325 lines
78 KiB
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325 lines
78 KiB
XML
<document id="B95EEFFD3A9BF679E1561E6BDCF464E9" ID-DOI="10.14446/FI.2016.78" ID-ISSN="2533-4069" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4773056" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1621431330703" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Gardner, James D., Redman, Cory M. & Cifelli, Richard L." docDate="2016" docId="947587F26679FFC4FF3411FDFA78FA8A" docLanguage="en" docName="FossilImprint.72.1-2.78-107.pdf" docOrigin="Fossil Imprint 72 (1 - 2)" docSource="http://fi.nm.cz/clanek/the-hopping-dead-late-cretaceous-frogs-from-the-middle-late-campanian-judithian-of-western-north-america/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0EC54BF35E227CA4627F894F6BA30634.4:FossilImprint.2016-.journal_article" docStyleId="0EC54BF35E227CA4627F894F6BA30634" docStyleName="FossilImprint.2016-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Anura Gardner & Redman & Cifelli 2016" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="92" masterDocId="684CFF8A6675FFCAFFC91418F909FF88" masterDocTitle="The Hopping Dead: Late Cretaceous Frogs From The Middle - Late Campanian (Judithian) Of Western North America" masterLastPageNumber="107" masterPageNumber="78" pageNumber="90" updateTime="1698921899666" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-3.0">
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<mods:title id="65C31CE0D3ECEAB7A13D3EC8E9E9C073">The Hopping Dead: Late Cretaceous Frogs From The Middle - Late Campanian (Judithian) Of Western North America</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CC76C82C563CF6BC49BFC48DA2849D34">Gardner, James D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="21D0575FB7C411163228750657AA356C">Redman, Cory M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E4246C57BD95F6DE033246EA168DDFB4">Cifelli, Richard L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:number id="300B013A56038A8E71B002083DA1F474">1 - 2</mods:number>
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<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676679FFC6FF3411FDF84EFA74" ID-CoL="PW" authorityName="Gardner & Redman & Cifelli" authorityYear="2016" box="[253,327,1509,1532]" class="Amphibia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Anura</taxonomicName>
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indeterminate morph 1
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<subSubSection id="54C6656F6679FFC4FEA2120DFA78FA8A" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="12" pageNumber="90" type="description">
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<paragraph id="1C6336E46679FFC6FEA2120DF8EEF9A3" blockId="12.[363,487,1557,1579]" box="[363,487,1557,1579]" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">
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(
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<figureCitation id="84E72A616679FFC6FEBB120DF8D6F9A3" box="[370,479,1557,1579]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="13.[129,209,989,1010]" captionTargetBox="[129,1481,152,945]" captionTargetId="figure-380@13.[146,1479,168,934]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Maxillae and squamosal of Anura indeterminate morph 1 from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) ofAlberta, Canada and Montana, Utah, and Texas, USA. All images are photographs and depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a, b – incomplete right maxilla, UALVP 40169, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta. c, d – incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 8461, in labial (c) and lingual (d) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana. e, f – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 23837, in labial (e) and lingual (f) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V5, Utah. g, h – incomplete left maxilla, OMNH 67094, in labial (g) and lingual (h) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah. i, j – fragmentary?left maxilla, TMM 43057-256, in labial (i) and lingual (j) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. k, l – fragmentary left maxilla, OMNH 25243, in labial (k) and lingual (l) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. m, n – incomplete left squamosal, OMNH 23538, in lateral (m) and medial (n) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773084/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">Text-fig. 8</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1C6336E46679FFC6FF59125CF88CF8A8" blockId="12.[106,745,1604,1824]" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">
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M a t e r i a l a n d o c c u r r e n c e s: Maxilla from Dinosaur Park Formation,
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<collectingRegion id="DE18F8066679FFC6FE47127DF8EBF9F4" box="[398,482,1637,1660]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">Alberta</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="64CB76746679FFC6FE27127DFB4BF9F4" box="[494,578,1637,1660]" name="Canada" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">Canada</collectingCountry>
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; maxillae from Judith River Formation,
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<collectingRegion id="DE18F8066679FFC6FE40129EF8E5F915" box="[393,492,1670,1693]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">Montana</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="64CB76746679FFC6FE37129EFB3EF915" box="[510,567,1670,1693]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">USA</collectingCountry>
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; maxillae from Mesaverde Formation,
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<collectingRegion id="DE18F8066679FFC6FEB412BFF8E2F936" box="[381,491,1703,1726]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="64CB76746679FFC6FDC812BFFB33F936" box="[513,570,1703,1726]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">USA</collectingCountry>
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; maxillae and squamosal from Kaiparowits Formation; maxilla from Wahweap Formation; and maxillae from Aguja Formation,
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<collectingRegion id="DE18F8066679FFC6FFA31311F9A2F8A8" box="[106,171,1801,1824]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">Texas</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="64CB76746679FFC6FF7C1311F9E0F8A8" box="[181,233,1801,1824]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">USA</collectingCountry>
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(Appendix 2).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1C6336E46679FFC6FF591324FCA9FB0F" blockId="12.[106,745,1852,2099]" lastBlockId="12.[820,1460,152,2099]" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">
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D e s c r i p t i o n: All figured examples (maxillae and a squamosal) are incomplete. Two maxillary specimens consist of the preorbital region. The more nearly complete specimen, (UALVP 40169:
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<figureCitation id="84E72A616679FFC6FE6B1384FB4FF83B" box="[418,582,1948,1971]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="13.[129,209,989,1010]" captionTargetBox="[129,1481,152,945]" captionTargetId="figure-380@13.[146,1479,168,934]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Maxillae and squamosal of Anura indeterminate morph 1 from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) ofAlberta, Canada and Montana, Utah, and Texas, USA. All images are photographs and depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a, b – incomplete right maxilla, UALVP 40169, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta. c, d – incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 8461, in labial (c) and lingual (d) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana. e, f – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 23837, in labial (e) and lingual (f) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V5, Utah. g, h – incomplete left maxilla, OMNH 67094, in labial (g) and lingual (h) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah. i, j – fragmentary?left maxilla, TMM 43057-256, in labial (i) and lingual (j) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. k, l – fragmentary left maxilla, OMNH 25243, in labial (k) and lingual (l) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. m, n – incomplete left squamosal, OMNH 23538, in lateral (m) and medial (n) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773084/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">Text-fig. 8a, b</figureCitation>
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), preserves an intact, relatively prominent processus palatinus and a nearly complete lamina anterior that is moderately tall, with its anterior end bluntly tapered and bearing only a rudimentary rostellum. The other specimen (AMNH FARB 8461:
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<figureCitation id="84E72A616679FFC6FCFD1480FAC7FF27" box="[820,974,152,175]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="13.[129,209,989,1010]" captionTargetBox="[129,1481,152,945]" captionTargetId="figure-380@13.[146,1479,168,934]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Maxillae and squamosal of Anura indeterminate morph 1 from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) ofAlberta, Canada and Montana, Utah, and Texas, USA. All images are photographs and depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a, b – incomplete right maxilla, UALVP 40169, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta. c, d – incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 8461, in labial (c) and lingual (d) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana. e, f – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 23837, in labial (e) and lingual (f) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V5, Utah. g, h – incomplete left maxilla, OMNH 67094, in labial (g) and lingual (h) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah. i, j – fragmentary?left maxilla, TMM 43057-256, in labial (i) and lingual (j) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. k, l – fragmentary left maxilla, OMNH 25243, in labial (k) and lingual (l) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. m, n – incomplete left squamosal, OMNH 23538, in lateral (m) and medial (n) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773084/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">Text-fig. 8c, d</figureCitation>
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), is broken in front of the processus palatinus and is missing both the anterior and dorsal portions of the lamina anterior. The remaining maxillae (
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<figureCitation id="84E72A616679FFC6FAC614C2FCA3FF79" box="[1295,1450,218,241]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="13.[129,209,989,1010]" captionTargetBox="[129,1481,152,945]" captionTargetId="figure-380@13.[146,1479,168,934]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Maxillae and squamosal of Anura indeterminate morph 1 from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) ofAlberta, Canada and Montana, Utah, and Texas, USA. All images are photographs and depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a, b – incomplete right maxilla, UALVP 40169, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta. c, d – incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 8461, in labial (c) and lingual (d) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana. e, f – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 23837, in labial (e) and lingual (f) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V5, Utah. g, h – incomplete left maxilla, OMNH 67094, in labial (g) and lingual (h) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah. i, j – fragmentary?left maxilla, TMM 43057-256, in labial (i) and lingual (j) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. k, l – fragmentary left maxilla, OMNH 25243, in labial (k) and lingual (l) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. m, n – incomplete left squamosal, OMNH 23538, in lateral (m) and medial (n) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773084/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">Text-fig. 8e–l</figureCitation>
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) preserve portions along the suborbital region and, in some, also the region bearing the processus pterygoideus. Collectively the figured maxillary specimens show that this bone could be relatively large and robust, the pars facialis is moderately high, the margo orbitalis is shallowly concave in labial or lingual outline, the processus palatinus is well developed, the processus zygomatico-maxillaris is moderately tall and dorsolingually bears a facet for articulation with the squamosal, the lamina horizontalis is a well-developed bony shelf, the processus pterygoideus is robust, wing-shaped, and projects posterolingually for a short distance, and the posterior end of the tooth row (not intact in any specimen) extends back at least to the level of the processus pterygoideus. None of the maxillae has intact teeth, however, OMNH 23837 preserves several bicuspid replacement crowns in situ along the lingual surface of the crista dentalis (not figured). Although the lamina horizontalis is consistently deep along the suborbital region in all specimens, variation is evident in other aspects of its structure. In some specimens the lamina horizontalis may be relatively narrow (i.e., labio-lingual width less than vertical depth) and its lingual face shallowly convex and lingually directed (OMNH 23837;
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<figureCitation id="84E72A616679FFC6FB8A17D4FDCBFC6B" box="[1091,1218,972,995]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="13.[129,209,989,1010]" captionTargetBox="[129,1481,152,945]" captionTargetId="figure-380@13.[146,1479,168,934]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Maxillae and squamosal of Anura indeterminate morph 1 from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) ofAlberta, Canada and Montana, Utah, and Texas, USA. All images are photographs and depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a, b – incomplete right maxilla, UALVP 40169, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta. c, d – incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 8461, in labial (c) and lingual (d) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana. e, f – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 23837, in labial (e) and lingual (f) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V5, Utah. g, h – incomplete left maxilla, OMNH 67094, in labial (g) and lingual (h) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah. i, j – fragmentary?left maxilla, TMM 43057-256, in labial (i) and lingual (j) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. k, l – fragmentary left maxilla, OMNH 25243, in labial (k) and lingual (l) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. m, n – incomplete left squamosal, OMNH 23538, in lateral (m) and medial (n) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773084/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">Text-fig. 8e</figureCitation>
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). In others, the lamina horizontalis may be relatively wider (i.e., maximum labio-lingual width subequal to depth) and its lingual face either more deeply convex and directed lingually (OMNH 67094 and TMM 43057-256;
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<figureCitation id="84E72A616679FFC6FBA21057FC29FBEE" box="[1131,1312,1103,1126]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="13.[129,209,989,1010]" captionTargetBox="[129,1481,152,945]" captionTargetId="figure-380@13.[146,1479,168,934]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Maxillae and squamosal of Anura indeterminate morph 1 from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) ofAlberta, Canada and Montana, Utah, and Texas, USA. All images are photographs and depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a, b – incomplete right maxilla, UALVP 40169, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta. c, d – incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 8461, in labial (c) and lingual (d) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana. e, f – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 23837, in labial (e) and lingual (f) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V5, Utah. g, h – incomplete left maxilla, OMNH 67094, in labial (g) and lingual (h) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah. i, j – fragmentary?left maxilla, TMM 43057-256, in labial (i) and lingual (j) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. k, l – fragmentary left maxilla, OMNH 25243, in labial (k) and lingual (l) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. m, n – incomplete left squamosal, OMNH 23538, in lateral (m) and medial (n) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773084/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">Text-fig. 8h and j</figureCitation>
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, respectively) or flatter and tilted ventrally (OMNH 25243;
|
||
<figureCitation id="84E72A616679FFC6FAD01068FC9AFB0F" box="[1305,1427,1136,1159]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="13.[129,209,989,1010]" captionTargetBox="[129,1481,152,945]" captionTargetId="figure-380@13.[146,1479,168,934]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Maxillae and squamosal of Anura indeterminate morph 1 from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) ofAlberta, Canada and Montana, Utah, and Texas, USA. All images are photographs and depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a, b – incomplete right maxilla, UALVP 40169, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta. c, d – incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 8461, in labial (c) and lingual (d) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana. e, f – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 23837, in labial (e) and lingual (f) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V5, Utah. g, h – incomplete left maxilla, OMNH 67094, in labial (g) and lingual (h) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah. i, j – fragmentary?left maxilla, TMM 43057-256, in labial (i) and lingual (j) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. k, l – fragmentary left maxilla, OMNH 25243, in labial (k) and lingual (l) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. m, n – incomplete left squamosal, OMNH 23538, in lateral (m) and medial (n) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773084/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">Text-fig. 8l</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C6336E46679FFC6FC931089FD7EFA78" blockId="12.[820,1460,152,2099]" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">
|
||
The figured squamosal (OMNH 23538:
|
||
<figureCitation id="84E72A616679FFC6FAC01089FCA2FB20" box="[1289,1451,1169,1192]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="13.[129,209,989,1010]" captionTargetBox="[129,1481,152,945]" captionTargetId="figure-380@13.[146,1479,168,934]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Maxillae and squamosal of Anura indeterminate morph 1 from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) ofAlberta, Canada and Montana, Utah, and Texas, USA. All images are photographs and depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a, b – incomplete right maxilla, UALVP 40169, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta. c, d – incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 8461, in labial (c) and lingual (d) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana. e, f – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 23837, in labial (e) and lingual (f) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V5, Utah. g, h – incomplete left maxilla, OMNH 67094, in labial (g) and lingual (h) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah. i, j – fragmentary?left maxilla, TMM 43057-256, in labial (i) and lingual (j) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. k, l – fragmentary left maxilla, OMNH 25243, in labial (k) and lingual (l) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. m, n – incomplete left squamosal, OMNH 23538, in lateral (m) and medial (n) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773084/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">
|
||
Text-fig.
|
||
<quantity id="DB249B016679FFC6FAA41089FC98FB20" box="[1389,1425,1169,1192]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="90" unit="m" value="8.0">8m</quantity>
|
||
, n
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) is an incomplete bone from the left side. It preserves the dorsal and posterior portions of the lamella alaris. Its medial surface preserves the broken base of the processus posterolateralis. The processus posterodorsalis is intact; that process is acuminate in medial or lateral outline, appears to have projected posterodorsally, and its smooth dorsal margin indicates it did not contact the frontoparietal. The smooth posterior face of the posterior margin of the squamosal and its overall shallowly concave profile suggest it formed the anterior rim of the tympanum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C6336E46679FFC7FC9311E1FB15FA6C" blockId="12.[820,1460,152,2099]" lastBlockId="13.[129,767,1421,1508]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">
|
||
A size range of individuals is represented by the maxillary and squamosal specimens. For the former, judging by the depth of the lamina horizontalis, the largest specimen (AMNH FARB 8461) is over twice as large as the smallest (OMNH 25243; cf.
|
||
<figureCitation id="84E72A616679FFC6FBED1262FDC7F919" box="[1060,1230,1658,1681]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="13.[129,209,989,1010]" captionTargetBox="[129,1481,152,945]" captionTargetId="figure-380@13.[146,1479,168,934]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Maxillae and squamosal of Anura indeterminate morph 1 from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) ofAlberta, Canada and Montana, Utah, and Texas, USA. All images are photographs and depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a, b – incomplete right maxilla, UALVP 40169, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta. c, d – incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 8461, in labial (c) and lingual (d) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana. e, f – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 23837, in labial (e) and lingual (f) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V5, Utah. g, h – incomplete left maxilla, OMNH 67094, in labial (g) and lingual (h) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah. i, j – fragmentary?left maxilla, TMM 43057-256, in labial (i) and lingual (j) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. k, l – fragmentary left maxilla, OMNH 25243, in labial (k) and lingual (l) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. m, n – incomplete left squamosal, OMNH 23538, in lateral (m) and medial (n) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773084/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">Text-fig. 8c, d</figureCitation>
|
||
versus 8k, l). The squamosal probably is from a moderately large individual, perhaps comparable in size to the one represented by the maxilla OMNH 23837 (cf.
|
||
<figureCitation id="84E72A616679FFC6FB9D12C2FDF8F979" box="[1108,1265,1754,1777]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="13.[129,209,989,1010]" captionTargetBox="[129,1481,152,945]" captionTargetId="figure-380@13.[146,1479,168,934]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Maxillae and squamosal of Anura indeterminate morph 1 from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) ofAlberta, Canada and Montana, Utah, and Texas, USA. All images are photographs and depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a, b – incomplete right maxilla, UALVP 40169, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta. c, d – incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 8461, in labial (c) and lingual (d) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana. e, f – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 23837, in labial (e) and lingual (f) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V5, Utah. g, h – incomplete left maxilla, OMNH 67094, in labial (g) and lingual (h) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah. i, j – fragmentary?left maxilla, TMM 43057-256, in labial (i) and lingual (j) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. k, l – fragmentary left maxilla, OMNH 25243, in labial (k) and lingual (l) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. m, n – incomplete left squamosal, OMNH 23538, in lateral (m) and medial (n) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773084/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">
|
||
Text-fig.
|
||
<quantity id="DB249B016679FFC6FB7F12C2FDD3F979" box="[1206,1242,1754,1777]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="90" unit="m" value="8.0">8m</quantity>
|
||
, n
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
versus 8e, f) from the same formation. All maxillae and the squamosal are ornamented externally by narrow and moderately high ridges that are arranged in a reticulate pattern and enclose moderately broad, flat- or shallowly concave-bottomed pits. On the maxillae, this ornament is restricted to the pars facialis portion of the bone (i.e., about the upper two-thirds of the labial surface and, depending on the specimen, ridges may be in either an irregular polygonal pattern or more loosely arranged (cf.
|
||
<figureCitation id="84E72A616679FFC6FC0913E4FD75F79B" box="[960,1148,2044,2067]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="13.[129,209,989,1010]" captionTargetBox="[129,1481,152,945]" captionTargetId="figure-380@13.[146,1479,168,934]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Maxillae and squamosal of Anura indeterminate morph 1 from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) ofAlberta, Canada and Montana, Utah, and Texas, USA. All images are photographs and depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a, b – incomplete right maxilla, UALVP 40169, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta. c, d – incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 8461, in labial (c) and lingual (d) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana. e, f – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 23837, in labial (e) and lingual (f) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V5, Utah. g, h – incomplete left maxilla, OMNH 67094, in labial (g) and lingual (h) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah. i, j – fragmentary?left maxilla, TMM 43057-256, in labial (i) and lingual (j) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. k, l – fragmentary left maxilla, OMNH 25243, in labial (k) and lingual (l) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. m, n – incomplete left squamosal, OMNH 23538, in lateral (m) and medial (n) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773084/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">Text-fig. 8e, g, i, j</figureCitation>
|
||
versus 8a, c). As show by the maxilla UALVP 40169 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="84E72A616679FFC6FBF61C04FDCBF7BB" box="[1087,1218,2076,2099]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="13.[129,209,989,1010]" captionTargetBox="[129,1481,152,945]" captionTargetId="figure-380@13.[146,1479,168,934]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Text-fig. 8. Maxillae and squamosal of Anura indeterminate morph 1 from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) ofAlberta, Canada and Montana, Utah, and Texas, USA. All images are photographs and depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a, b – incomplete right maxilla, UALVP 40169, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta. c, d – incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 8461, in labial (c) and lingual (d) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana. e, f – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 23837, in labial (e) and lingual (f) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V5, Utah. g, h – incomplete left maxilla, OMNH 67094, in labial (g) and lingual (h) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah. i, j – fragmentary?left maxilla, TMM 43057-256, in labial (i) and lingual (j) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. k, l – fragmentary left maxilla, OMNH 25243, in labial (k) and lingual (l) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. m, n – incomplete left squamosal, OMNH 23538, in lateral (m) and medial (n) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773084/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="90">Text-fig. 8a</figureCitation>
|
||
), towards the anterior end of the bone the pit-and-ridge pattern is replaced by low, discontinuous ridges that roughly parallel one another and extend anteriorly and slightly dorsally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="48A3666C6678FFC7FF4817C5F8F6FA92" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773084" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4773084" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773084/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="91" startId="13.[129,209,989,1010]" targetBox="[129,1481,152,945]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="1C6336E46678FFC7FF4817C5F8F6FA92" blockId="13.[129,1482,989,1306]" pageId="13" pageNumber="91">
|
||
Text-fig. 8. Maxillae and squamosal of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676678FFC7FDC817C5FB4AFC7A" authorityName="Gardner & Redman & Cifelli" authorityYear="2016" box="[513,579,989,1010]" class="Amphibia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Anura</taxonomicName>
|
||
indeterminate morph 1 from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) of Alberta, Canada and Montana, Utah, and Texas, USA. All images are photographs and depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a, b – incomplete right maxilla, UALVP 40169, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta. c, d – incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 8461, in labial (c) and lingual (d) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana. e, f – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 23837, in labial (e) and lingual (f) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V5, Utah. g, h – incomplete left maxilla, OMNH 67094, in labial (g) and lingual (h) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah. i, j – fragmentary?left maxilla, TMM 43057-256, in labial (i) and lingual (j) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. k, l – fragmentary left maxilla, OMNH 25243, in labial (k) and lingual (l) views, from Aguja Formation, OMNH locality V58/TMM locality 43057, Texas. m, n – incomplete left squamosal, OMNH 23538, in lateral (m) and medial (n) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C6336E46678FFC7FF6F1218FD2AFA4C" blockId="13.[129,768,1536,2099]" lastBlockId="13.[843,1483,1421,2099]" pageId="13" pageNumber="91">
|
||
R e m a r k s: Specimens described above and listed in Appendix 2 for our morph 1 are grouped together largely on the basis of their style of pit-and-ridge labial ornamentation. That pattern clearly differs from the pustulate ornament characteristic for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676678FFC7FEF31267F8CEF91E" authorityName="Estes" authorityYear="1969" box="[314,455,1663,1686]" class="Amphibia" family="Alytidae" genus="Scotiophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66678FFC7FEF31267F8CEF91E" box="[314,455,1663,1686]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="91">Scotiophryne</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676678FFC7FE301267FB79F91E" authorityName="Gardner & Redman & Cifelli" authorityYear="2016" box="[505,624,1663,1686]" class="Amphibia" family="Tregobatrachidae" genus="Theatonius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66678FFC7FE301267FB79F91E" box="[505,624,1663,1686]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="91">Theatonius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(cf.
|
||
<figureCitation id="84E72A616678FFC7FD561267F999F93E" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="4.[106,193,865,886]" captionTargetBox="[106,1459,152,824]" captionTargetId="figure-464@4.[106,1460,157,825]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Text-fig. 3. Skull bones of Scotiophryne pustulosa ESTES, 1969 and cf. Scotiophryne sp. from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) of Utah and Montana, USA. All images are photographs and most depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a–k – Scotiophryne pustulosa ESTES, 1969, all from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V9, Utah: a, b – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 67093, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views; c–e – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 67105, entire specimen in labial (c) and lingual (d) views and close up (e) of partially obscured, in situ replacement tooth crown (arrow) in lingual view; f, g – dorsal part of left squamosal, OMNH 67107, in lateral (f) and medial (g) views; h, i – anterior part of left frontoparietal, OMNH 67109, in dorsal (h) and ventral (i) views; j, k – median part of left frontoparietal, OMNH 67110, in dorsal (j) and ventral (k) views. l, m – cf. Scotiophryne sp., incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 33045, in labial (l) and lingual (m) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773070" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773070/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="91">
|
||
Text-figs
|
||
<quantity id="DB249B016678FFC7FF481287F999F93E" box="[129,144,1695,1718]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="91" unit="g" value="3.5">3</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="84E72A616678FFC7FF6B1287F9E9F93E" box="[162,224,1695,1718]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="8.[106,187,616,637]" captionTargetBox="[106,1459,152,574]" captionTargetId="figure-607@8.[121,1447,159,558]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Text-fig. 5. Edentulous anuran maxillae from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) of Alberta, Canada and Utah, USA. All images are photographs and depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a–f – Tyrrellbatrachus brinkmani GARDNER, 2015, all from basal part of Dinosaur Park Formation, Dinosaur Provincial Park,Alberta: a, b – incomplete right maxilla, TMP 1985.066.0035 (holotype), in labial (a) and lingual (b) views, from TMP locality L0404; c, d – incomplete right maxilla, TMP 1986.033.0033, in labial (c) and lingual (d) views, from TMP locality L0031; e, f – incomplete left maxilla, TMP 1986.214.0032, in labial (e) and lingual (f) views, from TMP locality L0051. g, h – Theatonius n. sp., nearly complete left maxilla, OMNH 67082, in labial (g) and lingual (h) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773074/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="91">5g, h</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the unornamented or weakly ornamented conditions seen in certain Judithian maxillae reported here (cf.
|
||
<figureCitation id="84E72A616678FFC7FF6012C6F837F97D" box="[169,318,1758,1781]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="8.[106,187,616,637]" captionTargetBox="[106,1459,152,574]" captionTargetId="figure-607@8.[121,1447,159,558]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Text-fig. 5. Edentulous anuran maxillae from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) of Alberta, Canada and Utah, USA. All images are photographs and depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a–f – Tyrrellbatrachus brinkmani GARDNER, 2015, all from basal part of Dinosaur Park Formation, Dinosaur Provincial Park,Alberta: a, b – incomplete right maxilla, TMP 1985.066.0035 (holotype), in labial (a) and lingual (b) views, from TMP locality L0404; c, d – incomplete right maxilla, TMP 1986.033.0033, in labial (c) and lingual (d) views, from TMP locality L0031; e, f – incomplete left maxilla, TMP 1986.214.0032, in labial (e) and lingual (f) views, from TMP locality L0051. g, h – Theatonius n. sp., nearly complete left maxilla, OMNH 67082, in labial (g) and lingual (h) views, from Kaiparowits Formation, OMNH locality V6, Utah." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773074" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773074/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="91">Text-figs 5a–f</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="84E72A616678FFC7FE8E12C6F85FF97D" box="[327,342,1758,1781]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="11.[129,209,989,1010]" captionTargetBox="[129,1481,152,945]" captionTargetId="figure-420@11.[146,1479,168,915]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Text-fig. 7. Maxillae ofAnura unnamed genus and species II from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) of Utah, USA. All specimens are from OMNH locality V6 in the Kaiparowits Formation. Except where noted otherwise, images are photographs and depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a–d – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 67095, in labial (a, b) and lingual (c, d) views (images in b and d are scanning electron micrographs). e, f – incomplete left maxilla, OMNH 67098, in labial (e) and lingual (f) views. g–i – incomplete left maxilla, OMNH 67100, in labial (g) and lingual (h) views and, with anterior to right, in dorsal (i) view. j–l – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 67099, in labial (j) and lingual (k) views and, with anterior to left, in dorsal (l) view. m–o – incomplete right maxilla, OMNH 67096, entire specimen in labial (m) and lingual (n) views and close up (o) of intact tooth in oblique lingual-anterior-ventral view (images in n and o are scanning electron micrographs)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773080" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773080/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="91">7</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="84E72A616678FFC7FEA912C6F866F97D" box="[352,367,1758,1781]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="14.[106,185,633,654]" captionTargetBox="[106,1459,152,589]" captionTargetId="figure-656@14.[124,1457,168,590]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Text-fig. 9. Maxillae ofAnura indeterminate morph 2 from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) ofAlberta, Canada. Both specimens are from the Irvine locality in the Dinosaur Park Formation. Except where noted otherwise, images are photographs and depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at same magnification; see scale bar. a, b – incomplete left maxilla, UALVP 40191, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views. c–g – incomplete left maxilla, UALVP 40192, in labial (c, d) and lingual (e, f) views and, with anterior to right, in dorsal (g) view (images in d and f are scanning electron micrographs). Arrow (f) points at groove extending diagonally along lingual surface of pars facialis below margo orbitalis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773087" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773087/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="91">9</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="84E72A616678FFC7FEB012C6F89FF97D" box="[377,406,1758,1781]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="16.[106,186,827,848]" captionTargetBox="[106,1459,152,782]" captionTargetId="figure-454@16.[124,1457,160,773]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Text-fig. 10. Maxillae of Anura indeterminate morph 3 from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) of Alberta, Canada and Montana, USA. All images are photographs and depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a, b – incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 8462, example of maxilla with smooth labial surface, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana. c, d – incomplete right maxilla,AMNH FARB 33040, example of maxilla with slightly roughened labial surface, in labial (c) and lingual (d) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana. e, f – incomplete left maxilla, TMP 1987.029.0085, example of maxilla with tiny, scattered pits and some narrow, short grooves across labial surface, in labial (e) and lingual (f) views, from Oldman Formation, TMP locality L0409, Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta. g, h – incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 33046, example of maxilla with more dense arrangement of tiny pits across labial surface, in labial (g) and lingual (h) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana. i, j – incomplete left maxilla, UALVP 40218, example of maxilla with narrow, shallow grooves across labial surface, in labial (i) and lingual (j) views, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta. k – incomplete right maxilla, AMNH FARB 33041, example of maxilla with shallow, somewhat polygonal divots across labial surface, in labial view, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773090/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="91">10</figureCitation>
|
||
). Subtle, but consistent differences in details of their respective pit-and-ridge ornament also separate these morph
|
||
<specimenCount id="0ADAFD6D6678FFC7FEB91306F8FCF8BD" box="[368,501,1822,1845]" pageId="13" pageNumber="91" type="generic">1 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676678FFC7FDF21306FBF0F8BD" authorityName=": Gardner and Brinkman" authorityYear="2015" box="[571,761,1822,1845]" class="Amphibia" genus="Hensonbatrachus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66678FFC7FDF21306FBF0F8BD" box="[571,761,1822,1845]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="91">Hensonbatrachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whose ornament is coarser and less regular in shape, consisting of deeper pits and short grooves enclosed by relatively thicker ridges (cf.
|
||
<figureCitation id="84E72A616678FFC7FE721365FB53F81C" box="[443,602,1917,1940]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="6.[106,187,1175,1196]" captionTargetBox="[106,1459,152,1134]" captionTargetId="figure-252@6.[129,1455,165,1127]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Text-fig. 4. Skull and postcranial bones of Hensonbatrachus kermiti GARDNER et BRINKMAN, 2015 from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) of Alberta, Canada and Montana, USA. All images are photographs and depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at same magnifications; see scale bar. a, b – nearly complete right maxilla (holotype), UALVP 40167, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta. c, d – incomplete right maxilla, UALVP 40202, in labial (c) and lingual (d) views, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta. e, f – incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 33042, in labial (e) and lingual (f) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow locality, Montana. g, h – incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 33043, in labial (g) and lingual (h) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow locality, Montana. i – nearly complete left squamosal, UALVP 40171, in lateral view, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta. j – nearly complete left nasal, UALVP 40170, in dorsal view, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta. k, l– anterior part of right frontoparietal, UALVP 40173, in dorsal (k) and ventral (l) views, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta. m, n – median part of right frontoparietal, TMP 1986.023.0032, in dorsal (m) and ventral (n) views. o, p – left ilium, TMP 1974.010.0088, in lateral (o) and medial (p) views, from Dinosaur Park Formation, TMP locality L0086, Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta. q – distal end of left humerus, UALVP 40176, in ventral view, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773072" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773072/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="91">Text-fig. 4a–n</figureCitation>
|
||
), and from our unnamed genus and species I, whose ornament is finer and more net-like, consisting of more irregular and smaller pits enclosed by narrower ridges that may break up into isolated ridges or tiny pillars (cf.
|
||
<figureCitation id="84E72A616678FFC7FE4A13E4FB2DF79B" box="[387,548,2044,2067]" captionStart="Text-fig" captionStartId="9.[129,210,989,1010]" captionTargetBox="[129,1481,152,945]" captionTargetId="figure-289@9.[146,1479,168,934]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Text-fig. 6. Skull bones and tentatively associated ilium of Anura unnamed genus and species I from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) of Alberta, Canada and Montana, USA. Except where noted otherwise, images are photographs and depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at different magnifications; see corresponding scale bars. a – incomplete left maxilla, UALVP 40177, in labial view, from either Dinosaur Park Formation or Oldman Formation, UALVP locality DM-19, Alberta. b – incomplete left maxilla, UALVP 40179, in labial view, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Railway Grade locality, west of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta. c – incomplete left maxilla, UALVP 40178, in lingual view, from either Dinosaur Park Formation or Oldman Formation, UALVP locality DM-19, Alberta. d–f – incomplete right maxilla, TMP 2008.004.0016, entire specimen in labial (d) and lingual (e) views and close up (f) of two intact teeth in anterolingual view (all three images are scanning electron micrographs), from Dinosaur Park Formation, TMP locality L0086, Dinosaur Provincial Park,Alberta. g, h – incomplete left maxilla, AMNH FARB 8460, in labial (g) and lingual (h) views, from Judith River Formation, Clambank Hollow, Montana. i, j, – dorsal part of right squamosal, UALVP 40181, in lateral (i) and medial (j) views, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta. k – incomplete left nasal, UALVP 40810, in dorsal view, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta. l, m – anteriorly incomplete left frontoparietal, UALVP 40182, in dorsal (l) and ventral (m) views, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta. n – anterior end of right frontoparietal, UALVP 40183, in ventral view, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta. o, p – incomplete left ilium, UALVP 40184, in lateral (o) and medial (p) views, from Dinosaur Park Formation, Irvine locality, Alberta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773078/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="91">Text-fig. 6a–m</figureCitation>
|
||
). Additional features related to size, form, and structures further differentiate morph
|
||
<specimenCount id="0ADAFD6D6678FFC7FC5C1195FD1FFA2C" box="[917,1046,1421,1444]" pageId="13" pageNumber="91" type="generic">1 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
from other Judithian maxillae and, where known, squamosals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C6336E46678FFC4FCB811D6F9F4FB14" blockId="13.[843,1483,1421,2099]" lastBlockId="14.[106,745,901,2099]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="13" pageNumber="91">
|
||
Historically, isolated fossil anuran skull bones having ornament similar to our morph
|
||
<specimenCount id="0ADAFD6D6678FFC7FB7711F7FC40F98E" box="[1214,1353,1519,1542]" pageId="13" pageNumber="91" type="generic">1 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
have been compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676678FFC7FC1D1208FDF8F9AF" authority="PARKER, 1929" authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="1929" box="[980,1265,1552,1575]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelobatidae" genus="Eopelobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66678FFC7FC1D1208FD5EF9AF" box="[980,1111,1552,1575]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="91">Eopelobates</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156678FFC7FB941208FDF8F9AF" author="Parker, H. W." box="[1117,1265,1552,1575]" pageId="13" pageNumber="91" pagination="270 - 281" refId="ref26216" refString="Parker, H. W. (1929): Two fossil frogs of the lower Miocene of Europe. - Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 10, 4: 270 - 281. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222932908673051" type="journal article" year="1929">PARKER, 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, an extinct pelobatid genus containing four species from the Eocene – Pliocene of Europe and two species from the Eocene of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="64CB76746678FFC7FAA81249FC93F9E0" box="[1377,1434,1617,1640]" name="United States of America" pageId="13" pageNumber="91">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
; see recent revision by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156678FFC7FBC4126AFDDCF901" author="Rocek, Z. & Wuttke, M. & Gardner, J. D. & Bhullar, B. - A. S." box="[1037,1237,1650,1673]" pageId="13" pageNumber="91" pagination="529 - 567" refId="ref27017" refString="Rocek, Z., Wuttke, M., Gardner, J. D., Bhullar, B. - A. S. (2014): The Euro-American genus Eopelobates, and a re-definition of the family Pelobatidae (Amphibia, Anura). - Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 94 (4): 529 - 567." type="journal article" year="2014">Roček et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and references therein. Based largely on similarities to the cranial ornament in those Tertiary species (all of which are known by skeletons) isolated skull bones bearing reticulate ornament from the North American Late Cretaceous (Santonian – Maastrichtian) and early Paleocene routinely have been identified as belonging to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676678FFC7FC17132FFD6CF8C6" authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="1929" box="[990,1125,1847,1870]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelobatidae" genus="Eopelobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66678FFC7FC17132FFD6CF8C6" box="[990,1125,1847,1870]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="91">Eopelobates</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or to an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D676678FFC7FB05132FFC5AF8C6" authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="1929" box="[1228,1363,1847,1870]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelobatidae" genus="Eopelobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66678FFC7FB05132FFC5AF8C6" box="[1228,1363,1847,1870]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="91">Eopelobates</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like taxon (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156678FFC7FC421340FD4FF8E7" author="Estes, R. & Berberian, P. & Meszoely, C. A. M." box="[907,1094,1880,1903]" pageId="13" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref23781" refString="Estes, R., Berberian, P., Meszoely, C. A. M. (1969): Lower vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation, McCone County, Montana. - Breviora, 337: 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1969">Estes et al. 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156678FFC7FB9A1340FDC7F8E7" author="Estes, R." box="[1107,1230,1880,1903]" pageId="13" pageNumber="91" pagination="293 - 339" refId="ref23743" refString="Estes, R. (1970): New fossil pelobatid frogs and a review of the genus Eopelobates. - Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 139 (6): 293 - 339." type="journal article" year="1970">Estes 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156678FFC7FB121340FC5AF8E7" author="Fox, R. C." box="[1243,1363,1880,1903]" pageId="13" pageNumber="91" refId="ref24161" refString="Fox, R. C. (1976 a): Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene vertebrate paleontology in Alberta. - Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada, and Edmonton Geological Society Annual Meeting, Field Trip A- 6 Guidebook, 25 pp. + 1 fig." type="book" year="1976">Fox 1976a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156678FFC7FAA91340FAD6F807" author="Estes, R. & Sanchiz, B." pageId="13" pageNumber="91" pagination="9 - 20" refId="ref23827" refString="Estes, R., Sanchiz, B. (1982): New discoglossid and palaeobatrachid frogs from the Late Cretaceous of Wyoming and Montana, and a review of other frogs from the Lance and Hell Creek formations. - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2 (1): 9 - 20. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1982.10011914" type="journal article" year="1982">Estes and Sanchiz 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156678FFC7FC221360FD89F807" author="Sanchiz, B." box="[1003,1152,1912,1935]" pageId="13" pageNumber="91" refId="ref27474" refString="Sanchiz, B. (1998): Salientia (Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 4). - Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen, 275 pp." type="book" year="1998">Sanchiz 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156678FFC7FB451360FC2BF807" author="Holman, J. A." box="[1164,1314,1912,1935]" pageId="13" pageNumber="91" refId="ref25323" refString="Holman, J. A. (2003): Fossil Frogs and Toads of North America. - Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 246 pp." type="book" year="2003">Holman 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156678FFC7FAE71360FCCFF807" author="Gardner, J. D." box="[1326,1478,1912,1935]" pageId="13" pageNumber="91" pagination="219 - 249" refId="ref24635" refString="Gardner, J. D. (2008): New information on frogs (Lissamphibia: Anura) from the Lance Formation (late Maastrichtian) and Bug Creek Anthills (late Maastrichtian and early Paleoecene), Hell Creek Formation, USA. - In: Sankey, J. T., Baszio, B. (eds), Vertebrate Microfossil Assemblages: Their Role in Paleoecology and Paleobiogeography, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, pp. 219 - 249." type="book chapter" year="2008">Gardner 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156678FFC7FC821381FD61F838" author="Gardner, J. D. & DeMar, D. G., Jr." box="[843,1128,1945,1968]" pageId="13" pageNumber="91" pagination="459 - 515" refId="ref24890" refString="Gardner, J. D., DeMar, D. G., Jr. (2013): Mesozoic and Paleocene lissamphibian assemblages of North America: a comprehensive review. - Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 93 (4): 459 - 515. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12549 - 013 - 0130 - z" type="journal article" year="2013">Gardner and DeMar 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As pointed out by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B156678FFC7FA8E1381FA9CF859" author="Rocek, Z. & Wuttke, M. & Gardner, J. D. & Bhullar, B. - A. S." pageId="13" pageNumber="91" pagination="529 - 567" refId="ref27017" refString="Rocek, Z., Wuttke, M., Gardner, J. D., Bhullar, B. - A. S. (2014): The Euro-American genus Eopelobates, and a re-definition of the family Pelobatidae (Amphibia, Anura). - Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 94 (4): 529 - 567." type="journal article" year="2014">Roček et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, such identifications were based entirely on general resemblances, especially the
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF66678FFC7FB5113C3FC14F87A" box="[1176,1309,2011,2034]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="91">Eopelebates</emphasis>
|
||
-like pattern of cranial ornament (which is relatively widespread among anurans as a whole), rather than synapomorphies or unique sets of features shared with the unequivocal Tertiary species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667BFFC4FF4F17BDF803FC34" authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="1929" box="[134,266,933,956]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelobatidae" genus="Eopelobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF6667BFFC4FF4F17BDF803FC34" box="[134,266,933,956]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="92">Eopelobates</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although using the name “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667BFFC4FDFD17BDFBB1FC34" authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="1929" box="[564,696,933,956]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelobatidae" genus="Eopelobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF6667BFFC4FDFD17BDFBB1FC34" box="[564,696,933,956]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="92">Eopelobates</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” for such material has been a useful convention for labelling North American Late Cretaceous and Paleocene anuran fossils characterized by a reticulate,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667BFFC4FE2E101DFB63FB94" authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="1929" box="[487,618,1029,1052]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelobatidae" genus="Eopelobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF6667BFFC4FE2E101DFB63FB94" box="[487,618,1029,1052]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="92">Eopelobates</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like cranial ornament, following from Roček et al.’s (2014) critique of that practice and its potential for taxonomic confusion, here we instead use the informal name “morph 1” for these kinds of specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="48A3666C667BFFC4FFA31661FD42FC96" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4773087" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4773087" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4773087/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" startId="14.[106,185,633,654]" targetBox="[106,1459,152,589]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="1C6336E4667BFFC4FFA31661FD42FC96" blockId="14.[106,1459,633,798]" pageId="14" pageNumber="92">
|
||
Text-fig. 9. Maxillae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667BFFC4FE851661F887FD06" authorityName="Gardner & Redman & Cifelli" authorityYear="2016" box="[332,398,633,654]" class="Amphibia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Anura</taxonomicName>
|
||
indeterminate morph 2 from the middle – late Campanian (Judithian) of Alberta, Canada. Both specimens are from the Irvine locality in the Dinosaur Park Formation. Except where noted otherwise, images are photographs and depict specimens lightly dusted with ammonium chloride to enhance details and texture. Images at same magnification; see scale bar. a, b – incomplete left maxilla, UALVP 40191, in labial (a) and lingual (b) views. c–g – incomplete left maxilla, UALVP 40192, in labial (c, d) and lingual (e, f) views and, with anterior to right, in dorsal (g) view (images in d and f are scanning electron micrographs). Arrow (f) points at groove extending diagonally along lingual surface of pars facialis below margo orbitalis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="1C6336E4667BFFC4FF5910BEFA78FA8A" blockId="14.[106,745,901,2099]" lastBlockId="14.[820,1459,901,1282]" pageId="14" pageNumber="92">
|
||
Based on previous reports of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667BFFC4FE0E10BEFB42FB35" authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="1929" box="[455,587,1190,1213]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelobatidae" genus="Eopelobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF6667BFFC4FE0E10BEFB42FB35" box="[455,587,1190,1213]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="92">Eopelobates</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like occurrences and our examination of specimens available to us, we record
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667BFFC4FF7D10F0F9FEFB77" authorityName="Gardner & Redman & Cifelli" authorityYear="2016" box="[180,247,1256,1279]" class="Amphibia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Anura</taxonomicName>
|
||
morph
|
||
<quantity id="DB249B01667BFFC4FE8510F0F87CFB77" box="[332,373,1256,1279]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
six of the ten formations included in our review (Appendix 2): Dinosaur Park Formation,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F806667BFFC4FFA31131F9B6FAC8" box="[106,191,1321,1344]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="14" pageNumber="92">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
; Judith River Formation,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F806667BFFC4FE331131FB57FAC8" box="[506,606,1321,1344]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="14" pageNumber="92">Montana</collectingRegion>
|
||
; Mesaverde Formation,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F806667BFFC4FF251152F853FAE9" box="[236,346,1354,1377]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="14" pageNumber="92">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||
; Kaiparowits and Wahweap formations,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F806667BFFC4FF641173F9EDFA0A" box="[173,228,1387,1410]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="14" pageNumber="92">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
||
; and Aguja Formation,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F806667BFFC4FE2F1173FB21FA0A" box="[486,552,1387,1410]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="14" pageNumber="92">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667BFFC4FDFA1173FBBEFA0A" authorityName="PARKER" authorityYear="1929" box="[563,695,1387,1410]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelobatidae" genus="Eopelobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF6667BFFC4FDFA1173FBBEFA0A" box="[563,695,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="92">Eopelobates</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like anurans previously have been listed (no vouchers indicated) for the first four of those formations (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667BFFC4FDF311B5FBC3FA4C" author="Fox, R. C." box="[570,714,1453,1476]" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" refId="ref24161" refString="Fox, R. C. (1976 a): Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene vertebrate paleontology in Alberta. - Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada, and Edmonton Geological Society Annual Meeting, Field Trip A- 6 Guidebook, 25 pp. + 1 fig." type="book" year="1976">Fox 1976a: 8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667BFFC4FFBF11D5F9F1FA6C" authority="Gardner & Redman & Cifelli, 2016" authorityName="Gardner & Redman & Cifelli" authorityYear="2016" box="[118,248,1485,1508]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelobatidae" genus="Eopelobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF6667BFFC4FFBF11D5F9F1FA6C" box="[118,248,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="92">Eopelobates</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="359B578D667BFFC4FF3411D5F83EFA6C" box="[253,311,1485,1508]" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
”, in what is now considered the Dinosaur Park Formation;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667BFFC4FEF911F6F8E7F98D" author="Bryant, L. J." box="[304,494,1518,1541]" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 107" refId="ref22155" refString="Bryant, L. J. (1989): Non-dinosaurian lower vertebrates across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in northeastern Montana. - University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 134: 1 - 107." type="journal article" year="1989">Bryant 1989: 34</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667BFFC4FDE511F6FBBAF98D" authorityName="Gardner & Redman & Cifelli" authorityYear="2016" box="[556,691,1518,1541]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelobatidae" genus="Eopelobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF6667BFFC4FDE511F6FBBAF98D" box="[556,691,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="92">Eopelobates</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”, in the Judith River Formation;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667BFFC4FE631217FB9EF9AE" author="Breithaupt, B. H." box="[426,663,1551,1574]" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" pagination="159 - 175" refId="ref21860" refString="Breithaupt, B. H. (1985): Nonmammalian vertebrate faunas from the Late Cretaceous of Wyoming. - In: Wyoming Geological Association, Thirty-sixth Annual Field Conference Guidebook, pp. 159 - 175." type="proceedings paper" year="1985">Breithaupt 1985: 165</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as “cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667BFFC4FFA31228F81FF9CF" box="[106,278,1584,1607]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelobatidae" genus="Eopelobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF6667BFFC4FFA31228F9E7F9CF" box="[106,238,1584,1607]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="92">Eopelobates</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”, in the Mesaverde Formation;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667BFFC4FDA71228F9ADF9E0" author="Eaton, J. G. & Cifelli, R. L. & Hutchison, J. H. & Kirkland, J. I. & Parrish, J. M." pageId="14" pageNumber="92" pagination="345 - 353" refId="ref23018" refString="Eaton, J. G., Cifelli, R. L., Hutchison, J. H., Kirkland, J. I., Parrish, J. M. (1999): Cretaceous vertebrate faunas from the Kaiparowits Plateau, south-central Utah. - In: Gillette, D. D. (ed.), Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah, Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication, 99 - 1: 345 - 353." type="journal article" year="1999">Eaton et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: table 5 as “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667BFFC4FE881249F8FCF9E0" box="[321,501,1617,1640]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelobatidae" genus="Eopelobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF6667BFFC4FE881249F8C1F9E0" box="[321,456,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="92">Eopelobates</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”, in the Kaiparowits Formation). “?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667BFFC4FEC11269F8BAF900" box="[264,435,1649,1672]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelobatidae" genus="Eopelobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF6667BFFC4FEC11269F885F900" box="[264,396,1649,1672]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="92">Eopelobates</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” has long been recorded for the Fruitland Formation of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="DE18F806667BFFC4FE41128AFB18F921" box="[392,529,1682,1705]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="14" pageNumber="92">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667BFFC4FDD7128AF9AAF942" author="Armstrong-Ziegler, J. G." pageId="14" pageNumber="92" pagination="480 - 483" refId="ref21542" refString="Armstrong-Ziegler, J. G. (1978): An aniliid snake and associated vertebrates from the Campanian of New Mexico. - Journal of Paleontology, 52 (2): 480 - 483." type="journal article" year="1978">Armstrong-Ziegler 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667BFFC4FF7A12ABF9E5F942" author="Armstrong-Ziegler, J. G." box="[179,236,1715,1738]" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 39" refId="ref21579" refString="Armstrong-Ziegler, J. G. (1980): Amphibia and Reptilia from the Campanian of New Mexico. - Fieldiana Geology, New Series, 4: 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1980">1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667BFFC4FF3412ABF8F3F942" author="Hunt, A. P. & Lucas, S. G." box="[253,506,1715,1738]" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" pagination="217 - 239" refId="ref25351" refString="Hunt, A. P., Lucas, S. G. (1992): Stratigraphy, paleontology and age of the Fruitland and Kirtland Formations (Upper Cretaceous), San Juan Basin, New Mexico. - In: Lucas, S. G., Kues, B. S., Williamson, T. E., Hunt, A. P. (eds), San Juan Basin IV. New Mexico Geological Society 43 rd Annual Fall Field Conference Guidebook, pp. 217 - 239." type="proceedings paper" year="1992">Hunt and Lucas 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667BFFC4FDC312ABFB4DF942" author="Hunt, A. P. & Lucas, S. G." box="[522,580,1715,1738]" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" pagination="77 - 81" refId="ref25448" refString="Hunt, A. P., Lucas, S. G. (1993): Cretaceous vertebrates of New Mexico. - New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 2: 77 - 81." type="journal article" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), on the basis of a fragmentary maxilla described and figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667BFFC4FFA312EDF88AF884" author="Armstrong-Ziegler, J. G." box="[106,387,1781,1804]" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 39" refId="ref21579" refString="Armstrong-Ziegler, J. G. (1980): Amphibia and Reptilia from the Campanian of New Mexico. - Fieldiana Geology, New Series, 4: 1 - 39." type="journal article" year="1980">Armstrong-Ziegler (1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 1c–d). However, judging by those published drawings, that specimen differs from North American Cretaceous maxillae historically assigned to “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667BFFC4FFBF134FF9F4F8E6" authorityName="Gardner & Redman & Cifelli" authorityYear="2016" box="[118,253,1879,1902]" class="Amphibia" family="Pelobatidae" genus="Eopelobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2EA8EAF6667BFFC4FFBF134FF9F4F8E6" box="[118,253,1879,1902]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="92">Eopelobates</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” and here to our morph
|
||
<quantity id="DB249B01667BFFC4FDD6134FFB45F8E6" box="[543,588,1879,1902]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
having labial ornament formed by narrow, short, and irregular grooves instead of polygonal pits. Based on that difference, we regard the maxilla from the Fruitland Formation as indeterminate (see Appendix 2: “Other occurrences of Judithian anurans”). One of our morph
|
||
<specimenCount id="0ADAFD6D667BFFC4FEE313E3F8A2F79A" box="[298,427,2043,2066]" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" type="generic">1 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
(maxilla AMNH FARB 8461) from the Judith River Formation previously was designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667BFFC4FC9C179DFD10FC14" author="Sahni, A." box="[853,1049,901,924]" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" pagination="321 - 412" refId="ref27338" refString="Sahni, A. (1972 b): The vertebrate fauna of the Judith River Formation, Montana. - Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 147 (6): 321 - 412." type="journal article" year="1972">Sahni (1972b: 347</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and fig. 7P–Q) as the exemplar for his “Discoglossid A”, which he characterized as “large frog with sculpted maxilla”. In our opinion, assignment of such a fragmentary maxilla to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBDC4D67667BFFC4FBAB17FFFCA7FC76" authority="GUNTHER, 1858" authorityName="GUNTHER" authorityYear="1858" box="[1122,1454,999,1022]" class="Amphibia" family="Discoglossidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
|
||
Discoglossidae
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667BFFC4FACE17FFFCA7FC76" author="Gunther, A. C. L. G." box="[1287,1454,999,1022]" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" pagination="339 - 352" refId="ref25196" refString="Gunther, A. C. L. G. (1858): On the systematic arrangement of the tailless batrachians and the structure of Rhinophrynus dorsalis. - Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 26 (1): 339 - 352. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1858. tb 06387. x" type="journal article" year="1858">GÜNTHER, 1858</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whether in the loose or strict sense of that name (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667BFFC4FA96101FFA60FBB7" author="Sanchiz, B." pageId="14" pageNumber="92" refId="ref27474" refString="Sanchiz, B. (1998): Salientia (Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology, Part 4). - Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen, 275 pp." type="book" year="1998">Sanchiz 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
versus
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="784D4B15667BFFC4FC751030FD62FBB7" author="Frost, D. R. & Grant, T. & Faivovich, J. & Bain, R. H. & Haas, A. & Haddad, C. F. B. & de Sa, R. O. & Channing, A. & Wilkinson, M. & Donnellan, S. C. & Raxworthy, C. J. & Campbell, J. A. & Blotto, B. L. & Moler, P. E. & Drewes, R. C. & Nussbaum, R. A. & Lynch, J. D. & Green, D. M. & Wheeler, W. C." box="[956,1131,1064,1087]" pageId="14" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 370" refId="ref24343" refString="Frost, D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sa, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P. E., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M., Wheeler, W. C. (2006): The amphibian tree of life. - Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 297: 1 - 370. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090 (2006) 297 [0001: TATOL] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2006">Frost et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or to any other anuran family cannot be supported. Differences in size and lingual structure among the specimens assigned to our morph 1, plus the extensive latitudinal spread among their localities, suggest that our morph 1 grouping contains several species. Better preserved specimens will be needed to tease those species apart.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |