289 lines
47 KiB
XML
289 lines
47 KiB
XML
<document id="E5D360FFE474518D309F836BFDF82579" ID-CLB-Dataset="22374" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2015.149" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5f7efcfd-9137-4909-8125-f4cc7d9bae9f" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3787554" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1588704016992" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Taylor, Paul D. & Tan, Shau-Hwai Aileen" docDate="2015" docId="9C3C87B4BB29E420FDA3FB50FC68FA1D" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-2015-149a.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 149" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Parasmittina winstonae Liu 2001" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="6005FFCCBB3BE434FF8EFF92FFFEFFB2" masterDocTitle="Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia" masterLastPageNumber="34" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1698838607080" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="2DF80BC9E0D7F2B196858F49301EDD11">Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="690733C164CB8BAF7DAE6090AF1B5431" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="F011A0C57829A43208FF4CEC9F7197A8">Taylor, Paul D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="49696067F274A265122AAF93577891D7">Tan, Shau-Hwai Aileen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="CA1374A0D3141C16D2ABAD2BB226310A">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="55BF075AFD9617061AAA90E994802B29">
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<mods:date id="AC78E3383512DB6F1752CD5C1C250F19">2015</mods:date>
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<treatment id="9C3C87B4BB29E420FDA3FB50FC68FA1D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3793799" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163963479" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3793799" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9C3C87B4BB29E420FDA3FB50FC68FA1D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C3C87B4BB29E420FDA3FB50FC68FA1D" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<subSubSection id="5C8F6529BB29E426FDA3FB50FBF9FB6E" box="[557,1031,1218,1245]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="142A36A2BB29E426FDA3FB50FBF9FB6E" blockId="18.[557,1031,1218,1279]" box="[557,1031,1218,1245]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<heading id="4F6281CEBB29E426FDA3FB50FBF9FB6E" box="[557,1031,1218,1245]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="D3954D21BB29E426FDA3FB50FBF9FB6E" ID-CoL="4DCF4" authority="Liu et al., 2001" authorityName="Liu" authorityYear="2001" box="[557,1031,1218,1245]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="winstonae">
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<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB29E426FDA3FB50FCB5FB6E" bold="true" box="[557,843,1218,1244]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Parasmittina winstonae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="70044B53BB29E426FCDCFB50FBF9FB6E" author="Liu X. & Yin X. & Ma J." box="[850,1031,1218,1245]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref14860" refString="Liu X., Yin X. & Ma J. 2001. Biology of Marine-Fouling Bryozoans in the Coastal Waters of China. Science Press, Beijing." type="book" year="2001">
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Liu
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<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB29E426FC0CFB56FC43FB6E" box="[898,957,1218,1245]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2001
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5C8F6529BB29E426FD58FB77FCA0FB4D" box="[726,862,1253,1279]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
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<paragraph id="142A36A2BB29E426FD58FB77FCA0FB4D" blockId="18.[557,1031,1218,1279]" box="[726,862,1253,1279]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<figureCitation id="8CAE2A27BB29E426FD58FB77FCDBFB4D" box="[726,805,1253,1279]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[189,232,1689,1715]" captionTargetBox="[188,1399,406,1664]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[173,1416,400,1672]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 11. Parasmittina winstonae Liu et al., 2001. — A–I. Kuah jetty, Langkawi, MSL BRY018. A. Small colony. B. Tiny colony on same substrate. C. Ancestrula of colony shown in B (note that the prism is from a disaggregated bivalve shell). D. Early stages of another colony showing five budded autozooids surrounding the ancestrula. E. Group of zooids. F. Giant avicularium with small plectrum-shaped adventitious avicularium at right proximolateral corner. G. Young autozooids and small adventitious avicularia. H. Older autozooids and adventitious avicularia. I. Ovicell. — J. MSL BRY019a, same locality details; oblique view of growing edge with giant bud. — K–L. Pulau Betong, Penang. K. MSL BRY020a. Slightly oblique view of orifice showing oral spine bases, condyles and lyrula, with plectrumshaped adventitious avicularia distolaterally. L. MSL BRY021a. Old part of colony with numerous avicularia. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, J = 500 μm; C, F–G, I, K = 100 μm; D–E, H, L = 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3787576" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3787576/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
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A–L
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="5C8F6529BB29E426FF33FABAFC6DFAC9" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="142A36A2BB29E426FF33FABAFC6EFAF3" blockId="18.[189,912,1319,1345]" box="[189,912,1319,1345]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="3485118CBB29E426FF33FABAFC6EFAF3" box="[189,912,1319,1345]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<treatmentCitation id="953410B3BB29E426FF33FABAFD30FAF3" author="Liu X. & Yin X. & Ma J." box="[189,718,1319,1345]" page="623" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="2001">
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<taxonomicName id="D3954D21BB29E426FF33FABAFD30FAF3" ID-CoL="4DCF4" authority="Liu et al., 2001: 623" authorityName="Liu" authorityPageNumber="623" authorityYear="2001" box="[189,718,1319,1345]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="winstonae">
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<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB29E426FF33FABAFE2BFAF3" box="[189,469,1320,1345]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Parasmittina winstonae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="70044B53BB29E426FE52FAB5FD30FAF3" author="Liu X. & Yin X. & Ma J." box="[476,718,1319,1345]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refId="ref14860" refString="Liu X., Yin X. & Ma J. 2001. Biology of Marine-Fouling Bryozoans in the Coastal Waters of China. Science Press, Beijing." type="book" year="2001">
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Liu
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<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB29E426FD82FABAFDB9FAF3" box="[524,583,1319,1345]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2001: 623
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</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 55, figs 1–7.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="142A36A2BB29E426FF33FAF0FC6DFAC9" blockId="18.[189,915,1377,1403]" box="[189,915,1377,1403]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="3485118CBB29E426FF33FAF0FC6DFAC9" box="[189,915,1377,1403]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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||
<taxonomicName id="D3954D21BB29E426FF33FAF0FE2BFAC9" ID-CoL="4DCF4" box="[189,469,1378,1403]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="winstonae">
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<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB29E426FF33FAF0FE2BFAC9" box="[189,469,1378,1403]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Parasmittina winstonae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
–
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||
<treatmentCitation id="953410B3BB29E426FE7FFAF3FD29FAC9" author="Tilbrook K. J." box="[497,727,1377,1403]" page="156" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" year="2006">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="70044B53BB29E426FE7FFAF3FD29FAC9" author="Tilbrook K. J." box="[497,727,1377,1403]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 386" refId="ref16009" refString="Tilbrook K. J. 2006. Cheilostomatous Bryozoa from the Solomon Islands. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Monographs 4: 1 - 386." type="journal article" year="2006">Tilbrook 2006: 156</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
, pl. 29b, 30d–e.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="5C8F6529BB29E426FF33FA33FE00F9E6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="142A36A2BB29E426FF33FA33FED4FA09" blockId="18.[189,298,1441,1467]" box="[189,298,1441,1467]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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||
<heading id="4F6281CEBB29E426FF33FA33FED4FA09" bold="true" box="[189,298,1441,1467]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="3">
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||
<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB29E426FF33FA33FED4FA09" bold="true" box="[189,298,1441,1467]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Material</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="142A36A2BB29E426FF33FA43FE00F9E6" blockId="18.[189,1398,1489,1620]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<collectingCountry id="6C827632BB29E426FF33FA43FEA4FA59" box="[189,346,1489,1515]" name="Malaysia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">MALAYSIA</collectingCountry>
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: MSL BRY018, Kuah jetty, Langkawi, several colonies encrusting bivalves growing on a rope hanging from jetty. MSL BRY019a, Kuah jetty, Langkawi, encrusting barnacles and bivalve growing on a rope hanging from jetty. MSL BRY020a, BRY021a, Pulau Betong,
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<collectingRegion id="D651F840BB29E426FB1BF985FB10F983" box="[1173,1262,1559,1585]" country="Malaysia" name="Pulau Pinang" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Penang</collectingRegion>
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, encrusting barnacles from oyster rafts.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5C8F6529BB29E420FF33F9E9FBC0FC86" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="142A36A2BB29E426FF33F9E9FEB0F927" blockId="18.[189,334,1659,1685]" box="[189,334,1659,1685]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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<heading id="4F6281CEBB29E426FF33F9E9FEB0F927" bold="true" box="[189,334,1659,1685]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB29E426FF33F9E9FEB0F927" bold="true" box="[189,334,1659,1685]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Description</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="142A36A2BB29E420FF33F938FBC0FC86" blockId="18.[189,1399,1706,2014]" lastBlockId="20.[189,1399,266,820]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
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Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilamellar; growing edge developing giant buds (
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<figureCitation id="8CAE2A27BB29E426FB0CF938FB1AF976" box="[1154,1252,1706,1732]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[189,232,1689,1715]" captionTargetBox="[188,1399,406,1664]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[173,1416,400,1672]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 11. Parasmittina winstonae Liu et al., 2001. — A–I. Kuah jetty, Langkawi, MSL BRY018. A. Small colony. B. Tiny colony on same substrate. C. Ancestrula of colony shown in B (note that the prism is from a disaggregated bivalve shell). D. Early stages of another colony showing five budded autozooids surrounding the ancestrula. E. Group of zooids. F. Giant avicularium with small plectrum-shaped adventitious avicularium at right proximolateral corner. G. Young autozooids and small adventitious avicularia. H. Older autozooids and adventitious avicularia. I. Ovicell. — J. MSL BRY019a, same locality details; oblique view of growing edge with giant bud. — K–L. Pulau Betong, Penang. K. MSL BRY020a. Slightly oblique view of orifice showing oral spine bases, condyles and lyrula, with plectrumshaped adventitious avicularia distolaterally. L. MSL BRY021a. Old part of colony with numerous avicularia. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, J = 500 μm; C, F–G, I, K = 100 μm; D–E, H, L = 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3787576" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3787576/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11J</figureCitation>
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). Ancestrula tatiform (
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<figureCitation id="8CAE2A27BB29E426FEBEF95CFE63F95A" box="[304,413,1742,1768]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[189,232,1689,1715]" captionTargetBox="[188,1399,406,1664]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[173,1416,400,1672]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 11. Parasmittina winstonae Liu et al., 2001. — A–I. Kuah jetty, Langkawi, MSL BRY018. A. Small colony. B. Tiny colony on same substrate. C. Ancestrula of colony shown in B (note that the prism is from a disaggregated bivalve shell). D. Early stages of another colony showing five budded autozooids surrounding the ancestrula. E. Group of zooids. F. Giant avicularium with small plectrum-shaped adventitious avicularium at right proximolateral corner. G. Young autozooids and small adventitious avicularia. H. Older autozooids and adventitious avicularia. I. Ovicell. — J. MSL BRY019a, same locality details; oblique view of growing edge with giant bud. — K–L. Pulau Betong, Penang. K. MSL BRY020a. Slightly oblique view of orifice showing oral spine bases, condyles and lyrula, with plectrumshaped adventitious avicularia distolaterally. L. MSL BRY021a. Old part of colony with numerous avicularia. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, J = 500 μm; C, F–G, I, K = 100 μm; D–E, H, L = 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3787576" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3787576/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
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), about
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||
<quantity id="D36D9B47BB29E426FD8DF95CFD8EF95A" box="[515,624,1742,1768]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="0.22">0.22 mm</quantity>
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||
long by
|
||
<quantity id="D36D9B47BB29E426FD6DF95CFCAEF95A" box="[739,848,1742,1768]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="0.17">0.17 mm</quantity>
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wide, with subcircular opesia
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||
<quantity id="D36D9B47BB29E426FB45F95CFAC9F95A" box="[1227,1335,1742,1768]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="0.16">0.16 mm</quantity>
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long by
|
||
<quantity id="D36D9B47BB29E426FF69F963FEABF8B9" box="[231,341,1777,1803]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="0.14">0.14 mm</quantity>
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||
wide surrounded by 9 spines, becoming overgrown in older colonies; periancestrular zooids numbering 5 or 6,
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||
<quantity id="D36D9B47BB29E426FD88F886FD48F89C" box="[518,694,1812,1838]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="0.29" valueMax="0.32" valueMin="0.26">0.26–0.32 mm</quantity>
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||
long by
|
||
<quantity id="D36D9B47BB29E426FCA0F886FC20F89C" box="[814,990,1812,1838]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="0.26" valueMax="0.3" valueMin="0.22">0.22–0.30 mm</quantity>
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||
wide, some bearing adventitious avicularia, calcification of their frontal shields extending as short lobes between oral spines of ancestrula (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CAE2A27BB29E426FF48F8C8FECAF8C6" box="[198,308,1882,1908]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[189,232,1689,1715]" captionTargetBox="[188,1399,406,1664]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[173,1416,400,1672]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 11. Parasmittina winstonae Liu et al., 2001. — A–I. Kuah jetty, Langkawi, MSL BRY018. A. Small colony. B. Tiny colony on same substrate. C. Ancestrula of colony shown in B (note that the prism is from a disaggregated bivalve shell). D. Early stages of another colony showing five budded autozooids surrounding the ancestrula. E. Group of zooids. F. Giant avicularium with small plectrum-shaped adventitious avicularium at right proximolateral corner. G. Young autozooids and small adventitious avicularia. H. Older autozooids and adventitious avicularia. I. Ovicell. — J. MSL BRY019a, same locality details; oblique view of growing edge with giant bud. — K–L. Pulau Betong, Penang. K. MSL BRY020a. Slightly oblique view of orifice showing oral spine bases, condyles and lyrula, with plectrumshaped adventitious avicularia distolaterally. L. MSL BRY021a. Old part of colony with numerous avicularia. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, J = 500 μm; C, F–G, I, K = 100 μm; D–E, H, L = 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3787576" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3787576/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Autozooids subhexagonal, distally rounded,
|
||
<quantity id="D36D9B47BB29E426FCEFF8C8FBF0F8C6" box="[865,1038,1882,1908]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.85" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="0.385" valueMax="0.45" valueMin="0.32">0.32–0.45 mm</quantity>
|
||
long by
|
||
<quantity id="D36D9B47BB29E426FBF0F8C8FAD2F8C6" box="[1150,1324,1882,1908]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.3" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="0.275" valueMax="0.33" valueMin="0.22">0.22–0.33 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide; boundary walls salient with a fine fissure; frontal shield gently convex, coarsely pustulose, about 15–20 marginal areolar pores separated by ridges, areolae impinging on central part of shield in older zooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CAE2A27BB29E426FF48F856FECFF86C" box="[198,305,1988,2014]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[189,232,1689,1715]" captionTargetBox="[188,1399,406,1664]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[173,1416,400,1672]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 11. Parasmittina winstonae Liu et al., 2001. — A–I. Kuah jetty, Langkawi, MSL BRY018. A. Small colony. B. Tiny colony on same substrate. C. Ancestrula of colony shown in B (note that the prism is from a disaggregated bivalve shell). D. Early stages of another colony showing five budded autozooids surrounding the ancestrula. E. Group of zooids. F. Giant avicularium with small plectrum-shaped adventitious avicularium at right proximolateral corner. G. Young autozooids and small adventitious avicularia. H. Older autozooids and adventitious avicularia. I. Ovicell. — J. MSL BRY019a, same locality details; oblique view of growing edge with giant bud. — K–L. Pulau Betong, Penang. K. MSL BRY020a. Slightly oblique view of orifice showing oral spine bases, condyles and lyrula, with plectrumshaped adventitious avicularia distolaterally. L. MSL BRY021a. Old part of colony with numerous avicularia. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, J = 500 μm; C, F–G, I, K = 100 μm; D–E, H, L = 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3787576" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3787576/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11H</figureCitation>
|
||
), no pseudopores; primary orifice egg-shaped to rounded rectangular,
|
||
<quantity id="D36D9B47BB29E426FBE2F856FAE8F86C" box="[1132,1302,1988,2014]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="0.105" valueMax="0.11" valueMin="0.1">0.10–0.11 mm</quantity>
|
||
long by
|
||
<quantity id="D36D9B47BB28E427FF33FE98FED6FE96" box="[189,296,266,292]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.10 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, large relative to zooid size, lappets developed distolaterally, lyrula narrow, 17–20 μm high by 25–37 μm wide at top edge, condyles present about one-third distance along orifice, 15 μm high, medioproximal edge serrated (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CAE2A27BB28E427FDA9FEC2FD6AFED8" box="[551,660,336,362]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[189,232,1689,1715]" captionTargetBox="[188,1399,406,1664]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[173,1416,400,1672]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 11. Parasmittina winstonae Liu et al., 2001. — A–I. Kuah jetty, Langkawi, MSL BRY018. A. Small colony. B. Tiny colony on same substrate. C. Ancestrula of colony shown in B (note that the prism is from a disaggregated bivalve shell). D. Early stages of another colony showing five budded autozooids surrounding the ancestrula. E. Group of zooids. F. Giant avicularium with small plectrum-shaped adventitious avicularium at right proximolateral corner. G. Young autozooids and small adventitious avicularia. H. Older autozooids and adventitious avicularia. I. Ovicell. — J. MSL BRY019a, same locality details; oblique view of growing edge with giant bud. — K–L. Pulau Betong, Penang. K. MSL BRY020a. Slightly oblique view of orifice showing oral spine bases, condyles and lyrula, with plectrumshaped adventitious avicularia distolaterally. L. MSL BRY021a. Old part of colony with numerous avicularia. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, J = 500 μm; C, F–G, I, K = 100 μm; D–E, H, L = 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3787576" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3787576/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 11K</figureCitation>
|
||
); oral spine bases usually numbering two, occasionally one or lacking; ovicell hyperstomial (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CAE2A27BB2FE420FDA7FE98FD82FE96" box="[553,636,266,292]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[189,232,1689,1715]" captionTargetBox="[188,1399,406,1664]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[173,1416,400,1672]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 11. Parasmittina winstonae Liu et al., 2001. — A–I. Kuah jetty, Langkawi, MSL BRY018. A. Small colony. B. Tiny colony on same substrate. C. Ancestrula of colony shown in B (note that the prism is from a disaggregated bivalve shell). D. Early stages of another colony showing five budded autozooids surrounding the ancestrula. E. Group of zooids. F. Giant avicularium with small plectrum-shaped adventitious avicularium at right proximolateral corner. G. Young autozooids and small adventitious avicularia. H. Older autozooids and adventitious avicularia. I. Ovicell. — J. MSL BRY019a, same locality details; oblique view of growing edge with giant bud. — K–L. Pulau Betong, Penang. K. MSL BRY020a. Slightly oblique view of orifice showing oral spine bases, condyles and lyrula, with plectrumshaped adventitious avicularia distolaterally. L. MSL BRY021a. Old part of colony with numerous avicularia. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, J = 500 μm; C, F–G, I, K = 100 μm; D–E, H, L = 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3787576" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3787576/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
H–I), broader than long,
|
||
<quantity id="D36D9B47BB2FE420FC27FE98FBA8FE96" box="[937,1110,266,292]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="0.145" valueMax="0.16" valueMin="0.13">0.13–0.16 mm</quantity>
|
||
long by
|
||
<quantity id="D36D9B47BB2FE420FB4DFE98FAD3FE96" box="[1219,1325,266,292]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7999999999999998" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="0.18">0.18 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, containing 25–40 pores with raised rims, variable in size, circular, elliptical or dumbbell-shaped, margins overgrown by cryptocystal calcification. Avicularia adventitious, of three
|
||
<typeStatus id="CB2E8800BB2FE420FB95FEC2FBA3FED8" box="[1051,1117,336,362]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">types</typeStatus>
|
||
: small acuminate, small plectrum-shaped, and giant. Small acuminate avicularia variously located (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CAE2A27BB2FE420FBB3FEE1FB3BFE3F" box="[1085,1221,371,397]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[189,232,1689,1715]" captionTargetBox="[188,1399,406,1664]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[173,1416,400,1672]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 11. Parasmittina winstonae Liu et al., 2001. — A–I. Kuah jetty, Langkawi, MSL BRY018. A. Small colony. B. Tiny colony on same substrate. C. Ancestrula of colony shown in B (note that the prism is from a disaggregated bivalve shell). D. Early stages of another colony showing five budded autozooids surrounding the ancestrula. E. Group of zooids. F. Giant avicularium with small plectrum-shaped adventitious avicularium at right proximolateral corner. G. Young autozooids and small adventitious avicularia. H. Older autozooids and adventitious avicularia. I. Ovicell. — J. MSL BRY019a, same locality details; oblique view of growing edge with giant bud. — K–L. Pulau Betong, Penang. K. MSL BRY020a. Slightly oblique view of orifice showing oral spine bases, condyles and lyrula, with plectrumshaped adventitious avicularia distolaterally. L. MSL BRY021a. Old part of colony with numerous avicularia. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, J = 500 μm; C, F–G, I, K = 100 μm; D–E, H, L = 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3787576" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3787576/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 11G, I</figureCitation>
|
||
), increasing in number during ontogeny, usually directed distally or distolaterally to laterally and towards midline of zooid, occasionally proximolaterally, about
|
||
<quantity id="D36D9B47BB2FE420FD7DFE28FC5CFE66" box="[755,930,442,468]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.8999999999999999" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="0.105" valueMax="0.12" valueMin="0.09">0.09–0.12 mm</quantity>
|
||
long by
|
||
<quantity id="D36D9B47BB2FE420FB9BFE28FB3AFE66" box="[1045,1220,442,468]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="0.055" valueMax="0.06" valueMin="0.05">0.05–0.06 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide; rostrum acuminate, a high triangle, shallow rostral shelf; cross-bar calcified, straight or slightly concave; opesia semicircular. Small plectrum-shaped avicularia located laterally or distolaterally of orifice (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CAE2A27BB2FE420FB75FD92FA97FDA8" box="[1275,1385,512,538]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[189,232,1689,1715]" captionTargetBox="[188,1399,406,1664]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[173,1416,400,1672]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 11. Parasmittina winstonae Liu et al., 2001. — A–I. Kuah jetty, Langkawi, MSL BRY018. A. Small colony. B. Tiny colony on same substrate. C. Ancestrula of colony shown in B (note that the prism is from a disaggregated bivalve shell). D. Early stages of another colony showing five budded autozooids surrounding the ancestrula. E. Group of zooids. F. Giant avicularium with small plectrum-shaped adventitious avicularium at right proximolateral corner. G. Young autozooids and small adventitious avicularia. H. Older autozooids and adventitious avicularia. I. Ovicell. — J. MSL BRY019a, same locality details; oblique view of growing edge with giant bud. — K–L. Pulau Betong, Penang. K. MSL BRY020a. Slightly oblique view of orifice showing oral spine bases, condyles and lyrula, with plectrumshaped adventitious avicularia distolaterally. L. MSL BRY021a. Old part of colony with numerous avicularia. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, J = 500 μm; C, F–G, I, K = 100 μm; D–E, H, L = 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3787576" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3787576/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 11K</figureCitation>
|
||
), occasionally in more proximal positions around perimeter of autozooid, directed and inclined outwardly, narrow proximally, broadening distally, about
|
||
<quantity id="D36D9B47BB2FE420FD66FDD4FC6BFDD2" box="[744,917,582,608]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="0.055" valueMax="0.06" valueMin="0.05">0.05–0.06 mm</quantity>
|
||
long by
|
||
<quantity id="D36D9B47BB2FE420FB8DFDD4FB4EFDD2" box="[1027,1200,582,608]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="0.065" valueMax="0.08" valueMin="0.05">0.05–0.08 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide (measured in plane of colony surface); rostrum rounded trapezoidal, shallow rostral shelf; cross-bar completely or incompletely calcified, straight; opesia semicircular, small. Giant avicularia occasionally present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CAE2A27BB2FE420FF48FD22FED1FD78" box="[198,303,688,714]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[189,232,1689,1715]" captionTargetBox="[188,1399,406,1664]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[173,1416,400,1672]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 11. Parasmittina winstonae Liu et al., 2001. — A–I. Kuah jetty, Langkawi, MSL BRY018. A. Small colony. B. Tiny colony on same substrate. C. Ancestrula of colony shown in B (note that the prism is from a disaggregated bivalve shell). D. Early stages of another colony showing five budded autozooids surrounding the ancestrula. E. Group of zooids. F. Giant avicularium with small plectrum-shaped adventitious avicularium at right proximolateral corner. G. Young autozooids and small adventitious avicularia. H. Older autozooids and adventitious avicularia. I. Ovicell. — J. MSL BRY019a, same locality details; oblique view of growing edge with giant bud. — K–L. Pulau Betong, Penang. K. MSL BRY020a. Slightly oblique view of orifice showing oral spine bases, condyles and lyrula, with plectrumshaped adventitious avicularia distolaterally. L. MSL BRY021a. Old part of colony with numerous avicularia. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, J = 500 μm; C, F–G, I, K = 100 μm; D–E, H, L = 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3787576" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3787576/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 11F</figureCitation>
|
||
), directed distally, originating proximolaterally and passing laterally of orifice, which may be torqued, extending over frontal shield of distal zooid, straight or curved towards autozooid midline,
|
||
<quantity id="D36D9B47BB2FE420FF33FD64FE97FCA2" box="[189,361,758,784]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="0.375" valueMax="0.4" valueMin="0.35">0.35–0.40 mm</quantity>
|
||
long by
|
||
<quantity id="D36D9B47BB2FE420FE5CFD64FD83FCA2" box="[466,637,758,784]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="0.12" valueMax="0.13" valueMin="0.11">0.11–0.13 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide; rostrum spatulate, long, with a deep shelf occupying onethird to two-thirds of length; cross-bar slightly concave; opesia semicircular.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="40EA662ABB28E427FF33F90BFAE7F843" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3787576" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3787576" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3787576/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" startId="19.[189,232,1689,1715]" targetBox="[188,1399,406,1664]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph id="142A36A2BB28E427FF33F90BFAE7F843" blockId="19.[189,1399,1689,2033]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB28E427FF33F90BFEE8F901" bold="true" box="[189,278,1689,1715]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 11.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D3954D21BB28E427FE92F909FD15F906" authority="Liu et al., 2001" authorityName="Liu" authorityYear="2001" box="[284,747,1690,1716]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="winstonae">
|
||
<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB28E427FE92F909FDCCF906" box="[284,562,1691,1716]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Parasmittina winstonae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="70044B53BB28E427FDB6F908FD15F906" author="Liu X. & Yin X. & Ma J." box="[568,747,1690,1716]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refId="ref14860" refString="Liu X., Yin X. & Ma J. 2001. Biology of Marine-Fouling Bryozoans in the Coastal Waters of China. Science Press, Beijing." type="book" year="2001">
|
||
Liu
|
||
<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB28E427FDE9F909FD67F906" box="[615,665,1690,1716]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. —
|
||
<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB28E427FC96F90BFCB9F901" bold="true" box="[792,839,1689,1715]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A–I</emphasis>
|
||
. Kuah jetty, Langkawi, MSL BRY018. A. Small colony. B. Tiny colony on same substrate. C. Ancestrula of colony shown in B (note that the prism is from a disaggregated bivalve shell). D. Early stages of another colony showing five budded autozooids surrounding the ancestrula. E. Group of zooids. F. Giant avicularium with small plectrum-shaped adventitious avicularium at right proximolateral corner. G. Young autozooids and small adventitious avicularia. H. Older autozooids and adventitious avicularia. I. Ovicell. —
|
||
<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB28E427FBC5F8DBFBA4F8D1" bold="true" box="[1099,1114,1865,1891]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">J</emphasis>
|
||
. MSL BRY019a, same locality details; oblique view of growing edge with giant bud. —
|
||
<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB28E427FC33F8FFFC08F835" bold="true" box="[957,1014,1901,1927]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">K–L</emphasis>
|
||
. Pulau Betong, Penang. K. MSL BRY020a. Slightly oblique view of orifice showing oral spine bases, condyles and lyrula, with plectrumshaped adventitious avicularia distolaterally. L. MSL BRY021a. Old part of colony with numerous avicularia. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, J = 500 μm; C, F–G, I, K = 100 μm; D–E, H, L = 200 μm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5C8F6529BB2FE420FF33FCC9FC68FA1D" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="142A36A2BB2FE420FF33FCC9FED1FCC7" blockId="20.[189,303,859,885]" box="[189,303,859,885]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<heading id="4F6281CEBB2FE420FF33FCC9FED1FCC7" bold="true" box="[189,303,859,885]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB2FE420FF33FCC9FED1FCC7" bold="true" box="[189,303,859,885]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="142A36A2BB2FE420FF33FC19FBB9FB52" blockId="20.[189,1399,906,1249]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D3954D21BB2FE420FF33FC19FEA8FC16" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[189,342,907,932]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB2FE420FF33FC19FEA8FC16" box="[189,342,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Parasmittina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a very diverse genus with a global distribution. Different species are best characterised by their avicularia, which are often of more than one morph within a single colony. First described formally from South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6C827632BB2FE420FE4EFC42FDF8FC58" box="[448,518,976,1002]" name="China" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="70044B53BB2FE420FD97FC42FD29FC58" author="Liu X. & Yin X. & Ma J." box="[537,727,976,1002]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref14860" refString="Liu X., Yin X. & Ma J. 2001. Biology of Marine-Fouling Bryozoans in the Coastal Waters of China. Science Press, Beijing." type="book" year="2001">
|
||
Liu
|
||
<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB2FE420FDC1FC43FD73FC58" box="[591,653,976,1002]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D3954D21BB2FE420FD61FC43FBF4FC58" box="[751,1034,977,1002]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="winstonae">
|
||
<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB2FE420FD61FC43FBF4FC58" box="[751,1034,977,1002]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Parasmittina winstonae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has three kinds of avicularia: small acuminate, small plectrum-shaped, and giant. The distally directed giant avicularia in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D3954D21BB2FE420FB6AFC67FA88FBBC" box="[1252,1398,1013,1038]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="winstonae">
|
||
<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB2FE420FB6AFC67FA88FBBC" box="[1252,1398,1013,1038]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. winstonae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8CAE2A27BB2FE420FF48FB84FED2FB82" box="[198,300,1046,1072]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[189,232,1689,1715]" captionTargetBox="[188,1399,406,1664]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[173,1416,400,1672]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 11. Parasmittina winstonae Liu et al., 2001. — A–I. Kuah jetty, Langkawi, MSL BRY018. A. Small colony. B. Tiny colony on same substrate. C. Ancestrula of colony shown in B (note that the prism is from a disaggregated bivalve shell). D. Early stages of another colony showing five budded autozooids surrounding the ancestrula. E. Group of zooids. F. Giant avicularium with small plectrum-shaped adventitious avicularium at right proximolateral corner. G. Young autozooids and small adventitious avicularia. H. Older autozooids and adventitious avicularia. I. Ovicell. — J. MSL BRY019a, same locality details; oblique view of growing edge with giant bud. — K–L. Pulau Betong, Penang. K. MSL BRY020a. Slightly oblique view of orifice showing oral spine bases, condyles and lyrula, with plectrumshaped adventitious avicularia distolaterally. L. MSL BRY021a. Old part of colony with numerous avicularia. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B, J = 500 μm; C, F–G, I, K = 100 μm; D–E, H, L = 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3787576" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3787576/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 11F</figureCitation>
|
||
) are very unusual, as giant avicularia in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D3954D21BB2FE420FC97FB8AFC4CFB83" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[793,946,1048,1073]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB2FE420FC97FB8AFC4CFB83" box="[793,946,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Parasmittina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are normally directed proximally, for example in the numerous species described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="70044B53BB2FE420FD7CFBA8FC02FBE6" author="Soule D. F. & Soule J. D." box="[754,1020,1082,1108]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="365 - 440" refId="ref15645" refString="Soule D. F. & Soule J. D. 1973. Morphology and speciation of Hawaiian and eastern Pacific Smittinidae (Bryozoa, Ectoprocta). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 152: 365 - 440." type="journal article" year="1973">Soule & Soule (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="70044B53BB2FE420FB84FBA8FABCFBE6" author="Hayward P. J. & Parker S. A." box="[1034,1346,1082,1108]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="53 - 75" refId="ref14434" refString="Hayward P. J. & Parker S. A. 1994. Notes on some species of Parasmittina Osburn, 1952 (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 110: 53 - 75. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1994. tb 01471. x" type="journal article" year="1994">Hayward & Parker (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="70044B53BB2FE420FF33FBCFFE32FBC5" author="Harmelin J. - G. & Bitar G. & Zibrowius H." box="[189,460,1117,1143]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="163 - 187" refId="ref14200" refString="Harmelin J. - G., Bitar G. & Zibrowius H. 2009. Smittinidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) from coastal habitats of Lebanon (Mediterranean Sea), including new and non-indigenous species. Zoosystema 31: 163 - 187. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5252 / z 2009 n 1 a 9" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Harmelin
|
||
<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB2FE420FEBBFBCCFE8FFBC5" box="[309,369,1117,1143]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2009)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="70044B53BB2FE420FE56FBCFFD38FBC5" author="Harmer S. F." box="[472,710,1117,1143]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="641 - 1147" refId="ref14346" refString="Harmer S. F. 1957. The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition, Part 4. Cheilostomata Ascophora II. Siboga Expedition Reports 28 d: 641 - 1147." type="journal article" year="1957">Harmer (1957: 943)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted the rarity of distally directed giant avicularia when describing material, some from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6C827632BB2FE420FDB8FB12FD5CFB28" box="[566,674,1152,1178]" name="Malaysia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and since assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D3954D21BB2FE420FC23FB13FBBCFB28" box="[941,1090,1153,1178]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="winstonae">
|
||
<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB2FE420FC23FB13FBBCFB28" box="[941,1090,1153,1178]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. winstonae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="70044B53BB2FE420FBFEFB12FA8CFB28" author="Liu X. & Yin X. & Ma J." box="[1136,1394,1152,1178]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref14860" refString="Liu X., Yin X. & Ma J. 2001. Biology of Marine-Fouling Bryozoans in the Coastal Waters of China. Science Press, Beijing." type="book" year="2001">
|
||
Liu
|
||
<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB2FE420FB2FFB13FB22FB28" box="[1185,1244,1152,1178]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2001: 802)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D3954D21BB2FE420FF51FB36FD6AFB0F" authority="(Audouin, 1826)" baseAuthorityName="Audouin" baseAuthorityYear="1826" box="[223,660,1187,1214]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Smittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="parsevalii">
|
||
<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB2FE420FF51FB36FE3EFB0F" box="[223,448,1187,1214]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Smittina parsevalii</emphasis>
|
||
(Audouin, 1826)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Likewise, the small plectrum-shaped avicularia lateral to the orifice are highly unusual, if not unique, to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D3954D21BB2FE420FD37FB5AFCB3FB53" box="[697,845,1224,1249]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="winstonae">
|
||
<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB2FE420FD37FB5AFCB3FB53" box="[697,845,1224,1249]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. winstonae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D3954D21BB2FE420FC29FB5AFBBEFB53" authorityName="Osburn" authorityYear="1952" box="[935,1088,1224,1249]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Smittinidae" genus="Parasmittina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB2FE420FC29FB5AFBBEFB53" box="[935,1088,1224,1249]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Parasmittina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="142A36A2BB2FE420FF33FA9AFC68FA1D" blockId="20.[189,1399,1288,1455]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Liu
|
||
<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB2FE420FF60FA9BFED7FA90" box="[238,297,1288,1314]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
’s (2001) original description of this species from the South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6C827632BB2FE420FC7FFA9AFBC9FA90" box="[1009,1079,1288,1314]" name="China" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sea gives a slightly longer autozooid size (
|
||
<quantity id="D36D9B47BB2FE420FEF7FAB9FDD7FAF7" box="[377,553,1323,1349]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" metricValueMax="6.7" metricValueMin="3.7" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="0.52" valueMax="0.67" valueMin="0.37">0.37–0.67 mm</quantity>
|
||
) than both the Malaysian material described here (
|
||
<quantity id="D36D9B47BB2FE420FB05FAB9FAC5FAF7" box="[1163,1339,1323,1349]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.85" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="0.385" valueMax="0.45" valueMin="0.32">0.32–0.45 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and specimens from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6C827632BB2FE420FE22FADCFD8FFADA" box="[428,625,1358,1384]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="26E1EAB0BB2FE420FD0CFAC2FD71FADB" box="[642,655,1360,1385]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">c</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<quantity id="D36D9B47BB2FE420FD11FADCFCF4FADA" box="[671,778,1358,1384]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="0.45">0.45 mm</quantity>
|
||
) described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="70044B53BB2FE420FC38FADCFB8AFADA" author="Tilbrook K. J." box="[950,1140,1358,1384]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="1 - 386" refId="ref16009" refString="Tilbrook K. J. 2006. Cheilostomatous Bryozoa from the Solomon Islands. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Monographs 4: 1 - 386." type="journal article" year="2006">Tilbrook (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who did not mention the presence of plectrum-shaped avicularia. This leaves some doubt about whether the three occurrences are truly conspecific, which will require further studies to test.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |