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<mods:title id="27F5E0EFD0CB395B525E1DA36406752E">Evolutionary history of the devilrays (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) from fossil and morphological inference</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="2A76368CFFC1A213FF0588C4338C0698" blockId="7.[211,691,623,677]" box="[211,691,655,677]" pageId="7" pageNumber="139">
<heading id="713E81E0FFC1A213FF0588C4338C0698" box="[211,691,655,677]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="139" reason="8">
<taxonomicName id="EDC94D0FFFC1A213FF0988DB30D2069F" authorityName="Cappetta" authorityYear="1970" box="[223,493,656,677]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="159" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loupianensis">
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFC1A213FF0988DB30D2069F" box="[223,493,656,677]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="139">MOBULA LOUPIANENSIS</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="4E584B7DFFC1A213FE2188C4338C0698" author="Cappetta H" box="[503,691,655,677]" pageId="7" pageNumber="139" pagination="1 - 139" refId="ref16811" refString="Cappetta H. 1970. Les selaciens du Miocene de la region de Montpellier. Palaeovertebrata Memoire extraordinaire 1970: 1 - 139." type="journal article" year="1970">CAPPETTA, 1970</bibRefCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2A76368CFFC1A213FF4688FD33150735" blockId="7.[144,758,694,777]" pageId="7" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFC1A213FF4688FD302006F7" box="[144,287,694,715]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="139">Occurrences:</emphasis>
Langhian of southern
<collectingCountry id="52DE761CFFC1A213FDF188FD334906F7" box="[551,630,694,715]" name="France" pageId="7" pageNumber="139">France</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4E584B7DFFC1A213FD5088FD31F806D7" author="Cappetta H" pageId="7" pageNumber="139" pagination="1 - 139" refId="ref16811" refString="Cappetta H. 1970. Les selaciens du Miocene de la region de Montpellier. Palaeovertebrata Memoire extraordinaire 1970: 1 - 139." type="journal article" year="1970">Cappetta, 1970</bibRefCitation>
) and North Carolina (
<bibRefCitation id="4E584B7DFFC1A213FE0F889F338F06D7" author="Purdy RW &amp; Schneider VP &amp; Applegate SP &amp; McLellan JH &amp; Meyer RL &amp; Slaughter BH" box="[473,688,724,747]" pageId="7" pageNumber="139" pagination="71 - 202" refId="ref18969" refString="Purdy RW, Schneider VP, Applegate SP, McLellan JH, Meyer RL, Slaughter BH. 2001. The Neogene sharks, rays, and bony fishes from Lee Creek Mine, Aurora, North Carolina in Geology and paleontology of the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, III, Clayton E. RAY &amp; David J. BOHASKA. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 90: 71 - 202." type="journal article" year="2001">
Purdy
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFC1A213FDFD889E336306D5" box="[555,604,724,746]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="139">et al</emphasis>
., 2001
</bibRefCitation>
). Serravallian of
<collectingCountry id="52DE761CFFC1A213FEC988B830BD0735" box="[287,386,755,777]" name="Portugal" pageId="7" pageNumber="139">Portugal</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4E584B7DFFC1A213FE4288B833210735" author="Jonet S" box="[404,542,755,777]" pageId="7" pageNumber="139" pagination="53 - 64" refId="ref18051" refString="Jonet S. 1976. Notes d'ichthyologie miocene. VII. La famille des Mobulidae au Portugal. Boletim da Sociedade Geologica de Portugal 20: 53 - 64." type="journal article" year="1976">Jonet, 1976</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="62D36507FFC1A213FF46896E305C028E" pageId="7" pageNumber="139" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="2A76368CFFC1A213FF46896E305C028E" blockId="7.[144,759,805,1714]" pageId="7" pageNumber="139">
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFC1A213FF46896E31C40706" box="[144,251,805,826]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="139">Remarks:</emphasis>
Particularly well illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="4E584B7DFFC1A213FD6E896E31ED0765" author="Jonet S" pageId="7" pageNumber="139" pagination="53 - 64" refId="ref18051" refString="Jonet S. 1976. Notes d'ichthyologie miocene. VII. La famille des Mobulidae au Portugal. Boletim da Sociedade Geologica de Portugal 20: 53 - 64." type="journal article" year="1976">Jonet (1976</bibRefCitation>
: figs 113) with male (monocupsidate teeth) and female (not well cuspidate) specimens, the morphology of †
<taxonomicName id="EDC94D0FFFC1A213FF2B89CA308207AA" authorityName="Cappetta" authorityYear="1970" box="[253,445,897,918]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loupianensis">
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFC1A213FF2B89CA308207AA" box="[253,445,897,918]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="139">Mo. loupianensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is clearly close to that observed in the living species
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFC1A213FDDC89EB33820788" box="[522,701,927,949]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="139">
<taxonomicName id="EDC94D0FFFC1A213FDDC89EB33870788" baseAuthorityName="Bancroft" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[522,696,927,949]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypostoma">Mo. hypostoma</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The tooth crown of males has a massive central cusp with sometimes a pair of small denticles located at each extremity in occlusal view. The tooth crown of females is devoid of a cusp but the visor can occasionally be very slightly irregular in occlusal view. Dental differences with the living species are tenuous but the teeth of †
<taxonomicName id="EDC94D0FFFC1A213FED78E3D30FE00B6" authorityName="Cappetta" authorityYear="1970" box="[257,449,1141,1163]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loupianensis">
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFC1A213FED78E3D30FE00B6" box="[257,449,1141,1163]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="139">Mo. loupianensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(particularly the females) present a smoother enameloid than in
<taxonomicName id="EDC94D0FFFC1A213FDAA8EDE31F600F4" baseAuthorityName="Bancroft" baseAuthorityYear="1831" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypostoma">
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFC1A213FDAA8EDE31F600F4" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="139">Mo. hypostoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which the labial face is slightly marked by some folds.
<bibRefCitation id="4E584B7DFFC1A213FEFF8E9A334D00DA" author="Cicimurri DJ &amp; Knight JL" box="[297,626,1233,1255]" pageId="7" pageNumber="139" pagination="627 - 647" refId="ref17375" refString="Cicimurri DJ, Knight JL. 2009. Late Oligocene sharks and rays from the Chandler Bridge Formation, Dorchester County, South Carolina, USA. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 54: 627 - 647." type="journal article" year="2009">Cicimurri &amp; Knight (2009</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 9AF) reported a large variety of morphotypes of mobulids from the upper Chattian of
<collectingRegion id="E80DF86EFFC1A213FE2A8F4533890118" box="[508,694,1294,1316]" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="7" pageNumber="139">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
. The authors considered that they all belong to a unique species attributed to †
<taxonomicName id="EDC94D0FFFC1A213FE4A8F0733BC015D" authorityName="Cappetta" authorityYear="1970" box="[412,643,1356,1378]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loupianensis">
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFC1A213FE4A8F0730F8015D" box="[412,455,1356,1377]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="139">Mo.</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFC1A213FE228F0733BC015D" box="[500,643,1356,1377]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="139">loupianensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and suggested that all the Neogene species such as †
<taxonomicName id="EDC94D0FFFC1A213FD4F8F2031EA01A2" baseAuthorityName="Jonet" baseAuthorityYear="1976" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pectinata">
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFC1A213FD4F8F2031EA01A2" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="139">Mo. pectinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, †
<taxonomicName id="EDC94D0FFFC1A213FF218FC2309B01A2" authorityName="Pfeil" authorityYear="1981" box="[247,420,1417,1438]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="irenae">
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFC1A213FF218FC2309B01A2" box="[247,420,1417,1438]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="139">Mobula irenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and †
<taxonomicName id="EDC94D0FFFC1A213FDD78FC233FD01A2" authorityName="Cappetta" authorityYear="1970" box="[513,706,1417,1438]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loupianensis">
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFC1A213FDD78FC233FD01A2" box="[513,706,1417,1438]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="139">Mo. loupianensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are possibly conspecific. However, their material differs from the distinctive Miocene
<taxonomicName id="EDC94D0FFFC1A213FE318F8C339801E7" authorityName="Cappetta" authorityYear="1970" box="[487,679,1478,1500]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loupianensis">
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFC1A213FE318F8C339801E7" box="[487,679,1478,1500]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="139">Mo. loupianensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the presence of an irregular surface, sometimes dotted by deep folds on the labial face of the crown and by the root being higher than wide. If the Chattian species belongs to the mobulid group with comb-like teeth (close to the
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFC1A213FE948C2B338C0248" box="[322,691,1631,1653]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="139">
<taxonomicName id="EDC94D0FFFC1A213FE948C2B30D00248" baseAuthorityName="Bancroft" baseAuthorityYear="1831" box="[322,495,1631,1653]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hypostoma">Mo. hypostoma</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="EDC94D0FFFC1A213FE2B8C14338C0248" baseAuthorityName="Vaillant" baseAuthorityYear="1879" box="[509,691,1631,1652]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rochebrunei">Mo. rochebrunei</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
subgroup), they probably belong to a species other than †
<taxonomicName id="EDC94D0FFFC1A213FF4A8CD63063028D" authorityName="Cappetta" authorityYear="1970" box="[156,348,1692,1714]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Mobula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="loupianensis">
<emphasis id="18BDEA9EFFC1A213FF4A8CD63063028D" box="[156,348,1692,1714]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="139">Mo. loupianensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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