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<mods:title id="1B60A33182D62CAB256F0C54809157D2">Evolutionary history of the devilrays (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) from fossil and morphological inference</mods:title>
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<heading id="713E81E0FFCEA21CFC5B885E35FA0676" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" reason="8">
GENUS †
<taxonomicName id="EDC94D0FFFCEA21CFC25885E35FA0676" authority="CASE, TOKARYK &amp; BAIRD, 1990" authorityName="Case, Tokaryk &amp; Baird" authorityYear="1990" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Aquilolamnidae" genus="Cretomanta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFCEA21CFC25885E35B30615" box="[1011,1164,533,554]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="140">CRETOMANTA</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4E584B7DFFCEA21CFB41885E35FA0676" author="Case GR &amp; Tokaryk TT &amp; Baird D" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" pagination="1084 - 1094" refId="ref17239" refString="Case GR, Tokaryk TT, Baird D. 1990. Selachians from the Niobrara Formation of the Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian) of Carrot River, Saskatchewan, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27: 1084 - 1094." type="journal article" year="1990">CASE, TOKARYK &amp; BAIRD, 1990</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection id="62D36507FFCEA21CFCEC881732BE021A" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" type="description">
<paragraph id="2A76368CFFCEA21CFCEC8817324706B3" blockId="8.[826,1441,604,655]" pageId="8" pageNumber="140">
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFCEA21CFCEC881732C5064D" box="[826,1018,604,625]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="140">Included species:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="EDC94D0FFFCEA21CFBD98817324B06B3" authority="Case et al., 1990" authorityName="Case" authorityYear="1990" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Aquilolamnidae" genus="Cretomanta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFCEA21CFBD988173424064D" box="[1039,1307,604,625]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="140">Cretomanta canadensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4E584B7DFFCEA21CFAF58817324B06B3" author="Case GR &amp; Tokaryk TT &amp; Baird D" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" pagination="1084 - 1094" refId="ref17239" refString="Case GR, Tokaryk TT, Baird D. 1990. Selachians from the Niobrara Formation of the Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian) of Carrot River, Saskatchewan, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27: 1084 - 1094." type="journal article" year="1990">
Case
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFCEA21CFAB5881734AC064D" box="[1379,1427,604,625]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="140">et al</emphasis>
., 1990
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2A76368CFFCEA21CFCEC88F335A5075B" blockId="8.[826,1441,695,871]" pageId="8" pageNumber="140">
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFCEA21CFCEC88F332F506F1" box="[826,970,696,717]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="140">Occurrences:</emphasis>
The genus occurs from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of
<collectingCountry id="52DE761CFFCEA21CFB79889D343806D0" box="[1199,1287,726,748]" name="Canada" pageId="8" pageNumber="140">Canada</collectingCountry>
and North America (
<bibRefCitation id="4E584B7DFFCEA21CFC7B88BE35FA0736" author="Cappetta H &amp; Case GR" box="[941,1221,757,778]" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" pagination="5 - 111" refId="ref17031" refString="Cappetta H, Case GR. 1999. Additions aux faunes de selaciens du Cretace du Texas. Paleo Ichthyologica 9: 5 - 111." type="journal article" year="1999">Cappetta &amp; Case, 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4E584B7DFFCEA21CFB0088BE34A30736" author="Case GR &amp; Tokaryk TT &amp; Baird D" box="[1238,1436,757,778]" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" pagination="1084 - 1094" refId="ref17239" refString="Case GR, Tokaryk TT, Baird D. 1990. Selachians from the Niobrara Formation of the Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian) of Carrot River, Saskatchewan, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27: 1084 - 1094." type="journal article" year="1990">
Case
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFCEA21CFACF88BE34760736" box="[1305,1353,757,778]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="140">et al</emphasis>
., 1990
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4E584B7DFFCEA21CFCEC895832CC0714" author="Cicimurri DJ" box="[826,1011,787,809]" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" pagination="181 - 192" refId="ref17339" refString="Cicimurri DJ. 2001. Fossil selachians from the Belle Fourche Shale (Cretaceous, Cenomanian), Black Hills region of South Dakota and Wyoming. The Mountain Geologist 38: 181 - 192." type="journal article" year="2001">Cicimurri, 2001</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4E584B7DFFCEA21CFBD7895835CD0715" author="Shimada K &amp; Schumacher BA &amp; Parkin JA &amp; Palermo JM" box="[1025,1266,787,809]" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref19176" refString="Shimada K, Schumacher BA, Parkin JA, Palermo JM. 2006. Fossil marine vertebrates from the Lowermost Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous: Middle Cenomanian) in southeastern Colorado. Journal of Paleontology Memoir 63: 1 - 45, figs 1 - 17." type="journal article" year="2006">
Shimada
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFCEA21CFBA7895F359E0714" box="[1137,1185,787,809]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="140">et al</emphasis>
., 2006
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4E584B7DFFCEA21CFAD7895832D30774" author="Underwood CJ &amp; Cumbaa SL" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" pagination="903 - 944" refId="ref19531" refString="Underwood CJ, Cumbaa SL. 2010. Chondrichthyans from a Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) bonebed, Saskatchewan, Canada. Palaeontology 53: 903 - 944." type="journal article" year="2010">Underwood &amp; Cumbaa, 2010</bibRefCitation>
) to the Maastrichtian of
<collectingCountry id="52DE761CFFCEA21CFA928979349E077B" box="[1348,1441,818,839]" name="Morocco" pageId="8" pageNumber="140">Morocco</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4E584B7DFFCEA21CFC94891B35B1075B" author="Noubhani A &amp; Cappetta H" box="[834,1166,848,871]" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" pagination="1 - 327" refId="ref18796" refString="Noubhani A, Cappetta H. 1997. Les Orectolobiformes, Carcharhiniformes et Myliobatiformes (Elasmobranchii, Neoselachii) des bassins a phosphate du Maroc (Maastrichtien-Lutetien basal). Systematique, biostratigraphie, evolution et dynamique des faunes. Palaeo Ichthyologica 8: 1 - 327." type="journal article" year="1997">Noubhani &amp; Cappetta, 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2A76368CFFCEA21CFCEC89C532BE021A" blockId="8.[826,1441,910,1574]" pageId="8" pageNumber="140">
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFCEA21CFCEC89C53299079F" box="[826,934,910,931]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="140">Remarks:</emphasis>
The monospecific genus †
<taxonomicName id="EDC94D0FFFCEA21CFB0F89C5328307FD" authority="Case et al., 1990" authorityName="Case" authorityYear="1990" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Aquilolamnidae" genus="Cretomanta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFCEA21CFB0F89C53460079F" box="[1241,1375,910,931]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="140">Cretomanta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4E584B7DFFCEA21CFABC89C5328307FD" author="Case GR &amp; Tokaryk TT &amp; Baird D" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" pagination="1084 - 1094" refId="ref17239" refString="Case GR, Tokaryk TT, Baird D. 1990. Selachians from the Niobrara Formation of the Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian) of Carrot River, Saskatchewan, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27: 1084 - 1094." type="journal article" year="1990">
Case
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFCEA21CFCEC89E6325407FD" box="[826,875,940,962]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="140">et al</emphasis>
., 1990
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is only known by isolated teeth with a peg-like morphology. There is no individualized labial face on the crown; the cusp is medially compressed, the enameloid is smooth except on the rounded labial face that presents faint longitudinal scratches (
<bibRefCitation id="4E584B7DFFCEA21CFC618E0E34300067" author="Underwood CJ &amp; Cumbaa SL" box="[951,1295,1093,1115]" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" pagination="903 - 944" refId="ref19531" refString="Underwood CJ, Cumbaa SL. 2010. Chondrichthyans from a Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) bonebed, Saskatchewan, Canada. Palaeontology 53: 903 - 944." type="journal article" year="2010">Underwood &amp; Cumbaa, 2010</bibRefCitation>
); the root is anaulacorhize with numerous nutritive foramina as observable in recent
<taxonomicName id="EDC94D0FFFCEA21CFBFB8EC8354700A4" baseAuthorityName="Pfeil" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[1069,1144,1155,1176]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Manta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFCEA21CFBFB8EC8354700A4" box="[1069,1144,1155,1176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="140">Manta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Some teeth show a bifid cuspidate crown, as observed in the dentition of some living mobulids.
<bibRefCitation id="4E584B7DFFCEA21CFBD58E8B35ED00EA" author="Case GR &amp; Tokaryk TT &amp; Baird D" box="[1027,1234,1216,1238]" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" pagination="1084 - 1094" refId="ref17239" refString="Case GR, Tokaryk TT, Baird D. 1990. Selachians from the Niobrara Formation of the Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian) of Carrot River, Saskatchewan, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27: 1084 - 1094." type="journal article" year="1990">
Case
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFCEA21CFB908E8B354800E9" box="[1094,1143,1216,1237]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="140">et al</emphasis>
. (1990)
</bibRefCitation>
originally attributed this taxon to a microphageous batoid close to the Recent
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFCEA21CFC128EB63529012E" box="[964,1046,1277,1298]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="140">
<taxonomicName id="EDC94D0FFFCEA21CFC128EB6352D012E" baseAuthorityName="Pfeil" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[964,1042,1277,1298]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Manta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Manta</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
considering the global similarity between tooth shapes of both taxa. However, this tooth morphology is regarded as possibly convergent with
<taxonomicName id="EDC94D0FFFCEA21CFCAD8F1232F90152" baseAuthorityName="Pfeil" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[891,966,1369,1390]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Manta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFCEA21CFCAD8F1232F90152" box="[891,966,1369,1390]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="140">Manta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as observed in other enigmatic Cretaceous batoids such as
<taxonomicName id="EDC94D0FFFCEA21CFB878F3C34A301B1" authority="(Cappetta, 1991)" baseAuthorityName="Cappetta" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[1105,1436,1399,1421]" class="Chondrichthyes" genus="Duwibatis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFCEA21CFB878F3C35F901B0" box="[1105,1222,1399,1420]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="140">Duwibatis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4E584B7DFFCEA21CFB0B8F3C34AB01B1" author="Cappetta H" box="[1245,1428,1399,1421]" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" pagination="17 - 56" refId="ref16929" refString="Cappetta H. 1991. Decouverte de nouvelles faunes de selaciens (Neoselachii) dans les phosphates maastrichtiens de la Mer Rouge, Egypte. Munchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, (A: Geologie und Palaontologie) 19: 17 - 56." type="journal article" year="1991">Cappetta, 1991</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and has also led some authors to consider
<taxonomicName id="EDC94D0FFFCEA21CFACD8FDD349E0197" box="[1307,1441,1430,1451]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Aquilolamnidae" genus="Cretomanta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFCEA21CFACD8FDD349E0197" box="[1307,1441,1430,1451]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="140">Cretomanta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a planktivorous lamniform (
<bibRefCitation id="4E584B7DFFCEA21CFB4A8FFF324C01D4" author="Noubhani A &amp; Cappetta H" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" pagination="1 - 327" refId="ref18796" refString="Noubhani A, Cappetta H. 1997. Les Orectolobiformes, Carcharhiniformes et Myliobatiformes (Elasmobranchii, Neoselachii) des bassins a phosphate du Maroc (Maastrichtien-Lutetien basal). Systematique, biostratigraphie, evolution et dynamique des faunes. Palaeo Ichthyologica 8: 1 - 327." type="journal article" year="1997">Noubhani &amp; Cappetta, 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="4E584B7DFFCEA21CFC5F8F98357D01D5" author="Cappetta H" box="[905,1090,1491,1513]" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" pagination="1 - 472" refId="ref16971" refString="Cappetta H. 2006. Elasmobranchii post-Triadici (index specierum et generum). Fossilium Catalogus, I. Animalia Pars 142: 1 - 472." type="journal article" year="2006">Cappetta, 2006</bibRefCitation>
) or with uncertain familial affinities amongst batoids (
<bibRefCitation id="4E584B7DFFCEA21CFB538FB9324A021A" author="Underwood CJ &amp; Cumbaa SL" pageId="8" pageNumber="140" pagination="903 - 944" refId="ref19531" refString="Underwood CJ, Cumbaa SL. 2010. Chondrichthyans from a Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) bonebed, Saskatchewan, Canada. Palaeontology 53: 903 - 944." type="journal article" year="2010">Underwood &amp; Cumbaa, 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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