004 adult male from San Carlos, Guayas province; d. ZSFQ 5058 juvenile female from Buenaventura Biological Reserve, El Oro province; e. AMARU SN adult female Buenaventura Biological Reserve, El Oro province; f. subadult of undetermined sex from Buenaventura Biological Reserve, El Oro province; g. ZSFQ 5056 adult male holotype from Buenaventura Biological Reserve, El Oro province. Photos by Alejandro Arteaga and Jose Vieira." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981716" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">30</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44DC36B6D0AE1D149ABEAA7BB5EA973C" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis hussaini" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="hussaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="FFAC9FFCACFD34EE2A6647E7DACC88FA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis hussaini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3596C8D2DC18CD97489540012E681B1A" lsidName="B. nitidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC25527337340DB7E2A7A1F42B87788D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but differs from this species by having the loreal scale in contact with the preocular (not in contact in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="88CACFD5856E74F5B5E7243FC3BE46ED" lsidName="B. nitidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F08BD1F86DAF6C906FA584FC53587E47" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), supralabials heavily marked by black speckles, dorsal and ventral scales densely stippled with black pigment, basal hooks of hemipenial body 4X (instead of 2X) the size of adjacent spines (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="E512793AA266C155C2181F296BF130AA" captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="F31" captionText="Figure 31. Hemipenial architecture of Bothriechis hussaini sp. nov. in sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views. a. MZUTI 5872 and b. ZSFQ 5056 from Reserva Biologica Buenaventura, El Oro province, Ecuador. Photos by Amanda Quezada." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981717" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">31</figureCitation>
|
||
), and by the presence of a yellow morph (=
|
||
<emphasis id="1292D2A71B0DCCF9BB292AEA4E3CCB66" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8C51DB1D83E4E5DBB3BF9E35AE3ECA88" originalValue="víbora">vibora</normalizedToken>
|
||
sol
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="615B8D5C5DBA708524B6C03B1D8329F8" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="F30" captionText="Figure 30. Photographs of living specimens of Bothriechis hussaini sp. nov. from Ecuador. a. CZ- 003 adult female from El Colorado, El Oro province; b. CZ- 001 adult male from El Colorado, El Oro province; c. CZ- 004 adult male from San Carlos, Guayas province; d. ZSFQ 5058 juvenile female from Buenaventura Biological Reserve, El Oro province; e. AMARU SN adult female Buenaventura Biological Reserve, El Oro province; f. subadult of undetermined sex from Buenaventura Biological Reserve, El Oro province; g. ZSFQ 5056 adult male holotype from Buenaventura Biological Reserve, El Oro province. Photos by Alejandro Arteaga and Jose Vieira." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981716" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">30b</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="744CBFC874C1AE93783C0EA053FF4123" baseAuthorityName="Guenther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis nitidus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3EE22C2774D5D91233CD147B469776E0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="173162F0126B4EFEA7F1FDF9EB226E1B" lsidName="B. rahimi" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="rahimi">
|
||
<emphasis id="6611028A6F630E730C5D009D2D5DB59A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. rahimi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov., but this other species occurs north of the known distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9A1A0395492377CF61DE05B52ED941FB" lsidName="B. nitidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1504D86EAFD977EC7DD1BAB1E82A0ED" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is characterized by having two or three raised and spinelike supraciliary scales, keeled anterior dorsal head scales, a higher number of interoculolabials (8-13 vs 3-8), canthals (4-5 vs 2-3), and a completely different array of color morphs, including pale gray and pink (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="AE27221A938F8C0F6A90AD8247F85CE6" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Photographs of living specimens of Bothriechis rahimi sp. nov. from Tundaloma Lodge, Esmeraldas province, Ecuador. a. Adult female; b. MZUTI 3325 adult male; and c. ZSFQ 5053 adult female. Photos by Lucas Bustamante, Alejandro Arteaga, and Frank Pichardo." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981712" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">26</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="E68EAEC4C60AD98C133431E77302BC75" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981715" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" start="Figure 29" startId="F29">
|
||
<paragraph id="3AC9B90AE99378386D9452BBB8761F37" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="456C887888158B7B7F725B7072F0F795" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figure 29.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult male holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EF6818EEFB18D5C8BEAB91D51C10195C" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis hussaini" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="hussaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="75F1339DAC31108D37251D8816A0DA2A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis hussaini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. ZSFQ 5056 in
|
||
<emphasis id="4798B76153BAB416829835E7F200ACC5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">a.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal and
|
||
<emphasis id="5689340540A085D522ECA024A8781B13" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">b.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral view. Photos by Alejandro Arteaga.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="B8E647BAE3DB74EC117831214C964078" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981716" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" start="Figure 30" startId="F30">
|
||
<paragraph id="10BD8D4D32CCE4BC254B62FA3CC2F6F7" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A5B1D447A512BA7210F8BC6B8F10FF3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figure 30.</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs of living specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32B8D9C5BDF7D67743E011F298CE1260" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis hussaini" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="hussaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="D02D080E8E7123ECA96B009C0826D931" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis hussaini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. from Ecuador.
|
||
<emphasis id="3FC2E6A67104A53242AF9683432D12C1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">a.</emphasis>
|
||
CZ-003 adult female from El Colorado, El Oro province;
|
||
<emphasis id="4AF8C07A66276D85A9627A4DAEAC4236" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">b.</emphasis>
|
||
CZ-001 adult male from El Colorado, El Oro province;
|
||
<emphasis id="BE788139133CCFCEECBEC5DE09FC8101" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">c.</emphasis>
|
||
CZ-004 adult male from San Carlos, Guayas province;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9609A53B4451635DFE4AFF00CBE0A9F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">d.</emphasis>
|
||
ZSFQ 5058 juvenile female from Buenaventura Biological Reserve, El Oro province;
|
||
<emphasis id="F7285119A4D108D519D124E2A22D9E08" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">e.</emphasis>
|
||
AMARU SN adult female Buenaventura Biological Reserve, El Oro province;
|
||
<emphasis id="47B128239DBC61BC835A8E7986A38A8E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">f.</emphasis>
|
||
subadult of undetermined sex from Buenaventura Biological Reserve, El Oro province;
|
||
<emphasis id="0536AF4686652953DE0C944222B0BB25" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">g.</emphasis>
|
||
ZSFQ 5056 adult male holotype from Buenaventura Biological Reserve, El Oro province. Photos by Alejandro Arteaga and Jose Vieira.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="4AAFC93FDF228575269E1306F248C295" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981717" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" start="Figure 31" startId="F31">
|
||
<paragraph id="9495D9780EA55B0A566C4F869C37F49B" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="E7ECBD878DC594464877F40C1C9F7E53" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figure 31.</emphasis>
|
||
Hemipenial architecture of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="53518EE3383E18E8D511A2A65CDE56BB" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis hussaini" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="hussaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="392069EBAC6F95CE3870B77093FF7184" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis hussaini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. in sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views.
|
||
<emphasis id="7467625C5C9D8C9BC077E36BD85FCDD9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">a.</emphasis>
|
||
MZUTI 5872 and
|
||
<emphasis id="5AD33F4BCE5870A5F8225FCF33A20FFD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">b.</emphasis>
|
||
ZSFQ 5056 from Reserva
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D265CC2ECD44FAB6C1703724F1FB8C54" originalValue="Biológica">Biologica</normalizedToken>
|
||
Buenaventura, El Oro province, Ecuador. Photos by Amanda Quezada.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3AB084E9048C34D2BBC35EFA6F766362" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="hemipenial morphology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8FF10260CA46F69305DAA6E81CB4E097" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Hemipenial morphology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9111AC5C076EF8F41616518A09006525" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
(n=2; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="063B769185F6ACF1F56582DB3DF26E4C" captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="F31" captionText="Figure 31. Hemipenial architecture of Bothriechis hussaini sp. nov. in sulcate, lateral, and asulcate views. a. MZUTI 5872 and b. ZSFQ 5056 from Reserva Biologica Buenaventura, El Oro province, Ecuador. Photos by Amanda Quezada." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981717" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">31</figureCitation>
|
||
) Everted and inflated, the organ is deeply bilobed, calyculate and noncapitate; hemipenial lobes cylindrical to spindle-shaped; in sulcate and asulcate views, lobe crotch ornamented with scattered spinules proximally and larger spines distally; sulcus spermaticus centrolineal, bifurcate and with walls strongly defined, bifurcation occurs below bilobation point and proximal to the base of the hemipenial body; sulcus spermaticus branch runs to lobe tips; distal half of each hemipenal lobe densely ornamented with small calyces with strongly defined spinulate edges. In sulcate view, hemipenial body surface with small mesial spinules, a pair of enlarged calcified spines (basal hooks), and 3-4 rows of smaller obliquely-arranged mesial spines that become gradually smaller towards each
|
||
<normalizedToken id="E93D4CD08A257F3560E6202442CE6D80" originalValue="lobe’s">lobe's</normalizedToken>
|
||
capitulum; each hemipenial lobe ornamented with mesial and lateral spines about 1/4 the size of the basal hooks; the spines in each lobe are replaced distally by calyces with strongly spinulate edges. In lateral view, hemipenial body and lobes with rows of spines, but otherwise non-spiculate; distal half strongly calyculate. In asulcate view, the center of hemipenial body is nude to sparsely spiculate; hemipenial lobes ornamented with 4 rows of smaller spines (about 1/4 the size of the lateral basal hooks) that decrease in size towards the lobe crotch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FE1A8C87B3BC58BB746F6EF67EC80581" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="0C6BF28001EC8343CEA82CB1E09A909E" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Description of holotype.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7C8218950AF8CCD37E502673E543CF2F" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
An adult male, SVL 358 mm, tail length 51+ mm (14.3% SVL; tail-tip missing); head length 29.2 mm (8.2% SVL) from tip of snout to angle of jaw; head width 21.6 mm (73.9% head length) taken at broadest point; rostral broader than high (3.1
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C242516E5FC2654B05CAA685EA38617C" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
1.9 mm); nasal completely divided and not fused with first supralabial; loreal about 1/2 size of pit, contacting nasal, canthals, 2 prefoveals, prelacunal, supralacunal, and preocular; prefoveals 4/5; subfoveals 2/2; postfoveals 0; prelacunal not fused with second supralabial; sublacunals 2/2; supralacunal elongated and in contact with orbit; preoculars 1/1 (2/2 if supralacunal is considered a preocular); suboculars 1/1; postoculars 1/1; loreal pit large, directed anteriorly, located slightly below line drawn from center of eye to naris; supralabials 8/9 (including lacunolabial); infralabials 11/11, first pair meet posteriorly; mental broader than long (3.2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="70F67B3C756CA68D4741B36511F7BABC" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.0 mm); 1 pair of chinshields; 5 pairs of gulars between chinshields and preventrals; preventrals 0; anterior internasals 3; canthals 3/3; supraciliary scales low and granular, with one on the left side triangular; supraoculars kidney-shaped, 2.2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D1BD5445F8E81BCF63DA08DE5A0C7E38" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than wide; intersupraoculars 7; anterior dorsal head scales slightly keeled; posterior head scales strongly keeled; interrictals 28; dorsal scale rows 25/23/17; ventrals 152; cloacal plate entire; 38+ undivided subcaudals (tail incomplete); tail prehensile.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="284C535DF86C888437FEB83695736D48" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph id="728A7EC4BA443DC876B2AF0672965BB9" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="394E48E4818534727B6EEB58BD818CB2" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="962CE7B720EDD1459550ED1BD4AB220F" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis hussaini" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="hussaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="73F5C3F3983150E325D25D0F7B26CB18" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis hussaini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is an arboreal snake that inhabits evergreen lowland/foothill forests and plantations (coffee and banana). We have found vipers of this species at night or during the day perched on vegetation up to 1.2-3 m above the ground. Meza-Ramos et al. (2010) found a mouse of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B27EEA20B1FE8769ADB84C9DCB9D40A" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryzomys" order="Rodentia" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AA065BFDA948B1645C9BB68CF0BC70DB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Oryzomys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the stomach of DHMECN 2580 from El Oro province, Ecuador.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6079FA21F0D1B59C55E702D8FC576DFC" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="venom">
|
||
<paragraph id="D52C983088F1481A4A9D2F4EEE9AEFDF" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Venom.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357056B532AD9FDC7526B2C35C0442B5" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
One biologist who was bitten in the shoulder by a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E99F00EC9FF0DAD9A9BE8855B0164DC" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis hussaini" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="hussaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="6B2FD60B8EAE312A0FEA53173B975813" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis hussaini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. from Azuay province reports intense localized pain, swelling, and tachycardia with two hours from the incident (personal comments to AA, 2022). The patient received antihistamines as treatment and recovered fully within 24 hours of the bite.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4365714B955B636E4F77825CB6A7B987" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8056E199FF36AEBE110CBF297B8650B3" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2E0C57EC94684931AE8FF94497CBFE8D" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8FD9B1C4DA4D1625D9320517D4C8D5F" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis hussaini" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="hussaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="8CD019276D0722F10D5CD14AEB828A29" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis hussaini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is known from at least 55 localities (listed in Suppl. material 3) along the Pacific lowlands and adjacent Andean foothills in southwestern Ecuador and extreme northwestern Peru. The species occurs over an area of approximately 13,591 km2 in the transition area between the humid
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1D164BF3EDBDC5214042D18A9642F038" originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
|
||
rainforests and the Tumbesian dry forests and has been recorded at elevations 1-1,680 m above sea level (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="A5A7D803B161A13BBB4D6C2CA5332466" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of species of Bothriechis previously subsumed under B. schlegelii sensu lato. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 2. Lime green shade in southeastern Panama represents overlap between between B. nigroadspersus and B. torvus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981689" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Approximately 11.7% of the predicted area of distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CA78207C4FB466B8F3F7699278973B3C" lsidName="B. hussaini" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="hussaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="F130C5A9663189D21269010AFE9D8C1E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. hussaini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. overlaps with that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E1B569165017621BA2B05BDEB0C74FD" lsidName="B. nitidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A1BC870C098100890C4CD81C1B959800" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and we found evidence (MZUA.Re.288 and JM 75) of sympatry between the two species where the model predicted it. Both species co-occur along the foothills of the Andes in the sector between Naranjal, Guayas province, and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7081B125A79895EAFC243721C258BED1" originalValue="Cumandá">Cumanda</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Chimborazo province.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="30EDE62072C217B9EDDF3916F709B2FF" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="1F5E60EF9387BBDD4D54EA1F02920765" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B6F9D85965D2373193F1E2483F2A631" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
The specific epithet
|
||
<emphasis id="48FF28AFD9BCE0566AEB76AD354F3ABA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">hussaini</emphasis>
|
||
is a patronym honoring Prince Hussain Aga Khan, who has devoted his life, influence, and wealth to environmental conservation since he was eleven years old. In 2014, he created a Swiss-based non-profit called Focused On Nature (FON), through which he protects endangered global biodiversity through local organizations worldwide.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0E971C60539A266855305CFCA695C1DE" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph id="84E0FD27F3A389BEE8D7FD79232B665B" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0970DEE863CFAD69CE43776F5F25B6D1" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
We consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="161F4CC08B027BD80BE12CBD44909C36" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis hussaini" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="hussaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="6F50562DCAAF18ACA4F58205326B9FDE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis hussaini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. to be included in the Vulnerable category following the IUCN criteria B1a, b (i, iii, iv) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1A1A24888D64DFADE81B061DE5A85900" author="Hurtado-Gomez, JP" journalOrPublisher="BSc thesis, Universidad de Antioquia" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B48" refString="IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List categories and criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition.IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland and Cambridge, 32 pp." year="2009">IUCN 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), because the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7CA1B0278007E3FE82D3D2163055AD87" originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
extent of occurrence is estimated to be much less than 20,000 km2 (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="097CAF85AD12DFF3F04310B2E300E97D" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of species of Bothriechis previously subsumed under B. schlegelii sensu lato. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 2. Lime green shade in southeastern Panama represents overlap between between B. nigroadspersus and B. torvus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981689" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
|
||
) and its habitat is severely fragmented and declining in extent and quality due to deforestation. Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2A5760F74C0B1A732526DE4214DBCF1A" lsidName="B. hussaini" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="hussaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7B5D0E11385FEF71774FA776BB21B2A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. hussaini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. occurs in four protected areas (Reserva
|
||
<normalizedToken id="364D0C355021CBE2CFA3498A309DCCE6" originalValue="Ecológica">Ecologica</normalizedToken>
|
||
Manglares Churute, Reserva
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9E91E54BF6F6379FF80E67F2F7D8181E" originalValue="Biológica">Biologica</normalizedToken>
|
||
Buenaventura, Reserva Forestal Cerro Samama, and Reserva Nacional Tumbes), the remaining localities where the species has been recorded (Suppl. material 3) are historical and probably do not represent extant populations. Based on the species distribution model presented in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="67A32F43AEAA8BB5ED68D32B164D2450" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of species of Bothriechis previously subsumed under B. schlegelii sensu lato. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 2. Lime green shade in southeastern Panama represents overlap between between B. nigroadspersus and B. torvus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981689" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
|
||
in combination with maps of Ecuador (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="178DEA00E3612E15A61D009DA5E46D42" author="Lotzkat, S" journalOrPublisher="PhD thesis, Goethe-Universitaet in Frankfurt am Main" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B59" refString="MAE (2012) Línea base de deforestación del Ecuador continental.Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador, Quito, 30 pp." year="2014">MAE 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we estimate that approximately 78% of the forest cover throughout the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="73F55C7ABDCCB8D870103E4152C0C9E9" originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
potential distribution area has been destroyed, mostly due to the expansion of the agricultural frontier.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</document> |