209 lines
21 KiB
XML
209 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.544.6074" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0e5e47a0-f8f3-4039-b0e1-c159fef0b9f6" ID-PMC="PMC4714384" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-544-1" ID-PubMed="26798289" ID-ZBK="C5978BD0145B40F8ACDEB27371B7B9A4" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-544-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 544" ModsDocTitle="The Mecyclothorax beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) of Haleakala-, Maui: Keystone of a hyperdiverse Hawaiian radiation" checkinTime="1451243640953" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Liebherr, James K." docDate="2015" docId="9D0A643D321CA75A65D9521313C4BDC6" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 544: 1-407" docOrigin="ZooKeys 544" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.544.6074" docTitle="Mecyclothorax laetus" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="140" masterDocId="FF92FFC2FF9FFFC7191EFFB8FF91AF5D" masterDocTitle="The Mecyclothorax beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) of Haleakala-, Maui: Keystone of a hyperdiverse Hawaiian radiation" masterLastPageNumber="407" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="139" updateTime="1668162300918" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The Mecyclothorax beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Moriomorphini) of Haleakala-, Maui: Keystone of a hyperdiverse Hawaiian radiation</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Liebherr, James K.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>544</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>407</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.544.6074</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.544.6074</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-544-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">C5978BD0145B40F8ACDEB27371B7B9A4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">C5978BD0145B40F8ACDEB27371B7B9A4</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127853580" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9D0A643D321CA75A65D9521313C4BDC6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9D0A643D321CA75A65D9521313C4BDC6" lastPageId="139" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
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<subSubSection pageId="138" pageNumber="139" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="138" pageNumber="139">Taxon classification Animalia Coleoptera Carabidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="138" pageNumber="139" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
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(054)
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<taxonomicName authority="Blackburn" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax laetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laetus">Mecyclothorax laetus (Blackburn)</taxonomicName>
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Figs 62H, 70
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<normalizedToken originalValue="J–M">J-M</normalizedToken>
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, 73A, 74A, 75
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="138" pageNumber="139" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyclothorax laetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laetus">Cyclothorax laetus</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Blackburn, T" journalOrPublisher="The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine" pageId="307" pageNumber="308" pagination="226 - 229" title="Characters of new genera and descriptions of new species of Geodephaga from the Hawaiian Islands." volume="17" year="1881">Blackburn 1881</bibRefCitation>
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: 228;
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<bibRefCitation author="Blackburn, T" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs on the Coleoptera of the Hawaiian Islands (Ser 2)" pageId="307" pageNumber="308" pagination="119 - 290" volume="3" year="1885">Blackburn and Sharp 1885</bibRefCitation>
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: 216.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Thriscothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thriscothorax laetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laetus">Thriscothorax laetus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Sharp, D" editor="Sharp, D" journalOrPublisher="The University Press, Cambridge" pageId="310" pageNumber="311" pagination="175 - 292" title="Coleoptera II. Caraboidea." volumeTitle="Fauna Hawaiiensis" year="1903">Sharp 1903</bibRefCitation>
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: 262.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax laetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laetus">Mecyclothorax laetus</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Sharp, D" editor="Sharp, D" journalOrPublisher="The University Press, Cambridge" pageId="310" pageNumber="311" pagination="175 - 292" title="Coleoptera II. Caraboidea." volumeTitle="Fauna Hawaiiensis" year="1903">Sharp 1903</bibRefCitation>
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: 247;
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<bibRefCitation author="Britton, EB" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum" pageId="307" pageNumber="308" pagination="107 - 166" title="A revision of the Hawaiian species of Mecyclothorax (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Occasional Papers of the Bernice P." volume="19" year="1948 b">Britton 1948b</bibRefCitation>
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: 149 (synonymy, subsequent homonymy);
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<bibRefCitation author="Liebherr, JK" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York Entomological Society" pageId="309" pageNumber="310" pagination="97 - 128" title="New species of Mecyclothorax (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Psydrini) from Polipoli, Maui define an area of endemism on Haleakala Volcano, Hawaii." url="10.1664/0028-7199(2005)113" volume="113" year="2005 b">Liebherr 2005b</bibRefCitation>
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: 111.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Thriscothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thriscothorax subconstrictus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subconstrictus">Thriscothorax subconstrictus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Swezey, OH" journalOrPublisher="The Hawaiian Botanical Society and The Hawaiian Entomological Society, Honolulu" pageId="310" pageNumber="311" title="Forest Entomology in Hawaii: An annotated check-list of the insect faunas of the various components of the Hawaiian forests" year="1954">Swezey 1954</bibRefCitation>
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: 53, 60 (misidentification,
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<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Cibotiaceae" genus="Cibotium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cibotium" order="Cyatheales" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cibotium</taxonomicName>
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and rotten wood associate).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="138" pageNumber="139" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="138" pageNumber="139">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
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The rufobrunneous dorsal body color, narrow, cordate pronotum, and well-developed dorsal
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<normalizedToken originalValue="microsculpture–isodiametric">microsculpture-isodiametric</normalizedToken>
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on the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="elytra–will">elytra-will</normalizedToken>
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allow individuals of this species to be identified in the field using a hand lens (Fig. 73A). More microscopic characters amply diagnosis this species, including: 1, elytral parascutellar seta absent; 2, dorsal elytral setae absent, though a single seta may be present in rare instances; 3, vertex with shallow transverse mesh, sculpticell breadth 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length, and pronotal disc with transverse mesh, sculpticell breadth 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–3×">-3x</normalizedToken>
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length. Setal conformation is highly variable among individuals of this species, with the basal pronotal setae present or absent, and either both apical and subapical elytral setae, or just the subapical seta present. Setal formula 2 1-2 0(1) 1-2[sae]. Standardized body length 3.9-4.6 mm.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
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<paragraph pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
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Figure 73.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax ovipennis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovipennis">Mecyclothorax ovipennis</taxonomicName>
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group species, dorsal habitus view. A
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax laetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laetus">Mecyclothorax laetus</taxonomicName>
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(Kīpahulu, 1900 m) B
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax cordaticollis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cordaticollis">Mecyclothorax cordaticollis</taxonomicName>
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(Olinda-Ukulele Camp Pipeline, 1210-1524 m) C
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax cordaticollaris" order="Coleoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cordaticollaris">Mecyclothorax cordaticollaris</taxonomicName>
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(Kaupō Gap, 1170 m) D
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax subconstrictus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subconstrictus">Mecyclothorax subconstrictus</taxonomicName>
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(summit, 2895-3050 m).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="138" pageNumber="139" type="identification">
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<paragraph pageId="138" pageNumber="139">Identification</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
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(n = 5). The eyes are slightly to moderately convex, ocular ratio = 1.41-1.46, covering more than
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<normalizedToken originalValue="¾">3/4</normalizedToken>
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of the little protruded ocular lobe; ocular lobe ratio = 0.77-0.82. The antennae are submoniliform, with antennomeres 5-11 expanded apically. The pronotal lateral margin is distinctly concave anterad the right to acute hind angle, the basal sinuation extended for 1/7 the length of the pronotum. The pronotum is narrow to slightly transverse, MPW/PL = 1.13-1.23, with a somewhat variable basal constriction; MPW/BPW = 1.39-1.51. The narrow subquadrate elytra are flat medially, with discal striae 1-5 shallow and minutely punctate, stria 6 obsolete but traceable, and stria 7 absent. All intervals save the slightly convex sutural interval are only slightly convex to flat. When a single dorsal elytral seta is present, it is in the basal position; 0.24
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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elytral length.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
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Male genitalia (n = 3). Aedeagal median lobe moderately robust, distance between parameral articulation and tip 3.4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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depth at midlength (Fig. 70J, L); apex sinuously extended beyond ostial opening, apex dorsoventrally expanded, either more dorsally than ventrally (Fig. 70J), or broadly both ventrally and dorsally (Fig. 70
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<normalizedToken originalValue="L–M">L-M</normalizedToken>
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); median lobe straight in ventral view, but thin elongate apex offset toward right side of shaft, with right margin concave basad apex, and left margin distinctly incurved to meet apex, tip appearing tightly rounded from ventral aspect (Fig. 70K); internal sac broad, with broad, diffuse ventral ostial microtrichial field, otherwise covered only with fine microspicules (Fig. 70M); flagellar plate moderately large, length 0.49
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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parameral articulation-tip distance. That the variably expanded apex represents infraspecific variation is supported by both narrower and broader apices (Fig. 70J, L) being found in males from
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kīpahulu">Kīpahulu</normalizedToken>
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Valley, West Camp, 1900-1960 m elevation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
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Female reproductive tract (n = 1). Bursa copulatrix columnar, apical lobe set off by constriction, reminiscent of a ginger jar with small lid; overall length 0.83 mm, apical lobe 0.25 mm long
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.45 mm broad, shaft breadth 0.44 mm, and basal constriction 0.26 mm broad at vagina (Fig. 62H); bursal walls translucent, thinly wrinkled basally, apical lobe more wrinkled and less stained; gonocoxite 1 with 5 apical fringe setae, 6 smaller setae-1 at medioapical angle-along medial surface (Fig. 74A); gonocoxite 2 falcate with pointed apex, base broadly extended laterally, 2 short lateral ensiform setae, apical nematiform setae on medial surface at 0.77
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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gonocoxite length.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
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<paragraph pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
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Figure 74. Left female gonocoxa,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax ovipennis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ovipennis">Mecyclothorax ovipennis</taxonomicName>
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group species, ventral view. A
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax laetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laetus">Mecyclothorax laetus</taxonomicName>
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(Ukulele Camp Pipeline, 1495-1525 m) B
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax cordaticollis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cordaticollis">Mecyclothorax cordaticollis</taxonomicName>
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(nr. Ukulele Camp, 1525 m) C
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax cordaticollaris" order="Coleoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cordaticollaris">Mecyclothorax cordaticollaris</taxonomicName>
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(Kaupō Gap, 1495 m) D
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax subconstrictus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subconstrictus">Mecyclothorax subconstrictus</taxonomicName>
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(summit, 2895-3050 m) E
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax pusillus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusillus">Mecyclothorax pusillus</taxonomicName>
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(summit, 2895-3050 m) F
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax rusticus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rusticus">Mecyclothorax rusticus</taxonomicName>
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(summit, 2895-3050 m).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="139" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" type="lectotypes">
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<paragraph pageId="138" pageNumber="139">Lectotypes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="139" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
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For
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cyclothorax laetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laetus">Cyclothorax laetus</taxonomicName>
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Blackburn, male designated by
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<bibRefCitation author="Liebherr, JK" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York Entomological Society" pageId="309" pageNumber="310" pagination="97 - 128" title="New species of Mecyclothorax (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Psydrini) from Polipoli, Maui define an area of endemism on Haleakala Volcano, Hawaii." url="10.1664/0028-7199(2005)113" volume="113" year="2005 b">Liebherr (2005b</bibRefCitation>
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: 113). For
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax laetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laetus">Mecyclothorax laetus</taxonomicName>
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Sharp, female designated by
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<bibRefCitation author="Liebherr, JK" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the New York Entomological Society" pageId="309" pageNumber="310" pagination="97 - 128" title="New species of Mecyclothorax (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Psydrini) from Polipoli, Maui define an area of endemism on Haleakala Volcano, Hawaii." url="10.1664/0028-7199(2005)113" volume="113" year="2005 b">Liebherr (2005b</bibRefCitation>
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: 114).
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<pageBreakToken pageId="139" pageNumber="140" start="start">Type</pageBreakToken>
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locality for the former is Haleakala, Maui, ~4000 ft.; i.e. the Waikamoi area; type locality for the latter is Haleakala, Maui, 5000 ft. (R.C.L.P. lot 661;
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<bibRefCitation author="Anonymous," journalOrPublisher="Dept. of Entomology Library, The Natural History Museum, London" pageId="307" pageNumber="308" title="Key to numbers & localities of Mr. Perkins' Hawaiian insects" year="N D">Anonymous N D</bibRefCitation>
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), i.e. near Ukulele Camp.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="139" pageNumber="140" type="distribution and habitat">
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<paragraph pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax laetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laetus">Mecyclothorax laetus</taxonomicName>
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exhibits a very broad geographic distribution (Fig. 75), though the species is extensively absent from the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ke‘anae">Ke'anae</normalizedToken>
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Valley and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hanawī">Hanawī</normalizedToken>
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face of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Haleakalā">Haleakala</normalizedToken>
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. This absence is made the more peculiar by the very broad ecological preference suggested for this species by the disparate arrays of collecting situations. Consistent with occupation of the forests west of Waikamoi Gulch, this species has been found on mossy
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘ōhi‘a">'ōhi'a</normalizedToken>
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trunks, on
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<taxonomicName lsidName="koa" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" rank="species" species="koa">koa</taxonomicName>
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trunks, and associated with
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<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Cibotiaceae" genus="Cibotium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cibotium" order="Cyatheales" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cibotium</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="hāpu‘u">hapu'u</normalizedToken>
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) ferns. But it has also been collected by sifting soil around
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Deschampsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Deschampsia" order="Poales" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Deschampsia</taxonomicName>
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(hairgrass) clumps in open shrubland. More exotically, it has been collected in large numbers under the loose bark of downed alien
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<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pinus ponderosa" order="Pinales" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ponderosa">Pinus ponderosa</taxonomicName>
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in a disturbed grassland on the northwest slope. And in the alien afforested areas of Polipoli Springs it has been found by grubbing in deep pine needle litter. The presence of free moisture is a constant in all of these situations, though the degree of solar insolation varies dramatically.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
|
||
Figure 75. Recorded geographic distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Mecyclothorax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mecyclothorax laetus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laetus">Mecyclothorax laetus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |