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<document id="0AF14D4A496FD419948C4AF75D9EEA5A" ID-CLB-Dataset="292142" ID-DOI="10.26028/cybium/2022-461-003" ID-GBIF-Dataset="171d9463-570c-4cba-9fb1-45edcb0c540e" ID-ISSN="2101-0315" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10836131" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.tables_approvedBy="julia" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="julia" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1705002844768" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Bănaru, Daniela, Diréach, Laurence Le, Crest, Guillaume, Tenaille, Melissa &amp; Harmelin-Vivien, Mireille" docDate="2022" docId="9929103FD43FFFD56925D9B42F3D2839" docLanguage="en" docName="Cybium.46.1.19-28.pdf" docOrigin="Cybium 46 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.26028/cybium/2022-461-003" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EAB95795642928CB986F0923DE58F0B7.1:Cybium.2019-.journal_article" docStyleId="EAB95795642928CB986F0923DE58F0B7" docStyleName="Cybium.2019-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="65106847D43DFFD06D17DB6D2A082C72" masterDocTitle="Are fisheries regulations influencing the biology and reproduction of the surmullet Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758 on the south-eastern coasts of France (NW Mediterranean)?" masterLastPageNumber="28" masterPageNumber="19" pageNumber="21" updateTime="1712003124970" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="F0EBA3DE526C79122A94F81665C207C5">Are fisheries regulations influencing the biology and reproduction of the surmullet Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758 on the south-eastern coasts of France (NW Mediterranean)?</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4F1B91646C81829343AD3CA60CAE7EB6">Tenaille, Melissa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1B625FAADC76A2A5A96E6BA1F5E68E58">Harmelin-Vivien, Mireille</mods:namePart>
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<heading id="4A771645D43FFFD26925D9B42EA12E83" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1074,1193,729,753]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="D680DAAAD43FFFD26925D9B42EA12E83" ID-CoL="44K4P" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1074,1193,729,753]" family="Mullidae" genus="Mullus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="surmuletus">
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD43FFFD26925D9B42EA12E83" bold="true" box="[1074,1193,729,753]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">RESULTS</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="23F47D3BD43FFFD26E3AD87429C62F43" bold="true" box="[813,974,793,817]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">Morphometry</emphasis>
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Of a total number of 263 individuals measured, 179 were females,
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, and 18 were undetermined, including mostly immature specimens. Their size (TL) ranged between a minimum of
<quantity id="D6780CCCD43FFFD26EC3D8F42E272FC3" box="[980,1071,921,945]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.22" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" unit="cm" value="12.2">12.2 cm</quantity>
and a maximum of 32.0 cm, with most individuals measuring between 17 and
<quantity id="D6780CCCD43FFFD26813D8D42F4E2FA3" box="[1284,1350,953,977]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" unit="cm" value="23.0">23 cm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="89BBBDACD43FFFD26844D8D42F9C2FA3" box="[1363,1428,953,977]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[132,197,1789,1811]" captionTargetBox="[132,785,1348,1771]" captionTargetId="figure-742@2.[132,775,1364,1772]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. – Percentage of individuals of Mullus surmuletus ana- lyzed by two-cm size class (total length in cm) and by sex. N: number of individuals, F: females, M: males, Undet.: unidentified group includes immature individuals and those whose sex could not be identified." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836135" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836135/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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Mean (± SD) total lengths of females (21.5 ±
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) and males (20.5 ±
<quantity id="D6780CCCD43FFFD26EDDD8942E1E2863" box="[970,1046,1017,1041]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" unit="cm" value="2.9">2.9 cm</quantity>
) did not differ statistically (p&gt; 0.05) and were significantly greater than immature individuals (18.1 ±
<quantity id="D6780CCCD43FFFD26EB9DF5429F42823" box="[942,1020,1081,1105]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" unit="cm" value="3.3">3.3 cm</quantity>
) (H = 13.65; p = 0.001). The relationship between TL and WT indicated an isometric growth (a = 0.011; b = 3.080), similar between females (a = 0.011; b = 3.074) and males (a = 0.077; b = 3.180).
</paragraph>
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The surmullet sampled in the AMA zone were significantly larger than those sampled in the West and East zones (H = 46.41; p &lt;0.0001) (
<figureCitation id="89BBBDACD43FFFD26929DF942E882963" box="[1086,1152,1273,1297]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="2.[813,876,1813,1835]" captionTargetBox="[809,1456,1402,1796]" captionTargetId="figure-792@2.[813,1456,1394,1796]" captionText="Figure 3. – Mean (± SE) total length (TL, cm) of Mullus surmuletus in West, AMA and East zones. N: number of analyzed individuals per sex in zones. Values with the same post-hoc letters (red for females, blue for males) are not significantly different (p&gt; 0.05)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836137" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836137/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Between-zone differences were significantly higher for females (H = 31.06 p &lt;0.0001) than for males (H = 6.85 p = 0.032). Females measured 23.0 ±
<quantity id="D6780CCCD43EFFD36DC5DAB02B162D87" box="[210,286,477,501]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" unit="cm" value="0.4">0.4 cm</quantity>
TL in the AMA compared to 20.4 ± 0.5 and 19.5 ±
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in the West and East zones, respectively. Males were larger (21.3 ±
<quantity id="D6780CCCD43EFFD36CBCD9702BF02E47" box="[427,504,541,565]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" unit="cm" value="0.5">0.5 cm</quantity>
) in the AMA than in the East zone (19.2 ±
<quantity id="D6780CCCD43EFFD36C47D9502BA82E27" box="[336,416,573,597]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" unit="cm" value="0.8">0.8 cm</quantity>
), but did not significantly differ from those of the West zone (20.2 ±
<quantity id="D6780CCCD43EFFD36F34D930287A2E07" box="[547,626,605,629]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" unit="cm" value="0.6">0.6 cm</quantity>
) (
<figureCitation id="89BBBDACD43EFFD36F9ED93028C72E07" box="[649,719,605,629]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="2.[813,876,1813,1835]" captionTargetBox="[809,1456,1402,1796]" captionTargetId="figure-792@2.[813,1456,1394,1796]" captionText="Figure 3. – Mean (± SE) total length (TL, cm) of Mullus surmuletus in West, AMA and East zones. N: number of analyzed individuals per sex in zones. Values with the same post-hoc letters (red for females, blue for males) are not significantly different (p&gt; 0.05)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836137" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836137/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). On average, larger individuals were sampled in autumn than in spring (H = 10.59; p &lt;0.001), for both females (22.1 ± 0.5 and 21.1 ±
<quantity id="D6780CCCD43EFFD36C1ED9D02B542EA7" box="[265,348,701,725]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" unit="cm" value="0.4">0.4 cm</quantity>
, respectively) and males (22.5 ± 0.8 and 19.6 ±
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, respectively) (H = 4.63 p = 0.031 and H = 14.26 p &lt;0.0001, respectively).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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Figure 2. – Percentage of individuals of
<taxonomicName id="D680DAAAD43FFFD26F0BDD9028DE2B60" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[540,726,1789,1810]" family="Mullidae" genus="Mullus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="surmuletus">
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD43FFFD26F0BDD9028DE2B60" box="[540,726,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">Mullus surmuletus</emphasis>
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analyzed by two-cm size class (total length in cm) and by sex. N: number of individuals, F: females, M: males, Undet.: unidentified group includes immature individuals and those whose sex could not be identified.
</paragraph>
</caption>
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<paragraph id="113FA129D43FFFD26E3ADC782F902B01" blockId="2.[813,1455,1813,1907]" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">
Figure 3. – Mean (± SE) total length (TL, cm) of
<taxonomicName id="D680DAAAD43FFFD269E9DC782FA72B58" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1278,1455,1813,1834]" family="Mullidae" genus="Mullus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="surmuletus">
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD43FFFD269E9DC782FA72B58" box="[1278,1455,1813,1834]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="21">Mullus surmuletus</emphasis>
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in West, AMA and East zones. N: number of analyzed individuals per sex in zones. Values with the same post-hoc letters (red for females, blue for males) are not significantly different (p&gt; 0.05).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="45FFF1A1D43EFFD36D93DBB42AFB2D75" ID-Table-UUID="45FFF1A1D43EFFD36D93DBB42AFB2D75" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/45FFF1A1D43EFFD36D93DBB42AFB2D75" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" startId="3.[132,186,217,239]" targetBox="[141,765,278,433]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="113FA129D43EFFD36D93DBB42AFB2D75" blockId="3.[132,775,217,263]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Table II. – Mean (± SE) relative body condition (Kn) by sex, zone and season.</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="599AF2A2D43EFFD56E3ADBB42F3D2839" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="113FA129D43EFFD36E3ADBB42E312C83" blockId="3.[813,1081,217,241]" box="[813,1081,217,241]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
<heading id="4A771645D43EFFD36E3ADBB42E312C83" bold="true" box="[813,1081,217,241]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" reason="3">
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD43EFFD36E3ADBB42E312C83" bold="true" box="[813,1081,217,241]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Relative body condition</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="113FA129D43EFFD36E45DB972F8B2DA3" blockId="3.[813,1455,249,465]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">No difference in relative body condition (Kn) was found between males and females (p&gt; 0.05) or between study zones (p&gt; 0.05). Kn was higher in autumn (1.04 ± 0.09) than in spring (0.99 ± 0.10) for the whole population (H = 7.88; p = 0.005). However, contrasted seasonal tendencies occurred between zones with higher mean Kn values in the AMA in spring and in the West zone in autumn (Tab. II).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="113FA129D43EFFD36DB4DA7B28F52DC2" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
<table id="63805389D43E002F6D9ADA7B28F52DC3" box="[141,765,278,433]" gridcols="8" gridrows="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
<tr id="AFB0A36BD43E002F6D9ADA7B28F52D59" box="[141,765,278,299]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
<th id="EC61CA17D43E002F6D9ADA7B2AD52D59" box="[141,221,278,299]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Sex</th>
<th id="EC61CA17D43E002F6DFBDA7B2B332D59" box="[236,315,278,299]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Season</th>
<th id="EC61CA17D43E002F6C58DA7B2BC62D59" box="[335,462,278,299]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">West</th>
<th id="EC61CA17D43E002F6CF1DA7B286E2D59" box="[486,614,278,299]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">AMA</th>
<th id="EC61CA17D43E002F6F69DA7B28F52D59" box="[638,765,278,299]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">East</th>
</tr>
<tr id="AFB0A36BD43E002F6D9ADA5A28F52D3F" box="[141,765,311,333]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
<th id="EC61CA17D43E002F6D9ADA5A2AD52D3F" box="[141,221,311,333]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Females</th>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6DFBDA5A2B332D1C" box="[236,315,311,366]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">Autumn</td>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6C58DA5A2B712D3F" box="[335,377,311,333]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">1.07</td>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6C86DA5A2BC62D3F" box="[401,462,311,333]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">± 0.01</td>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6CF1DA5A28182D3F" box="[486,528,311,333]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">1.00</td>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6F3FDA5A286E2D3F" box="[552,614,311,333]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">± 0.01</td>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6F69DA5A28A02D3F" box="[638,680,311,333]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">–</td>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6FD7DA5A28F52D3F" box="[704,765,311,333]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">–</td>
</tr>
<tr id="AFB0A36BD43E002F6D9ADA3528F52D1C" box="[141,765,344,366]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
<th id="EC61CA17D43E002F6D9ADA352AD52D1C" box="[141,221,344,366]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Males</th>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6C58DA352B712D1C" box="[335,377,344,366]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">1.05</td>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6C86DA352BC62D1C" box="[401,462,344,366]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">± 0.03</td>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6CF1DA3528182D1C" box="[486,528,344,366]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">0.99</td>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6F3FDA35286E2D1C" box="[552,614,344,366]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">± 0.02</td>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6F69DA3528A02D1C" box="[638,680,344,366]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">–</td>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6FD7DA3528F52D1C" box="[704,765,344,366]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">–</td>
</tr>
<tr id="AFB0A36BD43E002F6D9ADA1728F52DE2" box="[141,765,378,400]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
<th id="EC61CA17D43E002F6D9ADA172AD52DE2" box="[141,221,378,400]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Females</th>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6DFBDA172B332DC3" box="[236,315,378,433]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" rowspan="2" rowspanBelow="1">Spring</td>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6C58DA172B712DE2" box="[335,377,378,400]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">0.96</td>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6C86DA172BC62DE2" box="[401,462,378,400]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">± 0.01</td>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6CF1DA1728182DE2" box="[486,528,378,400]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">1.06</td>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6F3FDA17286E2DE2" box="[552,614,378,400]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">± 0.02</td>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6F69DA1728A02DE2" box="[638,680,378,400]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">0.99</td>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6FD7DA1728F52DE2" box="[704,765,378,400]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">± 0.01</td>
</tr>
<tr id="AFB0A36BD43E002F6D9ADAF628F52DC3" box="[141,765,411,433]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
<th id="EC61CA17D43E002F6D9ADAF62AD52DC3" box="[141,221,411,433]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Males</th>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6C58DAF62B712DC3" box="[335,377,411,433]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">0.92</td>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6C86DAF62BC62DC3" box="[401,462,411,433]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">± 0.02</td>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6CF1DAF628182DC3" box="[486,528,411,433]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">1.01</td>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6F3FDAF6286E2DC3" box="[552,614,411,433]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">± 0.02</td>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6F69DAF628A02DC3" box="[638,680,411,433]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">1.00</td>
<td id="EC61CA17D43E002F6FD7DAF628F52DC3" box="[704,765,411,433]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">± 0.02</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="113FA129D43EFFD36E3ADA9429C22E63" blockId="3.[813,970,505,529]" box="[813,970,505,529]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
<heading id="4A771645D43EFFD36E3ADA9429C22E63" bold="true" box="[813,970,505,529]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" reason="3">
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD43EFFD36E3ADA9429C22E63" bold="true" box="[813,970,505,529]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Reproduction</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="113FA129D43EFFD36E3AD97729872E43" blockId="3.[813,1455,538,881]" box="[813,911,538,561]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
<heading id="4A771645D43EFFD36E3AD97729872E43" box="[813,911,538,561]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" reason="5">
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD43EFFD36E3AD97729872E43" box="[813,911,538,561]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Sex-ratio</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="113FA129D43EFFD36E45D9542F0F2F63" blockId="3.[813,1455,538,881]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
Juveniles dominated the
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TL size class and mature individuals started to dominate from the
<quantity id="D6780CCCD43EFFD369EED9342F362E03" box="[1273,1342,601,625]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" unit="cm" value="14.0">14 cm</quantity>
size class (&gt; 75%). Females strongly dominated in all size classes with an increasing female-male sex-ratio with size (
<figureCitation id="89BBBDACD43EFFD36839D9F42F792EC3" box="[1326,1393,665,689]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[132,197,1789,1811]" captionTargetBox="[132,785,1348,1771]" captionTargetId="figure-742@2.[132,775,1364,1772]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. – Percentage of individuals of Mullus surmuletus ana- lyzed by two-cm size class (total length in cm) and by sex. N: number of individuals, F: females, M: males, Undet.: unidentified group includes immature individuals and those whose sex could not be identified." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836135" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836135/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). The sex-ratio was 1:
<quantity id="D6780CCCD43EFFD36EC4D9D429F42EA3" box="[979,1020,697,721]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
the
<quantity id="D6780CCCD43EFFD3693FD9D42E852EA3" box="[1064,1165,697,721]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" unit="cm" value="15.5" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="15.0">15-16 cm</quantity>
size class and reached 10:
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the
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size class. Some size classes larger than
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were even exclusively composed of females.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="113FA129D43EFFD36E45D8742F962F03" blockId="3.[813,1455,538,881]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
Higher sex-ratio values were measured in the West and East zones (3:1) than in the AMA (2:1) (
<figureCitation id="89BBBDACD43EFFD369EED8542F582F23" box="[1273,1360,825,849]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="3.[132,198,1159,1181]" captionTargetBox="[559,1440,919,1291]" captionTargetId="figure-474@3.[548,1455,914,1295]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 4. – Percentages of both sexes and females:males sex-ratio of Mullus surmuletus by zone (A) and season (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836139/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
), and in autumn than in spring (4:1 and 2:1, respectively) (
<figureCitation id="89BBBDACD43EFFD36829D8342F992F03" box="[1342,1425,857,881]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="3.[132,198,1159,1181]" captionTargetBox="[559,1440,919,1291]" captionTargetId="figure-474@3.[548,1455,914,1295]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 4. – Percentages of both sexes and females:males sex-ratio of Mullus surmuletus by zone (A) and season (B)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836139/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="45FFF1A1D43EFFD36D93DFEA2BF528BF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836139" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10836139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836139/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" startId="3.[132,198,1159,1181]" targetBox="[559,1440,919,1291]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="113FA129D43EFFD36D93DFEA2BF528BF" blockId="3.[132,510,1159,1229]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
Figure 4. – Percentages of both sexes and females:males sex-ratio of
<taxonomicName id="D680DAAAD43EFFD36CADDFF22BF628C6" box="[442,510,1183,1204]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD43EFFD36CADDFF22BF628C6" box="[442,510,1183,1204]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Mullus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD43EFFD36D93DFDA2AE528BE" box="[132,237,1207,1228]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">surmuletus</emphasis>
by zone (
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD43EFFD36C5CDFDA2B5428BE" bold="true" box="[331,348,1207,1228]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">A</emphasis>
) and season (
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD43EFFD36CC8DFDA2BE728BE" bold="true" box="[479,495,1207,1228]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">B</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="45FFF1A1D43EFFD36D93DC402B432B00" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836141" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10836141" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836141/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" startId="3.[132,195,1837,1859]" targetBox="[556,1453,1337,1905]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="113FA129D43EFFD36D93DC402B432B00" blockId="3.[132,511,1837,1907]" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">
Figure 5. – Mean gonado-somatic index (GSI, %) of
<taxonomicName id="D680DAAAD43EFFD36C1FDC282BC22B28" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[264,458,1861,1882]" family="Mullidae" genus="Mullus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="surmuletus">
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD43EFFD36C1FDC282BC22B28" box="[264,458,1861,1882]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="22">Mullus surmuletus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with size (LT, cm) by sex.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="113FA129D439FFD46D93DBB42B652C83" blockId="4.[132,365,217,241]" box="[132,365,217,241]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<heading id="4A771645D439FFD46D93DBB42B652C83" box="[132,365,217,241]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" reason="5">
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD439FFD46D93DBB42B652C83" box="[132,365,217,241]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Gonadosomatic index</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="113FA129D439FFD46DBDDB9728E82DA5" blockId="4.[132,775,250,636]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
The gonadosomatic index increased with size for both females and males (
<figureCitation id="89BBBDACD439FFD46C63DA762BB72D41" box="[372,447,283,307]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="3.[132,195,1837,1859]" captionTargetBox="[556,1453,1337,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-475@3.[548,1455,1333,1910]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 5. – Mean gonado-somatic index (GSI, %) of Mullus surmuletus with size (LT, cm) by sex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836141" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836141/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Females showed a higher increase in GSI with size than males. The linear relationships between individual size class and GSI by sex presented a higher slope for females (0.248) than for males (0.030). The highest GSI values were found in the
<quantity id="D6780CCCD439FFD46F42DAF328902DC4" box="[597,664,414,438]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" unit="cm" value="31.0">31 cm</quantity>
size class for females and in the
<quantity id="D6780CCCD439FFD46C67DAD22BBA2DA5" box="[368,434,447,471]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" unit="cm" value="24.0">24 cm</quantity>
size class for males (
<figureCitation id="89BBBDACD439FFD46F85DAD228DA2DA5" box="[658,722,447,471]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="3.[132,195,1837,1859]" captionTargetBox="[556,1453,1337,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-475@3.[548,1455,1333,1910]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 5. – Mean gonado-somatic index (GSI, %) of Mullus surmuletus with size (LT, cm) by sex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836141" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836141/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="113FA129D439FFD46DBDDA8D2E092D8B" blockId="4.[132,775,250,636]" lastBlockId="4.[813,1455,217,505]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
Mean GSI differed among zones only for males (F = 5.39; p = 0.007), with higher values in the AMA compared to the West and East zones (
<figureCitation id="89BBBDACD439FFD46F17D94C285D2E48" box="[512,597,545,570]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="5.[132,195,867,889]" captionTargetBox="[552,1438,225,994]" captionTargetId="figure-583@5.[548,1455,215,1003]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 8. – Mean percentages of gonad- al development stages (GDS) of Mullus surmuletus. A: By zone for females; B: By zone for males; C: By season for females; D: By season for males. N: number of individuals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836148" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836148/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
). The apparently higher GSI for females in the AMA was not significant and was related to the greater individual size of females in this zone (F = 24.35; p &lt;0.0001). Season had a significant effect on GSI independently of size, which was a significant covariate for females and males (F = 54.30; p &lt;0.0001 and F = 10.14; p = 0.002, respectively). Both females and males showed a higher GSI in spring than in autumn (F = 31.35; p &lt;0.0001 and F = 9.19; p = 0.004, respectively) (
<figureCitation id="89BBBDACD439FFD4685ADA132FAB2DE4" box="[1357,1443,382,406]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="4.[1077,1140,878,900]" captionTargetBox="[135,1035,670,1009]" captionTargetId="figure-289@4.[132,1039,667,1015]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 6. – Mean gonado-somatic index (GSI, %) of males and females of Mullus surmuletus by (A) zone and (B) sea- son. Values with the same post-hoc let-letters (red for females, blue for males) are not significantly different (p&gt; 0.05)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836143" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836143/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
). Gonad weight and gonadosomatic index were positively correlated with Kn (p &lt;0.0001; r = 0.28 and respectively p = 0.004; r = 0.18).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="113FA129D439FFD46E3AD94C2E782E48" blockId="4.[813,1136,545,570]" box="[813,1136,545,570]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
<heading id="4A771645D439FFD46E3AD94C2E782E48" bold="true" box="[813,1136,545,570]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" reason="3">
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD439FFD46E3AD94C2E782E48" bold="true" box="[813,1136,545,570]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Gonadal development stages</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="113FA129D439FFD56E45D92F2BAA2A37" blockId="4.[813,1455,578,635]" lastBlockId="5.[132,775,1043,1907]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
The gonadal development stages increased with size for both females (
<figureCitation id="89BBBDACD439FFD46EE2D90E2E442E09" box="[1013,1100,611,635]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="4.[1077,1140,1789,1811]" captionTargetBox="[142,995,1059,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-350@4.[132,995,1052,1901]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 7. – Mean percentage of gonadal development stages of Mullus surmuletus by 2-cm size class (TL, cm) and sex for (A) females and (B) males. N: number of individuals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836145" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836145/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
) and males (
<figureCitation id="89BBBDACD439FFD469C9D90E2F3E2E09" box="[1246,1334,611,635]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="4.[1077,1140,1789,1811]" captionTargetBox="[142,995,1059,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-350@4.[132,995,1052,1901]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 7. – Mean percentage of gonadal development stages of Mullus surmuletus by 2-cm size class (TL, cm) and sex for (A) females and (B) males. N: number of individuals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836145" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836145/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
), but there were no significant differences between females and males (p&gt; 0.05). For females, stage I dominated in the
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size class, stage II in
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, stage III between 22 and
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, while stage V showed its highest percentage in the
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size class (
<figureCitation id="89BBBDACD438FFD56D9BDFF42AD528C0" box="[140,221,1177,1202]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="4.[1077,1140,1789,1811]" captionTargetBox="[142,995,1059,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-350@4.[132,995,1052,1901]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 7. – Mean percentage of gonadal development stages of Mullus surmuletus by 2-cm size class (TL, cm) and sex for (A) females and (B) males. N: number of individuals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836145" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836145/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
). For males stage II dominated in size class between 14 and
<quantity id="D6780CCCD438FFD56DC4DFD62B1F28A0" box="[211,279,1211,1235]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="18.0">18 cm</quantity>
, III between 20 and
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, IV in
<quantity id="D6780CCCD438FFD56F97DFD628CC28A0" box="[640,708,1211,1235]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="24.0">24 cm</quantity>
, stage V in
<quantity id="D6780CCCD438FFD56DAFDFB12AF42886" box="[184,252,1244,1268]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="26.0">26 cm</quantity>
, while stages III and IV were equally represented in
<quantity id="D6780CCCD438FFD56DB7DF932AEA2964" box="[160,226,1278,1302]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
size class (
<figureCitation id="89BBBDACD438FFD56C4DDF932BA72964" box="[346,431,1278,1302]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="4.[1077,1140,1789,1811]" captionTargetBox="[142,995,1059,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-350@4.[132,995,1052,1901]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 7. – Mean percentage of gonadal development stages of Mullus surmuletus by 2-cm size class (TL, cm) and sex for (A) females and (B) males. N: number of individuals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836145" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836145/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
). For females, gonadal development stage III dominated in all zones, while stage VI was observed only in the AMA and West zones (
<figureCitation id="89BBBDACD438FFD56F65DE2C28C02928" box="[626,712,1345,1370]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="5.[132,195,867,889]" captionTargetBox="[552,1438,225,994]" captionTargetId="figure-583@5.[548,1455,215,1003]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 8. – Mean percentages of gonad- al development stages (GDS) of Mullus surmuletus. A: By zone for females; B: By zone for males; C: By season for females; D: By season for males. N: number of individuals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836148" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836148/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
). For males, stage II dominated in all zones (
<figureCitation id="89BBBDACD438FFD56F2CDE0E289B2909" box="[571,659,1379,1403]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="5.[132,195,867,889]" captionTargetBox="[552,1438,225,994]" captionTargetId="figure-583@5.[548,1455,215,1003]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 8. – Mean percentages of gonad- al development stages (GDS) of Mullus surmuletus. A: By zone for females; B: By zone for males; C: By season for females; D: By season for males. N: number of individuals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836148" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836148/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
). For both females and males individuals in stage V were more numerous in the AMA. However, differences in gonadal development stage between zones were not significant (p&gt; 0.05) and were related only to differences in the individual size for both females and males (F = 44.20; p &lt;0.0001 and respectively F = 9.16; p = 0.004).
</paragraph>
<caption id="45FFF1A1D439FFD46922D8032F9A2F8E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836143" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10836143" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836143/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" startId="4.[1077,1140,878,900]" targetBox="[135,1035,670,1009]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="113FA129D439FFD46922D8032F9A2F8E" blockId="4.[1077,1455,878,1020]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
Figure 6. – Mean gonado-somatic index (GSI, %) of males and females of
<taxonomicName id="D680DAAAD439FFD46897D8EB2EB72FC1" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" family="Mullidae" genus="Mullus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="surmuletus">
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD439FFD46897D8EB2EB72FC1" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Mullus surmuletus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by (
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD439FFD469FDD8F32EF32FC1" bold="true" box="[1258,1275,926,947]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">A</emphasis>
) zone and (
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD439FFD4687CD8F32F732FC1" bold="true" box="[1387,1403,926,947]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">B</emphasis>
) season. Values with the same post-hoc let-letters (red for females, blue for males) are not significantly different (p&gt; 0.05).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="45FFF1A1D439FFD46922DD902F072B01" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836145" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10836145" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836145/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" startId="4.[1077,1140,1789,1811]" targetBox="[142,995,1059,1896]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="113FA129D439FFD46922DD902F072B01" blockId="4.[1077,1456,1789,1907]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">
Figure 7. – Mean percentage of gonadal development stages of
<taxonomicName id="D680DAAAD439FFD4680ADC782E6C2B30" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" family="Mullidae" genus="Mullus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="surmuletus">
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD439FFD4680ADC782E6C2B30" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">Mullus surmuletus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 2-cm size class (TL, cm) and sex for (
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD439FFD4699EDC282E922B28" bold="true" box="[1161,1178,1861,1882]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">A</emphasis>
) females and (
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD439FFD46827DC282F482B28" bold="true" box="[1328,1344,1861,1882]" pageId="4" pageNumber="23">B</emphasis>
) males. N: number of individuals.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="45FFF1A1D438FFD56D93D80E2B562F83" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836148" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10836148" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836148/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="24" startId="5.[132,195,867,889]" targetBox="[552,1438,225,994]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="113FA129D438FFD56D93D80E2B562F83" blockId="5.[132,511,867,1009]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
Figure 8. – Mean percentages of gonadal development stages (GDS) of
<taxonomicName id="D680DAAAD438FFD56CABD8162BF72FE2" box="[444,511,891,912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD438FFD56CABD8162BF72FE2" box="[444,511,891,912]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Mullus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD438FFD56D93D8FE2AF52FDA" box="[132,253,915,936]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">surmuletus.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD438FFD56C12D8FE2B1E2FDA" bold="true" box="[261,278,915,936]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">A</emphasis>
: By zone for females;
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD438FFD56D92D8C62A9C2FB2" bold="true" box="[133,148,939,960]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">B</emphasis>
: By zone for males;
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD438FFD56C4BD8C62B652FB3" bold="true" box="[348,365,939,961]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">C</emphasis>
: By season for females;
<emphasis id="23F47D3BD438FFD56DF3D8AE2AFD2FAA" bold="true" box="[228,245,963,984]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">D</emphasis>
: By season for males. N: number of individuals.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="113FA129D438FFD56DBDDD222F3D2839" blockId="5.[132,775,1043,1907]" lastBlockId="5.[813,1456,1043,1100]" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">
Lower gonadal development stages dominated in autumn for both females (II and III) (F = 50.12; p &lt;0.0001) (
<figureCitation id="89BBBDACD438FFD56FB9DD1D28F62AFA" box="[686,766,1648,1672]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="5.[132,195,867,889]" captionTargetBox="[552,1438,225,994]" captionTargetId="figure-583@5.[548,1455,215,1003]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 8. – Mean percentages of gonad- al development stages (GDS) of Mullus surmuletus. A: By zone for females; B: By zone for males; C: By season for females; D: By season for males. N: number of individuals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836148" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836148/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
) and males (II and III) (F = 7.00; p = 0.010) (
<figureCitation id="89BBBDACD438FFD56F7ADDFC28CD2ADB" box="[621,709,1681,1705]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="5.[132,195,867,889]" captionTargetBox="[552,1438,225,994]" captionTargetId="figure-583@5.[548,1455,215,1003]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 8. – Mean percentages of gonad- al development stages (GDS) of Mullus surmuletus. A: By zone for females; B: By zone for males; C: By season for females; D: By season for males. N: number of individuals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10836148" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10836148/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="24">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
). Significant seasonal differences, independent of size, were also observed for both females (F = 70.63; p &lt;0.0001) and males (F = 18.21; p &lt;0.0001). However, development stages in males seemed to be in advance compared to females in autumn, as stage IV and V were observed for males, while stage I were still present in females. More advanced gonadal development stages occurred in spring, with stages IV, V and VI observed in similar percentages in both sexes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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