treatments-xml/data/99/60/87/996087B06D5899467F6450A4220CF0E6.xml

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<mods:title id="EBBA520DCE91EBFEDFE093F9AB9D29C5">Forestomach ciliate Protozoa in Egyptian dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EE1BC72FFE4EF0FBDC56E495933BAEC8">Dehority, Burk A.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="996087B06D5899467F6450A4220CF0E6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5586600" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159868479" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5586600" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:996087B06D5899467F6450A4220CF0E6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/996087B06D5899467F6450A4220CF0E6" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<subSubSection id="59D3652D6D5899477F6450A42334F09B" box="[264,845,905,931]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="117636A66D5899477F6450A42334F09B" blockId="8.[264,1324,905,1891]" box="[264,845,905,931]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5899477F6450A422EAF09A" box="[264,659,905,931]" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Blepharocorythidae" genus="Diplodinium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trichostomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="variety" species="cameli" status="f. n." subSpecies="f" variety="bispinatum">
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5899477F6450A42188F09A" box="[264,497,905,930]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Diplodinium cameli</emphasis>
f. 
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5899477C7D50A422EAF09A" box="[529,659,905,930]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">bispinatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="388E57CF6D5899477CF750A422B0F09B" box="[667,713,905,931]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">f. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<figureCitation id="89F22A236D5899477CB650A4233DF09B" box="[730,836,905,931]" captionStart="FIGURES 1­6" captionStartId="7.[264,383,1430,1454]" captionTargetBox="[366,1220,654,1399]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[361,1225,649,1403]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1­6. Diplodinium cameli f. cameli, f. monospinatum f. n. and f. bispinatum f. n. Bar = 50 m. 1. Diplodinium cameli f. cameli from the right side. 2. Diplodinium cameli f. monospinatum f. n. from the left side. Note the very small spine approximately 5/6th of the distance from the anterior end. 3. Diplodinium cameli f. monospinatum f. n. from the left side. 4­6. Diplodinium cameli f. bispinatum f. n. All from the right side, showing variation in size of the ventral spine and shape of the cell." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/155872/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs. 4­6</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="59D3652D6D5899477F54509C24C3F7DB" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
<paragraph id="117636A66D5899477F54509C248DF7AB" blockId="8.[264,1324,905,1891]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
With all the characteristics of the species. Single spines arise from both the dorsal and ventral sides approximately five­sixths of the cell length towards the posterior end. The dorsal spine is well developed in most cells, averaging around 
<quantity id="D6319B436D5899477A6E572C2428F723" box="[1026,1105,1025,1051]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="12.0">12 m</quantity>
, while the ventral spine ranges from about 
<quantity id="D6319B436D5899477C5E570422C3F77B" box="[562,698,1065,1091]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="8.5" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="5.0">
5 to 
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. The ventral spine tends to be slightly more pointed than the dorsal spine. This form only constituted 5.3% of 
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5899477DDB577C24D8F752" box="[951,1185,1105,1130]" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Blepharocorythidae" genus="Diplodinium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trichostomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="cameli">
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5899477DDB577C24D8F752" box="[951,1185,1105,1130]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Diplodinium cameli</emphasis>
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cells in the three animals in which it occurred. Dimensions for this form are presented in 
<tableCitation id="5C4B031D6D5899477AFA57542496F7AB" box="[1174,1263,1145,1171]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="8.[264,352,283,307]" captionTargetBox="[272,1271,375,703]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="TABLE 3. Percentage occurrence and dimensions of the different forms of Diplodinium cameli found in fluid from the first stomach compartment of three Egyptian dromedary camels." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/45B6662E6D5899477F64523624CAF26F" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" tableUuid="45B6662E6D5899477F64523624CAF26F">Table 3</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="117636A66D5899477F54578C24C3F7DB" blockId="8.[264,1324,905,1891]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Although there were some differences in size for the different forms, they were not significant except for the higher L/W ratio of 
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5899477D7357E423E8F7DA" box="[799,913,1225,1250]" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Blepharocorythidae" genus="Diplodinium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trichostomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="cameli">
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5899477D7357E423E8F7DA" box="[799,913,1225,1250]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D. cameli</emphasis>
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f. 
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5899477DDD57E4244AF7DA" box="[945,1075,1225,1250]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">bispinatum</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5899477A2957E4242EF7DA" box="[1093,1111,1225,1250]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.05).
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="59D3652D6D5899467F5457DC220CF0E6" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="117636A66D5899477F5457DC246CF573" blockId="8.[264,1324,905,1891]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The environmental or nutritional pressures which might lead to the development of spines in 
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5899477F145634221AF60A" box="[376,611,1305,1330]" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Blepharocorythidae" genus="Diplodinium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trichostomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="cameli">
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5899477F145634221AF60A" box="[376,611,1305,1330]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Diplodinium cameli</emphasis>
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are not known. 
<bibRefCitation id="75584B576D5899477D4F563424C3F60B" author="Coleman, Laurie and Baily" box="[803,1210,1305,1331]" firstAuthor="Coleman" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="253" refId="ref4779" refString="Coleman, G. S., Laurie, J. I., &amp; Baily, J. E. (1977) The cultivation of the rumen ciliate Entodinium bursa in the presence of Entodinium caudatum. Journal of General Microbiology, 101, 253 - 258." type="journal article" year="1977">Coleman, Laurie and Baily (1977)</bibRefCitation>
observed that in vitro cultures 
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5899477F93566C228BF662" box="[511,754,1345,1370]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
of 
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5899477C73566C228BF662" box="[543,754,1345,1370]" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Ophryoscolecidae" genus="Entodinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protista" order="Entodiniomorphida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="bursa">Entodinium bursa</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
required the presence of 
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5899477A73566C2552F662" box="[1055,1323,1345,1370]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5899477A73566C255EF662" box="[1055,1319,1345,1370]" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Ophryoscolecidae" genus="Entodinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protista" order="Entodiniomorphida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="caudatum">Entodinium caudatum</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which they engulfed as a food supply. Addition of the non­spinated forms of 
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5899477ACE56442105F692" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Ophryoscolecidae" genus="Entodinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protista" order="Entodiniomorphida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="caudatum">
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5899477ACE56442105F692" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Entodinium caudatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resulted in the development of spined cells. Their 
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5899477D9B56BC24F7F692" box="[1015,1166,1425,1450]" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Ophryoscolecidae" genus="Entodinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protista" order="Entodiniomorphida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="caudatum">
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5899477D9B56BC24F7F692" box="[1015,1166,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">E. caudatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cultures had been previously grown for 17 years in vitro as the spineless form. Although development of spines probably requires additional energy compared to the non­spinated form, they found that ingestion of the spined form was very limited compared to the spineless form. They concluded that spination was actually a defense mechanism.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="117636A66D5899477F5455742491F45B" blockId="8.[264,1324,905,1891]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Because of its body size and the relatively small size of the spines, it would seem unlikely that 
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5899477FC855AC22F6F5A2" box="[420,655,1665,1690]" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Blepharocorythidae" genus="Diplodinium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trichostomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="cameli">
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5899477FC855AC22F6F5A2" box="[420,655,1665,1690]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Diplodinium cameli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has developed the spines as a defense against predation. However, in ruminants the specific predation of large entodiniomorphs such as 
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5899477AD9558421DEF5D2" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Ophryoscolecidae" genus="Eudiplodinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protista" order="Entodiniomorphida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="maggii">
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5899477AD9558421DEF5D2" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Eudiplodinium maggii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5899477FB455FC2339F5D2" box="[472,832,1745,1770]" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Ophryoscolecidae" genus="Polyplastron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protista" order="Entodiniomorphida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="multivesiculatum">
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5899477FB455FC2339F5D2" box="[472,832,1745,1770]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Polyplastron multivesiculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been well documented (
<bibRefCitation id="75584B576D5899477AF655FC255FF5D3" author="Eadie" box="[1178,1318,1745,1771]" firstAuthor="Eadie" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="579" refId="ref5239" refString="Eadie, J. M. (1962) Interrelationships between certain rumen ciliate protozoa. Journal of General Microbiology, 29, 579 - 588." type="journal article" year="1962">Eadie 1962</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="75584B576D5899477F6455D4213EF42B" author="Eadie" box="[264,327,1785,1811]" firstAuthor="Eadie" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="175" refId="ref5266" refString="Eadie, J. M. (1967) Studies on the ecology of certain rumen ciliate protozoa. Journal of General Microbiology, 49, 175 - 194." type="journal article" year="1967">1967</bibRefCitation>
). Other than this, most observations suggest that predation among the protozoa is accidental and very limited (
<bibRefCitation id="75584B576D5899477C32540C236EF403" author="Lubinsky" box="[606,791,1825,1851]" firstAuthor="Lubinsky" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="579" refId="ref5624" refString="Lubinsky, G. (1957) Note on the phylogenetic significance of predatory habits in the Ophryoscolecidae (Ciliata: Oligotricha). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 35, 579 - 580." type="journal article" year="1957">Lubinsky 1957</bibRefCitation>
). The absence of 
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5899477D80540C24FBF402" box="[1004,1154,1825,1850]" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Ophryoscolecidae" genus="Polyplastron" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protista" order="Entodiniomorphida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5899477D80540C24FBF402" box="[1004,1154,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Polyplastron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the camels would seem to rule out the development of spination as a means to inhibit predation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="117636A66D5999467F54523122B7F1A5" blockId="9.[264,1324,284,990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<bibRefCitation id="75584B576D5999467F5452312262F20E" author="Van Hoven" box="[312,539,284,310]" firstAuthor="Van Hoven" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="457" refId="ref5974" refString="Van Hoven, W. (1975) Rumen ciliates of the tsessebe (Damaliscus lunatus lunatus) in South Africa. Journal of Protozoology, 22, 457 - 462." type="journal article" year="1975">Van Hoven (1975)</bibRefCitation>
, studying rumen protozoa in the tsessebe (antelope) from 
<collectingCountry id="69DE76366D5999467A8B5231212FF266" name="South Africa" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, reported the presence of spines in the species 
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5999467D16526924F1F265" box="[890,1160,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5999467D16526924FDF265" box="[890,1156,324,349]" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Blepharocorythidae" genus="Diplodinium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trichostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="costatum">Diplodinium costatum</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Later, 
<bibRefCitation id="75584B576D5999467A8D526921F0F2BE" author="Dehority" firstAuthor="Dehority" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="246" refId="ref4905" refString="Dehority, B. A. (1985) Rumen ciliates of musk-oxen (Ovibos moschatus Z.) From the Canadian arctic. Journal of Protozoology, 32, 246 - 250." type="journal article" year="1985">Dehority (1985)</bibRefCitation>
observed spined forms of 
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5999467CA052412325F2BD" box="[716,860,364,389]" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Blepharocorythidae" genus="Diplodinium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trichostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="costatum">
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5999467CA052412325F2BD" box="[716,860,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. costatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in rumen contents from musk­oxen in the Canadian arctic. Although 
<bibRefCitation id="75584B576D5999467C0252B923A0F296" author="Poljansky and Strelkow" box="[622,985,404,430]" firstAuthor="Poljansky" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 123" refId="ref5704" refString="Poljansky, G. &amp; Strelkow, A. (1938) Etude Experimentale sur la Variabilite de quelques Ophyryoscolecides. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 80, 1 - 123." type="journal article" year="1938">Poljansky and Strelkow (1938)</bibRefCitation>
demonstrated that clone cultures in vivo of 
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5999467FA8529122B0F2ED" box="[452,713,444,469]" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Ophryoscolecidae" genus="Entodinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protista" order="Entodiniomorphida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="caudatum">
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5999467FA8529122B0F2ED" box="[452,713,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Entodinium caudatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were environmentally plastic and could be affected by diet it seems unlikely that this would explain the occurrence of spined forms in 
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5999467ABA52C9212BF11D" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5999467ABA52C92137F11D" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Blepharocorythidae" genus="Diplodinium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trichostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="costatum">D. costatum</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Diets would be quite different in these widely separated geographic locations. More recently, spined forms of 
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5999467C5851192341F175" box="[564,824,564,589]" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Blepharocorythidae" genus="Diplodinium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trichostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rangiferi">
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5999467C5851192341F175" box="[564,824,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Diplodinium rangiferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were observed in Australian red deer and in Japanese cattle which were inoculated with spineless forms of this species from sika deer (
<bibRefCitation id="75584B576D5999467F2551A92180F1A6" author="Dehority" box="[329,505,644,670]" firstAuthor="Dehority" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="157" refId="ref5000" refString="Dehority, B. A. (1997) Rumen ciliate protozoa in Australian red deer (Cervus elephas L.). Archiv fur Protistenkunde, 148, 157 - 165." type="journal article" year="1997">Dehority 1997</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="75584B576D5999467C6951A922C6F1A6" author="Imai" box="[517,703,644,670]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Imai" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="38 - 41" refId="ref5477" refString="Imai, S., Matsumoto, M., Watanabe, A. &amp; Sato, H. (2002) Establishment of a spinated type of Diplodinium rangiferi by transfaunation of the rumen ciliates of Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon centralis) to the rumen of two Japanese shorthorn calves. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 49, 38 - 41." type="journal article" year="2002">Imai et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="117636A66D5999467F545181249AF006" blockId="9.[264,1324,284,990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
The spines observed in 
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5999467C3B51812291F1FD" box="[599,744,684,709]" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Blepharocorythidae" genus="Diplodinium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trichostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="costatum">
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5999467C3B51812291F1FD" box="[599,744,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. costatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5999467D4A518123CDF1FD" box="[806,948,684,709]" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Blepharocorythidae" genus="Diplodinium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trichostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="rangiferi">
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5999467D4A518123CDF1FD" box="[806,948,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. rangiferi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cells are quite similar to those found in the different forms of 
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5999467C1351F92384F1D6" authority="Dogiel 1927" authorityName="Dogiel" authorityYear="1927" box="[639,1021,724,750]" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Blepharocorythidae" genus="Diplodinium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trichostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="anisacanthum">
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5999467C1351F92333F1D5" box="[639,842,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. anisacanthum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="75584B576D5999467D3651F9238DF1D6" author="Dogiel" box="[858,1012,724,750]" firstAuthor="Dogiel" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 288" refId="ref5185" refString="Dogiel, V. A. (1927) Monographie der familie Ophryoscolecidae. Archiv fur Protistenkunde, 59, 1 - 288." type="journal article" year="1927">Dogiel 1927</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. That is, they arise at the caudal end of the cell. In contrast, the spines in 
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5999467D5A51D123DEF02D" box="[822,935,764,789]" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Blepharocorythidae" genus="Diplodinium" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Trichostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="cameli">
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5999467D5A51D123DEF02D" box="[822,935,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. cameli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
arise approximately one­sixth of the distance toward the anterior end of the cell, from the dorsal and ventral surfaces.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="117636A66D5999467F545061220CF0E6" blockId="9.[264,1324,284,990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
The present study also revealed a wide variation in size, shape, and ciliary zones of 
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5999467F645059219AF0B5" box="[264,483,884,909]" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Buetschliidae" genus="Hsiungia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protista" order="Prostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="triciliata">
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5999467F645059219AF0B5" box="[264,483,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Hsiungia triciliata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5999467C4A50592363F0B5" box="[550,794,884,909]" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Buetschliidae" genus="Polymorphella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protista" order="Prostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="bovis">
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5999467C4A50592363F0B5" box="[550,794,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Polymorphella bovis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as well as several different forms of 
<emphasis id="23BDEAB46D5999467AB7505921A0F08D" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="D6C94D256D5999467AB7505921ACF08D" class="Kinetofragminophora" family="Ophryoscolecidae" genus="Entodinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Protista" order="Entodiniomorphida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="ovumrajae">Entodinium ovumrajae</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Further studies are required for possible redescription or establishment of new forms for these species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>