264 lines
34 KiB
XML
264 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="54075" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.7.85204" ID-GBIF-Dataset="69e3a7a3-d279-4b63-8070-be3b1c813968" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2535-0730-1-133" ID-Pensoft-UUID="CF6673C9B1765D47B848F9C007505762" ID-ZooBank="24DF15ADF8A04086AD8C60AD39C8A4AA" ModsDocID="2535-0730-7-1-133" checkinTime="1683131477234" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Lehmann, Ingo & Dalsgaard, Thure" docDate="2023" docId="A14DF0C6BEA45944B0079C5BA41801A5" docLanguage="en" docName="EvolutSyst 7(1): 133-182" docOrigin="Evolutionary Systematics 7 (1)" docPubDate="2023-05-03" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.7.85204" docTitle="Shimbania wichgrafi Lehmann & Dalsgaard 2023, comb. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="CF6673C9B1765D47B848F9C007505762" lastPageNumber="133" masterDocId="CF6673C9B1765D47B848F9C007505762" masterDocTitle="Revision of Saalmulleria Mabille, 1891 (Lepidoptera, Metarbelidae) from Madagascar with the description of three new genera and fifteen new species" masterLastPageNumber="182" masterPageNumber="133" pageNumber="133" updateTime="1732929487722" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="F18D067ADB4F750D68820153603012CA">Revision of Saalmulleria Mabille, 1891 (Lepidoptera, Metarbelidae) from Madagascar with the description of three new genera and fifteen new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CF7E771FDB58F094F0922407C952EE72">Lehmann, Ingo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E69ED680459F9B716477A775DFBDAC5E">Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, ztm, Museum der Natur, Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="999715D1AE0CE53B3BAF529E275D20AC" type="email">lehmannshimoni@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="114B4ED10516E6A8811F0BA0A87111A6">Dalsgaard, Thure</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D2E4F86A75FC8094ABB8F8DA5E5FC479">Leibniz-Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, ztm, Museum der Natur, Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="8583C832BE24DA53D5FFDDE7316E24C1" type="email">t.dalsgaard@leibniz-lib.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="228C51477DC2B159FC3A94D8A5EF4F90">Evolutionary Systematics</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0D9F0F6171BAB59E124F30A75F224089">
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<mods:date id="BC9EEDCB5DDD2DBDBCD0CA330B03AE91">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C821F8274F6219237D09F1B8AF6D5CBB">2023-05-03</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="1796F563F8CE16E3B3AC623921B074CD">7</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="EFB52592DE632C08F5F6EBC19C342E10">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.7.85204</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="86F0937F5FC778F708BDEF05CC0BA535" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.7.85204</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A14DF0C6BEA45944B0079C5BA41801A5" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209580335" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A14DF0C6BEA45944B0079C5BA41801A5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A14DF0C6BEA45944B0079C5BA41801A5" lastPageNumber="133" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" scope_family="Metarbelidae" scope_order="Lepidoptera">
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<subSubSection id="1D23D61406EC15452FFAF5E42D30B9FE" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="273514729D53FE945702D30A3FFF5562" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
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<taxonomicName id="35B21DAD313BFD22E7776921FDBB2CD9" LSID="A14DF0C6-BEA4-5944-B007-9C5BA41801A5" authority="(Gruenberg, 1910)" authorityName="Lehmann & Dalsgaard" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Gruenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Metarbelidae" genus="Shimbania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Shimbania wichgrafi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wichgrafi" status="comb. nov.">
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Shimbania wichgrafi (
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<normalizedToken id="87AECA1AFDEC10B68FC04FA88EDE97DE" originalValue="Grünberg">Gruenberg</normalizedToken>
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, 1910)
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="5CFF7ED62D3CFECDEE3CF74A4A07B850" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="500D679C28E873AC3D51FAA062127014" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" type="description">
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<paragraph id="CE079694D6B9882C068E5A5CBADBDFAD" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
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<figureCitation id="A9A3DD1F768E7D0FE10AAA92CA4D5F76" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. a. Shimbania wanjakinuthiaae sp. nov., holotype, male, Republic of South Africa, Province KwaZulu-Natal, ca. 5 km north of Hluhluwe, probably collected on Hluhluwe Farm; b. S. durbanica (Hampson, 1910), comb. nov., male, Republic of South Africa, Province KwaZulu-Natal, Durban; c. S. durbanica (Hampson, 1910), comb. nov., female, Republic of South Africa, Province KwaZulu-Natal, Durban; d. S. krooni sp. nov., holotype, male, Republic of South Africa, Province Eastern Cape, Port St. Johns; e. S. wichgrafi (Gruenberg, 1910), comb. nov., " Type ", male, Republic of South Africa, Province Gauteng, Pretoria or Johannesburg; f. S. nigeriaensis sp. nov., holotype, female, Nigeria, locality unknown, probably collected at the coast as " 1 m " on the label might represent the altitude." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/845633" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Figs 3e</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="449AE3C9B2A77F48449E6990E76DC8FB" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Wing venation: a. Shimbania kerstinhempae sp. nov., holotype, female; b. S. wichgrafi (Gruenberg, 1910), " Type ", male (all drawings by I. L.)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/845636" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">, 6b</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="B6C508B210B848CCCBEA1F14F31331B4" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Female postabdominal structures and male genitalia in a not pressed condition: a. Eberhardfischeria husemanni sp. nov., paratype, female; b. Saalmulleria stumpffi (Saalmueller, 1884), " Type ", female; c. Shimbania kerstinhempae sp. nov., holotype, female; d. Morondavania mineti sp. nov., paratype, male, with aedeagus below; e. S. wichgrafi (Gruenberg, 1910), " Type ", male, with aedeagus below (all drawings by I. L.)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/845637" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">, 7e</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BF0D203892EEFB384CACB3DF4784FC90" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="28AE986D19014FC1F838B60A6D9EEFD8" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
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<taxonomicName id="E5D193BC3A67812F37E5E711EE244555" authorityName="Lehmann & Dalsgaard" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Metarbelidae" genus="Hollandella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hollandella wichgrafi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wichgrafi" status="comb. nov.">Hollandella wichgrafi</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="03B30CD4E0E0DEA6B6AD1C78AB0E778B" originalValue="Grünberg">Gruenberg</normalizedToken>
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, 1910: Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Heft III, 2. Mai 1910, 289-291: "Transvaal, Pretoria oder [or] Johannesburg, 1 ♂." Original combination.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EC5D05CC16FF613470B83E6B7E5B5C8F" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
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<taxonomicName id="5C17659AA6815BA94D3324E4357B18F2" authorityName="Lehmann & Dalsgaard" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Metarbelidae" genus="Lepidarbela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lepidarbela wichgrafi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wichgrafi" status="comb. nov.">Lepidarbela wichgrafi</taxonomicName>
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: von Dalla Torre & Strand, 1923, In: Strand, E. (Ed.) Lepidopterorum Catalogus, Vol. 4, Pars 28, 1. Mai 1923, page 6.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8F0EFF7A1B2527354B2BD02B70BAA8B9" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
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<taxonomicName id="E1C8F2EA96DF946C8F803B0026156C4D" authorityName="Lehmann & Dalsgaard" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Metarbelidae" genus="Lebedodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lebedodes wichgrafi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wichgrafi" status="comb. nov.">Lebedodes wichgrafi</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="6F51CBC8AE6D7383CC4DB6550B386A33" author="Gaede, M" journalOrPublisher="Plant Biosystems" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" refId="B23" refString="Gaede, M, 1929. 21. Family: Metarbelidae. In: Seitz A (Ed.) The Macrolepidoptera of the World. Volume 14: The African Bombyces and Sphinges, Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, 501-513 [+ plate 78]." title="21. Family: Metarbelidae. In: Seitz A (Ed.) The Macrolepidoptera of the World. Volume 14: The African Bombyces and Sphinges, Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, 501 - 513 [+ plate 78]." year="1929">Gaede 1929</bibRefCitation>
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, In: Seitz, A. (Ed.) The Macrolepidoptera of the World, Vol. 14, page 502 + plate 78.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E565FDA7D86E542EFC548C3FBF4D97D2" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="FCF08094D8E4398AAB10F88E154FA2D1" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EF8E03757B888F7AF9985656A3620B4F" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
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<materialsCitation id="CEC251EC4CC3F787ED9537C650677797" collectingDate="2023-01-01" collectingDateMax="2023-12-31" collectingDateMin="2023-01-01" collectorName="F. Wichgraf, I. Lehmann" country="Republic of South Africa" location="Gauteng" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Gauteng" typeStatus="Type">
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<typeStatus id="06BFA901586EBBA33B603CC5329444C2">Type</typeStatus>
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, male, [
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<collectingCountry id="2791BA202CB678EF3A7C9580464366EB" name="South Africa">Republic of South Africa</collectingCountry>
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], [Province
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<collectingRegion id="A12F1AE61C940EC8D97C6532F02897A1" country="South Africa" name="Gauteng">Gauteng</collectingRegion>
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], "Pretoria oder [or] Johannesburg", no date, "
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<collectorName id="46AABBB3D44E0263023DB7391461BC8D">F. Wichgraf</collectorName>
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S.G." [leg.] genitalia slide number 23/032009
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<collectorName id="E05A2F04AD28ED8D09B8EB42035750C8">I. Lehmann</collectorName>
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(ZMHU)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="69097C8C7B1C60DE663097A7A6B33D41" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" type="description">
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<paragraph id="04EF84FB544C2AEB93482CBE0788A2CB" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Re-description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="20076BD4A91805E623E42022A90CC5E7" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
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<emphasis id="702D5BC88D4E37DA6810384A327D1478" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Head</emphasis>
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: ventrally brownish-olive (without any chestnut colour), the rest is deep olive-buff, short scales with cream tips, glossy; eyes dark olive-brown without spots and surrounded by long hair-like scales of brownish-olive with a glint; a pair of rudimentary pits is present on lower fronto-clypeus, a pair of projections absent; pits behind labial palpi are narrow slits; antenna short, 0.37 length of forewing, bipectinate, branches long, 4.5
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<normalizedToken id="3847633B2D6AF6BC93F9DB0FF5102261" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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width of shaft, not scaled, all branches are widely separated at base, 2.0
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<normalizedToken id="B0DB6A2FF380A81A9A918A12800A3930" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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width of branch; shaft covered with ivory-yellow scales dorsally; labial palpi long, slightly longer than half of eye-diameter, brownish-olive, at tip olive.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="624EBEF87FF9C1344E8A7D300D877F46" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
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<emphasis id="2021F214C135DBCBD40374BB2D3F70E2" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Thorax</emphasis>
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: Patagia deep olive-buff, forming a collar ring, scales with light grey tips; tegulae with long hair-like scales of dark chestnut with a light lilac glint. Metathorax with a crest of deep olive-buff scales mixed with scales of ivory-yellow and cream. Hind legs deep olive-buff with fine hair-like scales with light grey tips, on lower part of tarsus dark chestnut dorsally; with two pairs of tibial spurs of unequal width and length, upper pair broad,
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<emphasis id="F0C96C54C8FB1FE505CAF2C53753AA3B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">ca.</emphasis>
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1.3 mm and 1.0 mm long, lower pair narrow,
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<emphasis id="D0B17753CE8DF674845B7B40FABA82FF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">ca.</emphasis>
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1.2 mm and 0.9 mm long. Forewing length 19.0 mm and wingspan is 42.5 mm. Forewing upperside largely light yellowish-olive on outer half of wing, mainly olive buff on inner half, with a light golden glint towards termen, costal margin distinctly coloured with light yellowish-olive and few dark olive striae; below first half of 1A+2A is a dark chestnut patch; forewing with very narrow and dark olive lines from costa to dorsum, radial veins distinctly marked with dark olive, CuA2 narrowly dark olive; above the end of CuA2 is a small patch of dark olive extending through the end of discal cell and towards costal margin; a dark olive
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<normalizedToken id="1187160BEF0BB31EB23CC6057D34AF7C" originalValue="“Y”">"Y"</normalizedToken>
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-shaped subterminal patch, broadly oval, from R3 to near end of CuA1 and hence, with a short stalk; termen without lunules; cilia short, 1.0 mm, olive-buff with a glint. Underside of forewing is olive-buff with a golden glint. Hindwing upperside is pale olive-buff with a light golden glint; cilia as in forewing; underside as in forewing.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3D75B783F33619D03D6D9273998B3F66" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
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<emphasis id="326A1A5F1DA1D21F2C5B96BC6A2D8735" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Abdomen</emphasis>
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: Pale olive-buff with hair-like scales of ivory-yellow and cream with a light golden glint; abdominal tuft with hair-like scales of olive-buff, short, 1/5 length of abdomen. Genitalia with very long and narrow uncus, 90% of length of whole gnathos, narrow graben-like surface ventrally is present as well as a thickening in front of the uncus tip ventrally. Gnathos has gnathos arms that are large, one arm 40% the size of valva; upper part of the gnathos arm is a long band that is as long as 40% of basal width of valva, the lower part of the gnathal arm does not touch the other arm, it is of broad triangular shape with a pronounced thorn-like structure at tip and one short thorn-like structure behind it at middle, the base of the lower gnathal arm is 70% of the basal width of valva; the gnathal arms are connected ventrally by a narrow sclerotized band that is as broad as 25% of the transtilla and is widely bifurcated at the middle. The Gnathos arms end above the dorsal edge of the transtilla. The valva is elongated, broadly rectangular with a dorsal edge of 1.3
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<normalizedToken id="3B1835E569C4E4F5AE718E5731A1A296" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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the length of uncus, ventral edge of valva not strongly bent inwards at half of ventral edge, with a tip that is broadly rectangular; sacculus not pronounced, narrow, weakly sclerotized, short, 30% of length of ventral edge of valva; juxta well developed, with two ear-shaped lobes and a short narrowly V-shaped emargination, tips of lobes rounded. Phallus large, as broad as 35% of basal width of valva and 20% longer than costal width of valva, bent upwards at tip distally, vesica without cornuti.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5AEE531CA2E7EC40319546E1B68F9D50" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="2661E16560924B89D6C51450FA1414B2" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DF91DAF10CB87B3C86C1A7BD1CB46233" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
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<taxonomicName id="A2EA797942DF7E99AD2B5CB39AC7CA12" authorityName="Lehmann & Dalsgaard" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Gruenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Bombacaceae" genus="Shimbania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Shimbania wichgrafi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wichgrafi">
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<emphasis id="D1E1EB3F3FEB908EDC50BE1F2A7A2048" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Shimbania wichgrafi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a small species if compared to species of
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<taxonomicName id="99F421644B79A93E44AB0555B8C8418F" authorityName="Lehmann & Dalsgaard" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Bombacaceae" genus="Shimbania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Shimbania" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="FCBB02D2BF7FE5C28A44209A258B3A2F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Shimbania</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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occurring north of the Limpopo River. The genitalia of
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<taxonomicName id="3D90F4B99468397FAA249FE0DA61291D" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. wichgrafi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wichgrafi">
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<emphasis id="9EC3B50752AD2639E4B1E9198F2F362E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">S. wichgrafi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a unique character combination, namely a long and narrow uncus with a thickening ventrally (in lateral view) and a broadly elongated rectangular valva with a broadly rectangular end. In contrast, the end of valva is broadly rounded in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D13B78D67881D68B62A9775FB861E0D0" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. durbanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="durbanica">
|
||
<emphasis id="0DA5DD7C27DB4970553467C015AEB2E8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">S. durbanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The latter species has valvae with a dorsal edge of 2.0
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6D6AF588A48F0CDCC14F7450F052BA8B" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
the length of uncus, but in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3EFDC26902838CFC95F61B04A5DB0CC0" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. wichgrafi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wichgrafi">
|
||
<emphasis id="BAF4C20ABDA445E00F77BFC8D5B074D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">S. wichgrafi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is only 1.3
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5F082C9AE73335FCE8EDE0AA68B4497F" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
the length of uncus. Furthermore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="12994C8151F65441DBD71158391F88C7" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. durbanica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="durbanica">
|
||
<emphasis id="C9F13649DEA0E8AA0F9A3CEA55AE40B3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">S. durbanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be separated by its very broad tegumen, representing the broadest among all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4F7A6B779C22BA2AC506E297E29076CC" authorityName="Lehmann & Dalsgaard" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Bombacaceae" genus="Shimbania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Shimbania" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0065F549BBD2035713FD83D7F6157A46" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Shimbania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
presented herein (it is broader than the length of the upper band-like structure of the gnathos, viewed ventrally).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DF4F6D9B4899386D887A26BFFB21ACDD" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="D8804AC8165E18A0AB4A550EC41C9396" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1CD4236E1A049EF2E76B9CD087B3716E" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="56C0B38C6EAC4F3B3D022FB42EE046E1" authorityName="Lehmann & Dalsgaard" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Gruenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Bombacaceae" genus="Shimbania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Shimbania wichgrafi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wichgrafi">
|
||
<emphasis id="C0094920842541690172925245D17E21" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Shimbania wichgrafi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only known from areas in or around Pretoria (altitude 1.226-1.526 m), or Johannesburg (altitude 1.418-1.719 m), located
|
||
<emphasis id="D36A37DE4F0C54C0A38A1E61AC7260A8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
40 km south of Pretoria and
|
||
<emphasis id="E7DFE9BA2C98F920694BCBC1420AF679" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
540 km west from the coastline of the Indian Ocean. The habitats in both areas belong largely to the "Central Bushveld"
|
||
<emphasis id="F6BD3601D9D27BA3D1AF6790A5A87CB9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5077C797E209856711F2CD095E444D96" author="Rutherford, MC" editor="Mucina, L" journalOrPublisher="Strelitzia" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" pagination="438 - 539" refId="B90" refString="Rutherford, MC, Mucina, L, Loetter, MC, Bredenkamp, GJ, Smit, JHL, Scott-Shaw, CR, Hoare, DB, Goodman, PS, Bezuidenhout, H, Scott, L, Ellis, F, Powrie, LW, Siebert, F, Mostert, TH, Henning, BJ, Venter, CA, Camp, KGT, Siebert, SJ, Matthews, WS, Burrows, JE, Dobson, L, van Rooyen, N, Schmidt, E, Winter, PJD, du Preez, PJ, Ward, RA, Williamson, S, Hurter, PJH, 2006. Savanna Biome. In: Mucina, L, Rutherford, MC, Eds., The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Pretoria. Strelitzia 19: 438 - 539" title="Savanna Biome." volume="19" volumeTitle="The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Pretoria." year="2006">Rutherford et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(Savanna Biome) and "Mesic Highveld Grassland"
|
||
<emphasis id="73A33A5E6E51513932C8B6A21385E74F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7D7A01DABD2A13615FE5F23AB5FB8F06" author="Mucina, L" editor="Mucina, L" journalOrPublisher="South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Pretoria. Strelitzia 19" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" pagination="348 - 436" refId="B78" refString="Mucina, L, Hoare, DB, Loetter, MC, du Preez, PJ, Rutherford, MC, Scott-Shaw, CR, Bredenkamp, GJ, Powrie, LW, Scott, L, Camp, KGT, Cilliers, SS, Bezuidenhout, H, Mostert, TH, Siebert, SJ, Winter, PJD, Burrows, JE, Dobson, L, Ward, RA, Stalmans, M, Oliver, EGH (Ted), Siebert, F, Schmidt, E, Kobisi, K, Kose, L, 2006a. Grassland Biome. In: Mucina, L, Rutherford, MC, Eds., The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Pretoria. Strelitzia 19: 348 - 436" title="Grassland Biome." volumeTitle="The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland." year="2006 a">Mucina et al. (2006a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(Grassland Biome) including scattered small patches of "Northern Afrotemperate Forest"
|
||
<emphasis id="B63A2FAD9ADDCDE24B8CF4990ADC3904" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E3447B325C27B601CC22C718460F1DE7" author="Mucina, L" editor="Mucina, L" journalOrPublisher="Strelitzia" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" pagination="484 - 614" refId="B77" refString="Mucina, L, Geldenhuys, CJ, 2006. Afrotemperate, Subtropical and Azonal Forests. In: Mucina, L, Rutherford, MC, Eds., The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Pretoria. Strelitzia 19: 484 - 614" title="Afrotemperate, Subtropical and Azonal Forests." volume="19" volumeTitle="The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Pretoria." year="2006">Mucina and Geldenhuys (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
on mountain kloofs and small ridges. In contrast to all other habitats of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B97E8372339696348A537BFD91D34A54" authorityName="Lehmann & Dalsgaard" authorityYear="2023" class="Insecta" family="Bombacaceae" genus="Shimbania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Shimbania" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A313189EA14A5F20D80C0B94259D275D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Shimbania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
these areas experience a frequent occurrence of frost. Generally, woody shrub and tree species increase with a higher surface rock cover and/or might increase due frequent cattle grazing. If trees are present, only small species occur in the two former biomes,
|
||
<emphasis id="46D5E693ECD4566ABB27CD72E36E08C0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
|
||
e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="065C66AD3F72A663DEE3563D2126ECA8" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Leguminosae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia caffra" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="caffra">Acacia caffra</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Willd. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36487CDD13BD6E8EC1B4A7B5EEA6F34B" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Leguminosae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Leguminosae</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64E3C11168557147B91A492A18EFCC69" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Leguminosae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mimosoideae">Mimosoideae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C391E03F8FF3E58092FED67C445A5DAD" class="Insecta" family="Leguminosae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="A. nilotica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nilotica">
|
||
<emphasis id="464D10D6DCEA12048E33F4EC7C8ACC63" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">A. nilotica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) Willd. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="204C8E5F75B73713260EC2A3B0928A41" class="Insecta" family="Leguminosae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Leguminosae</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58FD9D34C1FBA421A2C4A8E1EC386498" class="Insecta" family="Leguminosae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mimosoideae">Mimosoideae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DEF089CB787E6E4ECF8BE8533287083D" class="Insecta" family="Leguminosae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="A. tortilis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tortilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F686F8F122C2DABE39ECB90ADFE64526" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">A. tortilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Forssk.) Hayne (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B1362F1216DFF1CFC2F65C06A577EF04" class="Insecta" family="Leguminosae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Leguminosae</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C737B605C251E1FE3C5757DA493273E0" class="Insecta" family="Leguminosae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Mimosoideae">Mimosoideae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B0B93DCEC834F4F3C871E38EDB15A5D0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Proteaceae" genus="Protea" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Protea caffra" order="Proteales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="caffra">
|
||
<emphasis id="54B4F2D3AB0AA6E06918E150670A2828" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Protea caffra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Meisn. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2096B74A7755656332431B90CB50B0E2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Proteaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Proteales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Proteaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9E2E75B75CD4CF6FFF6E2C34525C7893" family="Oliniaceae" genus="Vangueria" lsidName="Vangueria infausta" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" rank="species" species="infausta">
|
||
<emphasis id="47B4BC78540498C56AF47D321849C9A7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Vangueria infausta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Burch. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D0CA74D1B888A2C50BC1F16C0D79FD03" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), while the forests comprise tall trees,
|
||
<emphasis id="21E6B79910CCCE0C36151FCAB6B0477C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">e.g. Olinia emarginata</emphasis>
|
||
Burtt Davy (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C6C43DD3D3F75F71C1BFE4232BCC4C8A" family="Oliniaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" rank="family">Oliniaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="34EC4DF978212CB47A08099C245C0B13" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Leguminosae" genus="Podocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Podocarpus latifolius" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="latifolius">
|
||
<emphasis id="9872B821474EB000C1BECB948D125D62" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Podocarpus latifolius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
R. Br. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B1DA170A23CBC181CAB3474E4B0393EA" class="Pinopsida" family="Podocarpaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Podocarpaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7B2F0FA6D83355A67DEC6ECDD2802DB4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Rothmannia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rothmannia capensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="911B2DCC55AD255449D42D0F916BA7D2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">Rothmannia capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Thunb. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F4E9DE515E4D09B66D77FE965A49B3B2" authorityName="C.P.Thunberg" authorityYear="1776" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Many of such habitats that existed before the year 1910 are no longer present or are highly dissected today due to the two large cities. It is likely that the collecting site does no longer exist and that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CD51777ACAEFE3339EDEF5F60ECF7A88" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. wichgrafi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wichgrafi">
|
||
<emphasis id="0BE7520B2610E66277D2D573E9EB9BE5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">S. wichgrafi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is potentially threatened.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="82300BFFC49C21A1B275334AA34A122A" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">
|
||
Based on its distribution,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2B0DFE390E8F1D05ACCD901B252033EF" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. wichgrafi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wichgrafi">
|
||
<emphasis id="80D60083FB2AF02E5F4B6C4736A14E89" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">S. wichgrafi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be classified as a submontane and montane species that occurs at the borderline of the "Zambezian regional centre of endemism" and the "Kalahari-Highveld regional transition zone"
|
||
<emphasis id="C0334AA2BF26EF8CEBE3844A59EE9F1C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="133">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8829AE85E2AC10C7CDBD215F927B2528" author="White, F" journalOrPublisher="Unesco, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="133" refId="B104" refString="White, F, 1983. The Vegetation of Africa: a Descriptive Memoir to Accompany the Unesco/AETFAT/UNSO Vegetation Map of Africa. Natural Resources Research no. XX. Unesco, Paris" title="The Vegetation of Africa: a Descriptive Memoir to Accompany the Unesco / AETFAT / UNSO Vegetation Map of Africa. Natural Resources Research no. XX." year="1983">White (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |