358 lines
39 KiB
XML
358 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="287679" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.8.114527" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e13392ec-8851-40da-9403-4f2574646f10" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2535-0730-1-15" ID-Pensoft-UUID="9667B588C08053D1BC52E6807E89A599" ID-ZooBank="42D6D571379D4EB0BC8DB3134A4E0912" ModsDocID="2535-0730-8-1-15" checkinTime="1707483718867" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Arteaga, Alejandro, Pyron, R. Alexander, Batista, Abel, Vieira, Jose, Meneses Pelayo, Elson, Smith, Eric N., Barrio Amoros, Cesar L., Koch, Claudia, Agne, Stefanie, Valencia, Jorge H., Bustamante, Lucas & Harris, Kyle J." docDate="2024" docId="9E7E485CAEF95F16813F2D6353A81373" docLanguage="en" docName="EvolutSyst 8(1): 15-64" docOrigin="Evolutionary Systematics 8 (1)" docPubDate="2024-02-08" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.8.114527" docTitle="Bothriechis rahimi Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris 2024, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="0178468C-8CE0-433A-8DEB-356E26FFA3BD" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" id="9667B588C08053D1BC52E6807E89A599" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="9667B588C08053D1BC52E6807E89A599" masterDocTitle="Systematic revision of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper Bothriechis schlegelii (Serpentes, Viperidae), with the description of five new species and revalidation of three" masterLastPageNumber="64" masterPageNumber="15" pageNumber="15" updateTime="1732668639335" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="873A049D8E34D67B12B45E0204A8010E">Systematic revision of the Eyelash Palm-Pitviper Bothriechis schlegelii (Serpentes, Viperidae), with the description of five new species and revalidation of three</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FF5446438A105A927EC422D99C3E1CE8">Arteaga, Alejandro</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A0FE3E39099FA0DA64C760B2ADEBBCAC">Khamai Foundation, Quito, Ecuador & Tropical Herping S. A., Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="2B0B9E959D40B58AB7B2AC9AA169A139" type="email">af.arteaga.navarro@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="B28EAFF6CF395A1F51B838B0CE92A60D">Pyron, R. Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3BFB2E47A4C6AC91B5E09E6A79BCECA4">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA & Division of Amphibians & Reptiles, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D291AB47420B84A26E8FA00133EFF005">Batista, Abel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D9A18F2B1D46AA5E328B1DAE70D53213">Universidad Autonoma de Chiriqui (UNACHI), Instituto Interdisciplinario de Investigacion e Innovacion, David, Panama & Fundacion Los Naturalistas, Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama & Sistema Nacional de Investigacion (SNI), SENACYT, Clayton Panama, Panama</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="97CBBF765FB5E0E7FCFB805FAF0C63AC">Vieira, Jose</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="EBA2CB0F9E17FA6DAF8131FAC984C293">Tropical Herping S. A., Quito, Ecuador & ExSitu, Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1AACEADD6D3F310C72F2348D88ABD3C4">Meneses Pelayo, Elson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CF380E97B43ECE047EA7A07956F17E8D">Grupo de Estudios en Anfibios y Reptiles de Santander, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="879294E258159BEBC43C6901B8F06E40">Smith, Eric N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C48E08B6BA3BE8941572E3274FE431AB">Grupo de Estudios en Biodiversidad, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="015ACEECBE4939DA9999649519E4127E">Barrio Amoros, Cesar L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="553F25DD3C68BDC3134A795837B60326">Amphibian and Reptile Diversity Research Center, Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A0C89CCDA87780E8A269A9D8FDE096C9">Koch, Claudia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="1ACB1B7427D0EC9D8EDF549F3426ACE5" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7115-2816</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="FF12133BCC5A9BF6C0B47789522C2346">CRWild, Bahia Ballena, Uvita, Costa Rica</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A5F0FAC75229C2627DC187C9A5853D04">Agne, Stefanie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="436B65D215B2722EE3253204E79385D5">Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (LIB), Museum Koenig, Bonn, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D917B6B505802A4C39884DBE91CB82A5">Valencia, Jorge H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8B71E974C4835B2DDAF3FF6C2E30EFD8">Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany & Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecologia, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7D4773A0D14D55E9AF266E953E82515F">Bustamante, Lucas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F5BD2B2BE29482B2452F0B7044663D43">Tropical Herping S. A., Quito, Ecuador & Red de Biogeografia y Ecologia Espacial (BioGeo 2), Universidad Regional Amazonica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5654CD6BC1EDF7DCD622E11FE89BF8B1">Harris, Kyle J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A39969EAA1290BA1731BD3B43F39FB78">Savia Fund, Quito, Ecuador</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="80367B9D46D92124A6EB47B4E4A0A73F">Evolutionary Systematics</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="FDC0BCA686A2EA92B0DB7D8865F8FE98">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="9E7E485CAEF95F16813F2D6353A81373" ID-GBIF-Taxon="221225631" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0178468C-8CE0-433A-8DEB-356E26FFA3BD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E7E485CAEF95F16813F2D6353A81373" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" scope_family="Viperidae">
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<subSubSection id="96FE0CD80E7F1CFF0FC71E15D5E1D940" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="F384F157A70BC8FB8A70B01487F4AEDB" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="A80105D92C9C8DD6259622079E6D1DA4" LSID="https://zoobank.org/0178468C-8CE0-433A-8DEB-356E26FFA3BD" authority="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris, 2024" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis rahimi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="rahimi" status="sp. nov.">Bothriechis rahimi</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="B61E15E1ECA314BE6A315915FE5EFB49" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="328140DF9850747AB1506A013E3E3785" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="description">
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<paragraph id="56139A1ED9DC2A030C7D5E591DF83A55" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<figureCitation id="AC711C3D6698A6492F2D5BDFB226EE2C" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Adult female holotype of Bothriechis rahimi sp. nov. ZSFQ 5055 in a. Dorsal and b. Ventral view. Photos by Alejandro Arteaga." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981711" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figs 25</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="3316A9B740CB9D93D505977DD9817413" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Photographs of living specimens of Bothriechis rahimi sp. nov. from Tundaloma Lodge, Esmeraldas province, Ecuador. a. Adult female; b. MZUTI 3325 adult male; and c. ZSFQ 5053 adult female. Photos by Lucas Bustamante, Alejandro Arteaga, and Frank Pichardo." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981712" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">, 26</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="571B4D48E4C94EA5D107454530EEE470" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="type material">
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<paragraph id="9AF7A67F4F449EEA7FF9E35E051CB107" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="484D4626C287DF9C859F69EE910D5896" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<emphasis id="F03EDB163488DA576FFE2BE5CDA1179C" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Holotype</emphasis>
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: ZSFQ 5055 (18), adult female collected on January 1, 2017 at Tundaloma Lodge, Esmeraldas province, Ecuador (
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<geoCoordinate id="36A34183D7E0D6089B3E34860D35EC99" degrees="1.18236" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="1.18236">1.18236</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="B9E1F191044E053DF805EEACA5635048" degrees="78.7525" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-78.7525">-78.7525</geoCoordinate>
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; 74 m).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B98D75D18304FED3508D4B98391FD4E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<emphasis id="922D6D42CE7AC855AB7BCA36CA820F00" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Paratypes</emphasis>
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: All labeled
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<taxonomicName id="797403BA77241DFE8C7896CBE93F991C" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis rahimi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="rahimi">
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<emphasis id="030344B29E87418A360F993801C153D6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis rahimi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. in Suppl. material 1.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="44E304EE02249B23B408C31666B935DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="proposed standard english name">
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<paragraph id="CAD8D18A52F2D83D1BB7F858F2EF9018" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Proposed standard English name.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F7CF68EE85E7156D192A1843B6925494" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<normalizedToken id="EA518E8FD6DCDAF6F1915E7AB1BB2D83" originalValue="Rahim’s">Rahim's</normalizedToken>
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Eyelash-Pitviper.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C1269A5A8B09026880FAF22EDF49D307" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="proposed standard spanish name">
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<paragraph id="CDD6E34729C59CAFCAC96C8DB184CB87" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Proposed standard Spanish name.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="87225FF0D93BC42A21958D6A6F45D0B2" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<normalizedToken id="6EE0D58D4C641E408D20AC66C034E634" originalValue="Víbora">Vibora</normalizedToken>
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de
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<normalizedToken id="D358A74236919A889BE2A7F6C1EB44FA" originalValue="pestañas">pestanas</normalizedToken>
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de Rahim.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8670CAAA4EEDD24AB300B10611637ECB" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="C87F3A231AF97258A8044663496EC71A" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="149677DBB92A64DC5BA1E6B816AB6E04" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
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<taxonomicName id="AF3780E12A645439D064A8320F9CBE80" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis rahimi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="rahimi">
|
||
<emphasis id="9454D97B56666B449677820554D561BA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis rahimi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is diagnosed based on the following combination of characters: (1) two or three raised triangular or spinelike supraciliary scales; (2) anterior dorsal head scales keeled; (3) gular scales much smaller than chinshields; (4) 8-13 interoculolabials; (5) 4-5 canthals, some raised slightly forming a ridge along the canthus; (6) loreal not in contact with preocular; (7) yellow morph present; (8) dorsal bands pink and faint; (9) opposing kidney shaped dorsal marks absent; (10) black speckles on dorsal scales absent; (11) black speckling on ventral surfaces absent; (12) ventral surfaces entirely white in some individuals; (13) iris pale straw yellow with fine black speckles; (14) 21-23 dorsal scale rows at mid-body; (15) 137-145 ventrals in males, 146-151 in females; (16) maximum total length in males 336 mm, in females 494 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="84059277EC413E5994FE74786EAECB0A" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="comparisons">
|
||
<paragraph id="0F7AF16BC67DB2A24A71D7BFC00C646B" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Comparisons.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4BAAB86AC83AE66AE113E31ABC58E207" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DB697DC12ED606EFE0241DE0B441F388" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis rahimi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="rahimi">
|
||
<emphasis id="9534BABD0A14E768F5AF90B0F30B55A6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis rahimi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is compared to other species of the genus previously subsumed under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="844F16A8923B55B12267BF9D825CCC38" lsidName="B. schlegelii" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="schlegelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="599217AB45AD2239E30B387A80433E04" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. schlegelii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="AF443E442952E7E1B58E0665BE389E3A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">sensu lato</emphasis>
|
||
(differences summarized in Table
|
||
<tableCitation id="E7263FC129656DD465E0D5CB3517483E" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Differences in coloration, scale counts, hemipenial architecture, size, and median lethal dose (LD 50), between members of the Bothriechis schlegelii species complex. The range of each continuous variable is from our own sample (Suppl. material 1), Kuch and Freire (1995), and Solorzano et al. (1998)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4C8B465DA02061B16CBCD59564B9E214" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" tableUuid="4C8B465DA02061B16CBCD59564B9E214">2</tableCitation>
|
||
). It differs from all of them by having supraciliaries raised, anterior dorsal head scales keeled, 8-13 interoculolabials, faint pink dorsal bands, and low number of ventrals in both males and females. It is one of the two members of the SA
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8E368DA5C8E22AF371CA772461B7B0C" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1859" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="783027303E35F7E06BDD29FC4AFEC974" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group where the golden morph has been recorded (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="2DFB96C535FC2D85456E8EBFA2C821EF" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Photographs of living specimens of Bothriechis rahimi sp. nov. from Tundaloma Lodge, Esmeraldas province, Ecuador. a. Adult female; b. MZUTI 3325 adult male; and c. ZSFQ 5053 adult female. Photos by Lucas Bustamante, Alejandro Arteaga, and Frank Pichardo." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981712" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">26c</figureCitation>
|
||
), albeit it is not identical to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F248238C1CB499158FDB6562F9B7F864" lsidName="B. nigroadspersus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nigroadspersus">
|
||
<emphasis id="22CBE584C19351592251DB5A5723AFD8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nigroadspersus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
golden morph (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="40DEA88F21489EB6F09BE0C72E9A0CE4" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Photographs of some specimens of Bothriechis nigroadspersus in life. a. Adult female from a private collection in Costa Rica; b. MHCH 3269 adult from Guabito, Bocas del Toro province, Panama; c. Subadult from Parque Nacional Gandoca Manzanillo, Limon province, Costa Rica; d. Adult from a private collection in Costa Rica; e, f. Juveniles from Parque Nacional Gandoca Manzanillo, Limon province, Costa Rica; g. MHCH 3268 adult female from Porton, Chiriqui province, Panama; h. MHCH 3266 adult female from Chucanti Reserve, Darien province, Panama; i. Subadult from Parque Nacional Gandoca Manzanillo, Limon province, Costa Rica; j. Adult female from a private collection in Costa Rica; k. FP 001 from Cerro Gaital, Cocle province, Panama; l. MHCH 3267 juvenile male from Chucanti Reserve, Darien province, Panama. Photos by Jose Vieira." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981691" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">5a-c</figureCitation>
|
||
), as it has faint pink bands.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B1FF2E18D35F80EE860781B77117009" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis rahimi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="rahimi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7DC88B7A25BD985F79AA2469F221D85D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis rahimi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7EAF561FC8E426BEC7C3E2871D14256" lsidName="B. torvus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="torvus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4EBCD7DD59D2B64431536EEE60BD059B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. torvus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A90FC432B58D0E0C0B72AEE07375EB34" lsidName="B. nitidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8F8151EB870B514299388B1AE35689F1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. From the former, the new species differs by being smaller in body size, having less than 148 ventrals in males, supraciliaries spinelike (vs broad and triangular), and presence of yellow morph and red morph. From
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C6645F7BB83591DDC74E644E191806C4" lsidName="B. nitidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D022732D3C15B8CDAF8D8D32399DDED" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the new species differs by being smaller in body size, having raised supraciliaries (vs low), a higher number of canthals (4-5 vs 2-3) and interoculolabials (8-13 vs 3-8), scales on the anterior dorsal surface of the head keeled (vs smooth), presence of a yellow morph, and lack of a green morph (all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F751D8358F1E8AE79C8DBDB8846BFC96" lsidName="B. nitidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5B3270F1BBE4E2F38211B4B71782C562" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
examined are green; Suppl. material 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6E967DC21600F47E27F90CDFB963D073" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981711" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" start="Figure 25" startId="F25">
|
||
<paragraph id="B293F0741F45D5CE8F7D601262D038F2" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="9980DFF926DD5F306C947B05AC675FA0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figure 25.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult female holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6B6006CE0F384E7065C6DDE5973DC99" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis rahimi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="rahimi">
|
||
<emphasis id="CCACF12D3B02934FC59BBA5B3EA224C5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis rahimi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. ZSFQ 5055 in
|
||
<emphasis id="19D41F886CFEC595B73FED9C1565228D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">a.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal and
|
||
<emphasis id="75BD3B4997826263718D34B723078335" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">b.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral view. Photos by Alejandro Arteaga.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="9195BC1317CEF05FEFAA3056CE244E34" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981712" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" start="Figure 26" startId="F26">
|
||
<paragraph id="095F298B36A69A180863220CF4ADCE51" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="24A9EFFC91FA0781F81CFCEC6C928C0F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Figure 26.</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs of living specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2E14708C6AB93B0EB7AE4F04790DA1E" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis rahimi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="rahimi">
|
||
<emphasis id="70DE5694CE657DAEE259C5DA7F3A3F11" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis rahimi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. from Tundaloma Lodge, Esmeraldas province, Ecuador.
|
||
<emphasis id="BDE4B34B583B3C62E80EE91BAB4A7F6E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">a.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult female;
|
||
<emphasis id="053A6E0CD74AF4569BB674BC7F9FE423" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">b.</emphasis>
|
||
MZUTI 3325 adult male; and
|
||
<emphasis id="A94C9F4BCD323CA98D2B03DB7633A301" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">c.</emphasis>
|
||
ZSFQ 5053 adult female. Photos by Lucas Bustamante, Alejandro Arteaga, and Frank Pichardo.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1AC7533571832184004B3E769D535CCD" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="51B223393226D03400A49DE3E86DBB10" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Description of holotype.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="373671132F77F047FAB014EB6CA0E01E" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
An adult female, SVL 374 mm, tail length 71 mm (18.9% SVL); head length 26.8 mm (7.2% SVL) from tip of snout to angle of jaw; head width 20.5 mm (76.5% head length) taken at broadest point; rostral broader than high (3.2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A73A29574EF1496624E16FAE82DA9C94" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.5 mm); nasal divided and not fused with first supralabial; loreal about 1/5 size of pit, contacting postnasal, canthals, prelacunal, and supralacunal; prefoveals 4/2; subfoveals 1/0; postfoveals 0; prelacunal fused with second supralabial; sublacunals 2/2; supralacunal elongated and in contact with orbit; preoculars 1/1 (2/2 if supralacunal is considered a preocular); suboculars 1/1; postoculars 2/3; loreal pit large, directed anteriorly, located slightly below line drawn from center of eye to naris; supralabials 9/8 (including lacunolabial); infralabials 12/12, first pair meet posteriorly; mental broader than long (3.2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B45FF92B1D712264344B1BBBBA062020" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.8 mm); 1 pair of chinshields; 6 pairs of gulars between chinshields and preventrals; preventrals 1; anterior internasals 3; canthals 4/5; 2/2 triangular and raised supraciliary scales; supraoculars oblong with irregular borders, 1.8
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D35EA50B79D36FA4826CF26669205F9D" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than wide; intersupraoculars 6; anterior dorsal head scales keeled; posterior head scales keeled; interrictals 30; dorsal scale rows 27/23/19; ventrals 151; cloacal plate entire; 51 undivided subcaudals; tail prehensile.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9A21AA23AA12EC974C7840EB60D649DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph id="FA17BBD6A31A719F97C9C0731D60193A" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="33C363517816E9DC0260A127234927C5" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FA3F3F076500626F89C0BAC17CA832BD" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis rahimi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="rahimi">
|
||
<emphasis id="5E816B9E93B36C08FA9F93CA47CD73C5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis rahimi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is an arboreal snake that inhabits evergreen lowland forests usually within 25 km from the coastline. We have found vipers of this species active at night perched on stems, branches, and tangled vegetation 0.4-8 m above the ground. One individual was perched in hunting posture on a heliconia stem facing the flowers of the plant, presumably on the wait for hummingbirds. One individual was found feeding on a treefrog (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B64C8BFEFA71B957A17A4FCAEC9A3D96" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1862" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Smilisca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Smilisca phaeota" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phaeota">
|
||
<emphasis id="EA6C42CBE3A1BF8B7336FAB2D884828A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Smilisca phaeota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and another one regurgitated an unidentified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A1AD3BF7FADDDDA019DCE8D0FA08B51C" class="Amphibia" family="Craugastoridae" genus="Pristimantis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pristimantis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="47AC7AF8689456600F8BE346D9FA666A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Pristimantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, probably
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9D21E251D526ACD8D4F4F1A821EB55B7" lsidName="P. esmeraldas" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="esmeraldas">
|
||
<emphasis id="870A02C39E880B76EFD3882568815A53" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">P. esmeraldas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(field observations by Javier Aznar and JHV).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A3C3966233A4DDF1C3DA5F1259F08217" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="venom">
|
||
<paragraph id="1192907575C62A34C2EBF3B7085175DD" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Venom.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="70BEAD53726124F3D5FBEFB17590F613" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">We know of only one snakebite cause by this species in Ecuador. A photographer was bitten on the right index finger by MZUTI 3332. The victim experienced intense local pain and swelling but recovered shortly after receiving three doses of polyvalent antivenom (elaborated by Instituto Clodomiro Picado).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1124FCEB84214E542DE5FC15D148928E" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="4BEDAA889C043F1263EFFFB0DE62BF74" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1A73BB08124C57CD0BF2254590101B34" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FB7E6C2334399E8D986B435231B440A9" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis rahimi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="rahimi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B50040CAA1C3A33A5E1A3F407DFDA91C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis rahimi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is known from at least 12 localities (listed in Suppl. material 3) along the mouths of the rivers Esmeraldas, Santiago, Cayapas, and Mira in extreme northwestern Ecuador and southwestern Colombia. The species occurs over an area of approximately 6,003 km2 of the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="43E19A3BFEBF77FAB022058A5F75AF05" originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
|
||
biome and has been recorded at elevations of 11-200 m above sea level (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="DCBFEC1E8155872E6EE53E28536F4715" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of species of Bothriechis previously subsumed under B. schlegelii sensu lato. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 2. Lime green shade in southeastern Panama represents overlap between between B. nigroadspersus and B. torvus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981689" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Approximately 7.6% of the predicted area of distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="18B8E90DEE047CADA94CA06F12310456" lsidName="B. rahimi" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="rahimi">
|
||
<emphasis id="E2E8845068E44AFFB2E1D6C684C7332D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. rahimi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. overlaps with that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFCE27237E56824FFC0AB03BCECEE79B" lsidName="B. nitidus" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="nitidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E823651BFDEFD4E72746497668534117" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. nitidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but we did not find evidence of sympatry between the two species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0D25F9B5A9ECD50DA692C68BBB6369EE" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="174286E2B8F55BBB520789FF38D6640E" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="275CF358437CE9FF50038C41CFC09CED" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
The specific epithet
|
||
<emphasis id="AF1C46BD1A07D8CDA9DEEF4EF6ADE2E2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">rahimi</emphasis>
|
||
is a patronym honoring Prince Rahim Aga Khan, a firm environmentalist who has inspired many with his work focused on tackling climate change, primarily in countries where the Aga Khan Development Network is active, alongside his brother Prince Hussain Aga Khan.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DC597BE72C4AC56F82206C045B70500A" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph id="5D7E4A1D87A60C132249E6E6C4BA4091" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B0C7C3F82C5F19C62B88131B26B6CE15" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">
|
||
We consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8DE8C34EC60E7EA9E098A7862929FE7" authorityName="Arteaga & Pyron & Batista & Vieira & Meneses Pelayo & Smith & Barrio Amorós & Koch & Agne & Valencia & Bustamante & Harris" authorityYear="2024" family="Viperidae" genus="Bothriechis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bothriechis rahimi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="rahimi">
|
||
<emphasis id="F70102785516FF1F6D2DE9F96D366203" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">Bothriechis rahimi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. to be included in the Vulnerable category following the IUCN criteria B1a, b (i, iii, iv) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="468186037F7204DB94CE6DE06E4E0412" author="Hurtado-Gomez, JP" journalOrPublisher="BSc thesis, Universidad de Antioquia" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B48" refString="IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List categories and criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition.IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland and Cambridge, 32 pp." year="2009">IUCN 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), because the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8C916D7D8CE5AE9956AC9E3715E940CE" originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
extent of occurrence is estimated to be much less than 20,000 km2 (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="37D15EEE8986C9E23C8C49CB66B5E465" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of species of Bothriechis previously subsumed under B. schlegelii sensu lato. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 2. Lime green shade in southeastern Panama represents overlap between between B. nigroadspersus and B. torvus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981689" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
|
||
) and its habitat is severely fragmented and declining in extent and quality due to deforestation. Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="461437E0A73A20675208338122B3E23D" lsidName="B. rahimi" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" rank="species" species="rahimi">
|
||
<emphasis id="67592BD24A581A5688A1BF3923FA74B4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">B. rahimi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. occurs in two protected areas (Reserva
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DCB2BCDC7D1BB3CC42FD890B5DD24BDC" originalValue="Awá">Awa</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Refugio de Vida Silvestre La Chiquita), the remaining ten localities where the species has been recorded (Suppl. material 3) are in heavily human-modified areas. Based on the species distribution model presented in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="36BD0F78A5E3048A419428592BA8211B" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of species of Bothriechis previously subsumed under B. schlegelii sensu lato. Each colored area is a geographic representation of the suitable environmental conditions for one of the clades recovered in the phylogeny of Fig. 2. Lime green shade in southeastern Panama represents overlap between between B. nigroadspersus and B. torvus." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/981689" pageId="0" pageNumber="15">3</figureCitation>
|
||
in combination with maps of vegetation cover of Colombia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B56FEB6C7483EFDD23E14093C9E4FBF8" author="Hurtado-Gomez, JP" journalOrPublisher="BSc thesis, Universidad de Antioquia" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B47" refString="IDEAM (2014) Mapa de cobertura de la tierra adaptada para Colombia." year="2009">IDEAM 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Ecuador (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="282B323B893DE6A3D26793AA282C0038" author="Lotzkat, S" journalOrPublisher="PhD thesis, Goethe-Universitaet in Frankfurt am Main" pageId="0" pageNumber="15" refId="B59" refString="MAE (2012) Línea base de deforestación del Ecuador continental.Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador, Quito, 30 pp." year="2014">MAE 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we estimate that nearly 49% of the forest cover throughout the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="67A62AD76878B55756F06AEFE908CC32" originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
potential distribution area has been destroyed, mostly due to the expansion of the agricultural frontier.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |