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<document id="5CA2CFBCE5A79ADBE2A40F9F26BBB3DC" ID-CLB-Dataset="51752" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4029.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="85cd7166-7b23-496d-8b10-7f1dcf2c4d60" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-ZooBank="A625A5A9-EE80-45E0-A9BE-7A183B0996B1" checkinTime="1447441568197" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Robert A. Johnson" docDate="2015" docId="971D8786FF90FFC665D41263D58624E3" docLanguage="en" docName="29902.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4029 (1)" docTitle="Pogonomyrmex stefani" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="127" masterDocId="6B24FFFEFFE9FFB865431775D1342613" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of South American species of the seed-harvester ant genus Pogonomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Part I" masterLastPageNumber="142" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="122" updateTime="1732675905917" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="220688F9CD4870B4F1C5D5F6E96FB483">A taxonomic revision of South American species of the seed-harvester ant genus Pogonomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Part I</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B71A7C47F040CDCF3091AB6D65AA0B75">Robert A. Johnson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="410F526890DC176A3D518BD05AB015C1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="06A8A2F2B5DC5B19B0D8A498FEB88B22">2015</mods:date>
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<treatment id="971D8786FF90FFC665D41263D58624E3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6115612" ID-GBIF-Taxon="114920435" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6115612" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:971D8786FF90FFC665D41263D58624E3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/971D8786FF90FFC665D41263D58624E3" lastPageId="126" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" scope_family="Formicidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera">
<subSubSection id="57AE651BFF90FFC165D41263D09A2323" box="[151,430,1302,1328]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="1F0B3690FF90FFC165D41263D09A2323" box="[151,430,1302,1328]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<heading id="444381FCFF90FFC165D41263D09A2323" bold="true" box="[151,430,1302,1328]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF90FFC165D41263D09A2323" box="[151,430,1302,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stefani">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF90FFC165D41263D09A2323" bold="true" box="[151,430,1302,1328]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Pogonomyrmex stefani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="57AE651BFF90FFC165D4124CD07E2341" box="[151,330,1337,1362]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="description">
<paragraph id="1F0B3690FF90FFC165D4124CD07E2341" box="[151,330,1337,1362]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
(
<figureCitation id="878F2A15FF90FFC165DC124CD0762341" box="[159,322,1337,1362]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 63" captionStart-1="FIGURE 64" captionStartId-0="123.[151,249,1978,2000]" captionStartId-1="124.[151,249,1978,2000]" captionTargetBox-0="[408,1173,193,1956]" captionTargetBox-1="[405,1175,193,1955]" captionTargetId-0="figure@123.[408,1179,193,1956]" captionTargetId-1="figure@124.[405,1181,193,1956]" captionTargetPageId-0="123" captionTargetPageId-1="124" captionText-0="FIGURE 63. Photograph of Pogonomyrmex stefani Lattke paratype worker: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT 0914135). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www. AntWeb. org." captionText-1="FIGURE 64. Photograph of Pogonomyrmex stefani Lattke male: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT 0914136). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www. AntWeb. org." pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Figures 63–64</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="57AE651BFF90FFC165D412F7D2D923C4" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="1F0B3690FF90FFC165D412F7D2D923C4" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF90FFC165D412F7D3002384" authority="Lattke, 2006: 53" authorityName="Lattke" authorityPageNumber="53" authorityYear="2006" box="[151,564,1409,1431]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stefani">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF90FFC165D412F7D0B52384" box="[151,385,1409,1431]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Pogonomyrmex stefani</emphasis>
Lattke, 2006: 53
</taxonomicName>
, figs. 1–4 (worker, male). Holotype worker [MIZA] (not examined). VENEZUELA, Bolívar: Fundo San Rafael, Río Víllacoa, 165 m, 6o25’N, 67o01’W, 6 December 2004 (J.E. Lattke leg. #2964). Paratypes examined—same data as holotype: 1 worker [MCZ], 1 worker, 1 male [MIZA].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="57AE651BFF90FFC265D41170D56E2358" lastPageId="122" lastPageNumber="123" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="description">
<paragraph id="1F0B3690FF90FFC165D41170D5C020BF" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF90FFC165D41170D04D200F" bold="true" box="[151,377,1540,1564]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Worker. Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Within the
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF90FFC164B81171D3B3200F" box="[507,647,1540,1564]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">P. sylvestris-</emphasis>
group, the combination of: (1) six mandibular teeth, (2) eyes with hairs between ommatidia, (3) in profile, anterior margin of postpetiole not meeting helcium at a smooth, continuous angle, (4) in profile, procoxae transversely striate, (5) femur and tibiae smooth to weakly coriarious, weakly to moderately shining, and (6) medial clypeal region between antennal insertions with 9–12 fine, closely-spaced, longitudinal rugae, interrugae dull to weakly shining uniquely characterize this species (
<figureCitation id="878F2A15FF90FFC1613111E1D5D020BF" box="[1138,1252,1684,1708]" captionStart="FIGURE 63" captionStartId="123.[151,249,1978,2000]" captionTargetBox="[408,1173,193,1956]" captionTargetId="figure@123.[408,1179,193,1956]" captionTargetPageId="123" captionText="FIGURE 63. Photograph of Pogonomyrmex stefani Lattke paratype worker: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT 0914135). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www. AntWeb. org." pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF90FFC1613111E1D5D020BF" bold="true" box="[1138,1252,1684,1708]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Figure 63</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F0B3690FF90FFC1658411CDD47E20E7" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF90FFC1658411CDD04220C3" bold="true" box="[199,374,1720,1744]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Measurements</emphasis>
—(
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF90FFC164D811CDD09D20C3" box="[411,425,1720,1744]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">n</emphasis>
= 1 paratype). HL 1.29; HW 1.29; MOD 0.23; OMD 0.25; SL 1.02; PNW 0.89; HFL 1.38; ML 1.39; PW 0.29; PPW 0.42. Indices: SI 79.07; CI 100.00; OI 17.83; HFI 106.98. See also Lattke (2006).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F0B3690FF90FFC26584118AD21C2708" lastPageId="122" lastPageNumber="123" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF90FFC16584118AD059210B" bold="true" box="[199,365,1791,1816]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Redescription</emphasis>
. Head quadrate (CI = 100.00), widest just posterior to eye; posterior margin weakly concave. Longitudinal rugae on cephalic dorsum coarse, wavy to irregular medially, becoming more irregular to rugoreticulate laterally. Cephalic interrugae moderately granulate-punctate, weakly shining. Anterior margin of clypeus weakly convex with very small medial tooth; dorsum between antennal insertions with 9-12 fine, closelyspaced, longitudinal rugae, interrugae dull to weakly shining. Mandible with six teeth; mandibular dorsum coarsely rugose. Up to several moderately long, curved, bristle-like, yellowish hairs project from anterior margin of clypeus. Eyes small, MOD = 0.18x HL. In profile, eyes situated anterior to middle of head, OMD = 1.09x MOD; several hairs project from between ommatidia. Antennal scapes long (SI = 79.07), surpassing vertex by less than width of basal funicular segment; entire scape with moderately coarse, longitudinal striae, dull to weakly shining. Basal flange of scape well-developed with carinate margin. Psammophore poorly-developed, consisting of numerous medium to long hairs scattered across ventral side of head.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F0B3690FF93FFC265841653D3F12406" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Mesosomal profile strongly convex; all mesosomal surfaces with prominent rugae. Promesonotum with irregular longitudinal rugae medially, dorsum of propodeum with irregular transverse rugae, all other mesosomal surfaces rugoreticulate to vermiculate. Superior propodeal spines long, acuminate, bases connected by poorlydefined keel, spine length greater than distance between their bases. Inferior propodeal spines well-developed with broad triangular base, length less than 0.5x that of superior spines. Propodeal spiracles circular facing posterad. Interrugae on mesosoma weakly shining. In profile, procoxae with fine, subparallel, transverse striae. Legs smooth and shining to weakly coriarious, weakly shining.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F0B3690FF93FFC265841554D3942568" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Peduncle of petiole about 0.7x length of petiolar node; anteroventral margin with acuminate spine. In profile, posterior surface of petiolar node weakly convex; in profile, petiolar node asymmetrical with anterior surface slightly less than one-half the length of posterior surface, apex forming a bluntly tipped crest or tooth elevated above posterior surface; sides with wavy to irregular longitudinal rugae, posterior surface weakly rugoreticulate. In dorsal view, petiolar node elongate (length&gt;1.90x width), sides subparallel, anterior portion narrowing to subangulate tip; interrugae with weaker secondary rugae, weakly shining. Dorsum of postpetiole convex in profile, anterior margin truncate, not meeting helcium at a smooth, continuous angle; robust in dorsal view, trapezoidal, widest near posterior margin, narrowing to rounded anterior margin; lateral margins wider ventrally at posterior margin; dorsum smooth and strongly shining to very weakly coriarious, shining. First gastral tergum smooth and strongly shining to weakly coriarious, shining.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F0B3690FF93FFC2658414F2D393223E" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
Long, flexuous, yellowish to golden hairs abundant on head; medium to long hairs abundant on mesosoma, petiolar node, postpetiole, and gastral terga; longest hairs on head and mesosoma&gt;MOD. Scape with abundant medium to long, suberect hairs; abundant decumbent hairs on funicular segments. Legs with moderately abundant, long, suberect to semidecumbent setae. Head, antennae, mesosoma, petiolar node, and postpetiole dark brown; mandibles, legs, and gaster brown (
<figureCitation id="878F2A15FF93FFC267671360D3A2223E" box="[548,662,1045,1069]" captionStart="FIGURE 63" captionStartId="123.[151,249,1978,2000]" captionTargetBox="[408,1173,193,1956]" captionTargetId="figure@123.[408,1179,193,1956]" captionTargetPageId="123" captionText="FIGURE 63. Photograph of Pogonomyrmex stefani Lattke paratype worker: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT 0914135). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www. AntWeb. org." pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC267671360D3A2223E" bold="true" box="[548,662,1045,1069]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Figure 63</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F0B3690FF93FFC26584134CD0AD2242" box="[199,409,1081,1105]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC26584134CD02F2242" bold="true" box="[199,283,1081,1105]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Queen.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF93FFC26460134CD0A12242" box="[291,405,1081,1105]" family="Polemoniaceae" genus="Unknown" higherTaxonomySource="IPNI" kingdom="Pantae" order="Polemoniales" pageId="122" pageNumber="118" rank="genus">Unknown</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F0B3690FF93FFC265841328D32F2317" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC265841328D0B82266" bold="true" box="[199,396,1116,1141]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Male. Diagnosis.</emphasis>
This caste is diagnosed by: (1) first gastral tergum lacking striae, (2) small (HW &lt;1.10 mm; ML &lt;2.00 mm), (3) in dorsal view, posterior surface of petiolar node strongly coriarious, (4) in profile, petiolar node angulate, (5) pronotal sides granulate with a beaded appearance, (6) in profile, inferior propodeal spines broad, well-developed, acuminate or nearly so, and (7) notauli present (
<figureCitation id="878F2A15FF93FFC2668713B2D50222F3" box="[964,1078,1223,1248]" captionStart="FIGURE 64" captionStartId="124.[151,249,1978,2000]" captionTargetBox="[405,1175,193,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@124.[405,1181,193,1956]" captionTargetPageId="124" captionText="FIGURE 64. Photograph of Pogonomyrmex stefani Lattke male: (A) frontal view of head, (B) lateral view of body, and (C) dorsal view of body (CASENT 0914136). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www. AntWeb. org." pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC2668713B2D50222F3" bold="true" box="[964,1078,1223,1248]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Figure 64</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
). Note that males are
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF93FFC2607713B2D4A822F3" box="[1332,1436,1223,1248]" family="Polemoniaceae" genus="Unknown" higherTaxonomySource="IPNI" kingdom="Pantae" order="Polemoniales" pageId="122" pageNumber="118" rank="genus">unknown</taxonomicName>
for
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF93FFC265FD1399D06E2310" box="[190,346,1259,1283]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striatinodis">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC265FD1399D06E2310" box="[190,346,1259,1283]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">P. striatinodis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF93FFC264D31399D3202310" box="[400,532,1259,1283]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC264D31399D3202310" box="[400,532,1259,1283]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">P. sylvestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F0B3690FF93FFC265841265D56E2358" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC265841265D0422334" bold="true" box="[199,374,1296,1319]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Measurements</emphasis>
—(
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC264D81265D09D2334" box="[411,425,1296,1319]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">n</emphasis>
= 1). HL 1.04; HW 1.01; MOD 0.43; OMD 0.14; SL 0.24; HFL 1.27; ML 1.88; PW 0.31; PPW 0.51. Indices: SI 23.76; CI 97.12; OI 42.57; HFI 125.74. See also Lattke (2006).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="57AE651BFF93FFC26584122CD2182385" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="1F0B3690FF93FFC26584122CD2182385" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC26584122CD3EE2361" bold="true" box="[199,730,1369,1394]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
Additional material. VENEZUELA:
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC267C7122CD3EE2361" bold="true" box="[644,730,1369,1394]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Bolívar</emphasis>
</emphasis>
: c. Amarawai Tepui, 470 m, May 2, 1986 (5o55’N, 62o15’W) (not examined, locale record from J. Lattke) (
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC267D61208D2282385" bold="true" box="[661,796,1405,1430]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
<figureCitation id="878F2A15FF93FFC267D61208D2332385" box="[661,775,1405,1430]" captionStart="FIGURE 65" captionStartId="125.[151,249,1981,2003]" captionTargetBox="[408,1174,195,1958]" captionTargetId="figure@125.[408,1179,195,1959]" captionTargetPageId="125" captionText="FIGURE 65. Geographic distribution of: (A) Pogonomyrmex stefani Lattke, (B) Pogonomyrmex striatinodis Fernández &amp; Palacio, and (C) Pogonomyrmex sylvestris Lattke. The larger black circle in each panel denotes the type locality." pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Figure 65</figureCitation>
A
</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="57AE651BFF93FFC2658412D7D56A23CE" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="1F0B3690FF93FFC2658412D7D56A23CE" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC2658412D7D07A23AA" bold="true" box="[199,334,1442,1465]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Etymology.</emphasis>
This species was named in honor of Dr. Stefan Schödl, who occupied the post of Curator of
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF93FFC265D412B3D01B23CE" box="[151,303,1478,1501]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
in the Naturhistoriches Museum of Vienna until his death in April 2005.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="57AE651BFF93FFC26584129DD0EC2150" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="1F0B3690FF93FFC26584129DD429205B" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC26584129DD0782012" bold="true" box="[199,332,1512,1537]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Discussion.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF93FFC26416129CD36D2012" box="[341,601,1512,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stefani">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC26416129CD36D2012" box="[341,601,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Pogonomyrmex stefani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF93FFC267A5129CD2582012" box="[742,876,1512,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC267A5129CD2582012" box="[742,876,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">P. sylvestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group species known to occur in mesic lowland forests. The prominent transverse striae on the procoxae separate
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC266D01178D2CC2037" box="[915,1016,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">P. s t e f a ni</emphasis>
from both
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF93FFC261C01178D4162037" box="[1155,1314,1548,1572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striatinodis">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC261C01178D4162037" box="[1155,1314,1548,1572]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">P. striatinodis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(procoxae sometimes very weakly striate, mostly smooth and shining) and
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF93FFC266241144D2DF205B" box="[871,1003,1584,1608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC266241144D2DF205B" box="[871,1003,1584,1608]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">P. sylvestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(procoxae imbricate, dull).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F0B3690FF93FFC265841121D0EC2150" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF93FFC265841121D0EE207F" box="[199,474,1620,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="naegelii">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC265841121D0EE207F" box="[199,474,1620,1644]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Pogonomyrmex naegelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only congener that might occur sympatrically with
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF93FFC2613F1121D5D1207F" box="[1148,1253,1620,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stefani">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC2613F1121D5D1207F" box="[1148,1253,1620,1644]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">P. stefani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the former species would occur in open, drier habitats than those occupied
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF93FFC26628110DD2E7209C" box="[875,979,1655,1679]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stefani">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC26628110DD2E7209C" box="[875,979,1655,1679]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">P. stefani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF93FFC266A1110DD5D0209C" box="[994,1252,1655,1679]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stefani">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC266A1110DD5D0209C" box="[994,1252,1655,1679]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Pogonomyrmex stefani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF93FFC2659711E9D07D20A0" box="[212,329,1691,1715]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="naegelii">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC2659711E9D1D620A0" box="[212,226,1692,1715]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC265AC11EED07D20A0" box="[239,329,1691,1715]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">naegelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by: (1) hairs project from between the ommatidia, (2) an elongate, triangular postpetiole, and (3) in profile, the petiolar node is flattened to weakly convex with a crest or tooth on the anterior margin that is elevated above the posterior surface.
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF93FFC264951196D3DC20E8" box="[470,744,1762,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="naegelii">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC264951196D3DC20E8" box="[470,744,1762,1787]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Pogonomyrmex naegelii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: (1) lacks hairs between the ommatidia, (2) the postpetiole is nearly globular with width and length similar, and (3) in profile, the petiolar node is convex and lacks a crest or tooth on the anterior margin.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="57AE651BFF93FFC665841038D407279B" lastPageId="126" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="1F0B3690FF93FFC265841038D2EC21E6" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC265841038D0122175" bold="true" box="[199,294,1869,1894]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Biology.</emphasis>
Very little is known about the biology of
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF93FFC26644103BD2B82175" box="[775,908,1869,1894]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC26644103BD2B82175" box="[775,908,1869,1894]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">P. sylvestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group species. All three species are discussed together because they likely share a similar biology. Stray foragers comprise most collections for these three species. Few nests have been located: nests of
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF93FFC267E610E3D23821BE" box="[677,780,1941,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stefani">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC267E610E3D23821BE" box="[677,780,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">P. stefani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consisted of a small exposed entrance (Lattke, 2006), one nest of
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF93FFC265AA10CFD05921C2" box="[233,365,1977,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC265AA10CFD05921C2" box="[233,365,1977,2001]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">P. sylvestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was in a rotten log (Lattke, 2006), and nests of
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF93FFC266C010CFD52B21C2" box="[899,1055,1977,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striatinodis">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC266C010CFD2A521C2" box="[899,913,1978,2001]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC266DC10CCD52B21C2" box="[927,1055,1977,2001]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">striatinodis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF93FFC2610C10CCD58F21C2" box="[1103,1211,1977,2001]" family="Polemoniaceae" genus="Unknown" higherTaxonomySource="IPNI" kingdom="Pantae" order="Polemoniales" pageId="122" pageNumber="118" rank="genus">unknown</taxonomicName>
. Diet and the sexual castes are
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF93FFC2644910A9D04621E6" box="[266,370,2012,2037]" family="Polemoniaceae" genus="Unknown" higherTaxonomySource="IPNI" kingdom="Pantae" order="Polemoniales" pageId="122" pageNumber="118" rank="genus">unknown</taxonomicName>
(except for the male of
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF93FFC2673C10A8D3D121E6" box="[639,741,2013,2037]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stefani">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF93FFC2673C10A8D3D121E6" box="[639,741,2013,2037]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">P. stefani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) for all three species.
</paragraph>
<caption id="4BCB6618FF92FFC365D410CFD5D021FC" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" targetBox="[408,1173,193,1956]" targetPageId="123">
<paragraph id="1F0B3690FF92FFC365D410CFD5D021FC" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF92FFC365D410CFD02B21C3" bold="true" box="[151,287,1978,2000]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">FIGURE 63.</emphasis>
Photograph of
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF92FFC364F810CED3DF21C3" authority="Lattke" authorityName="Lattke" box="[443,747,1978,2000]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stefani">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF92FFC364F810CED39021C3" box="[443,676,1978,2000]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Pogonomyrmex stefani</emphasis>
Lattke
</taxonomicName>
paratype worker: (
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF92FFC366E810CFD28921C3" bold="true" box="[939,957,1978,2000]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">A</emphasis>
) frontal view of head, (
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF92FFC361EE10CED58A21C3" bold="true" box="[1197,1214,1979,2000]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">B</emphasis>
) lateral view of body, and (
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF92FFC3658910ACD1E821FC" bold="true" box="[202,220,2009,2031]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">C</emphasis>
) dorsal view of body (CASENT0914135). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="4BCB6618FF95FFC465D410CFD5BB21FC" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" targetBox="[405,1175,193,1955]" targetPageId="124">
<paragraph id="1F0B3690FF95FFC465D410CFD5BB21FC" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF95FFC465D410CFD01521C3" bold="true" box="[151,289,1978,2000]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">FIGURE 64.</emphasis>
Photograph of
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF95FFC4648110CED3C021C3" authority="Lattke" authorityName="Lattke" box="[450,756,1978,2000]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stefani">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF95FFC4648110CED39821C3" box="[450,684,1978,2000]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Pogonomyrmex stefani</emphasis>
Lattke
</taxonomicName>
male: (
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF95FFC4660610CFD26321C3" bold="true" box="[837,855,1978,2000]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">A</emphasis>
) frontal view of head, (
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF95FFC4610C10CED55421C3" bold="true" box="[1103,1120,1979,2000]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">B</emphasis>
) lateral view of body, and (
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF95FFC460C210CFD4A721C3" bold="true" box="[1409,1427,1978,2000]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">C</emphasis>
) dorsal view of body (CASENT0914136). Photographs by Michele Esposito from www.AntWeb.org.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="4BCB6618FF94FFC565D410C8D43821E1" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" targetBox="[408,1174,195,1958]" targetPageId="125">
<paragraph id="1F0B3690FF94FFC565D410C8D43821E1" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF94FFC565D410C8D01721C0" bold="true" box="[151,291,1981,2003]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">FIGURE 65.</emphasis>
Geographic distribution of: (
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF94FFC5671A10C8D35F21C0" bold="true" box="[601,619,1981,2003]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">A</emphasis>
)
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF94FFC5673E10CBD28221C0" authority="Lattke" authorityName="Lattke" box="[637,950,1981,2003]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stefani">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF94FFC5673E10CBD25D21C0" box="[637,873,1981,2003]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Pogonomyrmex stefani</emphasis>
Lattke
</taxonomicName>
, (
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF94FFC5668F10CBD2E921C0" bold="true" box="[972,989,1982,2003]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">B</emphasis>
)
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF94FFC566AC10CBD1D021E1" authority="Fernandez &amp; Palacio" authorityName="Fernandez &amp; Palacio" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striatinodis">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF94FFC566AC10CBD43821C0" box="[1007,1292,1981,2003]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Pogonomyrmex striatinodis</emphasis>
Fernández &amp; Palacio
</taxonomicName>
, and (
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF94FFC5646210A9D00021E1" bold="true" box="[289,308,2012,2034]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">C</emphasis>
)
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF94FFC5640110A8D3F521E1" authority="Lattke. The" authorityName="Lattke. The" box="[322,705,2012,2034]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF94FFC5640110A8D37221E1" box="[322,582,2012,2034]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Pogonomyrmex sylvestris</emphasis>
Lattke. The
</taxonomicName>
larger black circle in each panel denotes the type locality.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="1F0B3690FF97FFC6658417E2D407279B" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
The
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF97FFC665B917EDD04926A3" box="[250,381,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF97FFC665B917EDD04926A3" box="[250,381,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">P. sylvestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group and
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF97FFC664BC17EDD36826A3" box="[511,604,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF97FFC664BC17EDD36826A3" box="[511,604,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">P. mayri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group are sister groups that together form a clade that is sister to all other
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF97FFC665D417C9D07226C7" box="[151,326,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF97FFC665D417C9D07226C7" box="[151,326,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Pogonomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(C.S. Moreau &amp; the author, unpub. data). Consequently, obtaining information on the biology of
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF97FFC660C417C9D1CB26EB" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF97FFC660C417C9D1CB26EB" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">P. sylvestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group species (including diet, colony size and structure, phenotype of males and especially queens) would facilitate understanding the early evolution of the genus; queens would be especially interesting to collect given that
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF97FFC66453165DD05A2753" box="[272,366,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF97FFC66453165DD05A2753" box="[272,366,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">P. mayri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has ergatoid queens. It is predicted that biology of these species is similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF97FFC66074165DD4A12753" box="[1335,1429,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF97FFC66074165DD4A12753" box="[1335,1429,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">P. mayri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which suggests that colonies are small (no more than several hundred workers) and that their diet consists of mostly dead arthropods and plant parts, but relatively few seeds (Kugler, 1979, 1984; Kugler &amp; Hincapie, 1983).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="57AE651BFF97FFC6658416E1D58624E3" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="1F0B3690FF97FFC6658416E1D58624E3" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
All three species are known to occur only in northern South America (Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador), and they comprise the small group of South American congeners that inhabit mesophilic forests.
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF97FFC661AF16CDD1CB27E7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF97FFC661AF16CDD1CB27E7" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Pogonomyrmex sylvestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF97FFC6647416A9D0E027E7" box="[311,468,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striatinodis">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF97FFC6647416A9D0E027E7" box="[311,468,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">P. striatinodis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are mid-elevation species—
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF97FFC6665516A9D2AF27E7" box="[790,923,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF97FFC6665516A9D21027E7" box="[790,804,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">P</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF97FFC6667016A9D2AF27E7" box="[819,923,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">sylvestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been collected only in premontane cloud forest habitats of Venezuela at elevations from 1000–1300 m, and
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF97FFC666C21575D528240B" box="[897,1052,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striatinodis">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF97FFC666C21575D528240B" box="[897,1052,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">P. striatinodis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only known from mesic forests at elevations from 1000–1525 m.
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF97FFC6677A1551D254242F" box="[569,864,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF97FFC6677A1551D254242F" box="[569,864,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Pogonomyrmex sylvestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in the La Costa Xeric Shrublands and Venezuelan Andes Montane Forest ecoregions, and
<taxonomicName id="D8B44D13FF97FFC6679E153DD24C2473" box="[733,888,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pogonomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striatinodis">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF97FFC6679E153DD24C2473" box="[733,888,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">P. striatinodis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in Northwestern Andean Montane Forest ecoregion as defined by Olson
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF97FFC664B11519D3162497" box="[498,546,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">et al</emphasis>
. (2001). Alternatively,
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF97FFC6666A1519D2BF2497" box="[809,907,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">P. s t e f a ni</emphasis>
is only known from two locations in the mesic lowland forests at elevations from 165–470 m, and its geographic distribution may be restricted to the Orinoco watershed of Venezuela (Lattke 2006); it occurs in the Llanos and Pantepui ecoregions as defined by Olson
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF97FFC6602015C1D4A124DF" box="[1379,1429,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">et al</emphasis>
. (2001). None of these three species are known to occur proximate to one another (
<figureCitation id="878F2A15FF97FFC6617315A2D59624E3" box="[1072,1186,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 65" captionStartId="125.[151,249,1981,2003]" captionTargetBox="[408,1174,195,1958]" captionTargetId="figure@125.[408,1179,195,1959]" captionTargetPageId="125" captionText="FIGURE 65. Geographic distribution of: (A) Pogonomyrmex stefani Lattke, (B) Pogonomyrmex striatinodis Fernández &amp; Palacio, and (C) Pogonomyrmex sylvestris Lattke. The larger black circle in each panel denotes the type locality." pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="2DC0EA82FF97FFC6617315A2D59624E3" bold="true" box="[1072,1186,727,752]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Figure 65</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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