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<mods:title id="CEA646E83E917757BFEFC6A82422F87A">Revision of the genus Heteranassa Smith, 1899 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Omopterini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="325B4E147BFC8C540E785FD09E8C4F90">Homziak, Nicholas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D5D9A955D3B95E384539BC58C4F59D28">Hopkins, Heidi</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="9666720E5CC927D8BFE7B751730B15A0" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152062715" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9666720E5CC927D8BFE7B751730B15A0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9666720E5CC927D8BFE7B751730B15A0" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
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<paragraph id="96556EE59352C604F08B7F7A579FACEE" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Erebidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C557C58C332D8A07F9921DFB06ABD392" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="0B7D949DE0066C34ED72BF2EF794DD1D" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="65319274A0E7CD4808F77C07BBB743A9" authority="Harvey, 1876" authorityName="Harvey" authorityYear="1876" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa mima" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="mima">Heteranassa mima (Harvey, 1876)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B1AB3BC401AC6387ACC467242FAEA65F" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="6848CE5138938D29546BD0EFFA8F99AE" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="17AB414C7C0629E4E95D0082894A79F7" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Homoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Homoptera mima" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mima">Homoptera mima</taxonomicName>
Harvey, 1876: 155-156.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1CE47D328A433D41BB727CBB503327EB" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="D0D9A11A0D81E8416DF66A652B2B70EA" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Eubolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eubolina mima" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mima">Eubolina mima</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="9B67B8A603A84D98D14B8E009B788D5B" author="Grote, AR" journalOrPublisher="New York" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" title="New Check List of North American Moths" year="1882">Grote 1882</bibRefCitation>
: 42;
<bibRefCitation id="D71B91A4BC825C6591971C112DD0A460" author="Smith, JB" journalOrPublisher="P. C. Stockhausen, Philadelphia" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" title="List of Lepidoptera of Boreal America" year="1891">Smith 1891</bibRefCitation>
: 63;
<bibRefCitation id="D80647A95219602159D59026A58798FB" author="Smith, JB" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 424" title="A catalogue, bibliographical and synonymical, of the species of moths of the lepidopterous superfamily Noctuidae, found in boreal America." url="10.5479/si.03629236.44" volume="44" year="1893">1893</bibRefCitation>
: 372.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6BE491858E0A47522627C53369B9C8D5" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="C9C65DAE09DDB42D9EF089D8348F4F08" genus="Campometra" lsidName="Campometra mima" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="mima">Campometra mima</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="E30E03C4E6D8E20E3FA050FE151B60EE" author="Smith, JB" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" pagination="101 - 105" title="New species of nocturnal moths of the genus Campometra, and notes." url="10.5479/si.00963801.1184.101" volume="22" year="1899">Smith 1899</bibRefCitation>
: 104-105;
<bibRefCitation id="6FBDAC84F0F63C8B48CF8E7D8ECC73F1" author="Dyar, HG" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum, xi" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" title="A list of North American Lepidoptera and key to the literature of this Order of insects." year="1903">Dyar 1903</bibRefCitation>
: 237.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="671267F85BCCE32E94982108D5C5FE03" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="9EC0F8143D2B9E369055AA8C1219B97E" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Elousa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elousa mima" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mima">Elousa mima</taxonomicName>
; Draudt and Gaede (in Seitz) 1923: 478.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FD5F54A0386C44116AEA26916AA6F273" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="F6245E29DE64D2937F6C1D8F11F4BEA0" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa mima" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="mima">Heteranassa mima</taxonomicName>
(Harvey, 1876);
<bibRefCitation id="4C6EB63F05C2B5B9F0A8FEDD09EACE6B" author="Smith, JB" journalOrPublisher="American Entomological Society, Philadelphia" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" title="Check list of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America." year="1903">Smith et al. 1903</bibRefCitation>
: 5;
<bibRefCitation id="DB743D0B8EB859749783D5BCEAF29D22" author="Barnes, W" journalOrPublisher="Herald Press, Decatur, Illinois" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" title="Check list of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America" url="10.5962/bhl.title.10097" year="1917">Barnes et al. 1917</bibRefCitation>
: 86;
<bibRefCitation id="44831EA3D74A76719A41FE71FFD598EF" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">McDunnough 1938</bibRefCitation>
: 121;
<bibRefCitation id="A97E42B98B6EF752F1C09CCC1AF8C1AF" author="Kimball, CP" journalOrPublisher="Division of Plant Industry, State of Florida Department of Agriculture" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" title="Arthropods of Florida and neighboring land areas. 1. Lepidoptera of Florida." year="1965">Kimball 1965</bibRefCitation>
: 130;
<bibRefCitation id="42A6483C55954B8D668956C7D259795B" author="Franclemont, JG" editor="Hodges, RW" journalOrPublisher="University Press, Cambridge" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="120 - 159" title="Check list of the Lepidoptera of America north of Mexico" year="1983">Franclemont and Todd 1983</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C37C7ED5130209E9F6E612D94EBC2DF6" author="Poole, RW" journalOrPublisher="E. J. Brill, Leiden" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" title="Fascicle 118, Noctuidae." volumeTitle="Lepidopterorum Catalogus" year="1989">Poole 1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF507937FF0A65082F2815867C4583FA" author="Poole, RW" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Information Services, Rockville, Maryland" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" title="Nomina Insecta Neararctica. A check list of the insects of North America. Vol. 3. Diptera, Lepidoptera, Siphonaptera." year="1996">1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="B28415447A521F0E692CFB58E18E4E6C" author="Mustelin, T" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 47" title="Taxonomy of southern California Erebidae and Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) with descriptions of twenty one new species." volume="1278" year="2006">Mustelin 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 7;
<bibRefCitation id="5583170652F9E95428054C19A230E177" author="Lafontaine, JD" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 239" title="Annotated check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico." url="10.3897/zookeys.40.414" volume="40" year="2010">Lafontaine and Schmidt 2010</bibRefCitation>
: 37.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E73B37BB2BB5D3104ECA47071BB8CA2" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="F68EA8371805FADAE251B2C87C284998" genus="Campometra" lsidName="Campometra fraterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="fraterna">Campometra fraterna</taxonomicName>
Smith, 1899: 104, syn. n.;
<bibRefCitation id="B133AC0965367DF9333DAD0DA05CCE83" author="Dyar, HG" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum, xi" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" title="A list of North American Lepidoptera and key to the literature of this Order of insects." year="1903">Dyar 1903</bibRefCitation>
: 236.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EFB4A2B90616BED15FA99982D2BF87BC" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="CF50294D5DAFD937081691B704E756ED" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa fraterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="fraterna">Heteranassa fraterna</taxonomicName>
(Smith, 1899);
<bibRefCitation id="267344FA4785BE5460FCF61417DD3D3F" author="Smith, JB" journalOrPublisher="American Entomological Society, Philadelphia" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" title="Check list of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America." year="1903">Smith et al. 1903</bibRefCitation>
: 5;
<bibRefCitation id="9EEFCC67E654E628FA524BF15A5BAD64" author="Barnes, W" journalOrPublisher="Herald Press, Decatur, Illinois" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" title="Check list of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America" url="10.5962/bhl.title.10097" year="1917">Barnes et al. 1917</bibRefCitation>
: 86;
<bibRefCitation id="3D7C18546CF27DC2E02DD8D3126C74A0" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">McDunnough 1938</bibRefCitation>
: 121;
<bibRefCitation id="1048D6111E87655B326AA00409CA3DFE" author="Kimball, CP" journalOrPublisher="Division of Plant Industry, State of Florida Department of Agriculture" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" title="Arthropods of Florida and neighboring land areas. 1. Lepidoptera of Florida." year="1965">Kimball 1965</bibRefCitation>
: 130;
<bibRefCitation id="C5F1BBA372456C88BF36F12D8D295121" author="Franclemont, JG" editor="Hodges, RW" journalOrPublisher="University Press, Cambridge" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="120 - 159" title="Check list of the Lepidoptera of America north of Mexico" year="1983">Franclemont and Todd 1983</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="3A0D552C41DF1F19DDCC8F8352854B8F" author="Poole, RW" journalOrPublisher="E. J. Brill, Leiden" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" title="Fascicle 118, Noctuidae." volumeTitle="Lepidopterorum Catalogus" year="1989">Poole 1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="6B643524C8FACE11B565424EDAEE0497" author="Poole, RW" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Information Services, Rockville, Maryland" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" title="Nomina Insecta Neararctica. A check list of the insects of North America. Vol. 3. Diptera, Lepidoptera, Siphonaptera." year="1996">1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="B0D9E4639A8D01AF6562CBBB14C268BC" author="Mustelin, T" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 47" title="Taxonomy of southern California Erebidae and Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) with descriptions of twenty one new species." volume="1278" year="2006">Mustelin 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 7;
<bibRefCitation id="420B2F04F133C18CC3A3830D435B59C3" author="Lafontaine, JD" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 239" title="Annotated check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico." url="10.3897/zookeys.40.414" volume="40" year="2010">Lafontaine and Schmidt 2010</bibRefCitation>
: 37.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="68AAAB1AFF7A5FCCA6170F157135E04E" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="EF819638251CB465EC7DFE0AF1803C0A" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Elousa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elousa fraterna" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fraterna">Elousa fraterna</taxonomicName>
; Draudt and Gaede (in Seitz) 1923: 478.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="510A296761CCF211EEB8B6EF29DFC4F3" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="EC1A1A77AA6F66F20BA703BC9F4F6A0D" genus="Campometra" lsidName="Campometra minor" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="minor">Campometra minor</taxonomicName>
Smith, 1899: 104-105;
<bibRefCitation id="30F91A436C357D059C63503A54DA9489" author="Dyar, HG" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum, xi" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" title="A list of North American Lepidoptera and key to the literature of this Order of insects." year="1903">Dyar 1903</bibRefCitation>
: 236.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B504091E814670B8C9422C591BFF737" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="CACCA9B2D1264A8D99F6C00AA0F28341" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Elousa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elousa minor" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minor">Elousa minor</taxonomicName>
: Draudt &amp; Gaede (in Seitz) 1923: 478.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C85B3240F07900608DB6357C5FA48CE8" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="698D11CE667EEEFF812BB7D94C871E24" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa minor" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="minor">Heteranassa minor</taxonomicName>
(Smith, 1899), syn. n.;
<bibRefCitation id="78C80F86B696083DC37B94674E877C82" author="Smith, JB" journalOrPublisher="American Entomological Society, Philadelphia" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" title="Check list of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America." year="1903">Smith et al. 1903</bibRefCitation>
: 5;
<bibRefCitation id="A47E33C73A084FAE9F0DED2E3D9ECF1A" author="Barnes, W" journalOrPublisher="Herald Press, Decatur, Illinois" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" title="Check list of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America" url="10.5962/bhl.title.10097" year="1917">Barnes et al. 1917</bibRefCitation>
: 86;
<bibRefCitation id="A2AB5B90D4C05C28D3915E285E12F2FF" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">McDunnough 1938</bibRefCitation>
: 121;
<bibRefCitation id="9B499EE8FF0290E476A6F5D57EACD524" author="Kimball, CP" journalOrPublisher="Division of Plant Industry, State of Florida Department of Agriculture" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" title="Arthropods of Florida and neighboring land areas. 1. Lepidoptera of Florida." year="1965">Kimball 1965</bibRefCitation>
: 130;
<bibRefCitation id="95BD79F0AB2FDCCCA994C97D57E366AC" author="Franclemont, JG" editor="Hodges, RW" journalOrPublisher="University Press, Cambridge" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="120 - 159" title="Check list of the Lepidoptera of America north of Mexico" year="1983">Franclemont and Todd 1983</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="2A9FB4CDA60CC25EFA4EFFE01500EA40" author="Poole, RW" journalOrPublisher="E. J. Brill, Leiden" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" title="Fascicle 118, Noctuidae." volumeTitle="Lepidopterorum Catalogus" year="1989">Poole 1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="8139606DC9F06DB052B037479AA57DF2" author="Poole, RW" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Information Services, Rockville, Maryland" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" title="Nomina Insecta Neararctica. A check list of the insects of North America. Vol. 3. Diptera, Lepidoptera, Siphonaptera." year="1996">1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EDC0C516A9F6857F6AEDC3DDCFD42EBE" author="Mustelin, T" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 47" title="Taxonomy of southern California Erebidae and Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) with descriptions of twenty one new species." volume="1278" year="2006">Mustelin 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 7.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C5385FD19A14A454F42E83666E682295" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="3C134BAA392EA6BFF06D43451FFCA606" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6480B3BDE21B3BA5EC7CF5D4EC4F2A71" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">This is the only species in the genus and can be diagnosed with the generic combination (see above).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A16F2B1CA8A163A1114334183E1381D5" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" type="type material">
<paragraph id="234C0788C75ECC7B4137C8BD0337E530" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="43671BFFA3AD35B0B6FA4175ADA39273" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="D3177019CC794B12DA39C39B19640F08" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa mima" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="mima">Heteranassa mima</taxonomicName>
(Harvey, 1875). Holotype, (Fig. 13) ♀ in the Natural History Museum, London (BMNH) labeled: &quot;Homoptera mima, type, Harvey, Holotype, 15/9, 73.&quot; The specimen and associated labels were examined through high-resolution photographs provided by the BMNH. Type locality: Texas [USA]
</paragraph>
<caption id="AECD5189E4A5907B1CD37E8AA4085060" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
<paragraph id="8F8DF107F46DFF3EE0CC4737468A32EA" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
Figure 13. Holotype of
<taxonomicName id="499E058936A8A1397E4DB98C5B1FAF0F" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa mima" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="mima">Heteranassa mima</taxonomicName>
, Texas.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="81AAFE34BEC638EF21F9F7559BFDD52F" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="6AA3DEE967BF966FA82B224BF3EB68E4" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa fraterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="fraterna">Heteranassa fraterna</taxonomicName>
(Smith, 1899). Lectotype (Fig. 14) ♀ in USNM, designated by
<bibRefCitation id="DFA936B606FC35A92DA3ADF42ACAF414" author="Todd, EL" journalOrPublisher="U. S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1645" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" title="The noctuid type material of John. B. Smith. (Lepidoptera)" year="1982">Todd (1982)</bibRefCitation>
, labeled: &quot;Death Valley, April '91 K., 677, 115 [circled], ♀ genitalia on slide, Sept. 21, 1938, J.F.G.C. #2035, Type No. 4313 U.S.N.M., Lectotype,
<taxonomicName id="F86AF8978A84BF2DCCF25AC9A84B4A18" genus="Campometra" lsidName="Campometra fraterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="fraterna">Campometra fraterna</taxonomicName>
, Smith, Genitalia slide U.S.N.M. 40478,
<taxonomicName id="9781BC4EDC76AEEB530B7BA41211143B" genus="Campometra" lsidName="Campometra fraterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="fraterna">Campometra fraterna</taxonomicName>
, ♀ Cotype, Smith&quot; Type locality: Death Valley [California, USA]
</paragraph>
<caption id="E70597E5E538A8FE52721DFEDA196B6F" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
<paragraph id="F81D1EA47FC339733215BAC4E44747EC" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
Figure 14. Lectotype of
<taxonomicName id="BEDB124405549BD553568E793A486F86" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa fraterna" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="fraterna">Heteranassa fraterna</taxonomicName>
, Death Valley, California.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="9AA0868C9FDEE47C8C7F62C84C737654" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="4444F308A8F613EA459A483A4CFE651C" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa minor" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="minor">Heteranassa minor</taxonomicName>
(Smith, 1899). Lectotype, (Fig. 15) ♀ in USNM labeled: &quot;
<taxonomicName id="8BA62140D76F18FE572B9B72F370E2C4" genus="Campometra" lsidName="Campometra minor" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="minor">Campometra minor</taxonomicName>
, ♀ type, Smith, Lectotype,
<taxonomicName id="CA3305F82E7F73B0B7B8D6188E7EB869" genus="Campometra" lsidName="Campometra minor" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="minor">Campometra minor</taxonomicName>
, Smith, ♀ genitalia on slide, Sept. 21, 1938, J.F.G.C. #2035, Genitalia slide, U.S.N.M. 40477, Type No. 4314 U.S.N.M., U.S.N.M. Acc. no. 35005, Ariz., Collection G.D. Hulst.&quot; Type locality: Arizona [USA]
</paragraph>
<caption id="93B6E321A20654C0FFC36E9A823C6D55" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
<paragraph id="984D77EC4E2F779528EC7F0453B9BDAE" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
Figure 15. Lectotype of
<taxonomicName id="8476FD8C41637E7C37E382DFB5E53B42" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa minor" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" rank="species" species="minor">Heteranassa minor</taxonomicName>
, Arizona.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="14EE1560030DE26CC06F9634163C0DE6" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" type="description">
<paragraph id="DA09F4EA2AAC9B5B528B1FFEA774BBEE" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1E8505FBAC412F47E3F4739DCA2D7AC7" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
Adult male (Fig. 8): Head: scaling dark gray to gray-brown to tan; alternating uneven banding of white to light brown scales, and dark-brown scales, labial palpus concolorous with head and body, antenna scaling: each segment alternating light gray and dark brown. Thorax: dorsum dark gray to gray brown to tan; venter lighter grayish brown. Legs: dorsally concolorous with thorax, ventrally light gray with darker scales, tarsi alternating white and dark brown; tarsal segments alternating
<normalizedToken id="F78D085AE3C71C8BB7D8874D3507D508" originalValue="dark–brown">dark-brown</normalizedToken>
to white scaling. Forewing: length as for genus description, basal line black; band of darker color runs vertically, adjacent to antemedial line, terminating where antemedia line points apically; area between medial and postmedial lines shaded darker, excluding reniform area; crenulations on margin of forewing with gray-white punctations. Hind wing: shaded gray brown from medial area distally; postmedial line complete, or faintly visible distally; subterminal line darker gray brown, outlined with light coloration distally. Abdomen: dorsum dark gray to gray brown to tan, laterally gray; venter gray, dusted with darker scales. Genitalia (Figs 3, 4) (24 dissections): Lateral processes at distal end of tegumen arms wavy; process at dorsal end fin shaped, very weakly sclerotized; ventral membrane on distal end weakly sclerotized; juxta with numerous short, pointed tubercles mesially, narrowed caudally; transtilla attached to costal parts of valve processes; vinculum with flared, fin-like processes directed anteriorly; sclerotized saccular process looping, connecting to costal region,
<normalizedToken id="DB4CA9A659660737365476AE94991791" originalValue="“D”">&quot;D&quot;</normalizedToken>
shaped; base of costa thumblike, connected to transtilla; aedeagus with dorsal surface undulating apically; vesical with five diverticula. Adult Female (Figs 9-15): forewing length as in genus description. Similar to male, except antennae filiform. Genitalia (Fig. 5) (12 dissections): Postvaginal plate narrowed anteriorly, densely covered in shark-tooth-like tubercles, caudal 7/8th outlined in stout setae; sterigma with sclerotized ridges laterally.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="12F607076117AC1CD74523EDE1EE36AA" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" type="variation">
<paragraph id="7F90B5CC19863085CEF8568DB2FB5100" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">Variation.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2C32212053B597F7C92D10FD0E7D7260" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
Specimens tend to be larger in the eastern part of the range in Texas, and smaller specimens are more common in Arizona and California. Forewing coloration ranges from dark gray with some brown dusting to tan. Maculation ranges from
<pageBreakToken id="AD2B50946E5B85D502AD420D050E0A13" pageId="9" pageNumber="40" start="start">well</pageBreakToken>
-defined antemedial, postmedial, and subcostal lines to lightly marked specimens with only the subcostal line well defined. Lightly marked specimens are found most commonly in the Mojave Desert. Ground color of hind wings is lighter towards the western range of the species. Specimens from the eastern part of the range show distinctly marked discal spots and shading on the margins on ventral surface of the wings, and the undersides are more heavily dusted with darker scales. The size of the white
<pageBreakToken id="29B35EF23C65BCA6D618449D24C5083C" pageId="10" pageNumber="41" start="start">patch</pageBreakToken>
in the reniform area varies from a narrow dash to a large spot, while forewing ground color ranged from dark gray to gray brown among moths reared from the same female collected in Southeast Arizona.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F11964831E9EEE5D0C4DD8B787AE9F82" pageId="10" pageNumber="41">
Barcode variation in
<taxonomicName id="F39FCE38083E72B95305CFF7B7BD1B63" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="10" pageNumber="41" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
is very conservative. Examination of more than 160 full-sequence (658 base-pair) barcodes from California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and northern Mexico showed a maximum divergence of less than 0.8%. One haplotype* dominated the sample, representing more than half of the specimens; the other barcodes included 36 haplotypes that had no more than two base-pair differences from each other. One haplotype, restricted to central and southern Texas, departed from this pattern in being 0.8% different from those from farther west. This is most probably the haplotype that should be associated with the name
<taxonomicName id="871455878AEE480FFC27A00E6C5CA8B0" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa mima" pageId="10" pageNumber="41" rank="species" species="mima">Heteranassa mima</taxonomicName>
, it being described from this part of Texas. However, this
<normalizedToken id="8E01F0C5D69454FDF21DCB3E94F0BE60" originalValue="“eastern”">&quot;eastern&quot;</normalizedToken>
haplotype is found with
<normalizedToken id="C140ADFD6D993F2904CD2F810F0020F5" originalValue="“western”">&quot;western&quot;</normalizedToken>
haplotypes in central Texas and there is no indication in genital structural characters, or wing color or pattern, that
<taxonomicName id="6D9210314259F541C88143C09D3EE19B" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="10" pageNumber="41" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
includes more than a single species. The barcodes of
<taxonomicName id="E2EA00D53B50D7A1BD43AD6093217F3D" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="10" pageNumber="41" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
are so divergent that they give no indication of a close relationship to any other erebid genus, other than belonging in the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="A486958CEB86E71ED33543A8BDD93686" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="41" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Erebinae">Erebinae</taxonomicName>
, tribe
<taxonomicName id="B73DBD92073E3628AEFDA334886125A9" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="41" rank="tribe" tribe="Omopterini">Omopterini</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="2D936A0A967C577F1510E067BABB506D" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="10" pageNumber="41" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
specimens from Texas and Mexico are frequently confused with some species associated with the genus
<taxonomicName id="2D0A9D5BC4F4C9268E3668039D16B066" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Coxina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coxina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Coxina</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="CD5BF5F9AF40640E501BF6CF5BA9C559" originalValue="Guenée">Guenee</normalizedToken>
, which can have a similar superficial pattern, but the barcodes are more than 10% different and the two genera do not appear to be closely related. (D. Lafontaine pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="60652F87EEF26465191634C4F800EA2E" pageId="10" pageNumber="41">*CNCNoctuoidea13382 [Baboquivari Mts., Pima Co., Arizona, USA]</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BF1D044ECBE4FB76006A1C2DD5641457" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="10" pageNumber="41">
AACTTTATATTTTATTTTTGGAATTTGAGCAGGAATAGTAGGAACCTCTTTAAGTTTATTAATTCGTGCTGAATTAGGAAACCCTGGTTCTTTAATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATAATACTATTGTTACAGCTCATGCTTT
<pageBreakToken id="56F8C7836B4252BB68C0D9FA718827A2" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" start="start">TATTATAATTTTCTTTATAGTTATACCAATTATAATTGGAGGATTTGGAAATTGATTAGTCCCCTTAATATTAGGAGCTCCTGATATAGCTTTCCCTCGAATAAATAATATAAGTTTCTGATTATTACCCCCATCTTTAACTCTTTTAATCTCAAGAAGAATCGTAGAAAATGGAGCAGGAACAGGATGAACAGTTTACCCCCCACTTTCATCTAACATTGCTCATAGAGGAAGATCAGTAGATTTAGCAATTTTCTCTCTTCATTTAGCTGGAATTTCATCAATTTTAGGAGCTATTAATTTTATTACTACTATTATCAATATACGATTAAATAGATTAATATTTGACCAAATACCTTTATTTGTTTGAGCTGTTGGTATTACTGCTTTTTTACTATTATTATCTTTACCTGTTTTAGCTGGAGCTATTACTATACTCTTAACAGATCGAAATTTAAATACTTCCTTTTTTGATCCTGCTGGAGGAGGAGATCCTATTCTTTACCAACATCTATTT</pageBreakToken>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FD394215EA4CAA11BF2DCF3B0F769C1F" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" type="distribution and habitat">
<paragraph id="50EE8996921D07DE3038E323C76C971A" pageId="11" pageNumber="42">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8644DA8FDE3A6E2447E4E1ABB3C05F25" pageId="11" pageNumber="42">Warm, arid habitats from California to Texas, northward to Oklahoma, and south as far as Oaxaca, Mexico (Fig. 16). A single specimen from Cartwright, Manitoba is in the LACM.</paragraph>
<caption id="F896FAB08111C0B2FAFD088766420FA3" pageId="11" pageNumber="42">
<paragraph id="982ABFD1CB70C959CE90FF73AB0498F6" pageId="11" pageNumber="42">
Figure 16. The distribution of
<taxonomicName id="88A998C61BEC07441297B8CEDDA35A39" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
in North America, ranging from Texas and Oklahoma west to California, USA, south to Jalisco Mexico. A single stray is recorded from Manitoba, Canada.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DF9AA827CAA6BBC5F11F779CB153A001" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="2E31A639290664612339F53BFCFF9E09" pageId="11" pageNumber="42">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FFD8B5DD74492280C0C6912C076E7D86" pageId="11" pageNumber="42">
The variation in
<taxonomicName id="288975458B78B78D9EBF4DD85CB6566B" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
wing pattern and coloration is continuous, with many specimens appearing intermediate to the phenotypes described by
<bibRefCitation id="12B83B9FDB288E7F2C5F6437CFBB704D" author="Smith, JB" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" pagination="101 - 105" title="New species of nocturnal moths of the genus Campometra, and notes." url="10.5479/si.00963801.1184.101" volume="22" year="1899">Smith (1899)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="56C26D1C5C5B8348A50479071EF8A933" author="Harvey, LF" journalOrPublisher="The Canadian Entomologist" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="154 - 156" title="New Noctuidae." url="10.4039/Ent8154-8" volume="8" year="1876">Harvey (1876)</bibRefCitation>
. Genitalic morphology does not, however, correlate with wing pattern differences. These observations suggest that
<taxonomicName id="94C7013315E2CCC070DD209D9549CE9F" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
contains a single, highly variable species,
<taxonomicName id="8E1FE841BF1A2A43BDD87DDDB4E2D65E" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa mima" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" rank="species" species="mima">Heteranassa mima</taxonomicName>
. Studies of another erebine genus,
<taxonomicName id="28ACAE12574F470D4C2FC736F6177990" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Catocala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Catocala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Catocala</taxonomicName>
, have shown that pressure from avian predators may drive high levels of polymorphism in forewing pattern and coloration (
<bibRefCitation id="84907FF12DD928D1509734C4426ADD01" author="Ricklefs, RE" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="313 - 324" title="Aspect diversity in moths: a temperate-tropical comparison." url="10.2307/2407219" volume="29" year="1975">
Ricklefs and
<normalizedToken id="FA50F803A4122285C51AAF8D06DCC473" originalValue="O’Rourke">O'Rourke</normalizedToken>
1975
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EC602C84FDA6B0E936CC1CAF104EE62A" author="Bond, AB" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" pagination="609 - 613" title="Visual predators select for crypticity and polymorphism in virtual prey." url="10.1038/415609a" volume="415" year="2002">Bond and Kamil 2002</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="2D305EFE958C3E1933C0ABA04D1967D1" author="Webster, RJ" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" pagination="503 - 510" title="Behaviourally mediated crypsis in two nocturnal moths with contrasting appearance." url="10.1098/rstb.2008.0215" volume="364" year="2009">Webster et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
), and
<taxonomicName id="EB5F153D5AD648B8E7B21F8D012C6C10" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
may be subject to similar evolutionary processes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8E28D256C905C5482095C87B3C2E769C" pageId="11" pageNumber="42">
A series of
<taxonomicName id="C7B47138A5001789550FE994F32EA42F" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
from Death Valley, California collected in February, 2005, is the most variable in forewing pattern and coloration among the thousands of specimens observed to date.
<taxonomicName id="746B444049B5CD155884296C4C96C6D6" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
comprised roughly 90% of the moth specimens collected during this period, demonstrating that the genus is an abundant and likely ecologically important insect herbivore in North American desert biomes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5518C1DDF0529DE4556A4449DDB62284" pageId="11" pageNumber="42">
During the course of this research, we became aware of potential taxonomic affinities with the neotropical genera
<taxonomicName id="8BC3C0D0A53CE8936B65D5CBC9208865" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Elousa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elousa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Elousa</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="F3EDCF2CA87E2BD8CA50D1E87D197F69" author="Walker, F" journalOrPublisher="Edward Newman, London" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" pagination="983 - 1236" title="List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum" year="1857">Walker (1857)</bibRefCitation>
and
<taxonomicName id="AD259F5EDC48416192ADCA396C580CBE" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Coxina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coxina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Coxina</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="591B34984CF3B21CEAF07A7D684FEB3F" author="Guenee, A" editor="Boisduval, JBAD de" journalOrPublisher="Roret, Paris" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" title="Noctuelites Tome 3" volumeTitle="Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species General des Lepidopteres" year="1852">
<normalizedToken id="53154E7A75C95D1948AA9E91671E3354" originalValue="Guenée">Guenee</normalizedToken>
(1852)
</bibRefCitation>
. These genera have not been studied in a systematic framework since the turn of the 20th Century. A preliminary examination of male genitalia and wing pattern show significant overlap of characteristics between the genera. These three genera lack spines on the mesothoracic tibiae, and possess symmetrical male genitalia with membranous costal regions of the valves. These processes are larger in
<taxonomicName id="FA237616F7A1FCE169F6E2EF958510BF" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54926D2FEA02F67EAD81492BB9323EF6" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Elousa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elousa albicans" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albicans">Elousa albicans</taxonomicName>
(Walker, 1857) than they are in
<taxonomicName id="DA6055015B31787F9DA6DD70C74E6687" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Elousa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elousa schausi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schausi">Elousa schausi</taxonomicName>
(Giacomelli, 1911) and the other
<taxonomicName id="B1111A8FC11FD26BA3CC2F4F79BC42A7" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Coxina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coxina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Coxina</taxonomicName>
species we have dissected. We have examined 10 species in these genera from the Caribbean and South America. Specimens belonging to this group that we collected in the Nicaraguan highlands appear more similar to
<taxonomicName id="F284F327BF940AF5D48C3756EB0C75B0" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Elousa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elousa schausi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schausi">Elousa schausi</taxonomicName>
specimens from Argentina and
<taxonomicName id="273A2C34C97AB39EBF8AB39AB5FEAE26" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Coxina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coxina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Coxina</taxonomicName>
specimens from Mexico, south Texas, and Florida, than they do to Caribbean
<taxonomicName id="CE6D1985E020D6BBEE9CAE2D2EB2E693" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Elousa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elousa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Elousa</taxonomicName>
or North American
<taxonomicName id="4E715578514C4E26C04C982D6A83A93B" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
. Future research could test the monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="687C47C2801AE9D75F0A4C6068D7B3EF" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Coxina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coxina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Coxina</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="69FDA49DC093144D1ADD612ADE87118C" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Elousa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elousa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Elousa</taxonomicName>
with respect to
<taxonomicName id="3EE5D11C049AE289BAECFE29D6056F38" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="11" pageNumber="42" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
, and how these genera speciated in North and South America and the Caribbean.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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