232 lines
28 KiB
XML
232 lines
28 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="B070F29C10B55DCAE413988706BFA28A">A cybertaxonomic revision of the micro-landsnail genus Plectostoma Adam (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Diplommatinidae), from Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Indochina</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0B3787D164D0A4324720BAB655CB27D2">Liew, Thor-Seng</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9717B03AC547606992EFB6BBB1D6D703">Vermeulen, Jaap Jan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A8D3A65078186E77A7DEADF63537E38E">Marzuki, Mohammad Effendi bin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B00C4B230F236479F61F8C47D3433161">Schilthuizen, Menno</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="E8917C3F8509109C39327332CD8875D1">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D7FC7E1BE4610B1E6875CCE91CD3CB9D">393</mods:number>
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<treatment id="A2D51D045BA52515849E8C1BE65CD31D" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152052233" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A2D51D045BA52515849E8C1BE65CD31D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A2D51D045BA52515849E8C1BE65CD31D" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<subSubSection id="ECF8B77C3A1A6201D846DBF3610D070A" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E506D2EA1F8C3FC22025028BF3A3C1A1" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="18F4B48A13F2B4626EAC0CC2A286AF5C" ID-CoL="7SRCJ" LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Plectostoma_retrovertens" authority="Tomlin, 1938" authorityName="Tomlin" authorityYear="1938" class="Gastropoda" family="Diplommatinidae" genus="Plectostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plectostoma retrovertens" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="retrovertens">Plectostoma retrovertens (Tomlin, 1938)</taxonomicName>
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Figures 17R, 33, Appendix 13
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A667C969462706F4B7926DD45A22449A" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9BF0092EF4B7714DEDD726669C62F1A4" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="53C302CD09D0141DBF252FB74C19E677" class="Gastropoda" family="Diplommatinidae" genus="Opisthostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opisthostoma retrovertens" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="retrovertens">Opisthostoma retrovertens</taxonomicName>
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Tomlin, 1938: 73, Plate 2 - figure 3 (original description).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B2698C2FB92710DA4B09E99F29CF1D54" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="DBA66F6CC42B2761998A7B038235EC72" class="Gastropoda" family="Diplommatinidae" genus="Opisthostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opisthostoma retrovertens" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="retrovertens">Opisthostoma retrovertens</taxonomicName>
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Tomlin,
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<bibRefCitation id="40014AD5B5C19BBA936B3C27063F90AC" author="van Benthem Jutting, WSS" journalOrPublisher="The Bulletin of the Raffles Museum" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="5 - 61" title="The Malayan species of Opisthostoma (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia, Cyclophoridae), with a catalogue of all the species hitherto described." url="http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/24/24brm005-062.pdf" volume="24" year="1952">van Benthem Jutting (1952</bibRefCitation>
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: 39).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5D01C4D4C7F958F2CFA09B5217AC03CA" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="451DB09BD8AFBE0BEAF6B8CD8F092B51" class="Gastropoda" family="Diplommatinidae" genus="Opisthostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opisthostoma retrovertens" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="retrovertens">Opisthostoma retrovertens</taxonomicName>
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Tomlin,
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<bibRefCitation id="445E00A61229C1F95EF6372C4022ACF7" author="Berry, AJ" journalOrPublisher="The Bulletin of the National Museum" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="101 - 105" title="The habitats of some minute cyclophorids, hydrocenids and vertiginids on a Malayan limestone hill." url="http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/30/30bnm101-105.pdf" volume="30" year="1961">Berry (1961)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="36BCA41B2C9E5BBC0CF5FCF9C1E8F59E" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="6526ABED6DBE5B89F25AE4A23ED13FE9" class="Gastropoda" family="Diplommatinidae" genus="Opisthostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opisthostoma retrovertens" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="retrovertens">Opisthostoma retrovertens</taxonomicName>
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Tomlin,
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<bibRefCitation id="FE4754E5CB232208BB1A97C952A3A763" author="Berry, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Molluscan Studies" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="46 - 49" title="The growth of Opisthostoma (Plectostoma) retrovertens Tomlin, a minute cyclophorid from a Malayan limestone hill." url="http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/1/46.full.pdf" volume="35" year="1962">Berry (1962)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7FF4D374D4BCE2A3276212E43AB9953C" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="A659FE5A4C2A5DEF797F8E2BDDB9139A" class="Gastropoda" family="Diplommatinidae" genus="Opisthostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opisthostoma retrovertens" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="retrovertens">Opisthostoma retrovertens</taxonomicName>
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Tomlin,
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<bibRefCitation id="B5D435268E11412760F2C8E26FC3D47A" author="Berry, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Molluscan Studies" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="203 - 206" title="Growth and variation of the shell in certain Malayan limestone hill snails." url="http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/5/203.full.pdf" volume="35" year="1963">Berry (1963)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="34861F85325D97B317B8F3F3B80BF927" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="68962267887CFBD3A6CBB8DF3CEFE74B" class="Gastropoda" family="Diplommatinidae" genus="Opisthostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opisthostoma retrovertens" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="retrovertens">Opisthostoma retrovertens</taxonomicName>
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Tomlin,
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<bibRefCitation id="302AA7F6D48D734E86D519FCDB82B88A" author="Berry, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="655 - 664" title="The reproduction of the minute cyclophorid snail Opisthostoma (Plectostoma) retrovertens from a Malayan limestone hill." url="10.1111/j.1469-7998.1964.tb04633.x" volume="142" year="1964">Berry (1964)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="08139769727D253E121329108F7F11B8" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="562F999B442155EE7C73D13A70C06EA0" class="Gastropoda" family="Diplommatinidae" genus="Opisthostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opisthostoma retrovertens" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="retrovertens">Opisthostoma retrovertens</taxonomicName>
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Tomlin,
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<bibRefCitation id="4C79078B0F3A55CC46DE31322B1D2F60" author="Berry, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoology" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="11 - 27" title="Population structure and fluctuations in the snail fauna of a Malayan limestone hill." url="10.1111/j.1469-7998.1966.tb02996.x" volume="150" year="1966">Berry (1966)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F9D89F9CB079506F62C042DB75C4F459" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="5D945EB4486B28AE7AB9CD294F0715B4" class="Gastropoda" family="Diplommatinidae" genus="Opisthostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opisthostoma retrovertens" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="retrovertens">Opisthostoma retrovertens</taxonomicName>
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Tomlin,
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<bibRefCitation id="928D1A31C75FCED4158BDD5E01974375" author="Solem, A" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="3 - 4" title="Sacks of exotic dirt." url="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4188033page/36/mode/1up" volume="37" year="1966">Solem (1966)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6719B7A77D43BDDB88364496383B9B2E" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="F6A21F80926C8CC5EC4AD6ABA4F5C03B" class="Gastropoda" family="Diplommatinidae" genus="Opisthostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opisthostoma retrovertens" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="retrovertens">Opisthostoma retrovertens</taxonomicName>
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Tomlin,
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<bibRefCitation id="19EF47638E5CC1068F70676F009FC392" author="Illert, C" journalOrPublisher="II Nuovo Cimento D." pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="791 - 814" title="Formulation and solution of the classical seashell problem." url="10.1007/BF02453750" volume="9" year="1987">Illert (1987</bibRefCitation>
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: 800, figure 2a).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C324F17751734F029123C33267F8E833" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="9A79FD79269E759DA39C1FA15B2A911F" class="Gastropoda" family="Diplommatinidae" genus="Opisthostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opisthostoma retrovertens" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="retrovertens">Opisthostoma retrovertens</taxonomicName>
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Tomlin,
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<bibRefCitation id="70A068A3D1EEE1E324FAC1FEE4BFE5E5" author="Solem, A" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" title="Fieldiana. Zoology. Special Publications" url="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/20377page/49/mode/1up" year="1976">Solem and Solem (1976</bibRefCitation>
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: 31).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5BE25969C12E47C00590D7A2AD0FFACE" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="94EFD40BC364DCCF3078BDD8FF1D898D" class="Gastropoda" family="Diplommatinidae" genus="Opisthostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opisthostoma retrovertens" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="retrovertens">Opisthostoma retrovertens</taxonomicName>
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Tomlin,
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<bibRefCitation id="6863F4F9EC51623B6B4C360F03E9878E" author="Heller, J" editor="Barker, GM" journalOrPublisher="CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="413 - 445" title="The Biology of Terrestrial Molluscs" url="10.1079/9780851993188.0413" year="2001">Heller (2001</bibRefCitation>
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: 426).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D1FFCE0C88D5AAB7E2184359B93D26D6" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="96924392495BC983D484AE4468E20E78" class="Gastropoda" family="Diplommatinidae" genus="Opisthostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opisthostoma retrovertens" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="retrovertens">Opisthostoma retrovertens</taxonomicName>
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Tomlin,
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<bibRefCitation id="F19F863107245790192C6C07A553D799" author="Clements, GR" journalOrPublisher="National University of Singapore" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" title="Conservation biogeography of terrestrial molluscs on tropical limestone karsts." year="2007">Clements (2007</bibRefCitation>
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: 74).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2BA90699C9987BAC6C2E65FA10DE1C0E" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="AE45000EF080A2CCBDEC5E70743FA38F" class="Gastropoda" family="Diplommatinidae" genus="Opisthostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Opisthostoma retrovertens" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="retrovertens">Opisthostoma retrovertens</taxonomicName>
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Tomlin, Clements et al. (2008: 2760).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6ACFF6C5A8371565F705EFDAE9A77C74" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="type material">
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<paragraph id="A8DDC7180CCFD6D7E67CE343213C0D13" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="91642282A12F7BF34F1A5B1E04116AA9" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Holotype: BMNH 1938.10.25.2(1) (Seen). Paratype: ZMA 136044(>10) (Seen).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0B8F9782FF19E58C48FB8F693A8882D7" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="other examined materials">
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<paragraph id="C04B8141E5310C286C5A18275B2EE4BE" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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<pageBreakToken id="598A7C1607EF49B47A870323C70D369F" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" start="start">Other</pageBreakToken>
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examined materials.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="52343BD94A8ACE607A183218786DA519" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">RMNH 244699(1), RMNH 44725(8), ZMA 162133(>10), ZMA 162148(8), BOR 5559(3), BOR 5621(9), V 5124(9).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="EBD0E10D44D72D7D7B4BBE1E490DD8FB" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="1EE329DE3B142F7B799A5D7174CC40A6" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9AFD1BEDECB655F50F8808915DCCBA03" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
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Shares with
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<taxonomicName id="2B8003FBDF1BBED4F19F5BA8D700EA13" class="Gastropoda" family="Diplommatinidae" genus="Plectostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plectostoma palinhelix" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="palinhelix">Plectostoma palinhelix</taxonomicName>
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the spire and tuba form, but differs by having spire height between 2.3-2.6 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="1614E85D093A538365A071567A38CF0D" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="description">
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<paragraph id="47DACB4D0547713C2AEC33C1CE9B5A0F" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="66465A062D447763891D610544941D6B" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Apex. Shape: moderately convex.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="18B7E5BD478CE8F879D4BFED4C3B5C7E" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Spire. Height: 2.3-2.6 mm. Width: 1.5-1.7 mm. Number of whorls: 4 5/8-5. Apical spire shape: depressed conical. Basal spire shape: ovoid. Whorl periphery: distinctly convex. Umbilicus: partially or completely closed by tuba.</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="1FBEC368A8500E1E22BE420C0B250A23" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Constriction. Parietal teeth: two. Basal teeth: none.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0F1A6F5AED0B42B414C5101F76B482B5" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Tuba. Coiling direction: type 2 and aperture visible between right lateral and back view; the tuba coils upward until the first teleconch whorl of the spire. Tuba whorl length similar to the length of the last whorl of the spire. Proportion of tuba that attaches to spire: whole.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BF6A11B6B6E35F050580BDCAD7D50EA9" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Aperture and peristome. Peristome: double peristomes. Outer peristome shape: similer to inner peristome, projected all around, except the posterior part, where two lateral sides are slightly more projected than the anterior side.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CC8F40B10904E785F7CE21A9FD347AB6" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Spiral lines. Thick lines: present. Thin lines: present.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B5C61DAE2FF0F0AC08A98EABA0E45299" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Radial ribs. Rib density: 7-9 ribs per mm. Rib intensity: thin. Shape: straight. Inclination: orthoclin.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="74742A2956BCE3DC552B6BD4C6768B67" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<paragraph id="9EA671772F489261AECD673E168EAA73" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Figures 33.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A45E45D5267438312D0C17D7CE3B5CE" class="Gastropoda" family="Diplommatinidae" genus="Plectostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plectostoma retrovertens" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="retrovertens">Plectostoma retrovertens</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Tomlin, 1938) BOR 5559. A frontal view B left lateral view C back view D right lateral view E top view F bottom view G parietal part of constriction inner whorl H basal part of constriction inner whorl. Scale bar = 1 mm (for
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A42C0CFF032AF7CBFACEE0730E8E9CDE" originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="25FF03783CFDAAA919E26E518DB77B52" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="FCE235770F12F297D4F207AB77C3FB4A" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="19B0663071D44AB8CC3ED00C879503A6" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Type locality. Bukit Chintamanis, Pahang (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="5DD50D52B280BACA2BE7EBC7E9B98932" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="3.4458334">3°26'45"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="204C6D6EF694E610E3E7C502A792B04B" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="102.01417">102°0'51"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="284FED1818A686EDB6ABE40B565688F3" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Distribution range. Endemic to the type locality (Figure 18C).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4BC34BDA386139F7C8FD6F32FA408717" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph id="CCF246714CD2944A136C68745ED1EA84" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A641764989A3AE60F6DC6E0D9334FEF" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Critically Endangered (B2ab(iii)+C2a(i) ver. 10.1). This species is endemic to a single limestone
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3C5DB1EE541AA2817B95202CF7D9E8D8" originalValue="hill–Bukit">hill-Bukit</normalizedToken>
|
||
Chintamanis. Most of the western part of this
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="E7F70A2915A42AEE8E46521877291929" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" start="start">hill</pageBreakToken>
|
||
is gone due to the quarry activity in the past and this part is now covered by secondary vegetation. The rest of the outcrop is surrounded by plantation, which is subjected to periodic clearing and replanting. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FC1F440477D6C17C737EBBF50896C85E" author="Berry, AJ" journalOrPublisher="The Bulletin of the National Museum" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="101 - 105" title="The habitats of some minute cyclophorids, hydrocenids and vertiginids on a Malayan limestone hill." url="http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/30/30bnm101-105.pdf" volume="30" year="1961">Berry (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, live individuals can only be found at the rock surface (Site A in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="84D1BDB07EBBAD92398EB185E27DF3F2" author="Berry, AJ" journalOrPublisher="The Bulletin of the National Museum" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="101 - 105" title="The habitats of some minute cyclophorids, hydrocenids and vertiginids on a Malayan limestone hill." url="http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/30/30bnm101-105.pdf" volume="30" year="1961">Berry 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E92C4AED3B18791A35BD605AA0741FE8" author="Berry, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Molluscan Studies" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="46 - 49" title="The growth of Opisthostoma (Plectostoma) retrovertens Tomlin, a minute cyclophorid from a Malayan limestone hill." url="http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/1/46.full.pdf" volume="35" year="1962">Berry (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reports finding several thousand individuals at Site A.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4CCECCD22D7B95FFD0322D29698D09E5" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
A recent intensive survey for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9E4EBFC62BB1C52253898C37DB034C4" class="Gastropoda" family="Diplommatinidae" genus="Plectostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plectostoma retrovertens" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="retrovertens">Plectostoma retrovertens</taxonomicName>
|
||
was done at the type locality in August 2010 and May 2011. Site A is a rock surface smaller than 20 m2. It appears that the vegetation cover and habitat structure of Site A has not changed as compared to the assessment done by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="26E6F790F370A68BC4BE90611068C0BC" author="Berry, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Molluscan Studies" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="46 - 49" title="The growth of Opisthostoma (Plectostoma) retrovertens Tomlin, a minute cyclophorid from a Malayan limestone hill." url="http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/1/46.full.pdf" volume="35" year="1962">Berry (1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD0EC6108B5AF8DB8501A643B62DDD1C" author="Berry, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="655 - 664" title="The reproduction of the minute cyclophorid snail Opisthostoma (Plectostoma) retrovertens from a Malayan limestone hill." url="10.1111/j.1469-7998.1964.tb04633.x" volume="142" year="1964">1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, only three live individuals were found during the survey in Aug. 2010. Furthermore, the surrounding of Bukit Chintamanis has been cleared in 2011. Judging by the population trends and habitat conditions together, this species is at the brink of extinction. The status of this species in a previous assessment (IUCN redlist) was: vulnerable D2 ver. 3.1 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8481B4FFDDBC60909D6EEF9FE913609D" author="Clements, R" journalOrPublisher="Biology letters" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" title="IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2" url="www.iucnredlist.org" year="2009 c">Clements 2009c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9B2824652BB6F8927EBC84EC69FC5542" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="DB430B1C41803FEB1D32E17B833384D4" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="76AE80F28FA9AF6FA2289F64718452EB" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CBD55BA945433B70B9BA4CCF78BC718D" class="Gastropoda" family="Diplommatinidae" genus="Plectostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plectostoma retrovertens" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="retrovertens">Plectostoma retrovertens</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B9673BBC9006EE83F1AA578268AC3D68" class="Gastropoda" family="Diplommatinidae" genus="Plectostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plectostoma palinhelix" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="palinhelix">Plectostoma palinhelix</taxonomicName>
|
||
are very distinct from other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="75B1A60667620A67DE804BD49794CE90" class="Gastropoda" family="Diplommatinidae" genus="Plectostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plectostoma" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Plectostoma</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a very long tuba in relation to their spire. In fact, a preliminary phylogenetic analysis suggests that these two are basal species for all Peninsular
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CC49B25FAC5E0117356830F7B53CB04B" originalValue="Malaysia’s">Malaysia's</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3EB20735878B5BEEFBD4E3E797060AE3" class="Gastropoda" family="Diplommatinidae" genus="Plectostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plectostoma" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Plectostoma</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These two species are located more 40 km apart on outcrops that belong to the same limestone facies (Figure 18C). The two species are very similar in their shell shape, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="77E8BE0F8175AF087CD3A43B284046F7" class="Gastropoda" family="Diplommatinidae" genus="Plectostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plectostoma retrovertens" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="retrovertens">Plectostoma retrovertens</taxonomicName>
|
||
is about one-third larger than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0AC7899404C68FDA81F2029734F74299" class="Gastropoda" family="Diplommatinidae" genus="Plectostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plectostoma palinhelix" order="Architaenioglossa" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="palinhelix">Plectostoma palinhelix</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Furthermore, the genetic divergence between the two species is 10%.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |