1035 lines
140 KiB
XML
1035 lines
140 KiB
XML
<document id="CBBE0DCD2200BD0A3B371F68E504AB4F" ID-CLB-Dataset="7818" ID-DOI="10.1093/mspecies/sey012" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1133c1b3-ef89-4bfb-bc6b-de99d52287c3" ID-ISSN="1545-1410" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573565" ID-ZooBank="022B7817-9037-4B26-96FF-2D2488D63FB7" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1614695464408" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Rose, Randolph W. & Rose, Robert K." docDate="2018" docId="97546218FFB1FF8D6DACCD0CFAE3FDC1" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpecies.50.965.100-108.pdf" docOrigin="Mammalian Species 50 (965)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/sey012" docStyle="DocumentStyle:E260F2FEBB038053A7447521347BED36.4:MammalSpecies.2016-.journal_article" docStyleId="E260F2FEBB038053A7447521347BED36" docStyleName="MammalSpecies.2016-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Thylogale billardierii" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="106" masterDocId="6B6D1A60FFB0FF8B6D7DCF72FFB0FFE7" masterDocTitle="Thylogale billardierii (Diprotodontia: Macropodidae)" masterLastPageNumber="108" masterPageNumber="100" pageNumber="101" updateTime="1698931831762" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="A1C43CDA9F9D6EEBCAB6609768CA22AB">Thylogale billardierii (Diprotodontia: Macropodidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F75B064ECAA663E890EB8D59CC9BACD0">Rose, Randolph W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FD5CA4190C976FC9F546CB515F8649D5">School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7001, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="FD25C62C7C44B129C4BBB35AB059A6AD" type="email">randy.rose@utas.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="D4D5AD1BBD188918E7EB266360E81A63">Rose, Robert K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E0A49B9F8A43CC683E1DC079E3B2C71C">Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 - 0266, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="C3F6448660DD0A3FDF09CF9E50EDD844" type="email">brose@odu.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="8091605A0C99D56F59A136507E6DDA0B">Mammalian Species</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="5231C13D714ED4071E67BC573CF45A20">
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<mods:date id="05D0809C3A56EEB3E6CF5EDE95E4651F">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="15611D65034410AFA14FDEBB0FD5340F">2018-09-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="A3856DFB49639D2482B1773D27A1910D">965</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="0DE169C4C41B67E576B2D3F02611E455" type="DOI">10.1093/mspecies/sey012</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="97546218FFB1FF8D6DACCD0CFAE3FDC1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4593293" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180302048" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4593293" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:97546218FFB1FF8D6DACCD0CFAE3FDC1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/97546218FFB1FF8D6DACCD0CFAE3FDC1" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="106" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">
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<subSubSection id="57E78085FFB1FF8A6DACCD0CFD05FD70" box="[209,693,637,664]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB1FF8A6DACCD0CFD05FD70" blockId="1.[209,693,637,664]" box="[209,693,637,664]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">
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<heading id="440A6462FFB1FF8A6DACCD0CFD05FD70" box="[209,693,637,664]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB1FF8A6DACCD0CFD05FD70" ID-CoL="56Q7H" authority="(Desmarest, 1822)" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[209,693,637,664]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
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<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6DACCD0CFE7DFD7F" box="[209,461,638,664]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">Thylogale billardierii</emphasis>
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||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6CA9CD0FFD05FD70" bold="true" box="[468,693,637,663]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB1FF8A6CA3CD0FFD1BFD70" author="DESMAREST, A. G." box="[478,683,637,663]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" pagination="2" refId="ref6943" refString="DESMAREST, A. G. 1822. Mammalogie ou description des especes des mammiferes. P. 542 in Encyclopedie methodique (D. Diderot and J. Rond d'Alembert, eds.). Par ordre de Matieres. Supplement 2. Agasse, Paris, France." type="journal article" year="1822">Desmarest, 1822</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="57E78085FFB1FF8A6C1DCDB3FDE0FD3F" box="[352,592,705,728]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB1FF8A6C1DCDB3FDE0FD3F" blockId="1.[352,592,705,728]" box="[352,592,705,728]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">Tasmanian Pademelon</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="57E78085FFB1FF8A6D10CD84FDA6FBAA" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB1FF8A6D10CD84FD91FCCA" blockId="1.[109,792,758,1005]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6D10CD84FEE3FCEA" box="[109,339,758,781]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">kangurus Billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB1FF8A6C20CD84FDF8FCEA" author="DESMAREST, A. G." box="[349,584,758,781]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" pagination="2" refId="ref6943" refString="DESMAREST, A. G. 1822. Mammalogie ou description des especes des mammiferes. P. 542 in Encyclopedie methodique (D. Diderot and J. Rond d'Alembert, eds.). Par ordre de Matieres. Supplement 2. Agasse, Paris, France." type="journal article" year="1822">Desmarest, 1822:542</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="C0466DACFFB1FF8A6F2BCD84FD3BFCEA" box="[598,651,758,781]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="6D02241CFFB1FF8A6F8DCD84FE36FCCA" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">“La terre de Van-Diemen”</quote>
|
||
(=
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB1FF8A6CD6CC64FDA6FCCA" box="[427,534,790,813]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB1FF8A6D10CC44FD93FC8A" blockId="1.[109,792,758,1005]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB1FF8A6D10CC44FD33FCAA" authority="Gray, 1838: 108" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="108" authorityYear="1838" box="[109,643,822,845]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Halmaturus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tasmanei" subGenus="Thylogale">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6D10CC44FE65FCAA" box="[109,469,822,845]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">Halmaturus (Thylogale) tasmanei</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB1FF8A6CA1CC44FD33FCAA" author="GRAY, J. E." box="[476,643,822,845]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" pagination="106 - 111" refId="ref7368" refString="GRAY, J. E. 1838. Notes on the above, with descriptions of two new species. Annals of Natural History 1: 106 - 111." type="journal article" year="1838">Gray, 1838:108</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="C0466DACFFB1FF8A6FF0CC44FD72FCAA" box="[653,706,822,845]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="6D02241CFFB1FF8A6DE1CC24FE38FC8A" box="[156,392,854,877]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">“Van Diemen’s Land”</quote>
|
||
(=
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB1FF8A6CD0CC24FDA8FC8A" box="[429,536,854,877]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB1FF8A6D10CC04FDCAFC4A" blockId="1.[109,792,758,1005]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB1FF8A6D10CC04FD7FFC6A" authority="Ogilby, 1838: 220" authorityName="Ogilby" authorityPageNumber="220" authorityYear="1838" box="[109,719,886,909]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Macropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufiventer" subGenus="Halmaturus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6D10CC04FE45FC6A" box="[109,501,886,909]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">Macropus (Halmaturus) rufiventer</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB1FF8A6F7BCC04FD7FFC6A" author="OGILBY, W." box="[518,719,886,909]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" pagination="216 - 221" refId="ref8344" refString="OGILBY, W. 1838. Observations upon some recent communications of Mr. J. E. Gray, of the British Museum, to the Annals of Natural History; with descriptions of two new kangaroos from Van Diemen's Land. Annals of Natural History 1: 216 - 221." type="journal article" year="1838">Ogilby, 1838:220</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="C0466DACFFB1FF8A6F9ECC04FCA8FC6A" box="[739,792,886,909]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="6D02241CFFB1FF8A6D89CCE4FE50FC4A" box="[244,480,918,941]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">“Van Diemen’s Land”</quote>
|
||
(=
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB1FF8A6F79CCE4FDDFFC4A" box="[516,623,918,941]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB1FF8A6D10CCC4FE9AFC0A" blockId="1.[109,792,758,1005]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6D10CCC4FF30FC2A" box="[109,128,950,973]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">H</emphasis>
|
||
<insertion id="8278B4CFFFB1FF8A6DFCCCC4FF4FFC2A" box="[129,255,950,973]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6DF4CCC4FF45FC2A" box="[137,245,950,973]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">almaturus</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
</insertion>
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6C7BCCC4FE20FC2A" box="[262,400,950,973]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">brachytarsus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB1FF8A6CEACCC4FDEDFC2A" author="WAGNER, J. A." box="[407,605,950,973]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" refId="ref9034" refString="WAGNER, J. A. 1842. Die Saugethiere in Abbildungen nach natur mit Beschreibungen Von Dr Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber. Supplementband. Vol. 3. Verlegts Wolfgang Walther, Erlangen, Germany." type="book" year="1842">Wagner, 1842:104</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 121.
|
||
<typeStatus id="C0466DACFFB1FF8A6FE2CCC4FD64FC2A" box="[671,724,950,973]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB1FF8A6D10CB64FDA6FBAA" blockId="1.[109,792,1046,1101]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">
|
||
CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Context as above. No subspecies are recognized (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB1FF8A6DACCB44FDB6FBAA" author="CALABY, J. H. & B. J. RICHARDSON" box="[209,518,1078,1101]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" refId="ref6739" refString="CALABY, J. H., and B. J. RICHARDSON. 1988. Macropodidae. Pp. 60 - 80 in Mammalia, Vol. 5, Zoological catalogue of Australia (J. L. Bannister, J H. Calaby, L. J. Dawson, J. K. Ling, J. A. Mahoney, G. M. McKay, B. J. Richardson, W. D. L. Ride, and D. W. Walton, eds.). Australian Government Printing Service, Canberra, Australia." type="book" year="1988">Calaby and Richardson 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="57E78085FFB1FF8A6C0CCBFAFDF6F925" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB1FF8A6C0CCBFAFDA4FB45" blockId="1.[369,532,1160,1186]" box="[369,532,1160,1186]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">
|
||
<heading id="440A6462FFB1FF8A6C0CCBFAFDA4FB45" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[369,532,1160,1186]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6C0CCBFAFDA4FB45" bold="true" box="[369,532,1160,1186]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">DIAGNOSIS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB1FF8A6E35CFB9FA42FE85" blockId="1.[838,1525,203,962]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">
|
||
upper lip. The snout is naked and the tapering tail is covered with short hairs. The nasal bones of the skull have straight outer edges, each bone being wedge shaped (
|
||
<figureCitation id="87C6CF8BFFB1FF8A698FCE79FA80FEC5" box="[1266,1328,267,290]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[840,873,1836,1857]" captionTargetBox="[893,1469,1016,1823]" captionTargetId="figure-613@1.[893,1469,1016,1823]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 2.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible of Thylogale billardierii (NMNH [Smithsonian Institution Museum of Natural History] # 582036) from Maria Island National Park, Tasmania. Greatest length of skull is 109.28 mm. Photograph by John Leeming of the Queen Victoria Museum, Launceston,Tasmania used with permission." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573569/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Females carry a single young in a forward-opening abdominal pouch with 4 teats; females are smaller but otherwise indistinguishable from males.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB1FF8A6E0ECE19FBA0FDA5" blockId="1.[838,1525,203,962]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">
|
||
Driessen (1992), who used pouch young to determine maturity in females and sperm in the cauda epididymides maturity in males, reported mean weight of adult females to be
|
||
<quantity id="D8057EEBFFB1FF8A68DCCED9FA45FE25" box="[1441,1525,427,450]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.56" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" unit="kg" value="4.56">4.56 kg</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6E2CCEB9FCEEFE05" box="[849,862,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 338; range
|
||
<quantity id="D8057EEBFFB1FF8A697ECEB9FBCAFE05" box="[1027,1146,459,482]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.8" metricValueMax="7.4" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" unit="kg" value="4.8" valueMax="7.4" valueMin="2.2">2.2–7.4 kg</quantity>
|
||
) and that of males to be
|
||
<quantity id="D8057EEBFFB1FF8A68E2CEB9FA43FE05" box="[1439,1523,459,482]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.53" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" unit="kg" value="6.53">6.53 kg</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6E2CCE99FCEEFDE5" box="[849,862,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 346; range 3.3–11.0 kg). From this large sample collected by shooters (Driessen 1992), we can conclude that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB1FF8A6818CD79FA42FDC5" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[1381,1522,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6818CD79FA42FDC5" box="[1381,1522,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a 1:1 sex ratio.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB1FF8A6E0ECD39FC69FCE5" blockId="1.[838,1525,203,962]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">
|
||
Means and ranges of external measurements (mm) of male and female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB1FF8A6EBACD19FBE6FD65" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[967,1110,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="1" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
T.
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6E9FCD19FBE6FD65" box="[994,1110,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively (
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6989CD19FAB1FD65" box="[1268,1281,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 40, 33) were as follows: total length, 852.7 (720–1,150), 750.0 (720–870); length of tail, 361.4 (300–445), 312.5 (270–325); length of hind foot, 133.8 (110–160), 119.4 (97–145); length of ear, 63.5 (58–72), 58.8 (45–68).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB1FF8A6E0ECC79FB16FC25" blockId="1.[838,1525,203,962]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">
|
||
Mean skull measurements (mm) for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB1FF8A686ACC79FA1BFCC5" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[1303,1451,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A686ACC79FA1BFCC5" box="[1303,1451,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male and female, respectively (
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A691CCC59FBDEFCA5" box="[1121,1134,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 18, 15) were as follows: greatest length of skull, 110.2, 101.6; depth of rostrum, 20.1, 17.7; cranial breadth,15.9, 14.6; zygomatic breadth, 56.5, 50.6; length of maxillary toothrow, 29.6, 27.5; length of molariform teeth in mandibular toothrow, 27.1, 25.7.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB1FF8A6DE5CBB9FDF6F925" blockId="1.[109,794,1227,1730]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">
|
||
In comparison to other macropodids, members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB1FF8A6FD3CBB9FCA8FB05" authorityName=": Gray" authorityYear="1837" box="[686,792,1227,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6FD3CBB9FCA8FB05" box="[686,792,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">Thylogale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are of medium size, usually
|
||
<quantity id="D8057EEBFFB1FF8A6CDBCB99FE44FAE5" box="[422,500,1259,1282]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" unit="kg" value="6.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="3.0">3–9 kg</quantity>
|
||
, with relatively large forelimbs compared with larger macropodids, long and fine fur, and a well-haired tail (with short stiff hairs) that lies on the ground when at rest (
|
||
<figureCitation id="87C6CF8BFFB1FF8A6C79CA39FEF4FA85" box="[260,324,1355,1378]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="0.[840,875,1769,1790]" captionTargetBox="[861,1501,1329,1756]" captionTargetId="figure-508@0.[861,1501,1329,1756]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="Fig. 1.—Adult Thylogale billardierii. Photograph by Murray Lord used with permission." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573567" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573567/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Although differing in coloration and distribution (see “Key”), all species are similar in size, with head and body lengths about 600 ±
|
||
<quantity id="D8057EEBFFB1FF8A6CC2CAF9FDA9FA45" box="[447,537,1419,1442]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6F5FCAF9FDF0FA45" box="[546,576,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">SE</emphasis>
|
||
(except the smaller
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB1FF8A6D10CAD9FF58FA25" box="[109,232,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="calabyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6D10CAD9FF58FA25" box="[109,232,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">T. calabyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—Calaby’s pademelon), tails about two-thirds the length of head and body, and same-age males larger than females.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB1FF8A6DADCA99FED0F9E5" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[208,352,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6DADCA99FED0F9E5" box="[208,352,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the largest species in the genus (e.g., mean body weights of males:females of 9.0:
|
||
<quantity id="D8057EEBFFB1FF8A6F1FC979FD1EF9C5" box="[610,686,1547,1570]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.8" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" unit="kg" value="5.8">5.8 kg</quantity>
|
||
, those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB1FF8A6D10C959FF4AF9A5" box="[109,250,1579,1602]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stigmatica">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6D10C959FF4AF9A5" box="[109,250,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">T. stigmatica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(red-legged pademelon) are 6.5:
|
||
<quantity id="D8057EEBFFB1FF8A6F27C959FD16F9A5" box="[602,678,1579,1602]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" unit="kg" value="4.2">4.2 kg</quantity>
|
||
, and those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB1FF8A6DF1C939FF55F985" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1827" box="[140,229,1611,1634]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Halmaturus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thetis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6DF1C939FF55F985" box="[140,229,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">T. thetis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(red-necked pademelon) are 7: <4 kg—Menkhorst and Knight 2001) and is distinguished from other pademelons by its relatively shorter tail, its orange-to-rufous-red venter, and the absence of both facial and hip markings.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="57E78085FFB1FF8A6C6CC98FFCA8F85F" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB1FF8A6C6CC98FFDC5F8F0" blockId="1.[273,629,1789,1815]" box="[273,629,1789,1815]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">
|
||
<heading id="440A6462FFB1FF8A6C6CC98FFDC5F8F0" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[273,629,1789,1815]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6C6CC98FFDC5F8F0" bold="true" box="[273,629,1789,1815]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">GENERAL CHARACTERS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="4B828386FFB1FF8A6E35C85EFA40F850" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573569" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573569" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573569/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" startId="1.[840,873,1836,1857]" targetBox="[893,1469,1016,1823]" targetPageId="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB1FF8A6E35C85EFA40F850" blockId="1.[840,1524,1836,1975]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6E35C85EFC33F8A6" bold="true" box="[840,899,1836,1857]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB1FF8A6EE4C838FBEFF8B8" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[921,1119,1866,1887]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6EE4C838FBEFF8B8" box="[921,1119,1866,1887]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">Thylogale billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NMNH [Smithsonian Institution Museum of Natural History] # 582036) from Maria Island National Park, Tasmania. Greatest length of skull is 109.28 mm. Photograph by John Leeming of the Queen Victoria Museum, Launceston, Tasmania used with permission.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB1FF8A6DE5C833FCA8F85F" blockId="1.[109,792,1857,1976]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB1FF8A6DE5C833FECFF8BF" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[152,383,1857,1880]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB1FF8A6DE5C833FECFF8BF" box="[152,383,1857,1880]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="101">Thylogale billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a compact body form, short ears, and long pelage, which is dark-brownish gray above and yellowish or rufous below (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB1FF8A6CFBC8F3FDFDF87F" author="WOOD JONES, F." box="[390,589,1921,1944]" pageId="1" pageNumber="101" refId="ref9131" refString="WOOD JONES, F. 1924. The mammals of South Australia. Part II. The bandicoots and herbivorous marsupials (the syndactylous Didelphia). Government Printer, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia." type="book" year="1924">Wood Jones 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Facial markings are absent except for a faint yellowish line which runs along the
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="57E78085FFB2FF896C2BCFB9FE1DFCE1" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB2FF896C2BCFB9FD9EFF02" blockId="2.[342,558,203,229]" box="[342,558,203,229]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<heading id="440A6462FFB2FF896C2BCFB9FD9EFF02" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[342,558,203,229]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB2FF896C2BCFB9FD9EFF02" bold="true" box="[342,558,203,229]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">DISTRIBUTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB2FF896DE5CE7DFE1DFCE1" blockId="2.[108,793,271,774]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">
|
||
Extinct on mainland
|
||
<collectingCountry id="67EA939EFFB2FF896CFCCE7DFE53FEC1" box="[385,483,271,294]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
for> 100 years,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB2FF896FD3CE7DFF51FEA1" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB2FF896FD3CE7DFF51FEA1" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">Thylogale billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widespread and often is exceedingly common in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB2FF896D10CE3DFF63FE81" box="[109,211,335,358]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="87C6CF8BFFB2FF896D9BCE3DFE97FE81" box="[230,295,335,358]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[109,144,1861,1882]" captionTargetBox="[116,786,1224,1845]" captionTargetId="figure-814@2.[113,788,1222,1847]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 3.—Distribution of Thylogale billardierii, occupying all of Tasmania. Map produced by the Old Dominion University Graphics unit." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573571/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is found in a greater percentage of 100- km
|
||
<superScript id="E8887E46FFB2FF896DF2CE1FFF27FE9C" attach="left" box="[143,151,365,379]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">2</superScript>
|
||
blocks in the state than all but one other species (tied with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB2FF896D12CEFDFEE7FE41" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[111,343,399,422]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Macropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufogriseus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB2FF896D12CEFDFEE7FE41" box="[111,343,399,422]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">Macropus rufogriseus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, red-necked wallaby, at 41%—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB2FF896FDCCEFDFF68FE21" author="ROUNSEVELL, D. E. & R. J. TAYLOR & G. J. HOCKING" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" pagination="699 - 717" refId="ref8663" refString="ROUNSEVELL, D. E., R. J. TAYLOR, and G. J. HOCKING. 1991. Distribution records of native terrestrial mammals in Tasmania. Wildlife Research 18: 699 - 717." type="journal article" year="1991">Rounsevell et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Populations are present on the King Island cluster off the northwest coast and on Flinders, Cape Barren, Clarke, Prime Seal, East Sister, and West Sister islands in the Furneaux Island group off the northeast coast (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB2FF896CCFCD7DFD98FDC1" author="HOPE, J. H." box="[434,552,527,550]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" pagination="163 - 195" refId="ref7543" refString="HOPE, J. H. 1973. Mammals of the Bass Strait Islands. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 85: 163 - 195." type="journal article" year="1973">Hope 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB2FF896F45CD7DFCB8FDC1" author="JOHNSON, K. A. & A. A. BURBIDGE & N. L. MCKENZIE" box="[568,776,527,550]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" refId="ref7609" refString="JOHNSON, K. A., A. A. BURBIDGE, and N. L. MCKENZIE. 1989. Australian Macropodoidea: status, causes of decline and future research and management. Pp. 641 - 657 in Kangaroos, wallabies, and rat-kangaroos (G. Grigg, P. Jarman, and I. Hume, eds.). Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Limited, Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia." type="book" year="1989">Johnson et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Spotlight (road) surveys indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB2FF896F7DCD5DFD21FDA1" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[512,657,559,582]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB2FF896F7DCD5DFDBFFDA1" box="[512,527,559,582]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB2FF896F60CD5DFD21FDA1" box="[541,657,559,582]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
increased in abundance between 1975 and
|
||
<quantity id="D8057EEBFFB2FF896CC5CD3DFDBCFD81" box="[440,524,591,614]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0546" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" unit="in" value="1990.0">1990 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB2FF896F69CD3DFDCAFD81" box="[532,634,591,614]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB2FF896FF6CD3DFEB8FD61" author="DRIESSEN, M. M. & G. J. HOCKING" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" refId="ref7027" refString="DRIESSEN, M. M., and G. J. HOCKING. 1992. Review and analysis of spotlight surveys in Tasmania: 1975 - 1990. Department of Parks, Wildlife and Heritage, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia." type="book" year="1992">Driessen and Hocking 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus, although populations from southeastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB2FF896D10CDFDFEA3FD41" box="[109,275,655,678]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">South Australia</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB2FF896C38CDFDFE2BFD41" box="[325,411,655,678]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">Victoria</collectingRegion>
|
||
have been extirpated,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB2FF896FF7CDFDFCA8FD41" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[650,792,655,678]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB2FF896FF7CDFDFCA8FD41" box="[650,792,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seemingly was secure in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB2FF896C08CDDDFE6BFD21" box="[373,475,687,710]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
until the intentional introduction of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB2FF896DC0CDBDFEFEFD01" authority="vulpes" box="[189,334,719,742]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulpes">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB2FF896DC0CDBDFEFEFD01" box="[189,334,719,742]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">Vulpes vulpes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the red fox (by one or a few individuals), into the state in 2001 or 2002.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="57E78085FFB2FF8F6C36CC32FD9BF88F" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB2FF896C36CC32FD8AFCBD" blockId="2.[331,570,832,858]" box="[331,570,832,858]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<heading id="440A6462FFB2FF896C36CC32FD8AFCBD" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[331,570,832,858]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB2FF896C36CC32FD8AFCBD" bold="true" box="[331,570,832,858]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">FOSSIL RECORD</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB2FF896DE5CCF6FA40FE85" blockId="2.[109,794,900,1179]" lastBlockId="2.[840,1523,203,354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">
|
||
The ancestry of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB2FF896CB9CCF6FD9EFC7C" authorityName=": Gray" authorityYear="1837" box="[452,558,900,923]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB2FF896CB9CCF6FD9EFC7C" box="[452,558,900,923]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">Thylogale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be traced to the early Pliocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB2FF896C58CCD6FE78FC5C" author="FLANNERY, T. F." box="[293,456,932,955]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" refId="ref7149" refString="FLANNERY, T. F. 1984. Kangaroos: 15 million years of Australian bounders. Pp. 817 - 835 in Vertebrate zoogeography and evolution in Australia (M. Archer and G. Clayton, eds.). Hesperian Press, Carlisle, Western Australia, Australia." type="book" year="1984">Flannery 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), together with other genera surviving today in wet or well-watered regions. The formerly limited distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB2FF896C1BCC96FDFDFC1C" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[358,589,996,1019]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB2FF896C1BCC96FDFDFC1C" box="[358,589,996,1019]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">Thylogale billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in coastal
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB2FF896FBFCC96FCA8FC1C" box="[706,792,996,1019]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">Victoria</collectingRegion>
|
||
strongly suggests that the species arose in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB2FF896F52CB76FD25FBFC" box="[559,661,1028,1051]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
and invaded the mainland during a period of lower sea level (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB2FF896F05CB56FCB8FBDC" author="MAYNES, G. M." box="[632,776,1060,1083]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" refId="ref7957" refString="MAYNES, G. M. 1989. Zoogeography of the Macropodoidea. Pp. 47 - 66 in Kangaroos, wallabies and rat-kangaroos (G. Grigg, P. Jarman, and I. Hume, eds.). Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Limited, Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia." type="book" year="1989">Maynes 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Fossil pademelons of late Pleistocene age (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="7AC9B5C9FFB2FF896F4ACB36FD32FBBC" box="[567,642,1092,1115]" degrees="30,420" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" precision="55" value="30.42">30,420</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="7AC9B5C9FFB2FF896FFFCB36FD69FBBC" box="[642,729,1092,1115]" degrees="11,630" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" precision="55" value="-11.63">–11,630</geoCoordinate>
|
||
years ago) have been recovered from Nunamira Cave in south central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB2FF896DEACBF6FF4DFB7C" box="[151,253,1156,1179]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB2FF896C70CBF6FE5AFB7C" author="COSGROVE, R. & J. ALLEN & B. MARSHALL" box="[269,490,1156,1179]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" pagination="59 - 78" refId="ref6876" refString="COSGROVE, R., J. ALLEN, and B. MARSHALL. 1990. Paleoecology and Pleistocene human occupation in south central Tasmania. Antiquity 64: 59 - 78." type="journal article" year="1990">Cosgrove et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the species is known from both Pleistocene and recent locations in McEachern’s Cave in extreme southwestern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB2FF89694ACF99FB3DFEE5" box="[1079,1165,235,258]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">Victoria</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB2FF8969E0CF99FAF4FEE5" author="WAKEFIELD, N. A." box="[1181,1348,235,258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" pagination="363 - 383" refId="ref9103" refString="WAKEFIELD, N. A. 1967. Preliminary report on McEachern's Cave, S. W. Victoria. Victorian Naturalist 84: 363 - 383." type="journal article" year="1967">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB2FF8969E0CF99FAB8FEE5" box="[1181,1288,235,258]" country="United Kingdom" name="Wakefield" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">Wakefield</collectingRegion>
|
||
1967
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB2FF8968F5CF99FC3FFEC5" author="WAKEFIELD, N. A." pageId="2" pageNumber="102" pagination="419 - 425" refId="ref9072" refString="WAKEFIELD, N. A. 1964. Recent mammalian sub-fossils of the Basalt Plains of Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 77: 419 - 425." type="journal article" year="1964">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB2FF8968F5CF99FA43FEE5" box="[1416,1523,235,258]" country="United Kingdom" name="Wakefield" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">Wakefield</collectingRegion>
|
||
(1964)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reports subfossils from 3 of 7 sites on the basalt plains of western
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB2FF896EE2CE59FC48FEA5" box="[927,1016,299,322]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">Victoria</collectingRegion>
|
||
, including both cave and aboriginal (beach midden) sites. One of the latter yielded an estimated 44 individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB2FF896E81CEEFFA8EFE50" blockId="2.[1020,1342,413,439]" box="[1020,1342,413,439]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<heading id="440A6462FFB2FF896E81CEEFFA8EFE50" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1020,1342,413,439]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB2FF896E81CEEFFA8EFE50" bold="true" box="[1020,1342,413,439]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">FORM AND FUNCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB2FF896E0ECE93FA6DFDBF" blockId="2.[838,1525,481,1944]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">
|
||
The body of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB2FF89697FCE93FB58FE1F" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[1026,1256,481,504]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB2FF89697FCE93FB58FE1F" box="[1026,1256,481,504]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">Thylogale billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is squat, the tail is thick and relatively short, and its fur is dense. Narrow eye rings are tinged with rufous, and the underparts are buff to orange, including mouth and chin, with rufous tinge, especially on the belly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB2FF896E0ECD13FBADFCBF" blockId="2.[838,1525,481,1944]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">
|
||
The dental formula is i 3/1, c 1/0, p 1/1, m 4/4, total 30. The dentition is typical of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB2FF8969F4CDF3FA91FD7F" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1866" box="[1161,1313,641,664]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Diprotodontia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which the lower incisors are reduced to a single pair of forward-projecting teeth. All teeth have roots, and hence, animals can be aged by degree of tooth wear. A more detailed method of aging by molar tooth eruption of known-aged live animals proved useful for ages 5–30 months, by which time the 4th molar is erupting (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB2FF8968E8CC53FBBDFCBF" author="DRIESSEN, M. M. & G. J. HOCKING" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" pagination="107 - 110" refId="ref7070" refString="DRIESSEN, M. M., and G. J. HOCKING. 1997. Age estimation of the Tasmanian pademelon, Thylogale billardierii, by molar eruption. Australian Mammalogy 20: 107 - 110." type="journal article" year="1997">Driessen and Hocking 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB2FF896E0ECC13FB93FBDF" blockId="2.[838,1525,481,1944]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB2FF896E0ECC13FBD3FC9F" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[883,1123,865,888]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB2FF896E0ECC13FBD3FC9F" box="[883,1123,865,888]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">Thylogale billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a low-fiber browser that also includes some grass in the diet (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB2FF8969DFCCF3FA9CFC7F" author="SANSON, G. D." box="[1186,1324,897,920]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" refId="ref8702" refString="SANSON, G. D. 1989. Morphological adaptations of teeth to diets and feeding in the Macropodoidea. Pp. 151 - 168 in Kangaroos, wallabies and rat-kangaroos (G. Grigg, P. Jarman, and I. Hume, eds.). Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Limited, Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia." type="book" year="1989">Sanson 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The incisors can clip certain plant parts, but highly lignified petioles of leaves of dicotyledonous plants require shearing with the cheek teeth. The small premolars and the molars (both with shearing and grinding capacities) lie in a flat toothrow in which all teeth occlude at once (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB2FF896EF7CB53FBA3FBDF" author="SANSON, G. D." box="[906,1043,1057,1080]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" refId="ref8702" refString="SANSON, G. D. 1989. Morphological adaptations of teeth to diets and feeding in the Macropodoidea. Pp. 151 - 168 in Kangaroos, wallabies and rat-kangaroos (G. Grigg, P. Jarman, and I. Hume, eds.). Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Limited, Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia." type="book" year="1989">Sanson 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB2FF896E0ECB33FA63FB1F" blockId="2.[838,1525,481,1944]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">
|
||
The long gastrointestinal tract is typical of foregut-fermenting macropodines, but the sacciform forestomach is not as massive as those of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB2FF8969F8CBF3FB5FFB7F" authorityName=": Gray" authorityYear="1837" box="[1157,1263,1153,1176]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB2FF8969F8CBF3FB5FFB7F" box="[1157,1263,1153,1176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">Thylogale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB2FF89682ACBF3FA53FB7F" author="DELLOW, D. W." box="[1367,1507,1153,1176]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" refId="ref6909" refString="DELLOW, D. W. 1979. Physiology of digestion in macropodine marsupials. Ph. D. thesis, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia." type="book" year="1979">Dellow 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB2FF896E35CBD3FC63FB5F" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[840,979,1185,1208]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB2FF896E35CBD3FC63FB5F" box="[840,979,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also differs from its congeners by possessing a gastric sulcus, a feature that may function to channel ingested milk directly to the hindstomach in young animals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB2FF896844CB93FA73FB1F" author="DELLOW, D. W." box="[1337,1475,1249,1272]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" refId="ref6909" refString="DELLOW, D. W. 1979. Physiology of digestion in macropodine marsupials. Ph. D. thesis, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia." type="book" year="1979">Dellow 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB2FF896E0ECA73FB99F9FF" blockId="2.[838,1525,481,1944]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">
|
||
The field metabolic rate, using the doubly labeled water method, was 0.532 ml CO
|
||
<subScript id="8379D14BFFB2FF89691ECA42FBDBFAD9" attach="left" box="[1123,1131,1328,1342]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">2</subScript>
|
||
<superScript id="E8887E46FFB2FF89690ECA53FB07FACA" attach="left" box="[1139,1207,1311,1336]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">g−1 h−1</superScript>
|
||
, or 1,630 kJ/day (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB2FF896800CA53FCCDFABF" author="NAGY, K. A. & G. D. SANSON" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" pagination="591 - 599" refId="ref8302" refString="NAGY, K. A., G. D. SANSON, and N. K, JACOBSEN. 1990. Comparative field energetics of two macropod marsupials and a ruminant. Australian Wildlife Research 17: 591 - 599." type="journal article" year="1990">Nagy et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), or an average of 273 kJ
|
||
<superScript id="E8887E46FFB2FF8969F0CA33FB46FAAA" attach="left" box="[1165,1270,1343,1368]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">kg−1 day−1</superScript>
|
||
(B. Green 1989). Water influx rates estimated to be 108 ml
|
||
<superScript id="E8887E46FFB2FF8969B3CA13FA88FA8A" attach="left" box="[1230,1336,1375,1400]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">kg−1 day−1</superScript>
|
||
were required to maintain the 70.3% water content of the body.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB2FF89684ECAF3FA42FA7F" author="NAGY, K. A. & G. D. SANSON" box="[1331,1522,1409,1432]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" pagination="591 - 599" refId="ref8302" refString="NAGY, K. A., G. D. SANSON, and N. K, JACOBSEN. 1990. Comparative field energetics of two macropod marsupials and a ruminant. Australian Wildlife Research 17: 591 - 599." type="journal article" year="1990">Nagy et al. (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
estimated the dry matter digestibility of grass to be 56 ± 5% (
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB2FF896E2CCAB3FCDFFA3F" box="[849,879,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">SE</emphasis>
|
||
), and that a 5.9-kg wild
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB2FF8969F8CAB3FAA5FA3F" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[1157,1301,1473,1496]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB2FF8969F8CAB3FAA5FA3F" box="[1157,1301,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would have to consume
|
||
<quantity id="D8057EEBFFB2FF896EFACA93FC72FA1F" box="[903,962,1505,1528]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.96" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" unit="g" value="196.0">196 g</quantity>
|
||
of dry matter of food each day to meet its metabolic energy requirements.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB2FF886E0EC953FCA8FE85" blockId="2.[838,1525,481,1944]" lastBlockId="3.[109,793,203,354]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">
|
||
The use of indwelling jugular venous catheters confirmed that cortisol is quantitatively the major circulating glucocorticoid, with the mean concentration being high (200–250 nmol/ ml) in undisturbed animals (Martin and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="67EA939EFFB2FF896851C9F3FA2EF97F" box="[1324,1438,1665,1688]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
1986). Glucocorticoids affect carbohydrate metabolism by both antagonizing the peripheral actions of insulin and enhancing hepatic gluconeogenesis by induction of gluconeogenic enzymes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB2FF896E2CC873FB3AF8FF" author="MARTIN, I. K. & I. R. MCDONALD" box="[849,1162,1793,1816]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" pagination="71 - 79" refId="ref7921" refString="MARTIN, I. K., and I. R. MCDONALD. 1988. Metabolic actions of cortisol in a macropodid marsupial Thylogale billardierii. Journal of Endocrinology 116: 71 - 79." type="journal article" year="1988">
|
||
Martin and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="67EA939EFFB2FF896EAAC873FBF9F8FF" box="[983,1097,1793,1816]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
1988
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus, the normal role of glucocorticoids may be to permit metabolic processes to achieve maximum rates and to synergize other hormones to achieve metabolic control (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB2FF89696EC813FA8EF89F" author="MARTIN, I. K. & I. R. MCDONALD" box="[1043,1342,1889,1912]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" pagination="71 - 79" refId="ref7921" refString="MARTIN, I. K., and I. R. MCDONALD. 1988. Metabolic actions of cortisol in a macropodid marsupial Thylogale billardierii. Journal of Endocrinology 116: 71 - 79." type="journal article" year="1988">
|
||
Martin and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="67EA939EFFB2FF8969EDC813FAB2F89F" box="[1168,1282,1889,1912]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
1988
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Maximal adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation via intravenous infusion briefly caused a 5- to 6-fold increase in cortisol secretion rate, but this dropped by one-half due to a marked increase in metabolic clearance. Plasma glucose concentration did not change significantly because of infusion of either adrenocorticotropic hormone or plasma cortisol (Martin and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="67EA939EFFB3FF886F64CE39FD3BFE85" box="[537,651,331,354]" name="Heard Island and McDonald Islands" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">McDonald</collectingCountry>
|
||
1986, 1988).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="4B828386FFB2FF896D10C837FF2AF872" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573571" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573571" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573571/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" startId="2.[109,144,1861,1882]" targetBox="[116,786,1224,1845]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB2FF896D10C837FF2AF872" blockId="2.[109,792,1861,1941]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB2FF896D10C837FF07F8BD" bold="true" box="[109,183,1861,1882]" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
||
—Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB2FF896C05C837FDE0F8BD" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[376,592,1861,1882]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="2" pageNumber="102" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB2FF896C05C837FDE0F8BD" box="[376,592,1861,1882]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="102">Thylogale billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, occupying all of Tasmania. Map produced by the Old Dominion University Graphics unit.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB3FF886DB2CEB4FD06FE07" blockId="3.[207,694,454,480]" box="[207,694,454,480]" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<heading id="440A6462FFB3FF886DB2CEB4FD06FE07" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[207,694,454,480]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB3FF886DB2CEB4FD06FE07" bold="true" box="[207,694,454,480]" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB3FF886DE5CD78FD35FD06" blockId="3.[108,795,522,1953]" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">
|
||
Parturition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB3FF886C4FCD78FDAAFDC6" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[306,538,522,545]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB3FF886C4FCD78FDAAFDC6" box="[306,538,522,545]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">Thylogale billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is typical of macropodids; the mother’s tail is extended forward while she licks her urogenital sinus and pouch. Once the 420-mg neonate (crownrump length of
|
||
<quantity id="D8057EEBFFB3FF886C64CD18FEC3FD66" box="[281,371,618,641]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.62" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" unit="cm" value="1.62">1.62 cm</quantity>
|
||
) reaches the pouch, it attaches to 1 of the 4 teats, where it begins a long pouch life of nearly 7 months. Teat selection is random except that the large teat of a previous lactation is avoided (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB3FF886C36CDB8FDC5FD06" author="ROSE, R. W. & D. J. MCCARTNEY" box="[331,629,714,737]" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" pagination="33 - 38" refId="ref8621" refString="ROSE, R. W., and D. J. MCCARTNEY. 1982 b. Growth of the red-bellied pademelon, Thylogale billardierii, and age estimation of pouch young. Australian Wildlife Research 9: 33 - 38." type="journal article" year="1982">Rose and McCartney 1982b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB3FF886DE5CD98FD6AFB06" blockId="3.[108,795,522,1953]" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">
|
||
As happens with other marsupials, the milk of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB3FF886FF7CD98FCA8FCE6" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[650,792,746,769]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB3FF886FF7CD98FCA8FCE6" box="[650,792,746,769]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
changes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB3FF886DAECC78FE7FFCC6" author="ROSE, R. W. & K. FLOWERS" box="[211,463,778,801]" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" pagination="241 - 248" refId="ref8488" refString="ROSE, R. W., and K. FLOWERS. 2005. Milk composition and growth in wild and captive Tasmanian pademelons, Thylogale billardierii (Marsupialia). Australian Journal of Zoology 53: 241 - 248." type="journal article" year="2005">Rose and Flowers 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) from dilute milk in early lactation (0–6 weeks: 500–800 kJ/ml) to more concentrated milk in midlactation (17–25 weeks: 550–1,100 kJ/ml) and more energy rich in late lactation (≥ 26 weeks:
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="7AC9B5C9FFB3FF886F78CC18FDF0FC66" box="[517,576,874,897]" degrees="1,300" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" precision="55" value="1.3">1,300</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="7AC9B5C9FFB3FF886F42CC18FD3AFC66" box="[575,650,874,897]" degrees="2,550" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" precision="55" value="-2.55">–2,550</geoCoordinate>
|
||
kJ/ml). The amounts of carbohydrates, similar in early lactation and midlactation, drop in late lactation, whereas those of proteins and lipids rise significantly in late lactation compared with earlier periods. Milk carbohydrates were always higher in the captive group compared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB3FF886C2ACB78FE54FBC6" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[343,484,1034,1057]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB3FF886C2ACB78FE54FBC6" box="[343,484,1034,1057]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from several localities in the wild. Although protein and lipid levels were more variable in the captive group, the energy content of the milk led to faster growth rates than those seen in the wild (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB3FF886CA7CB18FD67FB66" author="ROSE, R. W. & K. FLOWERS" box="[474,727,1130,1153]" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" pagination="241 - 248" refId="ref8488" refString="ROSE, R. W., and K. FLOWERS. 2005. Milk composition and growth in wild and captive Tasmanian pademelons, Thylogale billardierii (Marsupialia). Australian Journal of Zoology 53: 241 - 248." type="journal article" year="2005">Rose and Flowers 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The premature pouch vacation in females receiving bromocriptine injections (near the end of the pouch life of her young) indicates a maternal role in final pouch vacation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB3FF886F6ACBB8FD38FB06" author="ROSE, R. W." box="[535,648,1226,1249]" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" refId="ref8421" refString="ROSE, R. W. 1985. The reproductive biology of the Tasmanian bettong, Bettongia gaimardi. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia." type="book" year="1985">Rose 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB3FF886FE8CBB8FD7AFB06" author="ROSE, R. W." box="[661,714,1226,1249]" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" pagination="49 - 53" refId="ref8456" refString="ROSE, R. W. 1997. The effects of bromocriptine on the Tasmanian pademelon, Thylogale billardierii, during lactational quiescence. Australian Mammalogy 20: 49 - 53." type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB3FF886DE5CB98FE49FA06" blockId="3.[108,795,522,1953]" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">
|
||
The sex of young can be determined by day 14 with the unaided eye, using the criterion of pouch anlage or scrotum. Although the pigmented eyeballs can be seen at birth, the eyelids and conjunctiva are not evident until week 5, the follicles of the eyelashes are seen at week 9, and the eyelids do not open until between weeks 18 and 20. The pinnae are free from the underlying skin by the 5th week but are not fully uncurled until 18–20 weeks (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB3FF886DBDCAB8FE59FA06" author="ROSE, R. W. & D. J. MCCARTNEY" box="[192,489,1482,1505]" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" pagination="33 - 38" refId="ref8621" refString="ROSE, R. W., and D. J. MCCARTNEY. 1982 b. Growth of the red-bellied pademelon, Thylogale billardierii, and age estimation of pouch young. Australian Wildlife Research 9: 33 - 38." type="journal article" year="1982">Rose and McCartney 1982b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB3FF886DE5CA98FDC4F846" blockId="3.[108,795,522,1953]" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">
|
||
Other aspects of development are slow too, such as the lower incisors 1st appearing by day 91 and the 1st squeaking vocalizations at day 96. Pigmentation appears on head, ears, and tip of tail between days 60 and 115, and by day 140, the entire dorsum is pigmented. Between days 144 and 160, the body becomes covered with fine fur, after which a top coat of guard hairs appears. Shortly after becoming well furred (usually 150–160 days), the young’s head protrudes from the pouch on a regular basis. Although sufficiently coordinated to be able to stand unaided before this age, about this time the young is able to hop. The minimum and maximum ages for first emergence from the pouch were 158 and 192 days. After vacating the pouch, the young remains at foot for another 3 months, continuing to suckle during this period (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB3FF886C46C8F8FDD4F846" author="ROSE, R. W. & D. J. MCCARTNEY" box="[315,612,1930,1953]" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" pagination="33 - 38" refId="ref8621" refString="ROSE, R. W., and D. J. MCCARTNEY. 1982 b. Growth of the red-bellied pademelon, Thylogale billardierii, and age estimation of pouch young. Australian Wildlife Research 9: 33 - 38." type="journal article" year="1982">Rose and McCartney 1982b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB3FF886E0ECFB9FC7BFD25" blockId="3.[839,1525,201,1954]" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">
|
||
The relative growth rate (2.37 × 10
|
||
<superScript id="E8887E46FFB3FF88698BCFBBFAB7FF30" attach="left" box="[1270,1287,201,215]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">−2</superScript>
|
||
log e g/day) is typical of macropodids and enables the young to permanently exit the pouch by 202 ± 7 days (range 196–212 days). At pouch vacation, the average young weighs 1,029 ±
|
||
<quantity id="D8057EEBFFB3FF88687ECE59FAF0FEA5" box="[1283,1344,299,322]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.1199999999999999" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" unit="g" value="112.0">112 g</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB3FF886837CE59FAD8FEA5" box="[1354,1384,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">SE</emphasis>
|
||
(range 857– 1,170 g—Rose and McCartney 1982b). The young is weaned at 240–300 days, at a weight of about
|
||
<quantity id="D8057EEBFFB3FF886980CE19FA83FE65" box="[1277,1331,363,386]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" unit="kg" value="3.0">3 kg</quantity>
|
||
. After permanent pouch vacation and the birth of the next neonate, the female has a pouch young attached to 1 teat and a young at foot nursing on a centimeter-long teat. Thus, although a female devotes nearly a year to raising an offspring, by that time she also has a pouch young nearly 4 months old. All things going well, a female raises about 1.3 young per year. Young born in winter survive better than those born in spring or summer (Driessen 1992). Animals continue to grow, if slightly, throughout life, enabling males to attain
|
||
<quantity id="D8057EEBFFB3FF886EF1CDF9FC77FD45" box="[908,967,651,674]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" unit="kg" value="11.0">11 kg</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB3FF886EABCDF9FB4FFD45" author="DRIESSEN, M. M. & G. J. HOCKING" box="[982,1279,651,674]" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" pagination="107 - 110" refId="ref7070" refString="DRIESSEN, M. M., and G. J. HOCKING. 1997. Age estimation of the Tasmanian pademelon, Thylogale billardierii, by molar eruption. Australian Mammalogy 20: 107 - 110." type="journal article" year="1997">Driessen and Hocking 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Life span in the wild is unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB3FF886E0ECDB9FA24FC85" blockId="3.[839,1525,201,1954]" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">
|
||
It is unclear whether
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB3FF886912CDB9FAB4FD05" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[1135,1284,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB3FF886912CDB9FAB4FD05" box="[1135,1284,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB3FF88682CCDB9FA17FD05" box="[1361,1447,715,738]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">Victoria</collectingRegion>
|
||
might have been physically larger than those surviving on
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB3FF8868FACD99FA40FCE5" box="[1415,1520,747,770]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
. However, fossils of specimens from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB3FF8869ACCC79FA97FCC5" box="[1233,1319,779,802]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">Victoria</collectingRegion>
|
||
support that viewpoint (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB3FF886EEDCC59FBB7FCA5" author="HOPE, J. H." box="[912,1031,811,834]" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" pagination="163 - 195" refId="ref7543" refString="HOPE, J. H. 1973. Mammals of the Bass Strait Islands. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 85: 163 - 195." type="journal article" year="1973">Hope 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The smallest animals are from the smallest islands of the Furneaux Island group in the Bass Strait.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB3FF886E0ECC19FC2AFBA5" blockId="3.[839,1525,201,1954]" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB3FF886EEDCC19FC48FC65" box="[912,1016,875,898]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB3FF886979CC19FB24FC65" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[1028,1172,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB3FF886979CC19FB24FC65" box="[1028,1172,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be hunted except during the few weeks of the deer season. Driessen (1992) reports that the loss of large reproductively mature adults in hunted populations was largely compensated by the earlier attainment of maturity than in populations not hunted. Thus, hunting altered the age distribution but not the level of breeding or, probably, population density.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB3FF886E0ECB39FACDF9C5" blockId="3.[839,1525,201,1954]" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">
|
||
The majority of young
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB3FF886907CB39FABCFB85" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[1146,1292,1099,1122]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB3FF886907CB39FABCFB85" box="[1146,1292,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are born in autumn, although both in nature and in captivity some young are born in other seasons (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB3FF886979CBF9FA80FB45" author="ROSE, R. W. & D. J. MCCARTNEY" box="[1028,1328,1163,1186]" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" pagination="27 - 32" refId="ref8583" refString="ROSE, R. W., and D. J. MCCARTNEY. 1982 a. Reproduction of the red-bellied pademelon, Thylogale billardierii (Marsupialia). Australian Wildlife Research 9: 27 - 32." type="journal article" year="1982">Rose and McCartney 1982a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A minor peak is seen in spring when young are leaving the pouch and are being either replaced by recently activated blastocysts or by young from new matings. Driessen (1992) recorded births in all months (
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB3FF886E2CCA79FCEEFAC5" box="[849,862,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 338) but with 2 distinct periods, April–June and October– November. During autumn and winter, first-time breeders give birth a month later than experienced breeders that failed to raise a young the previous breeding season. This can be explained by the median age of maturity for females being 13 months. In contrast, during the October–November peak, the mean birth dates did not differ between the 2 groups of females. The 2nd peak is probably due, in part, to the activation and subsequent birth of embryos produced at postpartum matings in autumn.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB3FF886E0EC959FC59F8A5" blockId="3.[839,1525,201,1954]" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">
|
||
The anatomy of the male reproductive system is similar to that of other macropodids, with a pendulous scrotum lying anterior to the opening of the sheath housing the penis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB3FF886806C919FCCDF945" author="MCCARTNEY, D. J." pageId="3" pageNumber="103" refId="ref8056" refString="MCCARTNEY, D. J. 1978. Reproductive biology of the Tasmanian pademelon, Thylogale billardierii. B. Sc. Honours thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia." type="book" year="1978">McCartney 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A large carrot-shaped prostate gland, a bipartite bulbourethral gland, and 3 pairs of Cowper’s glands are the accessory glands. The prostate gland increases in size in association with the autumnal breeding peak and to a lesser extent in the minor spring peak. The penis ends in a blunt cone and is retracted into a preputial sac.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB3FF8F6E0EC839FF03FEAF" blockId="3.[839,1525,201,1954]" lastBlockId="4.[108,794,203,1896]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="3" pageNumber="103">
|
||
Males are fertile soon after spermatorrhea, usually at
|
||
<quantity id="D8057EEBFFB3FF8868BCC839FA43F885" box="[1473,1523,1867,1890]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" unit="kg" value="4.0">4 kg</quantity>
|
||
in males 14 or more months old (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB3FF8869CBC819FA53F865" author="ROSE, R. W. & D. J. MCCARTNEY" box="[1206,1507,1899,1922]" pageId="3" pageNumber="103" pagination="27 - 32" refId="ref8583" refString="ROSE, R. W., and D. J. MCCARTNEY. 1982 a. Reproduction of the red-bellied pademelon, Thylogale billardierii (Marsupialia). Australian Wildlife Research 9: 27 - 32." type="journal article" year="1982">Rose and McCartney 1982a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Driessen (1992), using tooth eruption as a criterion for aging, determined that the median age to maturity of
|
||
<specimenCount id="09FB1887FFB4FF8F6F08CFB9FD55FF05" box="[629,741,203,226]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" type="male">346 males</specimenCount>
|
||
was 17 months, with only 3% being mature at 12 months. Once sexually mature, males are continuously spermatogenic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB4FF8F6FBFCE7DFF12FEAF" author="SETCHELL, B. P." pageId="4" pageNumber="104" refId="ref8767" refString="SETCHELL, B. P. 1977. Reproduction in male marsupials. Pp. 411 - 457 in The biology of marsupials (B. Stonehouse and D. Gilmore, eds.). Macmillan, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1977">Setchell 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB4FF8F6DE5CE26FEC0FDF2" blockId="4.[108,794,203,1896]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">
|
||
The mature spermatozoan has a mean length of
|
||
<quantity id="D8057EEBFFB4FF8F6FC8CE26FCA4FE8C" box="[693,788,340,364]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.879999999999999" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" unit="mm" value="98.8">98.8 µm</quantity>
|
||
, with a maximum head length of
|
||
<quantity id="D8057EEBFFB4FF8F6C9FCE04FD8EFE6A" box="[482,574,374,398]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.25" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" unit="mm" value="7.25">7.25 µm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB4FF8F6F2FCE04FD64FE6A" author="HORAK, J. A. A." box="[594,724,374,397]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" refId="ref7571" refString="HORAK, J. A. A. 1980. Delayed gestation in the red-bellied pademelon (Thylogale billardierii). B. Sc. Honours thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia." type="book" year="1980">Horak 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The sperm head is unusually shaped, being bluntly pointed in dorsal aspect, broad in the mid-region, and tapering posteriorly. The midpiece is convex, in part due to the ventral insertion of the flagellum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB4FF8F6D9FCE8CFED0FDF2" author="HORAK, J. A. A." box="[226,352,510,533]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" refId="ref7571" refString="HORAK, J. A. A. 1980. Delayed gestation in the red-bellied pademelon (Thylogale billardierii). B. Sc. Honours thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia." type="book" year="1980">Horak 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB4FF8F6DE5CD52FEDAFC8D" blockId="4.[108,794,203,1896]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">
|
||
Although the median age of maturity is 13 months for females (Driessen 1992), about 30% are mature at 12 months. Drought delays maturity in both sexes. In captivity, females as young as 14 months and as light as
|
||
<quantity id="D8057EEBFFB4FF8F6C88CDF4FD8AFD7A" box="[501,570,646,669]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" unit="kg" value="3.5">3.5 kg</quantity>
|
||
gave birth, but most females were older and heavier when bearing their 1st offspring (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB4FF8F6D0BCDB8FE2FFD06" author="ROSE, R. W. & D. J. MCCARTNEY" box="[118,415,714,737]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" pagination="27 - 32" refId="ref8583" refString="ROSE, R. W., and D. J. MCCARTNEY. 1982 a. Reproduction of the red-bellied pademelon, Thylogale billardierii (Marsupialia). Australian Wildlife Research 9: 27 - 32." type="journal article" year="1982">Rose and McCartney 1982a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Of
|
||
<specimenCount id="09FB1887FFB4FF8F6CA5CDB8FD8FFD06" box="[472,575,714,737]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" type="female">9 females</specimenCount>
|
||
evaluated for reproductive activity for 3 years while in captivity, some were in estrus in every month, mating occurred in all by 1 month, and births were recorded in March, October, and November (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB4FF8F6F9ECC43FEEAFC8D" author="ROSE, R. W. & D. J. MCCARTNEY" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" pagination="27 - 32" refId="ref8583" refString="ROSE, R. W., and D. J. MCCARTNEY. 1982 a. Reproduction of the red-bellied pademelon, Thylogale billardierii (Marsupialia). Australian Wildlife Research 9: 27 - 32." type="journal article" year="1982">Rose and McCartney 1982a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB4FF8F6DE5CC07FF6DFBF3" blockId="4.[108,794,203,1896]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">
|
||
The structure and shape of the female reproductive tract are described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB4FF8F6C7CCCE5FE24FC49" author="HORAK, J. A. A." box="[257,404,919,942]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" refId="ref7571" refString="HORAK, J. A. A. 1980. Delayed gestation in the red-bellied pademelon (Thylogale billardierii). B. Sc. Honours thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia." type="book" year="1980">Horak (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB4FF8F6CB6CCE5FD23FC49" author="MCCARTNEY, D. J." box="[459,659,919,942]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" refId="ref8056" refString="MCCARTNEY, D. J. 1978. Reproductive biology of the Tasmanian pademelon, Thylogale billardierii. B. Sc. Honours thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia." type="book" year="1978">McCartney (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and the origin, distribution, and structure of related blood vessels by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB4FF8F6F8DCCCBFE89FC15" author="LEE, C. S. & J. D. O'SHEA" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" pagination="95 - 114" refId="ref7691" refString="LEE, C. S., and J. D. O'SHEA. 1977. Observation on the vasculature of the reproductive tract in some Australian marsupials. Journal of Morphology 154: 95 - 114." type="journal article" year="1977">Lee and O’Shea (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Four mammae are located 2 on each side in the pouch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB4FF8F6DE5CB6DFDFAFAE4" blockId="4.[108,794,203,1896]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">
|
||
Ovulation of a single ovum is spontaneous, with a mean ovulation rate of 30.3 days in adults (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB4FF8F6CA1CB33FCB9FBBF" author="ROSE, R. W. & D. J. MCCARTNEY" box="[476,777,1089,1112]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" pagination="27 - 32" refId="ref8583" refString="ROSE, R. W., and D. J. MCCARTNEY. 1982 a. Reproduction of the red-bellied pademelon, Thylogale billardierii (Marsupialia). Australian Wildlife Research 9: 27 - 32." type="journal article" year="1982">Rose and McCartney 1982a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The zygote develops to the blastocyst stage, after which embryonic growth proceeds by embryotrophic nutrition until a brief implantation during the last one-third of the 30.2-day gestation. Pouch life is about 7 months, and a young at foot is nursed for a further period (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB4FF8F6C6DCB9EFD8AFAE4" author="ROSE, R. W. & D. J. MCCARTNEY" box="[272,570,1260,1283]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" pagination="33 - 38" refId="ref8621" refString="ROSE, R. W., and D. J. MCCARTNEY. 1982 b. Growth of the red-bellied pademelon, Thylogale billardierii, and age estimation of pouch young. Australian Wildlife Research 9: 33 - 38." type="journal article" year="1982">Rose and McCartney 1982b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB4FF8F6DE5CA7CFE9EF9F4" blockId="4.[108,794,203,1896]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">
|
||
Normal gestation occupies all of the follicular and luteal phases and is followed by a postpartum estrus and ovulation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB4FF8F6D0BCA20FE1AFA8E" author="ROSE, R. W. & D. J. MCCARTNEY" box="[118,426,1362,1385]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" pagination="27 - 32" refId="ref8583" refString="ROSE, R. W., and D. J. MCCARTNEY. 1982 a. Reproduction of the red-bellied pademelon, Thylogale billardierii (Marsupialia). Australian Wildlife Research 9: 27 - 32." type="journal article" year="1982">Rose and McCartney 1982a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). If lactation follows, the corpus albicans associated with pregnancy declines in the same way as in the nonpregnant female, but the new corpus luteum formed at the postpartum ovulation is held in a state of quiescence, which may persist for almost the entire period of pouch occupancy (mean: 202 days).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB4FF8F6DE5C96CFD9BF88F" blockId="4.[108,794,203,1896]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">
|
||
Activation of the diapausing blastocyst is stimulated by reduced suckling, and thus, birth occurs the same night as final pouch vacation. Birth is always followed within 24 h by a postpartum estrus, so that parturition and mating usually occur during the same night (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB4FF8F6C3BC9D5FDC3F959" author="ROSE, R. W. & D. J. MCCARTNEY" box="[326,627,1703,1726]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" pagination="27 - 32" refId="ref8583" refString="ROSE, R. W., and D. J. MCCARTNEY. 1982 a. Reproduction of the red-bellied pademelon, Thylogale billardierii (Marsupialia). Australian Wildlife Research 9: 27 - 32." type="journal article" year="1982">Rose and McCartney 1982a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The resulting zygote develops into a 70- to 80-celled vesicular unilaminar blastocyst of about
|
||
<quantity id="D8057EEBFFB4FF8F6C3DC999FE23F8E5" box="[320,403,1771,1795]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" unit="mm" value="280.0">280 µm</quantity>
|
||
diameter, which then enters embryonic diapause (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB4FF8F6C70C87FFE3AF8C3" author="HORAK, J. A. A." box="[269,394,1805,1828]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" refId="ref7571" refString="HORAK, J. A. A. 1980. Delayed gestation in the red-bellied pademelon (Thylogale billardierii). B. Sc. Honours thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia." type="book" year="1980">Horak 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) until the young vacates the pouch. If the single pouch young is removed or lost, the next young is born about 27–28 days later (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB4FF8F6C12C823FDABF88F" author="ROSE, R. W. & J. A. A. HORAK & A. D. SHETEWI & S. M. JONES" box="[367,539,1873,1896]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" pagination="175 - 182" refId="ref8529" refString="ROSE, R. W., J. A. A. HORAK, A. D. SHETEWI, and S. M. JONES. 1999. Pregnancy in a marsupial, the Tasmanian pademelon Thylogale billardierii). Reproduction, Fertility, and Development 11: 175 - 182." type="journal article" year="1999">Rose et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="57E78085FFB4FF8D692FCFB9FCA8FBC5" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="106" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB4FF8F692FCFB9FB58FF02" blockId="4.[1106,1256,203,229]" box="[1106,1256,203,229]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<heading id="440A6462FFB4FF8F692FCFB9FB58FF02" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1106,1256,203,229]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB4FF8F692FCFB9FB58FF02" bold="true" box="[1106,1256,203,229]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">ECOLOGY</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB4FF8F6E0ECE7DFBA5FDE1" blockId="4.[839,1524,271,1897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">
|
||
Despite going extinct on the mainland during the 19th century (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB4FF8F6EF9CE5DFBBDFEA1" author="CALABY, J. H." box="[900,1037,303,326]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" pagination="17 - 31" refId="ref6716" refString="CALABY, J. H. 1971. The current status of Australian Macropodoidea. Australian Zoologist 16: 17 - 31." type="journal article" year="1971">Calaby 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB4FF8F6958CE5DFABBFEA1" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[1061,1291,303,326]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB4FF8F6958CE5DFABBFEA1" box="[1061,1291,303,326]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">Thylogale billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the broadest distribution of any mammal within
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB4FF8F69C1CE3DFA92FE81" box="[1212,1314,335,358]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB4FF8F684ACE3DFCCDFE61" author="ROUNSEVELL, D. E. & R. J. TAYLOR & G. J. HOCKING" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" pagination="699 - 717" refId="ref8663" refString="ROUNSEVELL, D. E., R. J. TAYLOR, and G. J. HOCKING. 1991. Distribution records of native terrestrial mammals in Tasmania. Wildlife Research 18: 699 - 717." type="journal article" year="1991">Rounsevell et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), suggesting wide habitat tolerances. However, it is most abundant where open lands (such as sheep farms) are mixed with forest lands. At night,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB4FF8F694DCEDDFB0EFE21" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[1072,1214,431,454]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB4FF8F694DCEDDFB0EFE21" box="[1072,1214,431,454]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
moves from daytime refuges in dense cover to feed in adjoining open areas, including crop fields and pastures.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB4FF8F6E0ECD7DFB4DFBE0" blockId="4.[839,1524,271,1897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB4FF8F6E0ECD7DFBE9FDC1" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[883,1113,527,550]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB4FF8F6E0ECD7DFBE9FDC1" box="[883,1113,527,550]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">Thylogale billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a generalist herbivore, grazing and browsing. The succulent short grasses and forbs and other foods (fruits, ferns, leaves, and twigs) all are considered to be low in digestible fiber.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB4FF8F6E93CD1DFAAAFD61" author="SPRENT, J. A. & C. MCARTHUR" box="[1006,1306,623,646]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" pagination="183 - 192" refId="ref8964" refString="SPRENT, J. A., and C. MCARTHUR. 2002. Diet and diet selection of two species in the macropodid browser-grazer continuum: do they eat what they should? Australian Journal of Zoology 50: 183 - 192." type="journal article" year="2002">Sprent and McArthur (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who analyzed forestomach contents of animals feeding naturally near a young pine plantation, reported that, as a percentage of dry matter,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB4FF8F68E8CDC2FC32FD00" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB4FF8F68E8CDC2FC32FD00" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ate 53% grasses and 38% broad-leafed forbs, 0% trees, and small amounts of other foods. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB4FF8F6993CD82FACBFCE0" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[1262,1403,752,775]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB4FF8F6993CD82FACBFCE0" box="[1262,1403,752,775]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
selectively ate forbs because they were twice as numerous in the diet as in the field. In feeding trials of leaves and stems from seedlings of several tree species, individuals generally selected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB4FF8F6818CC22FC2CFC60" authorityName="R.Br. ex W.T.Aiton" authorityYear="1813" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melanoxylon">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB4FF8F6818CC22FC2CFC60" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">Acacia melanoxylon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB4FF8F6EB0CC02FBEEFC60" box="[973,1118,880,903]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="radiata">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB4FF8F6EB0CC02FBEEFC60" box="[973,1118,880,903]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">Pinus radiata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
stems and leaves over
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB4FF8F6830CC02FA74FC60" box="[1357,1476,880,903]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB4FF8F6830CC02FA74FC60" box="[1357,1476,880,903]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">Eucalyptus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but their browsing reduced the height of eucalypt seedlings by 17% compared with seedlings in exclosures (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB4FF8F6981CCC2FA53FC20" author="MCARTHUR, C. & A. GOODWIN & S. TURNER" box="[1276,1507,944,967]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" pagination="157 - 173" refId="ref8015" refString="MCARTHUR, C., A. GOODWIN, and S. TURNER. 2000. Preferences, selection and damage to seedlings under changing availability by two marsupial herbivores. Forest Ecology and Management 139: 157 - 173." type="journal article" year="2000">McArthur et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB4FF8F6E35CCA2FC6AFC00" baseAuthorityName="Desmarest" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[840,986,976,999]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB4FF8F6E35CCA2FC6AFC00" box="[840,986,976,999]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a significant source of mortality and reduced growth in forest plantations of eucalypts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB4FF8F6E0ECB62FAACFB20" blockId="4.[839,1524,271,1897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">
|
||
Food regurgitation (merycism), a common behavior in macropodines apparently related to their foregut fermentation, is practiced by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB4FF8F6EA4CB22FA9AFB80" authority="(Mollison 1960)" baseAuthorityName="Mollison" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[985,1322,1104,1127]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB4FF8F6EA4CB22FBDBFB80" box="[985,1131,1104,1127]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB4FF8F6902CB22FAAFFB80" author="MOLLISON, B. C." box="[1151,1311,1104,1127]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" pagination="87 - 88" refId="ref8185" refString="MOLLISON, B. C. 1960. Food regurgitation in Bennett's wallaby Protemnodon rufogrisea (Desmarest) and the scrub wallaby, Thylogale billardierii (Desmarest). CSIRO Wildlife Research 5: 87 - 88." type="journal article" year="1960">Mollison 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Usually the food spilled from the mouth is reingested immediately, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB4FF8F68D5CB02FC3FFB40" author="CLANCY, T." pageId="4" pageNumber="104" refId="ref6843" refString="CLANCY, T. 1982. Aspects of the behaviour of Thylogale billardierii in captivity. B. Sc. Honours thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia." type="book" year="1982">Clancy (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed 2 instances in which food regurgitated by females was eaten by
|
||
<specimenCount id="09FB1887FFB4FF8F694FCBC2FB34FB20" box="[1074,1156,1200,1223]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="09FB1887FFB4FF8F69C5CBC2FAA8FB20" box="[1208,1304,1200,1223]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB4FF8F6E0ECBA3FB11FA4F" blockId="4.[839,1524,271,1897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB4FF8F6E0ECBA3FBE7FB0F" baseAuthorityName="Mollison" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[883,1111,1233,1256]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB4FF8F6E0ECBA3FBE7FB0F" box="[883,1111,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">Thylogale billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can reach densities of about 8 individuals/ha, with overlapping home ranges of 29.7 ha for males and 14.8 ha for females (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB4FF8F6956CA62FAF9FAC0" author="LEMAR, K. & C. MCARTHUR" box="[1067,1353,1296,1319]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" pagination="131 - 135" refId="ref7794" refString="LEMAR, K., and C. MCARTHUR. 2003. Location of 1080 - poisoned marsupial herbivore carcasses in relation to their home ranges. Tasforests 14: 131 - 135." type="journal article" year="2003">leMar and McArthur 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus, besides a state-wide distribution, they are also abundant. In the middle one-third of the 20th century, millions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB4FF8F685FCA23FA05FA8F" baseAuthorityName="Mollison" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[1314,1461,1361,1384]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB4FF8F685FCA23FA05FA8F" box="[1314,1461,1361,1384]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pelts were shipped to the northern hemisphere for use in the fur trade.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB4FF8F6E35CAE3FC66FA4F" baseAuthorityName="Mollison" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[840,982,1425,1448]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB4FF8F6E35CAE3FC66FA4F" box="[840,982,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
meat also is eaten.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB4FF8E6E0ECAC3FE10FEE5" blockId="4.[839,1524,271,1897]" lastBlockId="5.[108,792,203,770]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB4FF8F6E0ECAC3FBEDFA2F" baseAuthorityName="Mollison" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[883,1117,1457,1480]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB4FF8F6E0ECAC3FBEDFA2F" box="[883,1117,1457,1480]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">Thylogale billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is preyed upon by feral cats (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB4FF8F68C2CAC3FC30FA0F" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="catus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB4FF8F68C2CAC3FC30FA0F" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">Felis catus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB4FF8F6EE6CAA3FBF0FA0F" author="FANCOURT, B. A." box="[923,1088,1489,1512]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" pagination="120 - 124" refId="ref7108" refString="FANCOURT, B. A. 2015. Making a killing: photographic evidence of predation of a Tasmanian pademelon (Thylogale billardierii) by a feral cat (Felis catus). Australian Mammalogy 37: 120 - 124." type="journal article" year="2015">Fancourt 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and dogs (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB4FF8F699DCAA3FA53FA0F" box="[1248,1507,1489,1512]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="familiaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB4FF8F699DCAA3FA53FA0F" box="[1248,1507,1489,1512]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">Canis lupus familiaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Tasmanian devils (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB4FF8F696FCA83FB58F9EF" baseAuthorityName="Boitard" baseAuthorityYear="1841" box="[1042,1256,1521,1544]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasyuridae" genus="Sarcophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dasyuromorphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="harrisii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB4FF8F696FCA83FB58F9EF" box="[1042,1256,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">Sarcophilus harrisii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and formerly by thylacines (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB4FF8F6EEDC963FB2FF9CF" baseAuthorityName="Harris" baseAuthorityYear="1808" box="[912,1183,1553,1576]" class="Mammalia" family="Thylacinidae" genus="Thylacinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dasyuromorphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cynocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB4FF8F6EEDC963FB2FF9CF" box="[912,1183,1553,1576]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">Thylacinus cynocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB4FF8F69B3C963FA84F9CF" box="[1230,1332,1553,1576]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
and by red foxes and dingoes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB4FF8F6EA4C943FB2DF9AF" authorityName="Meyer" authorityYear="1793" box="[985,1181,1585,1608]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="dingo">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB4FF8F6EA4C943FB2DF9AF" box="[985,1181,1585,1608]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">Canis lupus dingo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) on the mainland. Young
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB4FF8F68CEC943FC10F98F" baseAuthorityName="Mollison" baseAuthorityYear="1960" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB4FF8F68CEC943FC10F98F" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are taken by spotted-tailed quolls (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB4FF8F686CC923FA5AF98F" baseAuthorityName="Kerr" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[1297,1514,1617,1640]" class="Mammalia" family="Dasyuridae" genus="Dasyurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dasyuromorphia" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB4FF8F686CC923FA5AF98F" box="[1297,1514,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">Dasyurus maculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or eagles too. Another source of mortality in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB4FF8F683BC903FA1CF96F" box="[1350,1452,1649,1672]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
is the pesticide “1080” (sodium fluoroacetate, which inhibits citrate and succinate metabolism in the Krebs’ cycle, causing cardiac failure), which is used to control marsupial herbivores where eucalypt seedlings are planted. Such programs are effective, resulting in population declines of 97–98% following a 17-day baiting program (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB4FF8F6978C843FA91F8AF" author="LEMAR, K. & C. MCARTHUR" box="[1029,1313,1841,1864]" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" pagination="175 - 180" refId="ref7759" refString="LEMAR, K., and C. MCARTHUR. 2001. Changes in marsupial herbivore densities in relation to a forest 1080 - poisoning operation. Australian Forestry 64: 175 - 180." type="journal article" year="2001">leMar and McArthur 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Carcasses of 8 of 10 radiocollared
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB4FF8F697EC820FB25F88E" baseAuthorityName="Mollison" baseAuthorityYear="1960" box="[1027,1173,1874,1897]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="4" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB4FF8F697EC820FB25F88E" box="[1027,1173,1874,1897]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="104">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
killed during a 1080-poisoning operation were recovered an average of
|
||
<quantity id="D8057EEBFFB5FF8E6F63CFB9FDE5FF05" box="[542,597,203,226]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" unit="m" value="31.0">31 m</quantity>
|
||
from the bait line (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB5FF8E6D0BCF99FE20FEE5" author="LEMAR, K. & C. MCARTHUR" box="[118,400,235,258]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" pagination="155 - 160" refId="ref7729" refString="LEMAR, K., and C. MCARTHUR. 2000. Relocating radio-collared targeted marsupials after a 1080 - poisoning operation. Tasforests 12: 155 - 160." type="journal article" year="2000">leMar and McArthur 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB5FF8E6DE5CE79FD25FE45" blockId="5.[108,792,203,770]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">
|
||
Likely competitors include red-necked wallaby, brushtail possum (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB5FF8E6DACCE59FE71FEA5" baseAuthorityName="Kerr" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[209,449,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Trichosurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vulpecula">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E6DACCE59FE71FEA5" box="[209,449,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">Trichosurus vulpecula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and to lesser extents wombat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB5FF8E6D0BCE39FE80FE85" baseAuthorityName="Shaw" baseAuthorityYear="1800" box="[118,304,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Vombatidae" genus="Vombatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ursinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E6D0BCE39FE80FE85" box="[118,304,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">Vombatus ursinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and introduced European rabbit (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB5FF8E6FE9CE39FF63FE65" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Oryctolagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuniculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E6FE9CE39FF63FE65" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">Oryctolagus cuniculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); all have been studied extensively as potential sources of mortality for young trees (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB5FF8E6CD9CEF9FD34FE45" author="MCARTHUR, C. & A. GOODWIN & S. TURNER" box="[420,644,395,418]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" pagination="157 - 173" refId="ref8015" refString="MCARTHUR, C., A. GOODWIN, and S. TURNER. 2000. Preferences, selection and damage to seedlings under changing availability by two marsupial herbivores. Forest Ecology and Management 139: 157 - 173." type="journal article" year="2000">McArthur et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB5FF8E6DE5CED9FE94FCE5" blockId="5.[108,792,203,770]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">
|
||
An unidentified species of large strongylate nematode in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB5FF8E6D9ACEB9FE23FE05" authorityName="Yorke & Maplestone" authorityYear="1926" box="[231,403,459,482]" class="Secernentea" family="Cloacinidae" genus="Labiostrongylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strongylida" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E6D9ACEB9FE23FE05" box="[231,403,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">Labiostrongylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
causes lesions in the stomach of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB5FF8E6D10CE99FE0AFDE5" authority="(Munday 1971)" baseAuthorityName="Munday" baseAuthorityYear="1971" box="[109,442,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E6D10CE99FEB0FDE5" box="[109,256,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB5FF8E6C68CE99FE1EFDE5" author="MUNDAY, B. L." box="[277,430,491,514]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" pagination="125" refId="ref8263" refString="MUNDAY, B. L. 1971. Gastric squamous tumor in the stomach of a pademelon (Thylogale billardierii) associated with an infection of Labiostrongylus sp. larvae. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 7: 125." type="journal article" year="1971">Munday 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Larval stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB5FF8E6FF5CE99FF47FDC5" authorityName="Sprent" authorityYear="1970" class="Chromadorea" family="Ascarididae" genus="Baylisascaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="tasmaniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E6FF5CE99FF47FDC5" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">Baylisascaris tasmaniensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, an ascaridoid nematode, have been found in tissues of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB5FF8E6DC2CD59FDAFFDA5" authority="(Spratt et al. 1991)" baseAuthorityName="Spratt" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[191,543,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E6DC2CD59FEFEFDA5" box="[191,334,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB5FF8E6C20CD59FDA4FDA5" author="SPRATT, D. M. & I. BEVERIDGE & E. L. WALTER" box="[349,532,555,578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 105" refId="ref8918" refString="SPRATT, D. M., I. BEVERIDGE, and E. L. WALTER. 1991. A catalogue of Australasian marsupials and their recorded helminth parasites. Records of the South Australian Museum, Monograph Series 1: 1 - 105." type="book chapter" year="1991">Spratt et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Seven species of ectoparasitic mites of 4 genera and 3 families were detected by R. H. Green (1989), namely,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB5FF8E6CFECD19FDE9FD65" box="[387,601,619,642]" class="Arachnida" family="Atopomelidae" genus="Cytostethum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astigmata" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inerme">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E6CFECD19FDE9FD65" box="[387,601,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">Cytostethum inerme</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB5FF8E6F1BCD19FCA1FD65" box="[614,785,619,642]" class="Arachnida" family="Atopomelidae" genus="Cytostethum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astigmata" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maydenenses">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E6F1BCD19FCA1FD65" box="[614,785,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">C. maydenenses</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB5FF8E6D10CDF9FE81FD45" box="[109,305,651,674]" class="Arachnida" family="Atopomelidae" genus="Cytostethum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astigmata" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="postsqumatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E6D10CDF9FE81FD45" box="[109,305,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">C. postsqumatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB5FF8E6CFDCDF9FDBDFD45" box="[384,525,651,674]" class="Arachnida" family="Atopomelidae" genus="Cytostethum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Astigmata" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thylogale">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E6CFDCDF9FDBDFD45" box="[384,525,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">C. thylogale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB5FF8E6F58CDF9FCA2FD45" box="[549,786,651,674]" class="Arachnida" family="Trombiculidae" genus="Guntheria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kallipygos">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E6F58CDF9FCA2FD45" box="[549,786,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">Guntheria kallipygos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB5FF8E6D10CDD9FE74FD25" box="[109,452,683,706]" class="Arachnida" family="Trombiculidae" genus="Neotrombicula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Prostigmata" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="novaehollandiae">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E6D10CDD9FE74FD25" box="[109,452,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">Neotrombicula novaehollandiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB5FF8E6F7CCDD9FD71FD25" box="[513,705,683,706]" class="Arachnida" family="Laelapidae" genus="Thadeua" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mesostigmata" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mitchelli">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E6F7CCDD9FD71FD25" box="[513,705,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">Thadeua mitchelli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB5FF8E6FB2CDD9FF42FD05" author="SPEARE, R. & J. A. DONOVAN & A. D. THOMAS & P. J. SPEARE" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" refId="ref8841" refString="SPEARE, R., J. A. DONOVAN, A. D. THOMAS, and P. J. SPEARE. 1989. Diseases of free-ranging Macropodoidea. Pp. 705 - 743 in Kangaroos, wallabies, and rat-kangaroos (G. Grigg, P. Jarman, and I. Hume, eds.). Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Limited, Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia." type="book" year="1989">Speare et al. (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
list 5 diseases of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB5FF8E6CCECDB9FDF2FD05" box="[435,578,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E6CCECDB9FDF2FD05" box="[435,578,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
caused by parasites and other agents.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB5FF8E6C1ACC4BFDAFFCB4" blockId="5.[359,543,825,851]" box="[359,543,825,851]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<heading id="440A6462FFB5FF8E6C1ACC4BFDAFFCB4" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[359,543,825,851]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E6C1ACC4BFDAFFCB4" bold="true" box="[359,543,825,851]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">HUSBANDRY</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB5FF8E6DE5CC0FFE0EFB13" blockId="5.[108,794,893,1716]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB5FF8E6DE5CC0FFECCFC73" box="[152,380,893,916]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E6DE5CC0FFECCFC73" box="[152,380,893,916]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">Thylogale billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is somewhat social, and 6–
|
||
<specimenCount id="09FB1887FFB5FF8E6FE0CC0FFD4CFC73" box="[669,764,893,916]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" type="adult">10 adults</specimenCount>
|
||
of mixed sexes can be safely reared in a 0.5-ha enclosure. Fencing can be of wood or wire but must be at least
|
||
<quantity id="D8057EEBFFB5FF8E6F2FCCCFFD21FC33" box="[594,657,957,980]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" unit="m" value="1.6">1.6 m</quantity>
|
||
high to prevent escape. In captivity,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB5FF8E6CFDCCAFFDBFFC13" box="[384,527,989,1012]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E6CFDCCAFFDBFFC13" box="[384,527,989,1012]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
needs little shelter other than a roof, but large dog kennels and shrubbery are ideal in a large enclosure. Bulk feeders that release oats, specialized Kangaroo pellets (Wombaroo®, Wombaroo Food Products,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB5FF8E6D10CB2FFEA6FB93" box="[109,278,1117,1140]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">South Australia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="67EA939EFFB5FF8E6C5DCB2FFE36FB93" box="[288,390,1117,1140]" name="Australia" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), or similar pellets used to feed cattle provide most of the diet when supplemented every few days with fresh vegetables. Water, especially important when the major food source is dry, can be provided in regularly cleaned buckets or basins with dripping faucets.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB5FF8E6DE5CB8FFD09F953" blockId="5.[108,794,893,1716]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">
|
||
Capture of captive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB5FF8E6C10CB8FFE4FFAF3" box="[365,511,1277,1300]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E6C10CB8FFE4FFAF3" box="[365,511,1277,1300]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is by use of a large butterfly net with strong netting. Animals tend to run along fence lines, and the net is suddenly pushed toward the fence as an animal runs by. This method is effective and reduces the stress of extended periods of chasing, which should be avoided. If collapse due to sudden fatigue does happen, rapid recovery can be achieved by an intramuscular injection of 10% glucose solution. An animal is easily handled when held firmly by the tail before placing it into a burlap bag and then using the handler’s knees to control the animal once on the ground. Pouch young can be safely removed from the teat from weeks 5 to 6 for the purpose of age estimation and weighing; its mother will usually accept the return of her young afterwards. While the young is temporarily out of the pouch, milk for analysis can be collected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB5FF8E6C08C99AFDA0F8E5" blockId="5.[373,528,1768,1794]" box="[373,528,1768,1794]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">
|
||
<heading id="440A6462FFB5FF8E6C08C99AFDA0F8E5" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[373,528,1768,1794]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E6C08C99AFDA0F8E5" bold="true" box="[373,528,1768,1794]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">BEHAVIOR</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB5FF8E6DE5C859FCBAF865" blockId="5.[108,792,1835,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">
|
||
Primarily nocturnal,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB5FF8E6C0CC859FDE4F8A5" box="[369,596,1835,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E6C0CC859FDE4F8A5" box="[369,596,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">Thylogale billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sometimes seen during the day, especially toward dusk. It often signals the start of a period of foraging by drinking (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB5FF8E6C8CC819FD4AF865" author="MORTON, S. R. & T. C. BURTON" box="[497,762,1899,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref8223" refString="MORTON, S. R., and T. C. BURTON. 1973. Observations on the behaviour of the macropodid marsupial Thylogale billardierii (Desmarest) in captivity. Australian Zoologist 18: 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1973">Morton and Burton 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB5FF8E6E0ECFB9FA17FE85" blockId="5.[838,1525,203,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">
|
||
In locomotion,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB5FF8E695DCFB9FB04FF05" box="[1056,1204,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E695DCFB9FB04FF05" box="[1056,1204,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
holds its forelimbs close to the chest and with the body more parallel to the ground (and less erect) than larger macropodids. Movement is swift and with great agility (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB5FF8E6EA7CE59FB56FEA5" author="MORTON, S. R. & T. C. BURTON" box="[986,1254,299,322]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref8223" refString="MORTON, S. R., and T. C. BURTON. 1973. Observations on the behaviour of the macropodid marsupial Thylogale billardierii (Desmarest) in captivity. Australian Zoologist 18: 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1973">Morton and Burton 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The tail is not used for support when grazing, as happens in many macropodids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB5FF8E6E0ECE19FB3EFD85" blockId="5.[838,1525,203,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">
|
||
Two visual signals were noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB5FF8E687DCE19FA2FFE65" author="CLANCY, T." box="[1280,1439,363,386]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" refId="ref6843" refString="CLANCY, T. 1982. Aspects of the behaviour of Thylogale billardierii in captivity. B. Sc. Honours thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia." type="book" year="1982">Clancy (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: grasspulling and standing full-stretch. The former behavior involves the assumption of erect posture, followed by grasping clumps of grass with the forepaws. Then the animal assumes a standing full-stretch posture, while tossing the grass tufts against the chest. This behavior often is repeated several times (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB5FF8E68D5CD79FCCDFDA5" author="CLANCY, T." pageId="5" pageNumber="105" refId="ref6843" refString="CLANCY, T. 1982. Aspects of the behaviour of Thylogale billardierii in captivity. B. Sc. Honours thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia." type="book" year="1982">Clancy 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Clancy recorded 20 different behaviors, most usually initiated by the dominant animal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB5FF8E6E0ECD19FB93FC25" blockId="5.[838,1525,203,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">
|
||
Growling and clucking are the primary vocalizations. The former is a low-intensity sound made by the dominant animal in an aggressive interaction, and the latter is made in a range of situations, perhaps clouding its true role in communication (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB5FF8E6E2CCD99FBDFFCE5" author="MORTON, S. R. & T. C. BURTON" box="[849,1135,747,770]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref8223" refString="MORTON, S. R., and T. C. BURTON. 1973. Observations on the behaviour of the macropodid marsupial Thylogale billardierii (Desmarest) in captivity. Australian Zoologist 18: 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1973">Morton and Burton 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Three vocalizations recorded as sonograms by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB5FF8E6E95CC79FB33FCC5" author="CLANCY, T." box="[1000,1155,779,802]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" refId="ref6843" refString="CLANCY, T. 1982. Aspects of the behaviour of Thylogale billardierii in captivity. B. Sc. Honours thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia." type="book" year="1982">Clancy (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were hiss-growls, uttered by both sexes after physical contact; chucks, given by a male pursuing a female or supplanting another male and by females when signaling their young; and hisses, emitted by young when outside the pouch.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB5FF8E6EEACCF9FB97FC45" box="[919,1063,907,930]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E6EEACCF9FB97FC45" box="[919,1063,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also makes a nonvocal sound, foot thumping, when disturbed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB5FF8E6E0ECCB9FAC8FB45" blockId="5.[838,1525,203,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">
|
||
Aggressive interactions between adult males invariably lead to the smaller male retreating, whereas female–female interactions usually are won by the female with pouch young (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB5FF8E68DECB79FC4BFBA5" author="MORTON, S. R. & T. C. BURTON" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref8223" refString="MORTON, S. R., and T. C. BURTON. 1973. Observations on the behaviour of the macropodid marsupial Thylogale billardierii (Desmarest) in captivity. Australian Zoologist 18: 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1973">Morton and Burton 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The ritualized bouts between males resemble those of larger macropodids, including the boxing posture. Hair loss in males is especially common during the mating season, an indication that agonistic behavior is the likely cause.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB5FF8E6E0ECBD9FACFF9E5" blockId="5.[838,1525,203,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">
|
||
A consequence of the dominance of the larger male, widespread in macropodids (including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB5FF8E69CECBB9FAF1FB05" box="[1203,1345,1227,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB5FF8E69CECBB9FAF1FB05" box="[1203,1345,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB5FF8E6821CBB9FA53FB05" author="CLANCY, T." box="[1372,1507,1227,1250]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" refId="ref6843" refString="CLANCY, T. 1982. Aspects of the behaviour of Thylogale billardierii in captivity. B. Sc. Honours thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia." type="book" year="1982">Clancy 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), is the winne-specific versus loser-specific behavior in prolonged bouts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB5FF8E6EEBCA79FBFBFAC5" author="GANSLOSSER, U." box="[918,1099,1291,1314]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" refId="ref7264" refString="GANSLOSSER, U. 1989. Agonistic behaviour in macropodoids-a review. Pp. 475 - 503 in Kangaroos, wallabies and rat-kangaroos (G. Grigg, P. Jarman, and I. Hume, eds.). Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Limited, Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia." type="book" year="1989">Ganslosser 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Fights normally are initiated by the prospective winner; the winner also tends to resume the fighting after a lull. Losers tend to end fights, to initiate lulls or breaks, and to use kicks earlier or more often than winners. Furthermore, losers tend to wrestle, attack, and embrace from lateral positions, winners from frontal positions. These ritualized fights seem important in maintaining or stabilizing dominance relationships, female fights being less ritualized (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB5FF8E69C3CA99FADFF9E5" author="GANSLOSSER, U." box="[1214,1391,1515,1538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" refId="ref7264" refString="GANSLOSSER, U. 1989. Agonistic behaviour in macropodoids-a review. Pp. 475 - 503 in Kangaroos, wallabies and rat-kangaroos (G. Grigg, P. Jarman, and I. Hume, eds.). Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Limited, Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia." type="book" year="1989">Ganslosser 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB5FF8E6E0EC979FB71F8E5" blockId="5.[838,1525,203,1922]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">
|
||
Males routinely exhibit sexual behavior by their daily olfactory inspections of females in their realm. Physical contact leads to courtship, escape by and pursuit of females, and attempted mountings, often 1 or 2/min for several minutes, before the male moves on. Females are receptive to being courted for a short time (<24 h;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB5FF8E6EE2C9D9FB75F925" author="ROSE, R. W. & D. J. MCCARTNEY" box="[927,1221,1707,1730]" pageId="5" pageNumber="105" pagination="27 - 32" refId="ref8583" refString="ROSE, R. W., and D. J. MCCARTNEY. 1982 a. Reproduction of the red-bellied pademelon, Thylogale billardierii (Marsupialia). Australian Wildlife Research 9: 27 - 32." type="journal article" year="1982">Rose and McCartney 1982a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). If the female does not flee, the male follows her while emitting a clucking sound. Later, he sniffs the pouch and genital region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB5FF8D6E0EC879FCA1FE85" blockId="5.[838,1525,203,1922]" lastBlockId="6.[107,793,203,1058]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="106" pageId="5" pageNumber="105">
|
||
During the often-lengthy copulation, the male holds the female with his forepaws around her flanks. Each copulation is characterized by a series of mountings, between which the male dismounts and rests for 4–15 min. This copulatory behavior is unusual for macropodids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB6FF8D6C7BCFB9FDA4FF05" author="MORTON, S. R. & T. C. BURTON" box="[262,532,203,226]" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref8223" refString="MORTON, S. R., and T. C. BURTON. 1973. Observations on the behaviour of the macropodid marsupial Thylogale billardierii (Desmarest) in captivity. Australian Zoologist 18: 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1973">Morton and Burton 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, one copulation observed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB6FF8D6C5DCF99FE51FEE5" author="MCCARTNEY, D. J." box="[288,481,235,258]" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" refId="ref8056" refString="MCCARTNEY, D. J. 1978. Reproductive biology of the Tasmanian pademelon, Thylogale billardierii. B. Sc. Honours thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia." type="book" year="1978">McCartney (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was different. Intromission at 5 min was followed by the male briefly retaining his grip on the female, after which she could move away. After 5 min spent licking the genital regions and autogrooming, each resumed grazing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB6FF8D6DE5CE19FDBEFD45" blockId="6.[107,793,203,1058]" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">
|
||
After the young leaves the pouch for the 1st time (6–7 months), it re-enters the pouch often for about 5 weeks, after which that privilege is suddenly withdrawn (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB6FF8D6F37CED9FF12FE05" author="MORTON, S. R. & T. C. BURTON" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref8223" refString="MORTON, S. R., and T. C. BURTON. 1973. Observations on the behaviour of the macropodid marsupial Thylogale billardierii (Desmarest) in captivity. Australian Zoologist 18: 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1973">Morton and Burton 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Weaning, when it occurs 4 months later, is unpleasant for the youngster because the mother’s aggression increases quickly from cuffing to outright chases. Future mother–offspring interactions involve frequent mutual grooming, each bout consisting of cleaning the head and neck with the forepaws and tongue. In all, the lengthy period of development means that each female invests heavily in production of young.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB6FF8D6DE5CDD9FCA8FBC5" blockId="6.[107,793,203,1058]" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">
|
||
Autogrooming, a prominent daytime activity, involves licking and scratching with forepaws and hind feet. The pouch and abdominal region are groomed by licking, often after hairs are parted with the forepaws. The hind feet scratch and groom the head and shoulders, often aided by the muscularity and flexibility of syndactylous digits 2 and 3. While at rest,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB6FF8D6F2DCC39FD6CFC85" box="[592,732,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB6FF8D6F2DCC39FD6CFC85" box="[592,732,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
often autogrooms for 1–10 min, and even more extensive grooming precedes the period of active foraging (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB6FF8D6C87CCF9FCB8FC45" author="MORTON, S. R. & T. C. BURTON" box="[506,776,907,930]" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref8223" refString="MORTON, S. R., and T. C. BURTON. 1973. Observations on the behaviour of the macropodid marsupial Thylogale billardierii (Desmarest) in captivity. Australian Zoologist 18: 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1973">Morton and Burton 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mutual allogrooming between mother and newly emerged young is one of the most common behaviors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB6FF8D6F54CCB9FD03FC05" author="CLANCY, T." box="[553,691,971,994]" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" refId="ref6843" refString="CLANCY, T. 1982. Aspects of the behaviour of Thylogale billardierii in captivity. B. Sc. Honours thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia." type="book" year="1982">Clancy 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB6FF8D6FB3CCB9FF04FBE5" author="CLANCY, T." pageId="6" pageNumber="106" refId="ref6843" refString="CLANCY, T. 1982. Aspects of the behaviour of Thylogale billardierii in captivity. B. Sc. Honours thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia." type="book" year="1982">Clancy (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed maternal aggression, a preliminary to weaning, as early as 288 days. In one instance, weaning occurred immediately.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="57E78085FFB6FF8D6C0ACB2FFE8FFADF" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB6FF8D6C0ACB2FFDBFFB90" blockId="6.[375,527,1117,1143]" box="[375,527,1117,1143]" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<heading id="440A6462FFB6FF8D6C0ACB2FFDBFFB90" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[375,527,1117,1143]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB6FF8D6C0ACB2FFDBFFB90" bold="true" box="[375,527,1117,1143]" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">GENETICS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB6FF8D6DE5CBD3FE8FFADF" blockId="6.[109,792,1185,1336]" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">
|
||
The diploid number (2
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB6FF8D6CE0CBD3FE1AFB5F" box="[413,426,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">n</emphasis>
|
||
) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB6FF8D6C98CBD3FD61FB5F" box="[485,721,1185,1208]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB6FF8D6C98CBD3FD61FB5F" box="[485,721,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">Thylogale billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is 22 chromosomes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB6FF8D6C63CBB3FE74FB3F" author="SHARMAN, G. B." box="[286,452,1217,1240]" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" pagination="38 - 60" refId="ref8810" refString="SHARMAN, G. B. 1961. The mitotic chromosomes of marsupials and their bearing on taxonomy and phylogeny. Australian Journal of Zoology 9: 38 - 60." type="journal article" year="1961">Sharman 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These include 2 large, 2 medium-sized, and 3 small acrocentrics, 1 metacentric, and 2 submetacentric pairs of autosomes, plus XX/XY sex chromosomes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB6FF8D6DBDCA53FE9FFADF" author="ROFE, R. H." box="[192,303,1313,1336]" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" pagination="53 - 63" refId="ref8397" refString="ROFE, R. H. 1978. G-banded chromosomes and the evolution of Macropodidae. Australian Mammalogy 2: 53 - 63." type="journal article" year="1978">Rofe 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="57E78085FFB6FF8D6C68CA07FD8CF877" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB6FF8D6C68CA07FDC1FA68" blockId="6.[277,625,1397,1423]" box="[277,625,1397,1423]" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<heading id="440A6462FFB6FF8D6C68CA07FDC1FA68" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[277,625,1397,1423]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB6FF8D6C68CA07FDC1FA68" bold="true" box="[277,625,1397,1423]" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">CONSERVATION STATUS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB6FF8D6DE5CACBFD8CF877" blockId="6.[109,793,1465,1936]" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB6FF8D6DE5CACBFE33FA37" box="[152,387,1465,1488]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB6FF8D6DE5CACBFE33FA37" box="[152,387,1465,1488]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">Thylogale billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is among the critical weight range species that constitute the bulk of threatened and endangered Australian species that have disappeared or declined or are now restricted to islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB6FF8D6C20C96BFD8BF9D7" author="JOHNSON, K. A. & A. A. BURBIDGE & N. L. MCKENZIE" box="[349,571,1561,1584]" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" refId="ref7609" refString="JOHNSON, K. A., A. A. BURBIDGE, and N. L. MCKENZIE. 1989. Australian Macropodoidea: status, causes of decline and future research and management. Pp. 641 - 657 in Kangaroos, wallabies, and rat-kangaroos (G. Grigg, P. Jarman, and I. Hume, eds.). Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Limited, Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia." type="book" year="1989">Johnson et al. 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB6FF8D6F2AC96BFD55F9D7" box="[599,741,1561,1584]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stigmatica">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB6FF8D6F2AC96BFD55F9D7" box="[599,741,1561,1584]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">T. stigmatica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB6FF8D6D10C94BFF73F9B7" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1827" box="[109,195,1593,1616]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Halmaturus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thetis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB6FF8D6D10C94BFF73F9B7" box="[109,195,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">T. thetis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which are similar in size to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB6FF8D6F7EC94BFD22F9B7" box="[515,658,1593,1616]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB6FF8D6F7EC94BFD22F9B7" box="[515,658,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have stable populations on the mainland, and little is known about the population dynamics of the New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="67EA939EFFB6FF8D6CDAC90BFE44F977" box="[423,500,1657,1680]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB6FF8D6C87C90BFDD4F977" authorityName=": Gray" authorityYear="1837" box="[506,612,1657,1680]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB6FF8D6C87C90BFDD4F977" box="[506,612,1657,1680]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">Thylogale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB6FF8D6F0FC90BFD4FF977" box="[626,767,1657,1680]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB6FF8D6F0FC90BFD4FF977" box="[626,767,1657,1680]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently listed as “Least Concern” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB6FF8D6FD9C9CBFE91F917" author="MENKHORST, P. & M. DENNY" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" pagination="21958627" refId="ref8091" refString="MENKHORST, P., and M. DENNY. 2016. Thylogale billardierii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e. T 40571 A 21958627. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2016 2. RLTS. T 40571 A 2195 8627. en. Accessed 13 July 2017." type="book chapter" year="2016">Menkhorst and Denny 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and was considered secure in Tasmania until the intentional introduction of red foxes in 2001 or 2002. The presence of foxes probably contributed to the decline and disappearance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB6FF8D6C68C84BFE19F8B7" box="[277,425,1849,1872]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB6FF8D6C68C84BFE19F8B7" box="[277,425,1849,1872]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Victoria and South Australia over a century ago and should the red fox become established in Tasmania, its threat to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB6FF8D6C22C80BFE5DF877" box="[351,493,1913,1936]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB6FF8D6C22C80BFE5DF877" box="[351,493,1913,1936]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">T. billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is real.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="57E78085FFB6FF8D692FCFB9FAE3FDC1" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB6FF8D692FCFB9FB58FF02" blockId="6.[1106,1256,203,229]" box="[1106,1256,203,229]" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<heading id="440A6462FFB6FF8D692FCFB9FB58FF02" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1106,1256,203,229]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB6FF8D692FCFB9FB58FF02" bold="true" box="[1106,1256,203,229]" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">REMARKS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB6FF8D6E0ECE7DFAA3FE21" blockId="6.[839,1524,271,550]" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB6FF8D6E0ECE7DFC6DFEC1" authorityName=": Gray" authorityYear="1837" box="[883,989,271,294]" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB6FF8D6E0ECE7DFC6DFEC1" box="[883,989,271,294]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">Thylogale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is derived from the Greek words
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB6FF8D6837CE7DFA12FEC1" box="[1354,1442,271,294]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">thylakos</emphasis>
|
||
, meaning pouch, and
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB6FF8D6E92CE5DFBACFEA1" box="[1007,1052,303,326]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">gale</emphasis>
|
||
, meaning weasel. The specific name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8FDA88DFFB6FF8D68CDCE5DFC32FE81" class="Mammalia" family="Macropodidae" genus="Thylogale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="billardierii">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D890F1CFFB6FF8D68CDCE5DFC32FE81" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">billardierii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the Latin form of Dr. J. J. H. Labillardiere, a naturalist who accompanied the Bruni D’Entrecasteaux expedition to Van Diemen’s Land (later to be renamed
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB6FF8D69B1CEFDFA87FE41" box="[1228,1335,399,422]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
). He collected the 1st specimen there in 1792 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B6CAEFFFFB6FF8D6908CEDDFAB3FE21" author="STRAHAN, R." box="[1141,1283,431,454]" pageId="6" pageNumber="106" refId="ref9008" refString="STRAHAN, R. 1981. A dictionary of Australian mammal names. Angus and Robertson Publishers, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia." type="book" year="1981">Strahan 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1F42D30EFFB6FF8D6E0ECEBDFAE3FDC1" blockId="6.[839,1524,271,550]" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">
|
||
Other common names include rufous wallaby, red-bellied wallaby, red-bellied pademelon, rufous-bellied pademelon, scrub wallaby, and, in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DD391DECFFB6FF8D694ACD7DFB2FFDC1" box="[1079,1183,527,550]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="6" pageNumber="106">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
, simply wallaby.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |