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<mods:title id="DE9FE8EB20C999959DD688867ADB8C63">Nesting biology of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus (Kostylev, 1940) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae)</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9EBF2B2697A86901354A61" bold="true" box="[151,624,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9EBF2B2697A8A0029C4AA5" box="[151,473,654,677]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Odynerus signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
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: 39
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–40, 
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(
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locality: “ 
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, 
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” [
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]), 
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, 
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, “ 
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, 
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” (
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); van der 
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: 17
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.
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<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9EBF2B2697A8E301754AE2" box="[151,560,716,738]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
: 
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: 681
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, 
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; Amolin 2009: 25–26, 
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(
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Prov.); 
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: 67
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, 
<collectingRegion id="EB70AD98FF9EBF2B243AA8C401C04B00" box="[570,645,746,768]" country="Ukraine" name="Crimea" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Crimea</collectingRegion>
(Karadag); 
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: 77
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, 
<collectingRegion id="EB70AD98FF9EBF2B25C1A8C4074A4B00" box="[961,1039,746,768]" country="Ukraine" name="Crimea" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Crimea</collectingRegion>
; 2018: 218, 
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(several localities); 
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: 82
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, 
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(Tarkhankut); 
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: 66
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, 
<collectingCountry id="51A323EAFF9EBF2B25DCA92707634B1F" box="[988,1062,777,799]" name="Turkey" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Turkey</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="51A323EAFF9EBF2B222FA92707C14B1F" box="[1071,1156,777,799]" name="Ukraine" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="290B637AFF9EBF2B2697A90707464B3E" blockId="2.[151,1436,654,830]" box="[151,1027,808,830]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="09A44454FF9EBF2B2697A90707464B3E" box="[151,1027,808,830]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9EBF2B2697A90701DB4B3E" ID-CoL="4CWNV" authority=": Kurzenko 1981: 95" authorityName="Kurzenko" authorityPageNumber="95" authorityYear="1981" box="[151,670,808,830]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="signaticollis">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9EBF2B2697A90702884B3E" box="[151,461,808,830]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Paragymnomerus signaticollis</emphasis>
: 
<treatmentCitation id="A815456BFF9EBF2B27DAA90601DB4B3E" author="" box="[474,670,808,830]" page="95" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
<bibRefCitation id="4D251E8BFF9EBF2B27DAA906013F4B3E" box="[474,634,808,830]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" refId="ref8230" refString="Kurzenko, N. V. (1981) [Review of the genera of the vespid wasps of the family Eumenidae (Hymenoptera, Vespoidea) of the fauna of the USSR]. In: Lehr, P. A. (Ed.), [Hymenoptera of the Far East]. DVNTS AN SSSR, Vladivostok, pp. 81 - 112. [in Russian]" type="book chapter">Kurzenko 1981</bibRefCitation>
: 95
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(part.), South Coast of the 
<collectingRegion id="EB70AD98FF9EBF2B25B1A90600BA4B3E" box="[945,1023,808,830]" country="Ukraine" name="Crimea" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Crimea</collectingRegion>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="290B637AFF9EBF2B2697A94407404C13" blockId="2.[151,1437,874,1946]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
Both females and males of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9EBF2B27F6A94200874B83" ID-CoL="5K6R4" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" box="[502,962,874,899]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9EBF2B27F6A94200874B83" box="[502,962,874,899]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
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differ from that of the nominotypical subspecies, 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9EBF2B271DA9A100614BA7" ID-CoL="4CWNV" authority="signaticollis (Morawitz, 1888)" authorityName="signaticollis (Morawitz" authorityYear="1888" box="[285,804,910,935]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="signaticollis">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9EBF2B271DA9A101114BA7" box="[285,596,910,935]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">P. signaticollis signaticollis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4D251E8BFF9EBF2B2464A9A000594BA7" box="[612,796,910,935]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" refId="ref8570" refString="Morawitz, F. (1888) Hymenoptera aculeata nova. Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, 22, 224 - 302." type="journal article">Morawitz, 1888</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, in having paler (whitish yellow not lemon yellow) and less extensive pale pattern of the body. Males of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9EBF2B24B3A99A00FC4BCB" ID-CoL="5K6R4" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" box="[691,953,946,971]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9EBF2B24B3A99A00FC4BCB" box="[691,953,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">P. signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were not previously described, but all their structures, including the genitalia, do not differ from those of the nominotypical subspecies. Detailed description of the coloration of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9EBF2B2757A9D2011B4C13" ID-CoL="5K6R4" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" box="[343,606,1018,1043]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9EBF2B2757A9D2011B4C13" box="[343,606,1018,1043]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">P. signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male is provided by 
<bibRefCitation id="4D251E8BFF9EBF2B254AA9D507454C13" box="[842,1024,1019,1043]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" refId="ref7443" refString="Fateryga, A. V. (2018) Wasps of the family Vespidae (Hymenoptera) of the Crimean Peninsula. Entomofauna, 39 (1): 193 - 233." type="journal article">Fateryga (2018)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61AE30F1FF9EBF2B26C7AE3001364D33" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="290B637AFF9EBF2B26C7AE3001364D33" blockId="2.[151,1437,874,1946]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
<materialsCitation id="99DC6927FF9EBF2B26C7AE3006744C37" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1806521722" box="[199,1329,1054,1079]" collectingDate="1928-07-13" collectorName="Crimea &amp; Karadag &amp; G. Kostylev. Paratypes" location="Material" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Crimea" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9EBF2B26C7AE3002FD4C37" bold="true" box="[199,440,1054,1079]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
<location id="2C6B35A1FF9EBF2B26C7AE30026A4C37" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A11DD26CFF9EBF202697A86902EC4D9D:2C6B35A1FF9EBF2B26C7AE30026A4C37" box="[199,303,1054,1079]" name="Material" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" stateProvince="Crimea">Material</location>
examined.
</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="F60FDDD8FF9EBF2B27C5AE3001754C37" box="[453,560,1054,1079]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<specimenCount id="3FB2A8F3FF9EBF2B2443AE31011F4C36" box="[579,602,1055,1078]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
: 
<collectorName id="844106ACFF9EBF2B246EAE3001804C37" box="[622,709,1054,1079]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
<collectingRegion id="EB70AD98FF9EBF2B246EAE3001804C37" box="[622,709,1054,1079]" country="Ukraine" name="Crimea" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Crimea</collectingRegion>
</collectorName>
: 
<collectorName id="844106ACFF9EBF2B24D6AE30007D4C37" box="[726,824,1054,1079]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Karadag</collectorName>
, 
<collectingDate id="4D4EBC52FF9EBF2B254BAE3100934C37" box="[843,982,1055,1079]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="1928-07-13">
<date id="5D0A45BAFF9EBF2B254BAE3100934C37" box="[843,982,1055,1079]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="1928-07-13">13.VII.1928</date>
</collectingDate>
, leg. 
<collectorName id="844106ACFF9EBF2B2220AE3106744C37" box="[1056,1329,1054,1079]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
G. Kostylev. 
<typeStatus id="F60FDDD8FF9EBF2B22BFAE3106744C37" box="[1215,1329,1055,1079]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
: 
<materialsCitation id="99DC6927FF9EBF2B2342AE3000CC4C7F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1806521723" collectingDate="2008-06-20" collectionCode="ZMMU" collectorName="G. Kostylev &amp; Crimea &amp; A. Fateryga" country="Russia" location="Karadag" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" stateProvince="Crimea" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingRegion id="EB70AD98FF9EBF2B2342AE3006DC4C37" box="[1346,1433,1054,1079]" country="Ukraine" name="Crimea" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Crimea</collectingRegion>
: 
<location id="2C6B35A1FF9EBF2B2697AE6C03BC4C5B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A11DD26CFF9EBF202697A86902EC4D9D:2C6B35A1FF9EBF2B2697AE6C03BC4C5B" box="[151,249,1090,1115]" country="Russia" name="Karadag" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" stateProvince="Crimea">Karadag</location>
, 
<collectingDate id="4D4EBC52FF9EBF2B270DAE6D01674C5B" box="[269,546,1091,1115]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
<date id="5D0A45BAFF9EBF2B270DAE6D02CA4C5B" box="[269,399,1091,1115]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="1928-06-29">29.VI.1928</date>
, 
<date id="5D0A45BAFF9EBF2B27A5AE6D01674C5B" box="[421,546,1091,1115]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="1928-07-04">4.VII.1928</date>
</collectingDate>
, 
<specimenCount id="3FB2A8F3FF9EBF2B2437AE6D012E4C5A" box="[567,619,1091,1115]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
, leg. 
<collectorName id="844106ACFF9EBF2B24BCAE6D000F4C5B" box="[700,842,1090,1115]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">G. Kostylev</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="4FA5FBBFFF9EBF2B2562AE6D00854C5B" box="[866,960,1091,1115]" country="Russia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/k3qp-615s" name="Zoological Museum, Moscow Lomonosov State University" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">ZMMU</collectionCode>
). Additional material: 
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9EBF2B22D8AE6C06744C5B" bold="true" box="[1240,1329,1090,1115]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
<collectingCountry id="51A323EAFF9EBF2B22D8AE6C06694C5B" box="[1240,1324,1090,1115]" name="Russia" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Russia</collectingCountry>
:
</emphasis>
<collectorName id="844106ACFF9EBF2B2342AE6C06DC4C5B" box="[1346,1433,1090,1115]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
<collectingRegion id="EB70AD98FF9EBF2B2342AE6C06DC4C5B" box="[1346,1433,1090,1115]" country="Ukraine" name="Crimea" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Crimea</collectingRegion>
</collectorName>
: Tarkhankut Peninsula, Kipchak, 
<collectingDate id="4D4EBC52FF9EBF2B2407AE4901CF4C7F" box="[519,650,1127,1151]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="2008-06-20">
<date id="5D0A45BAFF9EBF2B2407AE4901CF4C7F" box="[519,650,1127,1151]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="2008-06-20">20.VI.2008</date>
</collectingDate>
, 
<specimenCount id="3FB2A8F3FF9EBF2B2496AE4901844C7E" box="[662,705,1127,1151]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
, leg. 
<collectorName id="844106ACFF9EBF2B2501AE4900CC4C7F" box="[769,905,1127,1151]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">A. Fateryga</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
, 
<date id="5D0A45BAFF9EBF2B2595AE4807524C7F" box="[917,1047,1126,1151]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="2015-06-17">17.VI.2015</date>
, 1 ♂, leg. V. Zhidkov; Tarkhankut Peninsula, Kipchak–Bolshoy Kastel, 
<date id="5D0A45BAFF9EBF2B2444AEA401834CA3" box="[580,710,1162,1187]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="2015-06-16">16.VI.2015</date>
, 1 ♂, leg. V. Zhidkov; Tarkhankut Peninsula, Bolshoy Kastel, 
<date id="5D0A45BAFF9EBF2B2697AE8102504CC7" box="[151,277,1199,1223]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="2014-07-04">4.VII.2014</date>
, 
<date id="5D0A45BAFF9EBF2B2724AE8002E04CC7" box="[292,421,1198,1223]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="2015-06-11">11.VI.2015</date>
, 2 ♀, leg. V. Zhidkov, 
<date id="5D0A45BAFF9EBF2B24B9AE8100014CC7" box="[697,836,1199,1223]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="2014-07-12">12.VII.2014</date>
, 
<date id="5D0A45BAFF9EBF2B2554AE81009A4CC7" box="[852,991,1199,1223]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="2014-07-13">13.VII.2014</date>
, 
<date id="5D0A45BAFF9EBF2B25EEAE81073C4CC7" box="[1006,1145,1199,1223]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="2014-07-14">14.VII.2014</date>
, 
<date id="5D0A45BAFF9EBF2B2289AE8006514CC7" box="[1161,1300,1198,1223]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="2015-07-22">22.VII.2015</date>
, 
<date id="5D0A45BAFF9EBF2B2323AE8006D24CC7" box="[1315,1431,1198,1223]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="2016-06-04">4.VI.2016</date>
, 
<date id="5D0A45BAFF9EBF2B2697AEFC025C4CEB" box="[151,281,1234,1259]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="2016-06-29">29.VI.2016</date>
, 
<date id="5D0A45BAFF9EBF2B2725AEFD02874CEB" box="[293,450,1235,1259]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="2017-06-01" valueMax="2017-06-12" valueMin="2017-06-01">1–12.VI.2017</date>
, 
<date id="5D0A45BAFF9EBF2B27CEAEFD01154CEB" box="[462,592,1235,1259]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="2017-06-22">22.VI.2017</date>
, 5 ♀, 4 ♂, leg. A. Fateryga (CFUS), 12–15. 
<date id="5D0A45BAFF9EBF2B2239AEFC07FA4CEB" box="[1081,1215,1234,1259]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="2014-07-04">VII.2014, 4</date>
♀, leg. D. Puzanov (DPYE); Tarkhankut Peninsula, Dzhangul, 
<date id="5D0A45BAFF9EBF2B24A6AED9006D4D0F" box="[678,808,1271,1295]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="2017-06-29">29.VI.2017</date>
, 5 ♂, leg. A. Fateryga; 
<materialsCitation id="99DC6927FF9EBF2B226CAED801364D33" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1806521719" collectingDate="2015-07-07" collectionCode="CFUS" collectorName="A. Fateryga" country="Russia" location="Cape Lukull" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="Sevastopol" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingRegion id="EB70AD98FF9EBF2B226CAED807AF4D0F" box="[1132,1258,1270,1295]" country="Ukraine" name="Sevastopol'" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Sevastopol</collectingRegion>
, 
<location id="2C6B35A1FF9EBF2B2300AED906DD4D0F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A11DD26CFF9EBF202697A86902EC4D9D:2C6B35A1FF9EBF2B2300AED906DD4D0F" box="[1280,1432,1270,1295]" country="Russia" name="Cape Lukull" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" stateProvince="Sevastopol">Cape Lukull</location>
, 
<collectingDate id="4D4EBC52FF9EBF2B2697AF3402504D33" box="[151,277,1306,1331]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="2015-07-07">
<date id="5D0A45BAFF9EBF2B2697AF3402504D33" box="[151,277,1306,1331]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="2015-07-07">7.VII.2015</date>
</collectingDate>
, 
<specimenCount id="3FB2A8F3FF9EBF2B2720AF35020F4D32" box="[288,330,1307,1331]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
, leg. 
<collectorName id="844106ACFF9EBF2B2788AF3501494D33" box="[392,524,1307,1331]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">A. Fateryga</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="4FA5FBBFFF9EBF2B241BAF3501224D33" box="[539,615,1307,1331]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">CFUS</collectionCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="61AE30F1FF9EBF2B26C7AF1002D44F9A" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="290B637AFF9EBF2B26C7AF10018F4DC3" blockId="2.[151,1437,874,1946]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9EBF2B26C7AF1002254D57" bold="true" box="[199,352,1342,1367]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="51A323EAFF9EBF2B2777AF1002874D57" box="[375,450,1342,1367]" name="Russia" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Russia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="EB70AD98FF9EBF2B27E1AF10017C4D57" box="[481,569,1342,1367]" country="Ukraine" name="Crimea" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Crimea</collectingRegion>
), 
<collectingCountry id="51A323EAFF9EBF2B245DAF1001FF4D57" box="[605,698,1342,1367]" name="Ukraine" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="51A323EAFF9EBF2B24D6AF10006D4D57" box="[726,808,1342,1367]" name="Turkey" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Turkey</collectingCountry>
. The nominotypical subspecies, 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9EBF2B22D5AF1102F54D7B" authority="signaticollis" authorityName="signaticollis (Morawitz" authorityYear="1888" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="signaticollis">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9EBF2B22D5AF1102F54D7B" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Paragymnomerus signaticollis signaticollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is distributed in 
<collectingRegion id="EB70AD98FF9EBF2B2473AF4C01B44D7B" box="[627,753,1378,1403]" country="Iran" name="Azarbayjan-e Sharqi" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
<collectingCountry id="51A323EAFF9EBF2B2473AF4C01B44D7B" box="[627,753,1378,1403]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="51A323EAFF9EBF2B24FCAF4C00DF4D7B" box="[764,922,1378,1403]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="51A323EAFF9EBF2B25A5AF4C07534D7B" box="[933,1046,1378,1403]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingCountry id="51A323EAFF9EBF2B2250AF4C078B4D7B" box="[1104,1230,1378,1403]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4D251E8BFF9EBF2B22DDAF4C06D54D7B" box="[1245,1424,1378,1403]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" refId="ref8165" refString="Kurzenko, N. V. (1977) A review of wasps of the family Eumenidae (Hymenoptera, Vespoidea) of the fauna of the USSR. Genera Paravespa Rad., Paragymnomerus Bluthg., Tropidodynerus Bluthg., Gymnomerus Bluthg. and Odynerus Latr. Entomologicheskoye Obozreniye, 56 (3), 676 - 690. [in Russian]" type="journal article">Kurzenko 1977</bibRefCitation>
). The species was omitted from the “Fauna Europaea” database (
<bibRefCitation id="4D251E8BFF9EBF2B2594AFA807384D9F" box="[916,1149,1414,1439]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" refId="ref7955" refString="Gusenleitner, J. (2013 b) Fauna Europaea: Family Vespidae. Fauna Europaea version 2.6. 2. Available from: http: // www. faunaeur. org / full _ results. php? id = 11363 (accessed 20 May 2017)" type="journal article">Gusenleitner 2013b</bibRefCitation>
), though 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9EBF2B22F1AFA903B64DC3" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9EBF2B22F1AFA903B64DC3" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">P. signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described from Europe (the 
<collectingRegion id="EB70AD98FF9EBF2B2466AF8401FB4DC3" box="[614,702,1450,1475]" country="Ukraine" name="Crimea" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Crimea</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="290B637AFF9EBF2B26C7AFE002D44F9A" blockId="2.[151,1437,874,1946]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9EBF2B26C7AFE0013E4DE7" bold="true" box="[199,635,1486,1511]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Natural history. Nesting substrate.</emphasis>
All studied nests of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9EBF2B258CAFE106134DE6" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" box="[908,1366,1486,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9EBF2B258CAFE106134DE6" box="[908,1366,1486,1511]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were recorded on a slightly inclined (nearly horizontal) surface. The nesting site observed in 2015 (with 22 discovered nests) was an old dirt road overgrown with steppe vegetation dominated by 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9EBF2B25E1AC3807BC4E2F" box="[993,1273,1558,1583]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bothriochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ischaemum">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9EBF2B25E1AC3807BC4E2F" box="[993,1273,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Bothriochloa ischaemum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Keng and 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9EBF2B2697AC1201F94E53" authority="Schleich. ex Gaudin" authorityName="Schleich. ex Gaudin" authorityYear="1811" box="[151,700,1594,1619]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Festuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="valesiaca">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9EBF2B2697AC1202254E53" box="[151,352,1594,1619]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Festuca valesiaca</emphasis>
Schleich. ex Gaudin (Poaceae)
</taxonomicName>
and total coverage about 50% (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF9EBF2B221AAC14071E4E53" box="[1050,1115,1594,1619]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="4.[151,263,1693,1715]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1669]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,195,1669]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. Bionomics of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 1. Nesting site in 2015; 2. Second nesting site in 2017; 3. Water collecting site; 4. A female collecting water from the watering trough; 5. A female starting the excavation of the nest burrow; 6. A female constructing the turret." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169913/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). It was located in the valley “Bolshoy Kastel”. No nests were recorded there in 
<date id="5D0A45BAFF9EBF2B24D6AC7000C54E77" box="[726,896,1630,1655]" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" value="2016" valueMax="2017">2016 and 2017</date>
, when the grass vegetation became denser. New nesting sites, however, were recorded in 2017. The first one, with 17 discovered nests, was located near the nesting site studied in 2015, but on the functioning dirt road. The second nesting site observed in 2017 (with 46 nests) was discovered in the natural boundary “Dzhangul” on a similar functioning dirt road (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF9EBF2B222AACE4072B4EE3" box="[1066,1134,1738,1763]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="4.[151,263,1693,1715]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1669]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,195,1669]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. Bionomics of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 1. Nesting site in 2015; 2. Second nesting site in 2017; 3. Water collecting site; 4. A female collecting water from the watering trough; 5. A female starting the excavation of the nest burrow; 6. A female constructing the turret." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169913/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). The nests were located in each nesting site within an area of about 
<quantity id="EE4CCE9FFF9EBF2B2465ACDF01824F09" box="[613,711,1777,1802]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="431" unit="m" value="35.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="20.0">20–50 m</quantity>
2. The soil at the nesting sites was brown carbonate clay loam of different densities. The dense clay loam was formed at the nesting site in 2015, the middle one at the first nesting site in 2017, and the light clay loam was formed at the second nesting site in 2017 (
<tableCitation id="643656C1FF9EBF2B2239AD1707C84F52" box="[1081,1165,1849,1874]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Parameters of the soil substrate containing the nests of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus." pageId="2" pageNumber="431">Table 1</tableCitation>
). The greater content of physical clay parts at the nesting site in 2015 can be explained by mixing of clay with dust at two other sites on the functioning dirt roads.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="7DCB33F2FF9FBF2A2697AAB6064348AF" box="[151,1286,152,175]" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
<paragraph id="290B637AFF9FBF2A2697AAB6064348AF" blockId="3.[151,1286,152,175]" box="[151,1286,152,175]" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9FBF2A2697AAB6024248AF" bold="true" box="[151,263,152,175]" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Parameters of the soil substrate containing the nests of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9FBF2A255BAAB607BA48AF" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" box="[859,1279,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="432" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9FBF2A255BAAB607BA48AF" box="[859,1279,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="290B637AFF9FBF2A26A0AAE4061C49E2" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
<table id="5BB491DAFF9F40D626A0AAE406C04A00" box="[160,1413,202,512]" gridcols="6" gridrows="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
<tr id="97846138FF9F40D626A0AAE406C04928" box="[160,1413,202,296]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
<th id="D4550844FF9F40D626A0AAE402024928" box="[160,327,202,296]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Nesting site</th>
<th id="D4550844FF9F40D62769AAE402B84928" box="[361,509,202,296]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Specific weight of solid phase (g/cm3)</th>
<th id="D4550844FF9F40D62412AAE407EC4928" box="[530,1193,202,296]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Content of physical fractions (%) according to Rutkovsky method&gt;0.5 mm (sand) 0.5–0.05 mm 0.05–0.005 mm &lt;0.005 mm (dust) (silt) (clay)</th>
<th id="D4550844FF9F40D622BAAAE406C04928" box="[1210,1413,202,296]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Granulometric class according to Kachinsky method</th>
</tr>
<tr id="97846138FF9F40D626A0AB1206C04970" box="[160,1413,316,368]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
<th id="D4550844FF9F40D626A0AB1202024970" box="[160,327,316,368]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Nesting site in 2015</th>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D62769AB1202B84970" box="[361,509,316,368]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">2.56</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D62412AB12004A4970" box="[530,783,316,368]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">16.26 38.38</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D6256CAB1200E04970" box="[876,933,316,368]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">31.15</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D6221EAB1207EC4970" box="[1054,1193,316,368]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">14.21</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D622BAAB1206C04970" box="[1210,1413,316,368]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Dense clay loam</td>
</tr>
<tr id="97846138FF9F40D626A0ABAA06C049B8" box="[160,1413,388,440]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
<th id="D4550844FF9F40D626A0ABAA020249B8" box="[160,327,388,440]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">First nesting site in 2017</th>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D62769ABAA02B849B8" box="[361,509,388,440]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">2.43</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D62412ABAA004A49B8" box="[530,783,388,440]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">8.90 42.05</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D6256CABAA00E049B8" box="[876,933,388,440]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">41.26</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D6221EABAA07EC49B8" box="[1054,1193,388,440]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">7.79</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D622BAABAA06C049B8" box="[1210,1413,388,440]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Middle clay loam</td>
</tr>
<tr id="97846138FF9F40D626A0ABE206C04A00" box="[160,1413,460,512]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
<th id="D4550844FF9F40D626A0ABE202024A00" box="[160,327,460,512]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Second nesting site in 2017</th>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D62769ABE202B84A00" box="[361,509,460,512]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">1.63</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D62412ABE2004A4A00" box="[530,783,460,512]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">25.00 19.28</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D6256CABE200E04A00" box="[876,933,460,512]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">52.31</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D6221EABE207EC4A00" box="[1054,1193,460,512]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">3.41</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D622BAABE206C04A00" box="[1210,1413,460,512]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Light clay loam</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<subSubSection id="61AE30F1FF9FBF2026C7A86F02EC4D9D" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="438" pageId="3" pageNumber="432" type="description">
<paragraph id="290B637AFF9FBF2A26C7A86F06DE4BC2" blockId="3.[151,1437,577,1358]" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9FBF2A26C7A86F02CF4A5A" bold="true" box="[199,394,577,602]" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Nesting activity.</emphasis>
The females of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9FBF2A2451A86C07564A59" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" box="[593,1043,577,602]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="432" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9FBF2A2451A86C07564A59" box="[593,1043,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
became active at 7.50 in case of sleeping outside of the nests or at 8.25 in case of sleeping in the nests and finished activity usually at 18.10 (solar time). Females started their nesting by searching for a place for the nest, which was a long process. In one case an observed female had finished her nest at 11.00 and began a new nest only on the next day at 11.20. After the place for the nest had been chosen, females went for water. The water collecting site (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF9FBF2A221AA8FF07184AEA" box="[1050,1117,721,746]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="4.[151,263,1693,1715]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1669]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,195,1669]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. Bionomics of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 1. Nesting site in 2015; 2. Second nesting site in 2017; 3. Water collecting site; 4. A female collecting water from the watering trough; 5. A female starting the excavation of the nest burrow; 6. A female constructing the turret." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169913/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) was located 
<quantity id="EE4CCE9FFF9FBF2A22F9A8FC06054AE9" box="[1273,1344,722,746]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="432" unit="m" value="110.0">110 m</quantity>
directly west of the nesting site observed in 2015. There was a well at the water collecting site, which was probably made by Ancient Greeks and then modified in the modern time. This well was used by people resting there for taking water with a bucket and water was usually flowing out from it into a watering trough. Female wasps usually took water from this watering trough (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF9FBF2A240BA94F01154B7A" box="[523,592,865,890]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="4.[151,263,1693,1715]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1669]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,195,1669]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. Bionomics of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 1. Nesting site in 2015; 2. Second nesting site in 2017; 3. Water collecting site; 4. A female collecting water from the watering trough; 5. A female starting the excavation of the nest burrow; 6. A female constructing the turret." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169913/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). When there were no people there the females were observed taking water from the sea 
<quantity id="EE4CCE9FFF9FBF2A2729A9A802264B9D" box="[297,355,902,926]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="432" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
north of the main water collecting site. A flight for water usually lasted for less than a minute if females had not been disturbed by humans during the process. Otherwise they could be absent for several minutes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="290B637AFF9FBF2A26C7A9E007044CBE" blockId="3.[151,1437,577,1358]" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
A female returned to the nesting site with the water in her crop and regurgitated it onto the ground surface to moisten it. After that, she began to excavate a vertical nest burrow and construct the turret at the same time. She mixed mortar with water and soil, formed mud pellets, retrieved them from the nest burrow, and laid them around its entrance. After each mud pellet was laid, she smoothed its inner surface with her mouthparts. She held on to the inner surface of the turret with her fore legs and the outer one with the middle and hind legs (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF9FBF2A22BDAE7306474C76" box="[1213,1282,1117,1142]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="4.[151,263,1693,1715]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1669]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,195,1669]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. Bionomics of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 1. Nesting site in 2015; 2. Second nesting site in 2017; 3. Water collecting site; 4. A female collecting water from the watering trough; 5. A female starting the excavation of the nest burrow; 6. A female constructing the turret." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169913/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). In this way, the turret grew upwards and the burrow grew downwards at the same time. The turrets of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9FBF2A2293AEAC06D94C99" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" box="[1171,1436,1153,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="432" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9FBF2A2293AEAC06D94C99" box="[1171,1436,1153,1178]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">P. signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were not solid but had a laced structure with numerous minute perforations (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF9FBF2A25EFAE8B07764CBE" box="[1007,1075,1189,1214]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="4.[151,263,1693,1715]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1669]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,195,1669]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. Bionomics of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 1. Nesting site in 2015; 2. Second nesting site in 2017; 3. Water collecting site; 4. A female collecting water from the watering trough; 5. A female starting the excavation of the nest burrow; 6. A female constructing the turret." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169913/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="290B637AFF9FBF2A26C7AEE7074B4D4E" blockId="3.[151,1437,577,1358]" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
The complete turrets of the nests of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9FBF2A2473AEE400C74CE1" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" box="[627,898,1225,1250]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="432" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9FBF2A2473AEE400C74CE1" box="[627,898,1225,1250]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">P. signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were 
<quantity id="EE4CCE9FFF9FBF2A25CDAEE4070C4CE1" box="[973,1097,1226,1250]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="2.8" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="432" unit="mm" value="19.5" valueMax="28.0" valueMin="11.0">11–28 mm</quantity>
high and had a more or less curved shape (
<tableCitation id="643656C1FF9FBF2A273BAEC302D74D06" box="[315,402,1261,1286]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,239,1405,1428]" captionText="TABLE 2. Main parameters of the nests of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus." pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Table 2</tableCitation>
) with the entrance opening sideways (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF9FBF2A2548AEC300E64D06" box="[840,931,1261,1286]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–8" captionStartId="5.[151,263,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[196,1391,579,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,553,1763]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 7–8. Schematic plans of nests and the immature instars of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 7. Plans of five dissected nests, lateral view (A, a freshly excavated nest; B, complete linear nest with three cells; C, complete branched nest with two cells, D and E, complete nests with one cell; 1–3, cell numbers); 8. An egg and a prepupa in the cocoon, lateral view (A, mud plug of the cell; B, prey remains; C, prey feces; D, multilayered part of the cocoon; E, thick one-layered mudcontaining part of the cocoon; F, meconium)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169915/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
). The construction of the turret lasted for 97 min. in one observed case (the constructed turret was 
<quantity id="EE4CCE9FFF9FBF2A24F4AF3C00064D29" box="[756,835,1298,1322]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="432" unit="mm" value="19.0">19 mm</quantity>
high and its deflection from the vertical position was 
<quantity id="EE4CCE9FFF9FBF2A2697AF18039E4D4D" box="[151,219,1334,1357]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="432" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
; the female wasp flew for water eight times during the building process).
</paragraph>
<caption id="7DCB33F2FF9FBF2A2697AF5307564D94" box="[151,1043,1405,1428]" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
<paragraph id="290B637AFF9FBF2A2697AF5307564D94" blockId="3.[151,1043,1405,1428]" box="[151,1043,1405,1428]" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9FBF2A2697AF5302424D94" bold="true" box="[151,263,1405,1428]" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Main parameters of the nests of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9FBF2A2467AF53074E4D94" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" box="[615,1035,1405,1428]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="432" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9FBF2A2467AF53074E4D94" box="[615,1035,1405,1428]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="290B637AFF9FBF2A269EAF9F065D4EE7" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
<table id="5BB491DAFF9F40D6269EAF9E066A4EE7" box="[158,1327,1456,1767]" gridcols="4" gridrows="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
<tr id="97846138FF9F40D6269EAF9E066A4DC6" box="[158,1327,1456,1478]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
<th id="D4550844FF9F40D6269EAF9E01804DC6" box="[158,709,1456,1478]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Parameter</th>
<th id="D4550844FF9F40D624EFAF9E004D4DC6" box="[751,776,1456,1478]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">N</th>
<th id="D4550844FF9F40D625CAAF9E07E44DC6" box="[970,1185,1456,1478]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Minimum–maximum</th>
<th id="D4550844FF9F40D622CAAF9E066A4DC6" box="[1226,1327,1456,1478]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Mean±SE</th>
</tr>
<tr id="97846138FF9F40D6269EAFF7066A4DEF" box="[158,1327,1497,1519]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
<th id="D4550844FF9F40D6269EAFF701804DEF" box="[158,709,1497,1519]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Depth of the nest burrow (mm)</th>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D624EFAFF7004D4DEF" box="[751,776,1497,1519]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">11</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D625CAAFF707E44DEF" box="[970,1185,1497,1519]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">55–120</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D622CAAFF7066A4DEF" box="[1226,1327,1497,1519]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">82.5±6.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="97846138FF9F40D6269EAC2C066A4E18" box="[158,1327,1538,1560]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
<th id="D4550844FF9F40D6269EAC2C01804E18" box="[158,709,1538,1560]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Width of the nest burrow (mm)</th>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D624EFAC2C004D4E18" box="[751,776,1538,1560]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">11</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D625CAAC2C07E44E18" box="[970,1185,1538,1560]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">7–9</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D622CAAC2C066A4E18" box="[1226,1327,1538,1560]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">8.3±0.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="97846138FF9F40D6269EAC02066A4E42" box="[158,1327,1580,1602]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
<th id="D4550844FF9F40D6269EAC0201804E42" box="[158,709,1580,1602]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Height of the turret (mm)</th>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D624EFAC02004D4E42" box="[751,776,1580,1602]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">17</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D625CAAC0207E44E42" box="[970,1185,1580,1602]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">11–28</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D622CAAC02066A4E42" box="[1226,1327,1580,1602]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">16.9±1.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="97846138FF9F40D6269EAC7B066A4E6B" box="[158,1327,1621,1643]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
<th id="D4550844FF9F40D6269EAC7B01804E6B" box="[158,709,1621,1643]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Deflection of the turret from its vertical position (mm)</th>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D624EFAC7B004D4E6B" box="[751,776,1621,1643]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">17</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D625CAAC7B07E44E6B" box="[970,1185,1621,1643]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">2–13</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D622CAAC7B066A4E6B" box="[1226,1327,1621,1643]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">9.5±1.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="97846138FF9F40D6269EAC50066A4E94" box="[158,1327,1662,1684]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
<th id="D4550844FF9F40D6269EAC5001804E94" box="[158,709,1662,1684]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Number of cells per nest</th>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D624EFAC50004D4E94" box="[751,776,1662,1684]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">9</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D625CAAC5007E44E94" box="[970,1185,1662,1684]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">1–4</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D622CAAC50066A4E94" box="[1226,1327,1662,1684]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">1.7±0.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="97846138FF9F40D6269EAC86066A4EBE" box="[158,1327,1704,1726]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
<th id="D4550844FF9F40D6269EAC8601804EBE" box="[158,709,1704,1726]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Length of the cell (mm)</th>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D624EFAC86004D4EBE" box="[751,776,1704,1726]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">12</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D625CAAC8607E44EBE" box="[970,1185,1704,1726]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">13–23</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D622CAAC86066A4EBE" box="[1226,1327,1704,1726]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">17.3±0.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="97846138FF9F40D6269EACFF066A4EE7" box="[158,1327,1745,1767]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
<th id="D4550844FF9F40D6269EACFF01804EE7" box="[158,709,1745,1767]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Number of prey per cell</th>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D624EFACFF004D4EE7" box="[751,776,1745,1767]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">8</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D625CAACFF07E44EE7" box="[970,1185,1745,1767]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">3–5</td>
<td id="D4550844FF9F40D622CAACFF066A4EE7" box="[1226,1327,1745,1767]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">4.8±0.2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="290B637AFF9FBF2A26C7AD09039E4FF4" blockId="3.[151,1436,1831,2036]" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">
After the turret was completed, the female had been continuing the excavation of the nest burrow for several hours (depending on its depth). At this time she also retrieved mud pellets from the nest, but these pellets were noticeably bigger than those used for the turret. The female retrieved them from the nest entrance and tried to fly up (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF9FBF2A269FADBA03A14FAC" box="[159,228,1940,1965]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–14" captionStartId="6.[151,263,1688,1710]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 9–14. Bionomics of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 9. A female retrieving a mud pellet from the nest burrow surmounted by the turret; 10. A female demolishing the turret; 11. A female finishing the sealing of the nest; 12. Hunting site; 13. Larva of Megalodontes sp. in its web on Seseli tortuosum; 14. A female trying to take the larva of Megalodontessp. from its web." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169917/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="432">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). Usually she accomplished this only after several attempts and then dropped the pellet away from the nest entrance before returning to the nest. The excavation of the nest burrow was periodically interrupted by flights for water.
</paragraph>
<caption id="7DCB33F2FF98BF2D2697ACB301144EF1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169913/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="433" startId="4.[151,263,1693,1715]" targetBox="[151,1436,195,1669]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="290B637AFF98BF2D2697ACB301144EF1" blockId="4.[151,1436,1693,1777]" pageId="4" pageNumber="433">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF98BF2D2697ACB3027F4EB3" bold="true" box="[151,314,1693,1715]" pageId="4" pageNumber="433">FIGURES 1–6.</emphasis>
Bionomics of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF98BF2D27D1ACB100244EB4" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" box="[465,865,1693,1716]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF98BF2D27D1ACB100244EB4" box="[465,865,1693,1716]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="433">Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 1. Nesting site in 2015; 2. Second nesting site in 2017; 3. Water collecting site; 4. A female collecting water from the watering trough; 5. A female starting the excavation of the nest burrow; 6. A female constructing the turret.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="290B637AFF98BF2C26C7AD33000849F4" blockId="4.[151,1437,1821,2027]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,501]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="434" pageId="4" pageNumber="433">
When the nest burrow was completed the female laid an egg and flew for hunting. After hunting and provisioning, the female sealed the cell with a mud partition. Then she did one of the following three actions: laid the second egg within the same nest burrow, excavated the second cell as its lateral branch, or sealed the whole nest. Only the third case was directly observed. The female flew for water and then regurgitated it onto the top of the turret. Then, she started forming a mud pellet with her mouthparts while holding on to the turret and/or the ground surface with all of her legs (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF98BF2D2423ADFC01304FEA" box="[547,629,2002,2027]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–14" captionStartId="6.[151,263,1688,1710]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 9–14. Bionomics of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 9. A female retrieving a mud pellet from the nest burrow surmounted by the turret; 10. A female demolishing the turret; 11. A female finishing the sealing of the nest; 12. Hunting site; 13. Larva of Megalodontes sp. in its web on Seseli tortuosum; 14. A female trying to take the larva of Megalodontessp. from its web." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169917/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="433">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). Then, the female took the pellet with her fore legs and came down into the nest where she used it to construct a transverse mud partition directly above the last nest cell. Her work was periodically interrupted by flights for water. In this way, she also built one or two additional partitions above the last cell. Only after that the female made the final nest plug at the ground level. This plug was much thicker (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF99BF2C236FAAF1039C491C" captionStart="FIGURES 7–8" captionStartId="5.[151,263,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[196,1391,579,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,553,1763]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 7–8. Schematic plans of nests and the immature instars of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 7. Plans of five dissected nests, lateral view (A, a freshly excavated nest; B, complete linear nest with three cells; C, complete branched nest with two cells, D and E, complete nests with one cell; 1–3, cell numbers); 8. An egg and a prepupa in the cocoon, lateral view (A, mud plug of the cell; B, prey remains; C, prey feces; D, multilayered part of the cocoon; E, thick one-layered mudcontaining part of the cocoon; F, meconium)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169915/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="434">Fig. 7B–C</figureCitation>
) than the cell partitions and the “vestibular” partitions; in one case it consisted of two parts (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF99BF2C2302AB2A061E491C" box="[1282,1371,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–8" captionStartId="5.[151,263,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[196,1391,579,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,553,1763]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 7–8. Schematic plans of nests and the immature instars of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 7. Plans of five dissected nests, lateral view (A, a freshly excavated nest; B, complete linear nest with three cells; C, complete branched nest with two cells, D and E, complete nests with one cell; 1–3, cell numbers); 8. An egg and a prepupa in the cocoon, lateral view (A, mud plug of the cell; B, prey remains; C, prey feces; D, multilayered part of the cocoon; E, thick one-layered mudcontaining part of the cocoon; F, meconium)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169915/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="434">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
). The nest turret was generally completely demolished during the sealing of the nest (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF99BF2C221AAB09072E4940" box="[1050,1131,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–14" captionStartId="6.[151,263,1688,1710]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 9–14. Bionomics of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 9. A female retrieving a mud pellet from the nest burrow surmounted by the turret; 10. A female demolishing the turret; 11. A female finishing the sealing of the nest; 12. Hunting site; 13. Larva of Megalodontes sp. in its web on Seseli tortuosum; 14. A female trying to take the larva of Megalodontessp. from its web." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169917/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="434">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
) and the final plug usually became indistinguishable from the surrounding ground after drying. One studied nest had a partially undemolished turret (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF99BF2C26E4AB41027B4988" box="[228,318,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–8" captionStartId="5.[151,263,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[196,1391,579,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,553,1763]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 7–8. Schematic plans of nests and the immature instars of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 7. Plans of five dissected nests, lateral view (A, a freshly excavated nest; B, complete linear nest with three cells; C, complete branched nest with two cells, D and E, complete nests with one cell; 1–3, cell numbers); 8. An egg and a prepupa in the cocoon, lateral view (A, mud plug of the cell; B, prey remains; C, prey feces; D, multilayered part of the cocoon; E, thick one-layered mudcontaining part of the cocoon; F, meconium)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169915/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="434">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
) that had been probably caused by the death of the female wasp. Generally females used only the material of the demolished turret to seal the nest. One of the observed nests, however, had a partially broken turret; the female demolished it and then took two additional mud portions from the ground surface near the nest. The sealing of the nest took 60 and 80 min. in two observed cases.
</paragraph>
<caption id="7DCB33F2FF99BF2C2697ACD601254F89" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169915/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="434" startId="5.[151,263,1784,1806]" targetBox="[196,1391,579,1737]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="290B637AFF99BF2C2697ACD601254F89" blockId="5.[151,1436,1784,1929]" pageId="5" pageNumber="434">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF99BF2C2697ACD6027F4F0E" bold="true" box="[151,314,1784,1806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="434">FIGURES 7–8.</emphasis>
Schematic plans of nests and the immature instars of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF99BF2C2563ACD707B64F0E" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" box="[867,1267,1784,1806]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="434" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF99BF2C2563ACD707B64F0E" box="[867,1267,1784,1806]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="434">Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 7. Plans of five dissected nests, lateral view (A, a freshly excavated nest; B, complete linear nest with three cells; C, complete branched nest with two cells, D and E, complete nests with one cell; 1–3, cell numbers); 8. An egg and a prepupa in the cocoon, lateral view (A, mud plug of the cell; B, prey remains; C, prey feces; D, multilayered part of the cocoon; E, thick one-layered mudcontaining part of the cocoon; F, meconium).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="7DCB33F2FF9ABF2F2697ACB602924F14" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169917/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="435" startId="6.[151,263,1688,1710]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1667]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="290B637AFF9ABF2F2697ACB602924F14" blockId="6.[151,1436,1688,1812]" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9ABF2F2697ACB6020F4EAE" bold="true" box="[151,330,1688,1710]" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">FIGURES 9–14.</emphasis>
Bionomics of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9ABF2F27E9ACB4003A4EAE" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" box="[489,895,1688,1711]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="435" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9ABF2F27E9ACB4003A4EAE" box="[489,895,1688,1711]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 9. A female retrieving a mud pellet from the nest burrow surmounted by the turret; 10. A female demolishing the turret; 11. A female finishing the sealing of the nest; 12. Hunting site; 13. Larva of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9ABF2F27C0ACF5010A4EF1" box="[448,591,1755,1777]" class="Insecta" family="Megalodontesidae" genus="Megalodontes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="435" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9ABF2F27C0ACF5010A4EF1" box="[448,591,1755,1777]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">Megalodontes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. in its web on 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9ABF2F2523ACF500944EF1" box="[803,977,1755,1777]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Seseli" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="435" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tortuosum">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9ABF2F2523ACF500944EF1" box="[803,977,1755,1777]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">Seseli tortuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 14. A female trying to take the larva of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9ABF2F2697ACD002624F14" box="[151,295,1790,1812]" class="Insecta" family="Megalodontesidae" genus="Megalodontes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="435" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9ABF2F2697ACD002624F14" box="[151,295,1790,1812]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">Megalodontes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. from its web.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="290B637AFF9ABF2F26C7AD6A06D84FED" blockId="6.[151,1437,1860,2029]" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9ABF2F26C7AD6A02774F5D" bold="true" box="[199,306,1860,1885]" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">Hunting.</emphasis>
The hunting site (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF9ABF2F2404AD6A01124F5D" box="[516,599,1860,1885]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–14" captionStartId="6.[151,263,1688,1710]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 9–14. Bionomics of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 9. A female retrieving a mud pellet from the nest burrow surmounted by the turret; 10. A female demolishing the turret; 11. A female finishing the sealing of the nest; 12. Hunting site; 13. Larva of Megalodontes sp. in its web on Seseli tortuosum; 14. A female trying to take the larva of Megalodontessp. from its web." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169917/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
) was located 
<quantity id="EE4CCE9FFF9ABF2F24F6AD6A00744F5C" box="[758,817,1860,1885]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="435" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
directly south of the nesting site studied in 2015. The prey of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9ABF2F2703AD4701974F80" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" box="[259,722,1896,1921]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="435" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9ABF2F2703AD4701974F80" box="[259,722,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were sawfly larvae of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9ABF2F228DAD4606D94F81" authority="Latreille" authorityName="Latreille" box="[1165,1436,1896,1921]" class="Insecta" family="Megalodontesidae" genus="Megalodontes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="435" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9ABF2F228DAD4606694F81" box="[1165,1324,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">Megalodontes</emphasis>
Latreille
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9ABF2F269EADA302784FA5" box="[158,317,1933,1957]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="435" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9ABF2F274AADA201584FA5" authorityName="Konow" authorityYear="1897" box="[330,541,1932,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Megalodontesidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="435" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megalodontesidae</taxonomicName>
). At least some of them belonged to 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9ABF2F25C9ADA006644FA5" authority="(Fabricius)" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[969,1313,1932,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Megalodontesidae" genus="Megalodontes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="435" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plagiocephalus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9ABF2F25C9ADA007D94FA5" box="[969,1180,1932,1957]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">M. plagiocephalus</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
forma “a” 
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9ABF2F2697AD9F03904FC8" box="[151,213,1969,1992]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4D251E8BFF9ABF2F26DDAD9F02C54FC9" box="[221,384,1969,1993]" pageId="6" pageNumber="435" refId="ref8741" refString="Taeger, A. (2002) The Megalodontesidae of Europe (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). In: Viitasaari, M. (Ed.), Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). I. A review of the suborder, the Western Palaearctic taxa of Xyeloidea and Pamphilioidea. Tremex Press Ltd., Helsinki, pp. 461 - 480." type="book chapter">Taeger (2002)</bibRefCitation>
. They were identified as described in the “Material and methods” section. Adult sawflies of another species, 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9ABF2F2755ADF8016D4FEC" authority="Konow" authorityName="Konow" authorityYear="1897" box="[341,552,2004,2029]" class="Insecta" family="Megalodontesidae" genus="Megalodontes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="435" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="medius">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9ABF2F2755ADF8028E4FED" box="[341,459,2004,2029]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">M. medius</emphasis>
Konow
</taxonomicName>
, however, were found at the same place in 2017. Thus, the larvae used by 
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9ABF2F2387ADF806D84FED" box="[1415,1437,2006,2029]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="435">P.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="290B637AFF9BBF2E2697AAB9064D48D4" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,213]" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9BBF2E2697AAB902C048B0" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,389,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9BBF2E2697AAB902C048B0" box="[151,389,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the prey might belong also to this species. All observed larvae were feeding on a single host plant species, 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9BBF2E276AAA92016048D4" box="[362,549,188,213]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Seseli" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="436" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tortuosum">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9BBF2E276AAA92016048D4" box="[362,549,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">Seseli tortuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9BBF2E2452AA92018448D5" box="[594,705,188,213]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="436" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
). Each larva inhabited a personal silk web (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF9BBF2E22A7AA9207BF48D4" box="[1191,1274,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–14" captionStartId="6.[151,263,1688,1710]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 9–14. Bionomics of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 9. A female retrieving a mud pellet from the nest burrow surmounted by the turret; 10. A female demolishing the turret; 11. A female finishing the sealing of the nest; 12. Hunting site; 13. Larva of Megalodontes sp. in its web on Seseli tortuosum; 14. A female trying to take the larva of Megalodontessp. from its web." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169917/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="7DCB33F2FF9BBF2E2697ACCE00984F5C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169919/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="436" startId="7.[151,263,1760,1782]" targetBox="[151,1436,265,1739]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="290B637AFF9BBF2E2697ACCE00984F5C" blockId="7.[151,1436,1760,1884]" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9BBF2E2697ACCE02114EF6" bold="true" box="[151,340,1760,1782]" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">FIGURES 15–20.</emphasis>
Bionomics of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9BBF2E27EBACCC003E4EF6" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" box="[491,891,1760,1783]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9BBF2E27EBACCC003E4EF6" box="[491,891,1760,1783]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 15. A female stinging the larva of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9BBF2E22E9ACCE063D4EF6" box="[1257,1400,1760,1782]" class="Insecta" family="Megalodontesidae" genus="Megalodontes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9BBF2E22E9ACCE063D4EF6" box="[1257,1400,1760,1782]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">Megalodontes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. taken out from its web; 16. A female feeding on the larva of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9BBF2E250EAD2C00D84F18" box="[782,925,1794,1816]" class="Insecta" family="Megalodontesidae" genus="Megalodontes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9BBF2E250EAD2C00D84F18" box="[782,925,1794,1816]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">Megalodontes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.; 17. Larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9BBF2E2262AD2C07B44F18" box="[1122,1265,1794,1816]" class="Insecta" family="Megalodontesidae" genus="Megalodontes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9BBF2E2262AD2C07B44F18" box="[1122,1265,1794,1816]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">Megalodontes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. and a young larva of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9BBF2E26F3AD0A02AC4F39" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" box="[243,489,1827,1849]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9BBF2E26F3AD0A02AC4F39" box="[243,489,1827,1849]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">P. signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from a single wasp cell; 18. A cell containing the hibernating prepupa of the wasp; 19. Abandoned nest occupied by 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9BBF2E27C2AD6801384F5C" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1799" box="[450,637,1862,1884]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Hoplitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="papaveris">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9BBF2E27C2AD6801384F5C" box="[450,637,1862,1884]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">Hoplitis papaveris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 20. Courtship. Scale bars = 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="290B637AFF9BBF2126C7ADA200AF49AC" blockId="7.[151,1437,1932,2029]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="437" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">
Hunting was observed 17 times. Each time females made patrolling flights around the plants of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9BBF2E2306ADA306D04FA5" box="[1286,1429,1933,1957]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Seseli" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="436" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tortuosum">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9BBF2E2306ADA306D04FA5" box="[1286,1429,1933,1957]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">S. tortuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Once a female noticed a web with 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF9BBF2E2416AD9E01F14FC9" box="[534,692,1968,1993]" class="Insecta" family="Megalodontesidae" genus="Megalodontes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="436" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF9BBF2E2416AD9E01F14FC9" box="[534,692,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">Megalodontes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larva, it landed and went deep into its proximal end (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF9BBF2E2304AD9E06124FC9" box="[1284,1367,1968,1993]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–14" captionStartId="6.[151,263,1688,1710]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,193,1667]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 9–14. Bionomics of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 9. A female retrieving a mud pellet from the nest burrow surmounted by the turret; 10. A female demolishing the turret; 11. A female finishing the sealing of the nest; 12. Hunting site; 13. Larva of Megalodontes sp. in its web on Seseli tortuosum; 14. A female trying to take the larva of Megalodontessp. from its web." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169917/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="436">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
). This action made the larva come closer to the distal end of the web and then female came there and tried to take it. The larva retreated to the proximal end of the web. These actions repeated several times: the female went from proximal to distal end of the web and the larva retreated from her in the opposite direction. Three times females left their attempts to take larvae and started searching other webs. After 6–8 attempts, however, a female usually successfully took the larva from the distal end of the web. She grasped it by the distal end of the body with her mandibles and fore legs. Then, the female took also the proximal end of the larva with her middle legs and stung it several times in the thoracic segments (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF94BF21244CAB6201DB4965" box="[588,670,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–20" captionStartId="7.[151,263,1760,1782]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,265,1739]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 15–20. Bionomics of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 15. A female stinging the larva of Megalodontes sp. taken out from its web; 16. A female feeding on the larva of Megalodontes sp.; 17. Larvae of Megalodontes sp. and a young larva of P. signaticollis tauricus from a single wasp cell; 18. A cell containing the hibernating prepupa of the wasp; 19. Abandoned nest occupied by Hoplitis papaveris; 20. Courtship. Scale bars = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169919/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
). The female’s hind legs were used during these actions to hold on to the web. Next, the female turned the larva and seized its prothorax with mandibles. After that she flew away. The whole hunting usually took 0.5–1.5 min. and the stinging lasted for 6–8 sec.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="290B637AFF94BF2126C7AB9906434A60" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">
Feeding of adult females on 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF94BF212409AB9901E249D0" box="[521,679,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Megalodontesidae" genus="Megalodontes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF94BF212409AB9901E249D0" box="[521,679,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Megalodontes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larva was observed two times. Each time the female took the larva in the way described above, but did not fly away with it. Instead of that she flew onto a nearest grass stem (in the observed cases it was 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF94BF21279BABD101ED4A18" box="[411,680,511,536]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Marrubium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="peregrinum">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF94BF21279BABD101ED4A18" box="[411,680,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Marrubium peregrinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.). Then, she gnawed the prothorax of the victim and had been sucking the hemolymph from it during 1–2 min. (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF94BF2124BDA80A00554A3D" box="[701,784,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–20" captionStartId="7.[151,263,1760,1782]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,265,1739]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 15–20. Bionomics of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 15. A female stinging the larva of Megalodontes sp. taken out from its web; 16. A female feeding on the larva of Megalodontes sp.; 17. Larvae of Megalodontes sp. and a young larva of P. signaticollis tauricus from a single wasp cell; 18. A cell containing the hibernating prepupa of the wasp; 19. Abandoned nest occupied by Hoplitis papaveris; 20. Courtship. Scale bars = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169919/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
). Later, she dropped the larva and flew away. Examination of the dropped larvae revealed small wounds on either the ventral or lateral surfaces of the prothorax.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="290B637AFF94BF2126C7A84201B24AF0" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">
Each female observed in 2015 brought 1– 
<specimenCount id="3FB2A8F3FF94BF2124B3A84200574A85" box="[691,786,620,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" type="larva">2 larvae</specimenCount>
per day to her nest. This low rate of provisioning was probably connected with the possible end of the nesting period of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF94BF21257BA8BF07C64AA8" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" box="[891,1155,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF94BF21257BA8BF07C64AA8" box="[891,1155,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">P. signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
observed on 
<date id="5D0A45BAFF94BF212319A8A103964ACD" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" value="2015-07-22" valueMax="2015-07-26" valueMin="2015-07-22">July 22–26, 2015</date>
. The provisioning observed on 
<date id="5D0A45BAFF94BF212432A89B005A4ACC" box="[562,799,692,717]" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" value="2017-06-29" valueMax="2017-07-01" valueMin="2017-06-29">June 29–July 1, 2017</date>
was more rapid (up to five larvae per day). There were 3 to 5 sawfly larvae stored in one cell (
<tableCitation id="643656C1FF94BF212434A8F901C94AF0" box="[564,652,727,752]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,239,1405,1428]" captionText="TABLE 2. Main parameters of the nests of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus." pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Table 2</tableCitation>
; 
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF94BF212498A8F901AF4AF0" box="[664,746,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–20" captionStartId="7.[151,263,1760,1782]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,265,1739]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 15–20. Bionomics of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 15. A female stinging the larva of Megalodontes sp. taken out from its web; 16. A female feeding on the larva of Megalodontes sp.; 17. Larvae of Megalodontes sp. and a young larva of P. signaticollis tauricus from a single wasp cell; 18. A cell containing the hibernating prepupa of the wasp; 19. Abandoned nest occupied by Hoplitis papaveris; 20. Courtship. Scale bars = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169919/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="290B637AFF94BF2126C7A8D200F34C35" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF94BF2126C7A8D201514B15" bold="true" box="[199,532,764,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Structure of complete nests.</emphasis>
The main parameters of the nests of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF94BF2125B7A8D306374B14" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" box="[951,1394,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF94BF2125B7A8D306374B14" box="[951,1394,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are summarized in 
<tableCitation id="643656C1FF94BF212742A93102D24B38" box="[322,407,799,824]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,239,1405,1428]" captionText="TABLE 2. Main parameters of the nests of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus." pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Table 2</tableCitation>
. The complete nests contained 1–4 cells; the nest burrow was 
<quantity id="EE4CCE9FFF94BF21224AA93107954B37" box="[1098,1232,799,824]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.75" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" unit="mm" value="87.5" valueMax="120.0" valueMin="55.0">55–120 mm</quantity>
deep and 
<quantity id="EE4CCE9FFF94BF212340A90E06D84B37" box="[1344,1437,800,824]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" unit="mm" value="8.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="7.0">7–9 mm</quantity>
wide. The nests with several cells had either linear (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF94BF2124DFA96A00704B5C" box="[735,821,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–8" captionStartId="5.[151,263,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[196,1391,579,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,553,1763]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 7–8. Schematic plans of nests and the immature instars of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 7. Plans of five dissected nests, lateral view (A, a freshly excavated nest; B, complete linear nest with three cells; C, complete branched nest with two cells, D and E, complete nests with one cell; 1–3, cell numbers); 8. An egg and a prepupa in the cocoon, lateral view (A, mud plug of the cell; B, prey remains; C, prey feces; D, multilayered part of the cocoon; E, thick one-layered mudcontaining part of the cocoon; F, meconium)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169915/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
) or branched structure (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF94BF212244A96A07D94B5C" box="[1092,1180,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–8" captionStartId="5.[151,263,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[196,1391,579,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,553,1763]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 7–8. Schematic plans of nests and the immature instars of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 7. Plans of five dissected nests, lateral view (A, a freshly excavated nest; B, complete linear nest with three cells; C, complete branched nest with two cells, D and E, complete nests with one cell; 1–3, cell numbers); 8. An egg and a prepupa in the cocoon, lateral view (A, mud plug of the cell; B, prey remains; C, prey feces; D, multilayered part of the cocoon; E, thick one-layered mudcontaining part of the cocoon; F, meconium)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169915/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
). The nest burrow was vertical, somewhat curved (more or less S-shaped). The inner walls of the nest burrow were smooth, but minutely transversely wrinkled. The nest burrow was not filled with mud because only turret material had been usually used by females to seal the nest (see above). The cells of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF94BF2124DAA99F00A44BC8" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" box="[730,993,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF94BF2124DAA99F00A44BC8" box="[730,993,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">P. signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other parts of the nest burrow were of the same diameter; the inner length of each cell varied from 
<quantity id="EE4CCE9FFF94BF212567A9FA00BF4BEC" box="[871,1018,980,1004]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" unit="mm" value="18.0" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="13.0">13 to 23 mm</quantity>
(
<tableCitation id="643656C1FF94BF212209A9FA07244BEC" box="[1033,1121,980,1005]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,239,1405,1428]" captionText="TABLE 2. Main parameters of the nests of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus." pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Table 2</tableCitation>
). Each cell in the nests was sealed by a mud partition; similar partitions were found in “vestibular” space. The nest plug was thicker than the other partitions and usually towered 
<quantity id="EE4CCE9FFF94BF212431AE3201CB4C34" box="[561,654,1052,1076]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
above the ground surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="290B637AFF94BF2126C7AE1100B34CE8" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF94BF2126C7AE11013F4C58" bold="true" box="[199,634,1087,1112]" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Immature instars and development.</emphasis>
Five nests dissected during the provisioning period and directly after they had been sealed by females contained eggs in their single cells. Each egg lay loose on the bottom of the cell. Nevertheless, the eggs had distinct filaments (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF94BF2124B4AEA901B84CA0" box="[692,765,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–8" captionStartId="5.[151,263,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[196,1391,579,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,553,1763]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 7–8. Schematic plans of nests and the immature instars of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 7. Plans of five dissected nests, lateral view (A, a freshly excavated nest; B, complete linear nest with three cells; C, complete branched nest with two cells, D and E, complete nests with one cell; 1–3, cell numbers); 8. An egg and a prepupa in the cocoon, lateral view (A, mud plug of the cell; B, prey remains; C, prey feces; D, multilayered part of the cocoon; E, thick one-layered mudcontaining part of the cocoon; F, meconium)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169915/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). The eggs had probably been initially suspended by the females on the cell walls, but then were torn off and fell. The egg size was 2.3–2.8×0.8–0.9 mm (mean— 2.66±0.09×0.88±0.02 mm; 
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF94BF2127CBAEFF029B4CE8" box="[459,478,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">N</emphasis>
=5); the length of the filament was 0.2–0.3 mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="290B637AFF94BF2126C7AEDA01D34F05" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">
When the larva hatched from the egg, it immediately began feeding on the stored sawfly larvae. After consuming all provisions, it spun a cocoon. The cocooning began with storing prey remains and their feces at the top of the cell. These waste products were separated from the remaining part of the cell with multilayered part of the cocoon, with thin layers. Then, the larva constructed the thick part of the cocoon that covered the bottom of the cell and its lateral walls. This part was made with the help of fluid secretion penetrating into the cell walls and making them durable and water-proof. After the cocoon construction, the meconium was discharged onto the bottom of the cell. Then, the larva passed to the prepupal stage and coiled its body. The inner volume of the cocoon exceeded the size of the prepupa (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF94BF212420AFC101224E08" box="[544,615,1519,1544]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–8" captionStartId="5.[151,263,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[196,1391,579,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,553,1763]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 7–8. Schematic plans of nests and the immature instars of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 7. Plans of five dissected nests, lateral view (A, a freshly excavated nest; B, complete linear nest with three cells; C, complete branched nest with two cells, D and E, complete nests with one cell; 1–3, cell numbers); 8. An egg and a prepupa in the cocoon, lateral view (A, mud plug of the cell; B, prey remains; C, prey feces; D, multilayered part of the cocoon; E, thick one-layered mudcontaining part of the cocoon; F, meconium)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169915/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). Hibernation occurred at the prepupal stage (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF94BF212279AFC1078B4E08" box="[1145,1230,1519,1544]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–20" captionStartId="7.[151,263,1760,1782]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,265,1739]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 15–20. Bionomics of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 15. A female stinging the larva of Megalodontes sp. taken out from its web; 16. A female feeding on the larva of Megalodontes sp.; 17. Larvae of Megalodontes sp. and a young larva of P. signaticollis tauricus from a single wasp cell; 18. A cell containing the hibernating prepupa of the wasp; 19. Abandoned nest occupied by Hoplitis papaveris; 20. Courtship. Scale bars = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169919/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
). After the winter diapause the prepupa unrolled and straightened its body. Pupation occurred approximately 10 days after unrolling; the pupa developed for 20–25 days. Four prepupae from two nests were obtained in 2015. One male from the first nest emerged on 
<date id="5D0A45BAFF94BF212755AC7302A24E75" box="[341,487,1628,1653]" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" value="2016-06-04">June 4, 2016</date>
, and two males from the second nest emerged in June, 2017. The third prepupa from the second nest was stored in ethanol and its development was not observed. These observations showed that 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF94BF212697AC8B011C4EBC" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,601,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF94BF212697AC8B011C4EBC" box="[151,601,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an univoltine species. Wasps of this species were recorded from the beginning of June till the end of July (see “Material examined”). The period of their activity, however, is somewhat shorter (for about a month) in a separate year.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="290B637AFF94BF2026C7AD21077B49AC" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,1437]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="438" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF94BF2126C7AD2101B94F28" bold="true" box="[199,764,1807,1832]" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Parasites, associates, and reproductive success.</emphasis>
Cuckoo wasps (
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF94BF2125B9AD3E071D4F28" box="[953,1112,1808,1832]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF94BF212263AD2107A94F28" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1123,1260,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chrysididae</taxonomicName>
) were found in two of the 15 observed complete cells. They were, with high probability, 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF94BF2125CCAD1A067D4F4C" authority="Frey-Gessner." authorityName="Frey-Gessner." box="[972,1336,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Chrysis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="valesiana">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF94BF2125CCAD1A07D04F4D" box="[972,1173,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Chrysis valesiana</emphasis>
Frey-Gessner.
</taxonomicName>
Females of this species were observed and caught near the nests; this chrysidid species is known as the parasite of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF94BF212697AD53029B4F94" baseAuthorityName="Spinola" baseAuthorityYear="1808" box="[151,478,1917,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spiricornis">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF94BF212697AD53029B4F94" box="[151,478,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Paragymnomerus spiricornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and two other ground nesting eumenines of the closely related genera 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF94BF2122F5AD5306284F94" box="[1269,1389,1917,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paravespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF94BF2122F5AD5306284F94" box="[1269,1389,1917,1940]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Paravespa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF94BF212697AD8E01EE4FB9" authority="(Martynova &amp; Fateryga 2015)" baseAuthorityName="Martynova &amp; Fateryga" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[151,683,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Tropidodynerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF94BF212697AD8E02024FB9" box="[151,327,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Tropidodynerus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4D251E8BFF94BF212757AD8E01E64FB9" box="[343,675,1952,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" refId="ref8347" refString="Martynova, K. V. &amp; Fateryga, A. V. (2015) Chrysidid wasps (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) - parasites of eumenine wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae: Eumeninae) in Crimea. Entomological Review, 95 (4), 472 - 485. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0013873815040090" type="journal article">Martynova &amp; Fateryga 2015</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The first cell with the cuckoo wasp was found in the largest nest with four cells which was dissected after its sealing by the female of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF94BF2125A1ADEB061E4FDC" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" box="[929,1371,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="437" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF94BF2125A1ADEB061E4FDC" box="[929,1371,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="437">Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This cell contained a young chrysidid larva. It consumed three of the five 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF95BF2025B5AAB9071148B0" box="[949,1108,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Megalodontesidae" genus="Megalodontes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF95BF2025B5AAB9071148B0" box="[949,1108,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">Megalodontes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae stored there and then spun a cocoon. Thus, this cuckoo wasp acted as a cleptoparasite. Unfortunately, it died inside its cocoon. The second cell with the cuckoo wasp was the second cell in the branched two-celled nest (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF95BF202293AAF107AA48F8" box="[1171,1263,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–8" captionStartId="5.[151,263,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[196,1391,579,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,553,1763]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 7–8. Schematic plans of nests and the immature instars of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 7. Plans of five dissected nests, lateral view (A, a freshly excavated nest; B, complete linear nest with three cells; C, complete branched nest with two cells, D and E, complete nests with one cell; 1–3, cell numbers); 8. An egg and a prepupa in the cocoon, lateral view (A, mud plug of the cell; B, prey remains; C, prey feces; D, multilayered part of the cocoon; E, thick one-layered mudcontaining part of the cocoon; F, meconium)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169915/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
); this nest was dissected in 2017, a month after they had been sealed by the female wasp. The cell contained the cocoon of the cuckoo wasp along with two 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF95BF2027E4AB0901C64940" box="[484,643,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Megalodontesidae" genus="Megalodontes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF95BF2027E4AB0901C64940" box="[484,643,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">Megalodontes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae which were not consumed by the cleptoparasite. The chrysidid prepupa in the cocoon had not pupated before the present paper was submitted. Cocoons of the observed cuckoo wasp were remarkable. They consisted of two layers and were not different from the cocoons of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF95BF2022FFAB4106D94988" box="[1279,1436,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysididae" genus="Chrysis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="valesiana">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF95BF2022FFAB4106D94988" box="[1279,1436,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">Ch. valesiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
observed in the nests of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF95BF2027A6ABBB004F49AD" authority="(von Schulthess)" authorityName="von Schulthess" box="[422,778,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paravespa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rex">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF95BF2027A6ABBB010D49AC" box="[422,584,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">Paravespa rex</emphasis>
(von Schulthess)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4D251E8BFF95BF202518ABBA077749AC" box="[792,1074,404,428]" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" refId="ref7586" refString="Fateryga, A. V. &amp; Ivanov, S. P. (2013) Nesting biology of Paravespa rex (von Schulthess 1924) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) in the Crimea, Ukraine. Zootaxa, 3721 (6), 589 - 600. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3721.6.5" type="journal article">Fateryga &amp; Ivanov 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="290B637AFF95BF2026C7AB99000E4A18" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">
Other observed cells of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF95BF2027E1AB9701B449D0" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" box="[481,753,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF95BF2027E1AB9701B449D0" box="[481,753,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">P. signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were free of parasites. However, all larvae from the nests dissected in July, 2015 and in June, 2017 (during the provisioning period and directly after they had been sealed by the females) died during their transportation to the laboratory.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="290B637AFF95BF2026C7A80B005B4AF0" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">
Two ant species were observed disturbing the nesting females of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF95BF2025E9A80B07BA4A3C" authorityName=": Kurzenko" authorityYear="1977" box="[1001,1279,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Eumenidae" genus="Paragymnomerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="signaticollis" subSpecies="tauricus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF95BF2025E9A80B07BA4A3C" box="[1001,1279,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">P. signaticollis tauricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF95BF202314A80A02D74A60" authority="(Nylander)" authorityName="Nylander" baseAuthorityName="Nylander" baseAuthorityYear="1849" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cataglyphis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aenescens">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF95BF202314A80A024C4A60" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">Cataglyphis aenescens</emphasis>
(Nylander)
</taxonomicName>
and rarely 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF95BF202427A86700244A60" authority="(Latreille)" authorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[551,865,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Messor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="structor">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF95BF202427A86701A44A60" box="[551,737,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">Messor structor</emphasis>
(Latreille)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF95BF202577A86607504A60" box="[887,1045,584,608]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF95BF202227A86907E94A60" box="[1063,1196,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
). They attacked the females to steal portions of water which had been regurgitated by the wasps to make a mortar. This behavior of the ants was observed only at the beginning of the excavation of the nest burrow and at the ending of the sealing of the nest by the females. The ants, however, did not cause a significant inconvenience to the wasps—the females immediately drove them away and returned to their work.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="290B637AFF95BF2026C7A8D2008D4BA5" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">
Nearly 85% of the nests had been abandoned by females before the excavation of the nest burrow was finished. Most of them were left for no visible reason; one nest contained a dead female wasp which had also died for unknown reason. One nest was left because the female had been disturbed by humans. The burrows of four abandoned nests were occupied by nests of two bee species: 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF95BF202550A94907D94B80" authority="(Latreille)" authorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1799" box="[848,1180,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Hoplitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="papaveris">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF95BF202550A94907644B80" box="[848,1057,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">Hoplitis papaveris</emphasis>
(Latreille)
</taxonomicName>
(three nests) (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF95BF202340A94906D64B80" box="[1344,1427,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–20" captionStartId="7.[151,263,1760,1782]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,265,1739]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 15–20. Bionomics of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 15. A female stinging the larva of Megalodontes sp. taken out from its web; 16. A female feeding on the larva of Megalodontes sp.; 17. Larvae of Megalodontes sp. and a young larva of P. signaticollis tauricus from a single wasp cell; 18. A cell containing the hibernating prepupa of the wasp; 19. Abandoned nest occupied by Hoplitis papaveris; 20. Courtship. Scale bars = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169919/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF95BF2026C6A9A202B44BA5" authority="Alfken" authorityName="Alfken" authorityYear="1924" box="[198,497,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Megachile" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilidens">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF95BF2026C6A9A202D84BA5" box="[198,413,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">Megachile pilidens</emphasis>
Alfken
</taxonomicName>
(one nest) (
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF95BF202475A9A200564BA4" box="[629,787,908,932]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF95BF20251EA9A200F94BA5" box="[798,956,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megachilidae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="290B637AFF95BF2026C7A99E07314C7C" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">
One observed nest with the turret broken by humans was not abandoned by the female. Instead, she threw two stored sawfly larvae out of the nest burrow and then she started to deepen the nest burrow and to construct a new turret. The egg was probably also discarded in that case. Another observed nest with the turret accidentally broken during the observations was also not abandoned. This time the female, however, did not throw any contents of the cell. Instead, she took the mud for the new turret from lateral walls of the nest burrow and the latter became more curved (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF95BF2026F2AE4A020C4C7C" box="[242,329,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–8" captionStartId="5.[151,263,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[196,1391,579,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,553,1763]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 7–8. Schematic plans of nests and the immature instars of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 7. Plans of five dissected nests, lateral view (A, a freshly excavated nest; B, complete linear nest with three cells; C, complete branched nest with two cells, D and E, complete nests with one cell; 1–3, cell numbers); 8. An egg and a prepupa in the cocoon, lateral view (A, mud plug of the cell; B, prey remains; C, prey feces; D, multilayered part of the cocoon; E, thick one-layered mudcontaining part of the cocoon; F, meconium)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169915/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
). Then, she demolished the newly constructed turret and sealed the nest.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="290B637AFF95BF2026C7AEA902EC4D9D" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF95BF2026C7AEA9023F4CA0" bold="true" box="[199,378,1159,1184]" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">Male behavior.</emphasis>
Males were recorded at the hunting site in 
<date id="5D0A45BAFF95BF202566AEA900A14CA0" box="[870,996,1159,1184]" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" value="2015" valueMax="2017">2015–2017</date>
and at the second nesting site in 2017. They made patrolling flights around the plants of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF95BF2024E2AE8200DA4CC4" box="[738,927,1196,1221]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Seseli" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tortuosum">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF95BF2024E2AE8200DA4CC4" box="[738,927,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">Seseli tortuosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
infested by the 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF95BF202262AE8206444CC5" box="[1122,1281,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Megalodontesidae" genus="Megalodontes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF95BF202262AE8206444CC5" box="[1122,1281,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">Megalodontes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae at the hunting site and along the dirt road at the second nesting site in 2017. In the latter case they sometimes set on small stones near nests and waited for females; these males attacked females arriving to nests but the females generally rejected them immediately. A courtship was observed only once on a branch of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF95BF20221BAF36063A4D30" authority="Klokov" authorityName="Klokov" box="[1051,1407,1303,1328]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Centaurea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lavrenkoana">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF95BF20221BAF3606664D30" box="[1051,1315,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">Centaurea lavrenkoana</emphasis>
Klokov
</taxonomicName>
in the steppe near the second nesting site in 2017 (
<figureCitation id="B18F7FFFFF95BF2024B2AF1200434D54" box="[690,774,1340,1365]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–20" captionStartId="7.[151,263,1760,1782]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,265,1739]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,265,1739]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 15–20. Bionomics of Paragymnomerus signaticollis tauricus. 15. A female stinging the larva of Megalodontes sp. taken out from its web; 16. A female feeding on the larva of Megalodontes sp.; 17. Larvae of Megalodontes sp. and a young larva of P. signaticollis tauricus from a single wasp cell; 18. A cell containing the hibernating prepupa of the wasp; 19. Abandoned nest occupied by Hoplitis papaveris; 20. Courtship. Scale bars = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1169919/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
). Copulation was not observed. Adult feeding of the males was recorded on flowers of 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF95BF2027D1AF4F018C4D78" box="[465,713,1375,1400]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chamaedrys">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF95BF2027D1AF4F018C4D78" box="[465,713,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">Teucrium chamaedrys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. and 
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF95BF202520AF4F00E94D78" box="[800,940,1377,1400]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Teucrium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capitatum">
<emphasis id="1BC0BF68FF95BF202520AF4F00E94D78" box="[800,940,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="438">T. capitatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<taxonomicName id="EEB418F9FF95BF2025DBAF71071E4D78" authorityName="" authorityYear="1820" box="[987,1115,1375,1400]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="438" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
). No males were recorded at the water collecting site.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>