215 lines
29 KiB
XML
215 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="EAEBDE91AEB11476E53A5583AE530629" ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="97f581b3-4a31-4414-8753-97a66197d5ee" ModsDocID="z01612p025" checkinTime="1247241928304" checkinUser="thomas" docAuthor="Piet Verburg & Roger Bills" docDate="2007" docId="932F3F4F851360194A1D86727DE80282" docLanguage="en" docName="2007_Verburg_Bills_gg1.xml" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1612" docSource="http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0C7EE498-1D50-4856-8AF2-5F59D36B029F" docTitle="Neolamprologus" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="41" masterDocId="1A2F48BA902D92E218EEB22288BA2C71" masterDocTitle="Two new cichild species Neolamprologus (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika, East Africa." masterLastPageNumber="44" masterPageNumber="25" pageNumber="39" updateTime="1701314756014" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="978E3C1B7FA41643FE59FFBCD824BEFE">
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<mods:title id="D35719E72B88CA06439D26767EE2EE63">Two new cichild species Neolamprologus (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Tanganyika, East Africa.</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="DFEF02CD8A849BF0097ED11797807E6A" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="26C8A5A76AC59BECF3FDAAB74C56B0E9">Piet Verburg</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="1B4E2FBFE823225658CEC90E4B18B3A7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B1F3DFF5BE33EAC827F9DBEE136F8809">Roger Bills</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="AADFBBA8D8AD2B421AD0E483C1B3B028">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="C439BE73DDCC9A5C82BC06CE7FD59C88">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="86E3322AB3F86A868CA561A08F5ECFE5">
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<mods:date id="CF9C91A544CB8CEEE8048749B13B55BA">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="BDF146E8B19AE3E7FB51C6F4A2985E56" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="67687263BD07ADBB44EFFB153CCFB1F9">1612</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="B41DD1ECC0B8D482047A1EA0DB018D21">25</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="2B5AFEEB1A92A8DA6557329C51683581">http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0C7EE498-1D50-4856-8AF2-5F59D36B029F</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="89733FD3925EEA0B1B65038B0307A27E">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="A37ADAB8A5AA43C98DA2686887408E45" type="Plazi-Custom">z01612p025</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="932F3F4F851360194A1D86727DE80282" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6244590" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100122864" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6244590" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:932F3F4F851360194A1D86727DE80282" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/932F3F4F851360194A1D86727DE80282" lastPageNumber="41" pageNumber="39">
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<subSubSection id="2097E0AC62E77E0966318378702A220B" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="0C3E08AEBB82078E2A2AB51D3AF8A1C8">
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[[ Genus
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<taxonomicName id="7FD7E6022804B92AD88C9A7AF198AEBD" ID-CoL="63DH8" ID-ENA="32506" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Neolamprologus</taxonomicName>
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]]
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2A60C9693C8814D72F2C17702700816B" type="key">
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<paragraph id="FD698BE4210BFD98D88A16F1315D9D18" pageNumber="39">
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Key to the species of the
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<taxonomicName id="09B316516AE097C212ED893BACB9B64D" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="savoryi">Neolamprologus savoryi</taxonomicName>
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complex
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F81B4F8383C002EEAA64A30229AD758D" pageNumber="39">1 Marks on operculum .................................................................................................................................... 2</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DBDCF5C32B66C2AAA28A829035308B34" pageNumber="39">- Opercular marks absent .............................................................................................................................. 8</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5B2928D0E0C4EAD82D319FE12670C999" pageNumber="39">2 V-shaped mark with bright spot on operculum,>35 scales in the longitudinal line .................................... 3</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6B17A94F3FCD64BFCACCACA55FC53A56" pageNumber="39">- Opercular mark not V-shaped, <35 scales in the longitudinal line ..............................................................4</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1BDA12A9A0CFE1D9B1C1C942EFB963CD" pageNumber="39">
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3 Opercular spot red, scales on paired fins, ctenoid scales on anal and dorsal fins ......................
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<taxonomicName id="325B94668661514DD98033C3BF2033E0" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="splendens">N. splendens</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8C1BEFFBA6EAED1C4676D5BEB94744D8" pageNumber="39">
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- Opercular spot yellow, no scales on paired fins, cycloid scales on anal and dorsal fins ..........
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<taxonomicName id="8A71C0039EB8340A73D4562E9B327185" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D9635626-82B6-4514-A745-22C5F6887D5F" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Neolamprologus helianthus Büscher 1997:701" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="helianthus">N. helianthus</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="02154DF697AA6534F821944056F7ED90" pageNumber="39">
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4 Twelve soft rays in pectoral fin, anal fin filament longer than of dorsal fin, headlength> 34 %SL, 3 scales between lateral lines, bars on body ................................................................................................
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<taxonomicName id="6C097B527373525EC1AFB01238265702" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="savoryi">N. savoryi</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="54C98331456A9DEF87D6066C364575FD" pageNumber="39">- Thirteen soft rays in pectoral fin, anal fin filament shorter than of dorsal fin, headlength <34 %SL, 2 scales between lateral lines, no bars ............................................................................................................ 5</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="46DB995D28F5B9AD4E0CC46822649FAD" pageNumber="39">
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5 Cephalic pits, cheek depth> 28 % HL, opercular mark vague .....................................................
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<taxonomicName id="ADABABD2C1833B1D15CBF80D9CC1F165" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crassus">N. crassus</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6DBECBB6F11D5AA31C5342E4FF84D8FB" pageNumber="39">- Cephalic pits absent, cheek depth <28 % HL, opercular marks distinct .................................................... 6</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2F3B02C09288B2554132937BAB8C9F51" pageNumber="39">
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6 No conspicuous spots on scales, no yellow border under eye, caudal peduncle length>18 %SL ................ ....................................................................................................................................................
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<taxonomicName id="97C29A1F43FF917B72B48ADE644DEA0F" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brichardi">N. brichardi</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F09E17C58F7E79C93D107306A7CE699C" pageNumber="39">- Conspicuous spots on scales, yellow border under eye (white in preserved specimens), caudal peduncle length <18 %SL ........................................................................................................................................... 7</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F6487736FDA29B4CD980EB3A2FAB283F" pageNumber="39">
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7 Scales between pectoral fin and pelvic fin, and between dorsal fin origin and lateral line clearly visible, rows of spots on scales regular .....................................................................................................
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<taxonomicName id="CE3B62BDE01B64085A19AF6308362F7A" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulcher">N. pulcher</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6021721FE0B5784FCF851F56EAAB789E" pageNumber="39">
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- Same scales deeply embedded and not always clearly visible, rows of spots on scales irregular, with interruptions.....................................................................................................................................
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<taxonomicName id="8F51B3BDA1F7A8C8858A6B12C7705D84" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olivaceous">N. olivaceous</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="11A3052BFE4DBB2DB36588F0AD76FE8C" pageNumber="39">8 No scales on occiput, few scales on nape .................................................................................................... 9</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E095003DB2D01AB73D015ACA7BA052C0" pageNumber="40">- Few scales on occiput, many scales on nape.............................................................................................10</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="81C78186829CC54761F3A7130949D739" pageNumber="40">
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9 Distinct black and white marginal bands on dorsal and caudal fin and striped pattern on unpaired fins, preorbital depth <17 % HL, eight to fifteen scales on operculum....................................................
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<taxonomicName id="A3C90D481FBC0A3D775ACAE4B2DA12AC" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walteri">N. walteri</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CC3E97DF66ACF002098949FE77716233" pageNumber="40">
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- Faint markings and no distinct black and white marginal bands on unpaired fins, preorbital depth> 17 % HL, 12-30 scales on operculum..................................................................................................
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<taxonomicName id="1456769BB96A554C0288A1C114A0C447" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="falcicula">N. falcicula</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="30927E10871D230EB2680411CD4296EF" pageNumber="40">
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10 Scales around caudal peduncle> 17, gill rakers> 15, 3 scales between lateral lines..................
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<taxonomicName id="40EA92DA4D542425D66DDF39C85A7E1F" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">N. gracilis</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="263931CF9FD557B0FC0C57B63513E753" pageNumber="40">- Scales around caudal peduncle <17, gill rakers <10, 2 scales between lateral lines...............................11</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5A0CB4B20400D326DCB81902A0CDDF56" pageNumber="40">
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11 Body depth <29 % SL, headlength> 30 % SL, inter orbital width <25 % HL, caudal peduncle length/ depth ratio>1.25, no scales on unpaired fins and cycloid scales on dorsal and anal fins...................
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<taxonomicName id="85B4584EACC789118F8A224A2C3A2F40" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chitamwebwai">N. chitamwebwai</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="55BB490964388992ADB9741C8C9AF5AC" pageNumber="40">
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- Body depth> 29 % SL, headlength <30 % SL, inter orbital width> 25 % HL, caudal peduncle length/ depth ratio <1.10, scales on unpaired fins and ctenoid scales on dorsal and anal fins.................
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<taxonomicName id="46A53AED2FA19182C6E7C4080601311B" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7BB28A57-F0B7-4522-A82C-C511181015B1" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Neolamprologus marunguensis Büscher 1989:739" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marunguensis">N. marunguensis</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="680652237B41FD5CC2429B36CBB6F08F" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="52ED60E1DA8F74C9097784F173A51F5A" pageNumber="40">Discussion</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D0A4BFD0AA19E3EF9A7C322069E4211E" pageNumber="40">
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Seehausen et al. (1998) noted in cichlids of the rocky shores of Lake Victoria that while sympatric congenerics differed in male coloration, less closely related sympatric cichlids often did not differ in male coloration. Seehausen et al. (1998) suggested that the differences in male coloration are needed to maintain reproductive isolation between close relatives. There is no sexual dimorphism in the species of the
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<taxonomicName id="EEC345DE1FEF976A5D2FB6BB914DB309" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="savoryi">N. savoryi</taxonomicName>
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complex, and reproductive isolation between these sympatric close relatives is apparently maintained by a different mechanism. The fewer and less obvious differences between
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<taxonomicName id="7D94249197AD8FFB59C2462E7E2DC737" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walteri">N. walteri</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="35D1ADC1270F62F2AD0613B5F8054F59" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chitamwebwai">N. chitamwebwai</taxonomicName>
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compared with differences with
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<taxonomicName id="02AF47CAC81A3C3E577E3BA6AF5E2B80" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="savoryi">N. savoryi</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="2D481539A5E3D741444EDAB454B7B228" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brichardi">N. brichardi</taxonomicName>
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suggest that the former couple is more closely related. It seems plausible that in
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<taxonomicName id="664914E358DD834B24FDB8277D7E8671" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walteri">N. walteri</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="EB03BF751FC488D2FF0927FF0427B18B" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chitamwebwai">N. chitamwebwai</taxonomicName>
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ecological differentiation is key to the maintenance of reproductive isolation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="42C6677962178458884F0A18D04C345C" pageNumber="40">
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The two new species although closely related, show clear ecological differentiation. Due to habitat isolation,
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<taxonomicName id="5198E0C909278C08AF4A0B3533EB8656" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walteri">N. walteri</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="BD3834827CBE3506EC1F8D0B4AB3B67D" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chitamwebwai">N. chitamwebwai</taxonomicName>
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did not occur in exactly the same areas, but were separated by no more than 4 (on the south side of Cape Bangwe) to several hundred metres (on the north side of Cape Bangwe where sandy beaches interrupt the rocky shores and neither species occur). The two new species can therefore be considered sympatric. Stable isotope data (13C, 15N) showed no overlap of diet between
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<taxonomicName id="E179665C5054CD753789DA37086623AB" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walteri">N. walteri</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="D0F5907EEDDE602CC48B8B2DE34C00FD" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chitamwebwai">N. chitamwebwai</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="1F0ADACDCB295727DA02411747C21B7E" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brichardi">N. brichardi</taxonomicName>
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and little overlap of
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<taxonomicName id="7034129CF6D0D1A169011BAC41D395FF" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chitamwebwai">N. chitamwebwai</taxonomicName>
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with
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<taxonomicName id="0DBAE7E309C802EF3D0A8EFC09EB9024" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="savoryi">N. savoryi</taxonomicName>
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(Verburg & Hecky, unpublished data). 13C data of
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<taxonomicName id="F9A814E2CA752F03E3157E26619FEDAA" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walteri">N. walteri</taxonomicName>
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were intermediate between the high values of
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<taxonomicName id="4023F5350E5D19ADA46DC010ED85B2DA" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chitamwebwai">N. chitamwebwai</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="83145160A76CFD873261730BF922AB35" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="savoryi">N. savoryi</taxonomicName>
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(high 13C indicating a more benthic diet) and the low values of
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<taxonomicName id="FD1E63D069CE5F9BDFC8C46A51EB4F51" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brichardi">N. brichardi</taxonomicName>
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(low 13C indicating a more planktivore diet, Verburg & Hecky, unpublished data).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="78EE5C4E975454BC855A1110265E1EED" lastPageNumber="41" pageNumber="40">
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In sympatric fish species pairs often one will be a benthic feeder while the other specializes on pelagic food sources (Schliewen et al., 1994; Schluter, 2000). Ecological differentiation may be related to morphological differences between species in the complex. Differences in head measures and their allometric coefficients as found between
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<taxonomicName id="F9DEE6E63D7C0D926DDE83F41627E435" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walteri">N. walteri</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="12EF7B4252FFBE5AE72A9792E0629540" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chitamwebwai">N. chitamwebwai</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 5B) may be related to the method of preyhandling (Wilhelm, 1984). As shown by Wilhelm (1984; compare Fig. 5B), it is not only variation in body size together with allometry that accounts for variation in head morphology between cichlid species. Both
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<taxonomicName id="290D7977A1FA375A54F91F595CEAC8BB" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chitamwebwai">N. chitamwebwai</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="1DB5594FCBACC30BE28FBE04ADC2F2CB" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="savoryi">N. savoryi</taxonomicName>
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|
, the two species with the most benthic diet according to stable isotope data, have smaller cheek depths than the other species in the complex (Fig. 5B). The teeth in the posterior row on the lower pharyngeal bone of
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<taxonomicName id="1EE370F9F2C61EF2303EEDEED58ADF27" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chitamwebwai">N. chitamwebwai</taxonomicName>
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|
(Fig. 7) while resembling those of
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|
<taxonomicName id="995B1839D949A43499AF005620121D5F" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="savoryi">N. savoryi (Poll, 1949)</taxonomicName>
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are slightly larger than of
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<taxonomicName id="8A422D037F05F4D7F20BB89B09F8545B" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walteri">N. walteri</taxonomicName>
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|
, and especially
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<taxonomicName id="AD103E968DA1C2BED2F568639460B20D" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brichardi">N. brichardi (Trewavas & Poll, 1952)</taxonomicName>
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|
, possibly related to a more benthic diet of
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|
<taxonomicName id="42CFE3F91F3C8553DB51B1C631BDEC5A" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chitamwebwai">N. chitamwebwai</taxonomicName>
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|
and
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|
<taxonomicName id="6FB302FEACA132E57AEB5458B8AE8830" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="savoryi">N. savoryi</taxonomicName>
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|
while
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|
<taxonomicName id="6C090CB1300D52C227E9AA3D09F25BD9" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brichardi">N. brichardi</taxonomicName>
|
|
feeds on zooplankton (Konings, 1998). In addition,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="056F7435C98CFCFB1B13BA1E566C8178" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brichardi">N. brichardi</taxonomicName>
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has more gill rakers (11-16) than does
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2D6BE52371EA9CE1EFF30320323C2EC4" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walteri">N. walteri</taxonomicName>
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|
(6-11) and
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|
<taxonomicName id="9252FE5089358B36C5C367C5E1F026F1" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chitamwebwai">N. chitamwebwai</taxonomicName>
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(6-9), which agrees with a more pelagic diet of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7F7F96104DD6D513BE31DCC98EC3BBCC" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brichardi">N. brichardi</taxonomicName>
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|
. However, several morphological differences found between
|
|
<taxonomicName id="81E7CCE4893CC47BF6FCC0EE4EF49310" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chitamwebwai">N. chitamwebwai</taxonomicName>
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|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8DF873AAFF1CFFAF5B5C02BA2F30A4ED" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walteri">N. walteri</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A3D28A2F6C465426EA467934AA0E28BD" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brichardi">N. brichardi</taxonomicName>
|
|
contrast with what would be expected from a more benthic diet of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2ED1DB43220982484E8114833AA364FB" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chitamwebwai">N. chitamwebwai</taxonomicName>
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|
compared with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9D6AFB3E8B369ED4E58BCB97F728975B" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walteri">N. walteri</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EE622DF327A7DEF9925A6BAF60B06A2A" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brichardi">N. brichardi</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The number of gill rakers did not differ between
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3051F91ECB6AE42CF8ECAEE7D4FCABD2" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chitamwebwai">N. chitamwebwai</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="307F68422E74DCAAFFAB3EAB4F573D9B" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walteri">N. walteri</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and the small body depth and the longer and less steep ascending process of the premaxilla (Fig 6) of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D61046FF19F20DADB3A3872A65906E9C" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chitamwebwai">N. chitamwebwai</taxonomicName>
|
|
are considered to be more typical for pelagic planktivorous fish (Day et al., 1994; Meyer, 1987). However, while the members of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E68BD6D5C0229C60EC9680B3AE0037E2" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="savoryi">N. savoryi</taxonomicName>
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|
complex may differ in the benthic versus pelagic proportions of their diets, they are all littoral species that do not migrate from the rocky shores, including the planktivore
|
|
<taxonomicName id="30AEC5640BCDAA754DD6D40CFBAC0ECB" family="Cichlidae" genus="Neolamprologus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brichardi">N. brichardi</taxonomicName>
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|
, and are rarely seen more than 1 m away from the bottom. Therefore interspecific morphological differences related to the way of feeding are probably less evident than those often seen between other species pairs of which one is benthic and the other truly pelagic (Robinson & Wilson, 1994).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5A9A6816F44A1B8480FDFEBB1D724293" pageNumber="41">Evidence of ecological differentiation between closely related sympatric cichlids is rare in literature. Closely related sympatric cichlids in the large African lakes (with literature mainly referring to Lake Victoria and Lake Malawi) have been considered to differ little in diet and habitat use, encouraging the idea that cichlids can coexist without niche partitioning (Coyne & Orr, 2004). Coyne & Orr (2004) suggested that studies of ecological differentiation in closely related sympatric cichlid species are badly needed to test this idea. While there have been several studies that showed ecological differentiation between closely related sympatric cichlids in Lake Victoria (Goldschmidt et al., 1990; Goldschmidt & Witte, 1990; Witte, 1984), our paper suggests a new opportunity to examine ecological differentiation in two new closely related sympatric cichlid species from Lake Tanganyika.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |