treatments-xml/data/90/59/87/90598799FF18FFA0FEFEA1CF50B5FD83.xml

<document ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.1040385" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3bd7517c-522d-4aaa-b097-7bc41006546b" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1040385" approvalRequired="101" approvalRequired_for_bibRefs="21" approvalRequired_for_illustrations="70" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="8" approvalRequired_for_treatments="2" checkinTime="1509562303728" checkinUser="jeremy" docAuthor="Osborn, H. F." docDate="1917" docId="90598799FF18FFA0FEFEA1CF50B5FD83" docLanguage="en" docName="Osborn1916SkeletalAdaptationsABBYY14.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 35" docSource="http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/1334" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Struthiomimus altus" docType="treatment" docVersion="32" lastPageNumber="760" masterDocId="6C60FFE1FF13FFBCFF83A22F5373FF86" masterDocTitle="Skeletal Adaptations of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus" masterLastPageNumber="771" masterPageNumber="733" pageNumber="744" updateTime="1673701953601" updateUser="jeremy">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Skeletal Adaptations of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Osborn, H. F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date>1917</mods:date>
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<mods:number>1917-12-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number>35</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.1040385</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5521813" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159690729" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5521813" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:90598799FF18FFA0FEFEA1CF50B5FD83" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/90598799FF18FFA0FEFEA1CF50B5FD83" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="760" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">
<subSubSection box="[381,1349,992,1028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="744" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="11.[381,1349,988,1028]" box="[381,1349,992,1028]" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">
Description of Skeleton of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[942,1341,992,1028]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="744" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altus">
Struthiomimus 
<emphasis box="[1235,1341,998,1027]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">altus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="761" pageId="11" pageNumber="744" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="11.[371,1349,1080,1121]" box="[371,1348,1083,1121]" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">
<figureCitation box="[371,575,1083,1121]" captionStart="Fig. 2" captionStartId="3.[258,302,2154,2180]" captionTargetBox="[239,891,1022,2146]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Incomplete manus of Ornitholestes hermanni; Digit I is missing in this specimen. Amer. Mus. No. 587. Palmar (A) and internal (B) views, one-half natural size. After Osborn, 1903. " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3240177/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">Text-figs. 2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[604,625,1083,1121]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionText="Fig. 3. Composition of complete manus (B) palmar view of Ornitholestes hermanni. Amer. Mus. 587, partly restored (Digit I) from Amer. Mus. 619, type. One half natural size. Manus of Struthiomimus altus, Amer. Mus. 5339. (A), dorsal aspect; A', palmar aspect, r, radiale, i, intermedium (?) coalesced with cc, centrale. Cl, C2, p. C3 carpalia and (?) p. tendinous ossicle. One third natural size." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1040389/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="744" targetBox="[182,1447,631,1928]" targetPageId="4">3</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[654,677,1083,1121]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionText="Fig. 4. First restoration of the skeleton of Struthiomimus altus, Amer. Mus. 5339. Digit I is set too close to digits II, III. One-thirtieth natural size." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3240179/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="744" targetBox="[206,1507,577,1489]" targetPageId="9">4</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[706,727,1083,1121]" captionStart="Fig. 5" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 5. Skulls of Struthiomimus and Struthio compared. A Portions of the skull and jaws of Struthiomimus altus, Amer. Mus. 5339, showing the left dentary, also the outer and inner aspect of the right dentary. B Skull of Struthio. Both figures one-half natural size" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3240181/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="744" targetBox="[189,1589,671,1878]" targetPageId="13">5</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[757,779,1083,1121]" captionStart="Fig. 6" captionText="Fig. 6. Detail of the actual arrangement of the abdominal ribs in Struthiomimus altus, Amer. Mus. 5339, as preserved on the left side of the thorax. One-fifth natural size. " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1040393/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="744" targetBox="[243,1362,988,1558]" targetPageId="14">6</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[808,829,1083,1121]" captionStart="Fig. 7" captionText="Fig. 7. Humerus of Struthiomimus altus and of Choloepus didactylus compared. A Crushed left humerus of S. altus, Amer. Mus. 5339. B Normal left humerus of S. altus, Amer. Mus. 5201. C Right humerus, anterior and posterior views of S. altus, Amer. Mus. 5201. D Right humerus of two-toed sloth, Choloepus didactylus, Amer. Mus. 35513, posterior view. All figures two-ninths natural size." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3356536/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="744" targetBox="[209,1558,883,1718]" targetPageId="15">7</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[857,879,1083,1121]" captionStart="Fig. 8" captionText="Fig. 8. Fore and Hind limb bones, H, U, R, of Struihiomimus altus, Amer. Mus. 5339, to same scale. Palmar aspect of left fore limb. F Left femur, internal aspect. T Left tibio-tarsus, internal aspect. All figures two-ninths natural size. Manus more correctly drawn in Fig. 3. " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239355/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="744" targetBox="[333,1298,198,2245]" targetPageId="16">8</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[909,931,1083,1121]" captionStart="Fig. 9" captionText="Fig. 9. Skeleton of the three-toed Sloth, Bradypus tridactylus. After De Blainville." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3357031/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="744" targetBox="[362,1420,947,1726]" targetPageId="17">9</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[959,1200,1083,1121]" captionStart="Plate XXIV" captionText="Plate XXIV. Anterior, lateral, and posterior aspects of the mounted skeleton of Tyrannosaurus rex, chiefly from Amer. Mus. 5027, partly from the type specimen Amer. Mus. 973. The sternal ribs are not restored. The structure of the manus is unknown as yet; the restoration of the digits is conjectural. About 1/53 natural size." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3240173/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="744" targetBox="[288,4255,271,2066]" targetPageId="39">Plates XXIV</figureCitation>
, 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1229,1348,1083,1121]" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">
<figureCitation box="[1229,1344,1083,1121]" captionStart="Plate XXVI" captionText="Plate XXVI. Reconstruction of the skeletons of Struthiomimus altus (left) and Ornitholestes hermanni (right). Struthiomimus 1/10, Ornitholestes 1/6 natural size, The Ornitholestes restoration replaces the original restoration by Osborn in 1903 which is very faulty. The Struthiomimus, Amer. Mus. 5339, mount has the distal end of the tail restored from Amer. Mus. 5355; dotted vertebra from Amer. Mus. 5262, In both restorations the pollex is too closely appressed to the other digits, see Fig. 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3356538/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="744" targetBox="[167,4845,233,3317]" targetPageId="41">XXVI</figureCitation>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[215,1525,1175,1415]" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">
<emphasis box="[276,480,1175,1213]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">Proportions.</emphasis>
In comparing this skeleton with that of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1903" box="[1313,1525,1175,1213]" class="Reptilia" family="Compsognathidae" genus="Ornitholestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="744" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1313,1525,1175,1213]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">Ornitholestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[230,447,1226,1264]" captionStart="Plate XXVI" captionText="Plate XXVI. Reconstruction of the skeletons of Struthiomimus altus (left) and Ornitholestes hermanni (right). Struthiomimus 1/10, Ornitholestes 1/6 natural size, The Ornitholestes restoration replaces the original restoration by Osborn in 1903 which is very faulty. The Struthiomimus, Amer. Mus. 5339, mount has the distal end of the tail restored from Amer. Mus. 5355; dotted vertebra from Amer. Mus. 5262, In both restorations the pollex is too closely appressed to the other digits, see Fig. 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3356538/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="744" targetBox="[167,4845,233,3317]" targetPageId="41">Plate XXVI</figureCitation>
) we are immediately impressed with the extremely 
<emphasis box="[1354,1445,1226,1264]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">small</emphasis>
size of the skull, elongation of the neck, abbreviation of the back, relative elongation of the tibia and of the tarso-metatarsus. These are the struthious analogies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="744">
<table box="[320,1415,1439,1644]" gridcols="3" gridrows="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">
<tr box="[320,1415,1439,1477]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="744" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<th box="[1318,1415,1439,1477]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">mm.</th>
</tr>
<tr box="[320,1415,1484,1518]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="744" rowspan-1="1">
<th box="[320,856,1484,1518]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">Vertebral column, total length of</th>
<td box="[1318,1415,1484,1518]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">4.085</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[320,1415,1526,1560]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">
<th box="[320,942,1526,1560]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">Pre-acetabular vertebrae, total length of</th>
<td box="[1318,1415,1526,1560]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">1.56</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[320,1415,1568,1602]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">
<th box="[320,856,1568,1602]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">Post-acetabular vertebrae, “ “</th>
<td box="[915,942,1568,1602]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">“</td>
<td box="[1318,1415,1568,1602]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">2.525</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[320,1415,1610,1644]" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="744" rowspan-1="1">
<th box="[320,856,1610,1644]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">Caudals, total length of</th>
<td box="[1318,1415,1610,1644]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">2.31</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[210,1523,1686,1988]" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">
Non-struthious is the balancing power of the tail. The vertebrae behind the acetabulum exceed those in front of it by nearly a meter, and the posterior half of the tail 
<emphasis box="[656,683,1797,1835]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">is</emphasis>
very stiff and rod-like and was thus doubtless used as a balancing organ in rapid cursorial motion.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[210,1523,1686,1988]" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">
As compared with 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1903" box="[620,830,1898,1936]" class="Reptilia" family="Compsognathidae" genus="Ornitholestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="744" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[620,830,1898,1936]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">Ornitholestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the fore limb is of the same relative length, but the manus is a very strong and fully functional organ.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="4C8F6607FF18FFB7FED4A5D15618F7A6" box="[343,1387,2046,2080]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4C8F6607FF18FFB7FED4A5D15618F7A6" pageId="11" pageNumber="744" startId="11.[343,424,2046,2080]" targetBox="[208,1521,2087,2369]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph blockId="11.[343,1387,2044,2080]" box="[343,1387,2046,2080]" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">
<emphasis box="[343,984,2046,2080]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">
Table of Measurements of 
<taxonomicName authority="," baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[761,1080,2046,2080]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="11" pageNumber="744" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altus">Struthiomimus altus,</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396364364" box="[1099,1383,2046,2080]" collectingDate="1901" collectionCode="AM" country="United States" formation="Belly River Formation or Judith River Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&amp;specimen_id=48105" pageId="11" pageNumber="744" preperations="complete skeleton" specimenCode="AM 5339">Amer. Mus. 5339</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="11.[1429,1522,2087,2369]" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">
<table box="[208,1521,2087,2369]" gridcols="2" gridrows="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">
<tr box="[208,1521,2087,2121]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">
<th box="[208,1521,2087,2121]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">mm.</th>
</tr>
<tr box="[208,1521,2127,2163]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">
<td box="[208,1097,2127,2163]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">Skull, length of, tip of premaxillary to back of quadrate.</td>
<td box="[1429,1521,2127,2163]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">.240</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[208,1521,2168,2205]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">
<td box="[208,1097,2168,2205]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">
“ lower length, tip of 
<emphasis box="[618,739,2168,2202]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">dentary</emphasis>
to back of articular.
</td>
<td box="[1429,1521,2168,2205]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">.215e</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[208,1521,2208,2245]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">
<td box="[208,1097,2208,2245]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">Cervical vertebrae, series of 10 inclusive...........................</td>
<td box="[1429,1521,2208,2245]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">.770</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[208,1521,2249,2287]" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">
<td box="[208,1097,2249,2287]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">Thoracic “ “ “13 “ .......................</td>
<td box="[1429,1521,2249,2287]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">.760e</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[208,1521,2290,2328]" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">
<td box="[208,1097,2290,2328]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">Sacral “ “ “ 5e “</td>
<td box="[1429,1521,2290,2328]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">.230e</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[208,1521,2331,2369]" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">
<td box="[208,1097,2331,2369]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">Caudal “ “ “39 “ ............ .................</td>
<td box="[1429,1521,2331,2369]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="744">2.31e</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<table box="[164,1468,319,1411]" gridcols="3" gridrows="26" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<tr box="[164,1468,319,344]" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="745" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
<th box="[1388,1468,319,344]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">mm,</th>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,359,398]" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,1355,359,398]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">Fore limb, total length......................................................................... ...............</th>
<td box="[1388,1468,359,398]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.850</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,403,439]" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,1355,403,439]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">Scapulo-coracoid, total length.............................................................................</th>
<td box="[1388,1468,403,439]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.445</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,445,483]" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,581,445,483]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">Scapula “ “</th>
<td box="[622,1355,445,483]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.. .........................................................................</td>
<td box="[1388,1468,445,483]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.335</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,486,525]" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,581,486,525]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">Humerus “ “</th>
<td box="[622,1355,486,525]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">........................................................ ....................</td>
<td box="[1388,1468,486,525]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.310</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,528,566]" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,581,528,566]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">Ulno-radius “ “</th>
<td box="[622,1355,528,566]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">............................................................ ................</td>
<td box="[1388,1468,528,566]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.230</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,571,607]" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,1355,571,607]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">Manus, including phalanges, approximate length.............................................</th>
<td box="[1388,1468,571,607]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.315e</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,614,650]" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,581,614,650]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">Digit I: Mtc. I</th>
<td box="[622,1355,614,650]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">“ .............................................</td>
<td box="[1388,1468,614,650]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.085</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,655,691]" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,581,655,691]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">Pollex I.1</th>
<td box="[622,1355,655,691]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">“ .............................................</td>
<td box="[1388,1468,655,691]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.110</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,699,734]" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,581,699,734]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">Pollex I.2</th>
<td box="[622,1355,699,734]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">“ .............................................</td>
<td box="[1388,1468,699,734]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.065</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,740,777]" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,581,740,777]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">Digit II: Mtc. II</th>
<td box="[622,1355,740,777]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">“ .............................................</td>
<td box="[1388,1468,740,777]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.100</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,783,819]" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,581,783,819]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">Phalanx II. 1</th>
<td box="[622,1355,783,819]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">“ .............................................</td>
<td box="[1388,1468,783,819]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.040</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,826,860]" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,581,826,860]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">“ II.2</th>
<td box="[622,1355,826,860]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">“ ..............................................</td>
<td box="[1388,1468,826,860]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.090</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,869,904]" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,581,869,904]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">“ II.3</th>
<td box="[622,1355,869,904]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">“ .............................................</td>
<td box="[1388,1468,869,904]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.085</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,911,946]" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,581,911,946]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">Digit III: Mtc. III</th>
<td box="[622,1355,911,946]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">11 .............................................</td>
<td box="[1388,1468,911,946]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.095</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,954,989]" gridrow="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,581,954,989]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">Phalanx III. 1</th>
<td box="[622,1355,954,989]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">“ .............................................</td>
<td box="[1388,1468,954,989]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.025</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,996,1031]" gridrow="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,581,996,1031]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">“.III2</th>
<td box="[622,1355,996,1031]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">“ .............................................</td>
<td box="[1388,1468,996,1031]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.035</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,1039,1073]" gridrow="17" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,581,1039,1073]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">“ III. 3</th>
<td box="[622,1355,1039,1073]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">“ .............................................</td>
<td box="[1388,1468,1039,1073]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.075</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,1080,1116]" gridrow="18" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,581,1080,1116]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">“ III.4</th>
<td box="[622,1355,1080,1116]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">“ .............................................</td>
<td box="[1388,1468,1080,1116]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.080</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,1123,1158]" gridrow="19" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,1355,1123,1158]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">Pelvic girdle: ilium, length of............................................................................</th>
<td box="[1388,1468,1123,1158]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.450</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,1166,1200]" gridrow="20" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,1355,1166,1200]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">pubis “ “.............................................................................</th>
<td box="[1388,1468,1166,1200]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.475</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,1208,1242]" gridrow="21" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,1355,1208,1242]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">ischium “ “..............................................,............................</th>
<td box="[1388,1468,1208,1242]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.335</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,1250,1284]" gridrow="22" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,1468,1250,1284]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">Hind limb, total length including femur to tips of phalanges.......................... 11.1.530</th>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,1292,1326]" gridrow="23" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,1468,1292,1326]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">femur, length of, extreme measurement......................................480</th>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,1334,1369]" gridrow="24" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,581,1334,1369]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">tibia, &quot;</th>
<td box="[622,1355,1334,1369]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">“...........................................................................</td>
<td box="[1388,1468,1334,1369]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.540</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1468,1376,1411]" gridrow="25" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,581,1376,1411]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">Mts. III, “</th>
<td box="[622,1355,1376,1411]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">“...........................................................................</td>
<td box="[1388,1468,1376,1411]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">.370</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="4C8F6607FF1FFFB0FE1EA7E057FDFA77" box="[413,1166,1487,1521]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4C8F6607FF1FFFB0FE1EA7E057FDFA77" pageId="12" pageNumber="745" startId="12.[413,600,1487,1521]" targetBox="[164,1466,1564,1725]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph blockId="12.[413,1166,1487,1521]" box="[413,1166,1487,1521]" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<emphasis box="[413,1166,1487,1521]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">Proportional Measurements, Indices, and Ratios.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<table box="[164,1466,1564,1725]" gridcols="3" gridrows="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<tr box="[164,1466,1564,1598]" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,1130,1564,1598]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">Fore limb, brachium, total length humerus to tip of phalanges</th>
<th box="[1373,1466,1564,1598]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">850</th>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1466,1607,1641]" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<th box="[164,992,1607,1641]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">Hind limb, crus; “ “ “ “ “ “</th>
<td box="[1039,1130,1607,1641]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">“</td>
<td box="[1373,1466,1607,1641]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">1.530</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1466,1649,1683]" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="745" rowspan-1="1">
<th box="[164,992,1649,1683]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
Brachio-crural ratio (proportion of fore to hind 
<emphasis box="[904,981,1649,1683]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">limb</emphasis>
)
</th>
<td box="[1373,1466,1649,1683]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">55%</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[164,1466,1691,1725]" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="745" rowspan-1="1">
<th box="[164,992,1691,1725]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">Femoro-tibial ratio (proportion of femur to tibia)</th>
<td box="[1373,1466,1691,1725]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">88%</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="12.[159,1471,1787,2373]" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
Skull. The unique feature of the skull is the total absence of teeth and indications that the premaxillaries and dentaries were sheathed in narrow horny beaks somewhat similar to those of 
<emphasis box="[1039,1182,1888,1926]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1039,1177,1888,1926]" class="Aves" family="Struthionidae" genus="Struthio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Struthioniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Struthio</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The skull as a whole (
<figureCitation box="[298,477,1939,1977]" captionStart="Fig. 5" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Fig. 5. Skulls of Struthiomimus and Struthio compared. A Portions of the skull and jaws of Struthiomimus altus, Amer. Mus. 5339, showing the left dentary, also the outer and inner aspect of the right dentary. B Skull of Struthio. Both figures one-half natural size" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3240181/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="745" targetBox="[189,1589,671,1878]" targetPageId="13">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
) 
<emphasis box="[510,537,1939,1977]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">is</emphasis>
only one-third longer than that of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1171,1305,1939,1977]" class="Aves" family="Struthionidae" genus="Struthio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Struthioniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1171,1305,1939,1977]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">Struthio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
although it is attached to a vertebral column over thirteen feet in length. The dentary is relatively deeper and more powerful than that of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1255,1389,2039,2077]" class="Aves" family="Struthionidae" genus="Struthio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Struthioniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1255,1389,2039,2077]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">Struthio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and apparently closes on the inner side of the premaxillaries. All the areas of muscular attachment are 
<emphasis box="[690,767,2138,2176]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">very</emphasis>
slight as compared with those of the carnivorous dinosaurs. The muscles of the jaws are relatively feeble as compared with those of the carnivorous dinosaurs but more powerful than in 
<emphasis box="[215,356,2284,2322]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[215,351,2284,2322]" class="Aves" family="Struthionidae" genus="Struthio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Struthioniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="745" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Struthio</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="12.[159,1471,1787,2373]" lastBlockId="13.[210,1520,2056,2362]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="746" pageId="12" pageNumber="745">
The relations of the dentary, surangular, angular, articular, lachrymal, jugal, quadrate are totally different from those of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1143,1277,318,356]" class="Aves" family="Struthionidae" genus="Struthio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Struthioniformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="746" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1143,1277,318,356]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="746">Struthio</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and indicate direct derivation from the theropod dinosaur type. The chief distinctions from the cranium of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[591,771,418,456]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="746" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[591,771,418,456]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="746">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[874,1124,418,456]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="746" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[874,1124,418,456]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="746">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Osborn, Henry Fairfield" bookContentInfo="Pl. i-iv, figs. 1 - 27." box="[1156,1391,418,456]" journalOrPublisher="Mem. Amer. Mus. of Nat. Hist., N. S." pageId="13" pageNumber="746" pagination="1 - 30" part="i" refString="- -------------- &quot; Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. &quot; (Tyrannosaurus Contributions No. 3). Mem. Amer. Mus. of Nat. Hist., N. S., Vol. i, Pt. i, June, 1912, pp. 1 - 30, Pl. i-iv, figs. 1 - 27." title="Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. &quot; (Tyrannosaurus Contributions No. 3)" type="journal article" year="1912">Osborn, 1912</bibRefCitation>
, p. 28, figs. 25, 26 
<emphasis box="[407,420,469,507]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="746">1</emphasis>
) are: (1) the great size of the orbit, which is relatively as large as in 
<emphasis box="[305,453,519,557]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="746">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[305,442,519,557]" class="Aves" family="Struthionidae" genus="Struthio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Struthioniformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="746" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Struthio</taxonomicName>
;
</emphasis>
(2) the constriction of the post-temporal fossa; (3) the vertical elongation of the quadrate-quadrato-jugal; and (4) the anterior inclination of the lower end of the quadrate as distinguished from the backward inclination of the same element in 
<emphasis box="[818,1008,2109,2147]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="746">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[818,1003,2109,2147]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="746" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Allosaurus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The cranium thus presents a very wide contrast to that of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[764,944,2158,2196]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="746" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[764,944,2158,2196]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="746">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the widest possible contrast to that of 
<emphasis box="[385,644,2207,2245]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="746">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[385,638,2207,2245]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="746" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
indicating a profound change of function.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3240181/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="746" subCaptionStartIDs="13.[780,864,1974,2000]" subCaptionStarts="figures o" targetBox="[189,1589,671,1878]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph blockId="13.[189,1589,671,2000]" pageId="13" pageNumber="746">
Fig. 5. Skulls of 
<taxonomicName box="[508,691,1907,1933]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="746" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Struthiomimus</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[761,862,1907,1933]" class="Aves" family="Struthionidae" genus="Struthio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Struthioniformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="746" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Struthio</taxonomicName>
compared. A Portions of the skull and jaws of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[211,463,1940,1966]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="746" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altus">Struthiomimus altus</taxonomicName>
, 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396364303" box="[479,699,1940,1966]" collectingDate="1901" collectionCode="AM" country="United States" formation="Belly River Formation or Judith River Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&amp;specimen_id=48105" pageId="13" pageNumber="746" preperations="complete skeleton" specimenCode="AM 5339">Amer. Mus. 5339</materialsCitation>
, showing the left dentary, also the outer and inner aspect of the right dentary. B Skull of Struthio. Both figures one-half natural size
</paragraph>
</caption>
<footnote pageId="13" pageNumber="746">
<paragraph blockId="13.[210,1520,2056,2362]" pageId="13" pageNumber="746">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[270,306,2304,2330]" pageId="13" pageNumber="746">1 “</emphasis>
Crania of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[435,628,2304,2330]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="746" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[693,829,2304,2330]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="13" pageNumber="746" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Allosaurus</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[834,849,2304,2330]" pageId="13" pageNumber="746">’’</emphasis>
Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. S., Vol. I, Pt. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1504,1520,2304,2330]" pageId="13" pageNumber="746">i,</emphasis>
June, 1912, pp. 1 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[429,438,2336,2362]" pageId="13" pageNumber="746">-</emphasis>
30, pis. i-iv, figs. 1 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[677,686,2336,2362]" pageId="13" pageNumber="746">-</emphasis>
27.
</paragraph>
</footnote>
<paragraph blockId="14.[143,1451,306,906]" pageId="14" pageNumber="747">
<emphasis box="[202,358,311,349]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="747">Cervicals.</emphasis>
The cervical centra are uniformly elongate and the cervical ribs, instead of being loosely attached as in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1903" box="[913,1121,362,400]" class="Reptilia" family="Compsognathidae" genus="Ornitholestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="747" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[913,1121,362,400]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="747">Ornitholestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in the typical Theropoda, are abbreviated and closely coalesced to the sides of the centrum and neural arch in C3-10. Cervicals 6-11 are amphicoelous. C12 
<emphasis box="[1423,1449,463,501]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="747">is</emphasis>
procoelous. C4 is slightly procoelous. C3 is opisthocoelous. This 
<emphasis box="[1363,1390,513,551]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="747">is</emphasis>
an indication of a long, flexible, and powerful neck, as in 
<emphasis box="[1067,1208,565,603]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="747">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1067,1203,565,603]" class="Aves" family="Struthionidae" genus="Struthio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Struthioniformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="747" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Struthio</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="14.[143,1451,306,906]" lastBlockId="14.[150,1461,1717,2356]" pageId="14" pageNumber="747">
<emphasis box="[210,373,614,652]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="747">Thoracics.</emphasis>
The thoracic or dorsal vertebrae, T1-13, are distinguished by elongate bicipital ribs, the anterior pair of which (T 1-T 2) are freely movable, while in T 3-T 10 the thoracic ribs are connected below with the sternal rib elements. In T 12 and T 13 the ribs are not observable 
<emphasis box="[1340,1373,768,806]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="747">in</emphasis>
this specimen, but were probably attached to the inner side of the anterior crest of the ilium. The centra of T 1-3 are preserved and seem to be gently opisthocoelous; from T4-13 the centra are not observable; the neural spines indicate progressive increase in size and abbreviation in length.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1040393/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="747" targetBox="[243,1362,988,1558]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph blockId="14.[152,1457,1588,1649]" pageId="14" pageNumber="747">
<emphasis box="[210,254,1590,1616]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="747">Fig</emphasis>
. 6. Detail of the actual 
<emphasis box="[597,756,1590,1616]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="747">arrangement</emphasis>
of the abdominal ribs in 
<taxonomicName authority="," baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[1100,1365,1590,1616]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="747" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altus">
<emphasis box="[1100,1286,1590,1616]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="747">Struthiomimus</emphasis>
altus,
</taxonomicName>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396364311" collectingDate="1901" collectionCode="AM" country="United States" formation="Belly River Formation or Judith River Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&amp;specimen_id=48105" pageId="14" pageNumber="747" preperations="complete skeleton" specimenCode="AM 5339">
<emphasis box="[1379,1452,1590,1616]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="747">Amer</emphasis>
. Mus. 5339
</materialsCitation>
, as preserved 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[458,490,1623,1649]" pageId="14" pageNumber="747">on</emphasis>
the left side of 
<emphasis box="[679,720,1623,1649]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="747">the</emphasis>
thorax. 
<emphasis box="[845,959,1623,1649]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="747">One-fifth</emphasis>
natural size.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="14.[150,1461,1717,2356]" pageId="14" pageNumber="747">
Sacrals. The sacral centra cannot be clearly distinguished; the indications are that there were five sacrals closely coalesced. S 3-?5 are visible behind the acetabulum (compare 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[735,995,1922,1960]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="747" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[735,995,1922,1960]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="747">Tyrannosaurus,</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation box="[1010,1249,1922,1960]" captionStart="Plate XXVII" captionText="Plate XXVII. Pelvic arcade and vertebral structure of the second chief specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex, Amer. Mus. 5027, discovered in 1908. An orthogonal projection executed on a very large scale and reproduced one-twelfth natural size. C 1-C 10 cervical series, D 1-D 13 dorsal or thoracic series, S 1-S 5 sacral series, Cd 1- Cd 53 caudal series. The caudals actually preserved are shaded; those drawn in outline are conjectural and restored. The total number of caudals is conjectural" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3240195/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="747" targetBox="[186,4724,281,3117]" targetPageId="42">Plate XXVII</figureCitation>
). The supposed S 5 is coalesced laterally with the postero-internal plate of the ilium. Superiorly the sacral spines unite in a continuous single, closely compressed plate, wedged in between the iliac borders (compare 
<emphasis box="[1041,1303,2072,2110]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="747">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[1041,1297,2072,2110]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="14" pageNumber="747" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyrannosaurus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<figureCitation box="[1313,1438,2072,2110]" captionStart="Fig. 17" captionText="Fig. 17. Tyrannosaurus and Struthiomimus mounted skeletons, reproduced to same scale, about one-seventy-fifth natural size, and showing relative size and proportions of the fore and hind limbs." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3357015/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="747" targetBox="[145,1500,594,1494]" targetPageId="28">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="14.[150,1461,1717,2356]" lastBlockId="15.[233,1547,301,796]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="748" pageId="14" pageNumber="747">
<emphasis box="[210,352,2121,2159]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="747">Caudals.</emphasis>
Seventeen caudals are preserved in continuous series in this specimen, 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396364332" box="[335,643,2170,2208]" collectingDate="1901" collectionCode="AM" country="United States" formation="Belly River Formation or Judith River Formation" geologicalContext="Upper Cretaceous" geologicalContextID="Cretaceous" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&amp;specimen_id=48105" pageId="14" pageNumber="747" preperations="complete skeleton" specimenCode="AM 5339">Amer. Mus. 5339</materialsCitation>
, the typical theropod characters of which are clearly shown in 
<figureCitation box="[443,662,2219,2257]" captionStart="Plate XXVI" captionText="Plate XXVI. Reconstruction of the skeletons of Struthiomimus altus (left) and Ornitholestes hermanni (right). Struthiomimus 1/10, Ornitholestes 1/6 natural size, The Ornitholestes restoration replaces the original restoration by Osborn in 1903 which is very faulty. The Struthiomimus, Amer. Mus. 5339, mount has the distal end of the tail restored from Amer. Mus. 5355; dotted vertebra from Amer. Mus. 5262, In both restorations the pollex is too closely appressed to the other digits, see Fig. 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3356538/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="747" targetBox="[167,4845,233,3317]" targetPageId="41">Plate XXVI</figureCitation>
. Then follows an unknown interval in which five vertebrae have been inserted, behind which fifteen vertebrae are added from the specimens 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396364312" box="[530,1012,2318,2356]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&amp;specimen_id=48123" pageId="14" pageNumber="747" specimenCode="AMNH 5355">American Mus. Nos. 5355</materialsCitation>
, 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396364317" box="[1043,1125,2318,2356]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?search=5262&amp;media_only=-1&amp;page=0" pageId="14" pageNumber="747" specimenCode="AMNH 5262">5262</materialsCitation>
. These vertebrae, C 12-C 26, C 30, exhibit the remarkable rod-like elongation of the prezygapophyses, so that the apex overlaps the base of the prezygapophysis in front. The postzygapophyses are greatly reduced. The chevrons are elongate and rod-like also.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="15.[233,1547,301,796]" lastBlockId="15.[223,1533,1967,2354]" pageId="15" pageNumber="748">
<emphasis box="[296,504,506,544]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="748">Sternal ribs.</emphasis>
These elements consist of at least thirteen rows (corresponding with the thirteen thoracic ribs) each including a triple series on each side as represented in 
<figureCitation box="[697,794,607,645]" captionStart="Fig. 6" captionText="Fig. 6. Detail of the actual arrangement of the abdominal ribs in Struthiomimus altus, Amer. Mus. 5339, as preserved on the left side of the thorax. One-fifth natural size. " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1040393/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="748" targetBox="[243,1362,988,1558]" targetPageId="14">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation box="[877,1090,607,645]" captionStart="Plate XXVI" captionText="Plate XXVI. Reconstruction of the skeletons of Struthiomimus altus (left) and Ornitholestes hermanni (right). Struthiomimus 1/10, Ornitholestes 1/6 natural size, The Ornitholestes restoration replaces the original restoration by Osborn in 1903 which is very faulty. The Struthiomimus, Amer. Mus. 5339, mount has the distal end of the tail restored from Amer. Mus. 5355; dotted vertebra from Amer. Mus. 5262, In both restorations the pollex is too closely appressed to the other digits, see Fig. 3." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3356538/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="748" targetBox="[167,4845,233,3317]" targetPageId="41">
Plate 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[976,1090,607,645]" pageId="15" pageNumber="748">XXVI</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
, namely: (1) a short, 
<emphasis box="[1468,1543,607,645]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="748">very</emphasis>
slender 
<emphasis box="[371,523,657,695]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="748">proximal</emphasis>
series; (2) a slender 
<emphasis box="[904,1026,657,695]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="748">median</emphasis>
series about twice the length of the proximal; (3) a stouter 
<emphasis box="[766,878,708,746]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="748">ventral</emphasis>
series, of about three times the length of the proximal, which terminate in club-shaped expansions in the median line. The sternal rib apparatus as a whole is exceedingly delicate and indicates a feeble development of the pectoral muscles.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3356536/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="748" startId="15.[285,329,1741,1767]" subCaptionStartIDs="15.[225,309,1875,1901]" subCaptionStarts="figures t" targetBox="[209,1558,883,1718]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph blockId="15.[225,1535,1741,1901]" pageId="15" pageNumber="748">
Fig. 7. Humerus of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[553,805,1741,1767]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="748" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altus">Struthiomimus altus</taxonomicName>
and of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[904,1153,1741,1767]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="15" pageNumber="748" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didactylus">Choloepus didactylus</taxonomicName>
compared. A Crushed left humerus of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[669,754,1775,1801]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="748" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altus">S. altus</taxonomicName>
, 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2446867301" box="[775,1007,1775,1801]" pageId="15" pageNumber="748">Amer. Mus. 5339</materialsCitation>
. B Normal left humerus of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[1428,1528,1775,1801]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="748" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altus">S. altus</taxonomicName>
, 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396364328" box="[226,451,1808,1834]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&amp;specimen_id=47954" pageId="15" pageNumber="748" specimenCode="AMNH 5201">Amer. Mus. 5201</materialsCitation>
. C Right humerus, anterior and posterior views of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[1180,1280,1808,1834]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="15" pageNumber="748" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altus">S. altus</taxonomicName>
, 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396364304" box="[1298,1529,1808,1834]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&amp;specimen_id=47954" pageId="15" pageNumber="748" specimenCode="AMNH 5201">Amer. Mus. 5201</materialsCitation>
. D Right humerus of two-toed sloth, 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[740,996,1842,1868]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="15" pageNumber="748" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didactylus">Choloepus didactylus</taxonomicName>
, Amer. Mus. 35513, posterior view. All figures two-ninths natural size.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="15.[223,1533,1967,2354]" lastBlockId="17.[219,1539,1877,2366]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="750" pageId="15" pageNumber="748">
<emphasis box="[284,456,2070,2108]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="748">Fore limb.</emphasis>
<figureCitation box="[498,658,2070,2108]" captionStart="Fig. 3a" captionText="Fig. 3a. (A1-A3). Genotype specimen of Ornithomimus velox Marsh. Yale Mus. 542. (A1), dorsal aspect of the type left pes, superior aspect of Metatarsals II-IV. (A2) posterior aspect (upper) and exterior aspect (lower) of metatarsals II-IV. (A3) Type tibio-tarsus, anterior, inferior, posterior aspects. (B) Portion of right manus of another individual (Yale. Mus. 548) associated by Marsh with Ornithomimus velox; (upper) metacarpals I-III as they appear in the matrix, (lower) as placed in natural position. (C) Left pes of Struthiomimus altus, genotype specimen, Amer. Mus. 5339. Anterior and exterior aspects of digits II-V. One fourth natural size. After original drawings by the present author. One-fourth natural size." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1040391/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="748" targetBox="[146,1446,158,2154]" targetPageId="6">Figs. 3 A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[681,704,2070,2108]" captionStart="Fig. 8" captionText="Fig. 8. Fore and Hind limb bones, H, U, R, of Struihiomimus altus, Amer. Mus. 5339, to same scale. Palmar aspect of left fore limb. F Left femur, internal aspect. T Left tibio-tarsus, internal aspect. All figures two-ninths natural size. Manus more correctly drawn in Fig. 3. " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239355/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="748" targetBox="[333,1298,198,2245]" targetPageId="16">8</figureCitation>
. The scapula is slender and firmly coalesced with the coracoid. The humerus (
<figureCitation box="[841,943,2119,2157]" captionStart="Fig. 7" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 7. Humerus of Struthiomimus altus and of Choloepus didactylus compared. A Crushed left humerus of S. altus, Amer. Mus. 5339. B Normal left humerus of S. altus, Amer. Mus. 5201. C Right humerus, anterior and posterior views of S. altus, Amer. Mus. 5201. D Right humerus of two-toed sloth, Choloepus didactylus, Amer. Mus. 35513, posterior view. All figures two-ninths natural size." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3356536/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="748" targetBox="[209,1558,883,1718]">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
) is relatively slender as observed 
<emphasis box="[224,258,2168,2206]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="748">in</emphasis>
two specimens (
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396364346" box="[555,959,2168,2206]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&amp;specimen_id=48105" pageId="15" pageNumber="748" specimenCode="AMNH 5339">Amer. Mus. Nos. 5339</materialsCitation>
, 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396364360" box="[983,1069,2168,2206]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&amp;specimen_id=47954" pageId="15" pageNumber="748" specimenCode="AMNH 5201">5201</materialsCitation>
). The small, backwardly directed head (
<figureCitation box="[489,628,2217,2255]" captionStart="Fig. 7" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 7. Humerus of Struthiomimus altus and of Choloepus didactylus compared. A Crushed left humerus of S. altus, Amer. Mus. 5339. B Normal left humerus of S. altus, Amer. Mus. 5201. C Right humerus, anterior and posterior views of S. altus, Amer. Mus. 5201. D Right humerus of two-toed sloth, Choloepus didactylus, Amer. Mus. 35513, posterior view. All figures two-ninths natural size." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3356536/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="748" targetBox="[209,1558,883,1718]">Fig. 7 C</figureCitation>
) is supported by the lesser and greater tuberosities, which are somewhat more strongly developed than in the arboreal two-toed 
<emphasis box="[225,298,2316,2354]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="748">sloth</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[336,678,2316,2354]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="15" pageNumber="748" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didactylus">
<emphasis box="[336,678,2316,2354]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="748">Choloepus didactylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[710,861,2316,2354]" captionStart="Fig. 7" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 7. Humerus of Struthiomimus altus and of Choloepus didactylus compared. A Crushed left humerus of S. altus, Amer. Mus. 5339. B Normal left humerus of S. altus, Amer. Mus. 5201. C Right humerus, anterior and posterior views of S. altus, Amer. Mus. 5201. D Right humerus of two-toed sloth, Choloepus didactylus, Amer. Mus. 35513, posterior view. All figures two-ninths natural size." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3356536/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="748" targetBox="[209,1558,883,1718]">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
). The shaft is relatively longer and more slender than in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[623,781,321,359]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="17" pageNumber="750" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[623,781,321,359]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="750">Choloepus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the distal extremity 
<emphasis box="[1245,1271,321,359]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="750">is</emphasis>
relatively narrower and has less provision for muscular attachment than in 
<emphasis box="[1370,1537,371,409]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="750">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[1370,1532,371,409]" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="17" pageNumber="750" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Choloepus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The absence of muscular attachments on the pronator and supinator condyles of the humerus as well as the generally slender structure of this bone forbid the assumption of fossorial function for this peculiar limb. The ulna and radius are attached somewhat obliquely to the perpendicular axis of the shaft. A small sesamoid or vestigial Mtc. IV appears at the junction of the ulna and Mtc. III. The carpal series is represented by five separate elements, 
<figureCitation box="[669,839,723,761]" captionStart="Fig. 3a" captionText="Fig. 3a. (A1-A3). Genotype specimen of Ornithomimus velox Marsh. Yale Mus. 542. (A1), dorsal aspect of the type left pes, superior aspect of Metatarsals II-IV. (A2) posterior aspect (upper) and exterior aspect (lower) of metatarsals II-IV. (A3) Type tibio-tarsus, anterior, inferior, posterior aspects. (B) Portion of right manus of another individual (Yale. Mus. 548) associated by Marsh with Ornithomimus velox; (upper) metacarpals I-III as they appear in the matrix, (lower) as placed in natural position. (C) Left pes of Struthiomimus altus, genotype specimen, Amer. Mus. 5339. Anterior and exterior aspects of digits II-V. One fourth natural size. After original drawings by the present author. One-fourth natural size." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1040391/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="750" targetBox="[146,1446,158,2154]" targetPageId="6">Fig. 3 A</figureCitation>
; it includes the radiale, intermedium’, ulnare, carpale 1 and carpale 2, much flattened. Mtc. 
<emphasis box="[1261,1351,774,812]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="750">I—III</emphasis>
are short and equal in length, and Mtc. II—III are firmly fitted to each other; Mtc. I and Mtc. II exhibit an incipient coalescence; they are synmetacarpal but not syndactyl.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239355/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="749" subCaptionStartIDs="16.[440,523,2330,2356] 16.[1289,1333,2330,2356]" subCaptionStarts="figures t &amp; Fig. 3" targetBox="[333,1298,198,2245]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph blockId="16.[163,1465,198,2406]" pageId="16" pageNumber="749">
Fig. 8. Fore and Hind limb bones, H, U, R, of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[852,1103,2263,2289]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="16" pageNumber="749" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altus">Struihiomimus altus</taxonomicName>
, 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396364351" box="[1121,1346,2263,2289]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&amp;specimen_id=48105" pageId="16" pageNumber="749" specimenCode="AMNH 5339">Amer. Mus. 5339</materialsCitation>
, to same scale. Palmar aspect of left fore limb. F Left femur, internal aspect. T Left tibio-tarsus, internal aspect. All figures two-ninths natural size. Manus more correctly drawn in Fig. 3.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption box="[355,1418,1778,1804]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3357031/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="750" targetBox="[362,1420,947,1726]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph blockId="17.[355,1418,1776,1804]" box="[355,1418,1778,1804]" pageId="17" pageNumber="750">
<emphasis box="[355,398,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="750">Fig</emphasis>
. 9. Skeleton of 
<emphasis box="[609,650,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="750">the</emphasis>
three-toed Sloth, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[875,1134,1778,1804]" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" genus="Bradypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="17" pageNumber="750" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactylus">
<emphasis box="[875,997,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="750">Bradypus</emphasis>
tridactylus
</taxonomicName>
. After De Blainville.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="17.[219,1539,1877,2366]" pageId="17" pageNumber="750">The phalanges of Digit I, the pollex, are separate and divergent from those of Digits II, III which tend to be appressed and syndactylous; there are indications of more or less rotation and opposition or grasping power in the pollex.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="17.[219,1539,1877,2366]" lastBlockId="18.[139,1099,374,1984]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="751" pageId="17" pageNumber="750">
<emphasis box="[297,424,2180,2218]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="750">Manus.</emphasis>
The very unequal elongation of the 
<emphasis box="[1131,1295,2180,2218]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="750">phalanges</emphasis>
is a peculiar feature of the manus; especially the first phalanges of Mtc. I, II, III are of totally different lengths. This is compensated for by the elongation of phalanx D II.2 which is unusually long. These three digits, therefore, through the abbreviation of D III and the elongation of D I are 
<emphasis box="[1305,1450,323,361]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="751">approximately</emphasis>
isotridactyl as in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[586,939,374,412]" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" genus="Bradypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="18" pageNumber="751" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactylus">
<emphasis box="[586,749,374,412]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="751">Bradypus</emphasis>
tridactylus
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[967,1074,374,412]" captionStart="Fig. 9" captionText="Fig. 9. Skeleton of the three-toed Sloth, Bradypus tridactylus. After De Blainville." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3357031/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="751" targetBox="[362,1420,947,1726]" targetPageId="17">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). This arrangement is quite different from that of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1903" class="Reptilia" family="Compsognathidae" genus="Ornitholestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="751" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hermanni">
<emphasis box="[148,451,476,514]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="751">
<emphasis box="[1008,1098,425,463]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="751">Ornitholestes</emphasis>
hermanni
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[480,581,476,514]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionText="Fig. 3. Composition of complete manus (B) palmar view of Ornitholestes hermanni. Amer. Mus. 587, partly restored (Digit I) from Amer. Mus. 619, type. One half natural size. Manus of Struthiomimus altus, Amer. Mus. 5339. (A), dorsal aspect; A', palmar aspect, r, radiale, i, intermedium (?) coalesced with cc, centrale. Cl, C2, p. C3 carpalia and (?) p. tendinous ossicle. One third natural size." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1040389/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="751" targetBox="[182,1447,631,1928]" targetPageId="4">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) in which D I 
<emphasis box="[850,876,476,514]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="751">is</emphasis>
reduced but D II is very much more elongate than D III. The lateral motion of these phalanges is partly provided for in the joints between the metacarpals and the proximal phalanges. The remaining interphalangeal joints tend to confine the digits exclusively to an opening and closing movement as in many edentates or strict flexion and extension such as is also observed in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1903" box="[148,356,882,920]" class="Reptilia" family="Compsognathidae" genus="Ornitholestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="751" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[148,356,882,920]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="751">Ornitholestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in 
<emphasis box="[514,684,882,920]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="751">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[514,679,882,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" genus="Bradypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="18" pageNumber="751" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bradypus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The distal phalanges are extremely long, slender, and slightly recurved, with strong attachments for the flexor perforans, less recurved, claw-like, or raptorial than those of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1890" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Ornithomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="751" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[958,1096,1034,1072]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="751">
<emphasis box="[148,230,1085,1123]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="751">Ornitholestes</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[266,379,1085,1123]" captionStart="Fig. 2" captionText="Fig. 2. Incomplete manus of Ornitholestes hermanni; Digit I is missing in this specimen. Amer. Mus. No. 587. Palmar (A) and internal (B) views, one-half natural size. After Osborn, 1903." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3240177/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="751" targetBox="[239,891,1022,2146]" targetPageId="3">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). They are relatively longer and more slender than those of the greater or lesser anteaters and entirely lack the fossorial powers of the manus of these Myrmecophagidae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="18.[139,1099,374,1984]" pageId="18" pageNumber="751">
<emphasis box="[201,383,1287,1325]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="751">Hind limb.</emphasis>
The hind limb (
<figureCitation box="[701,801,1287,1325]" captionStart="Fig. 8" captionText="Fig. 8. Fore and Hind limb bones, H, U, R, of Struihiomimus altus, Amer. Mus. 5339, to same scale. Palmar aspect of left fore limb. F Left femur, internal aspect. T Left tibio-tarsus, internal aspect. All figures two-ninths natural size. Manus more correctly drawn in Fig. 3. " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239355/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="751" targetBox="[333,1298,198,2245]" targetPageId="16">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) is relatively robust, the femur (
<figureCitation box="[447,585,1337,1375]" captionStart="Fig. 8" captionText="Fig. 8. Fore and Hind limb bones, H, U, R, of Struihiomimus altus, Amer. Mus. 5339, to same scale. Palmar aspect of left fore limb. F Left femur, internal aspect. T Left tibio-tarsus, internal aspect. All figures two-ninths natural size. Manus more correctly drawn in Fig. 3. " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239355/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="751" targetBox="[333,1298,198,2245]" targetPageId="16">Fig. 8 F</figureCitation>
) having on a small scale the general form and areas of muscular attachment characteristic of the larger theropoda such as 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[841,1091,1439,1477]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="751" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[841,1091,1439,1477]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="751">Tyrannosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[160,320,1490,1528]" captionStart="Fig. 18" captionText="Fig. 18. Mounted skeleton of Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, anterior and lateral views. One-sixtieth natural size. The structure of the manus is conjectural. The other parts are mounted by combination of the skeletons Amer. Mus. Nos. 5027, 973. The sternal ribs are omitted. The manus is represented as tridactyl, but it may be didactyl." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3240189/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="751" targetBox="[157,2358,265,1399]" targetPageId="31">Fig. 18A</figureCitation>
1), with greater relative elongation. The tibio-tarsus (
<figureCitation box="[373,547,1541,1579]" captionStart="Fig. 10" captionText="Fig. 10. Manus of two-toed Sloth, Choloepus didactylus. Palmar aspect. Natural size." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3357013/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="751" targetBox="[1203,1395,427,1776]" targetPageId="18">Fig. 10 T</figureCitation>
) is also a powerful bone, relatively more elongate than the femur. The fibula (
<figureCitation box="[158,373,1643,1681]" captionStart="Plate XXIV" captionText="Skeleton of Struthiomimus altus. Genotype specimen, Amer. Mus. 5339. One-tenth natural size In this panel mount the animal is placed approximately as found. The pollex is too closely appressed to the other digits, see Fig. 3. " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3240173/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="751" targetBox="[292,4255,299,2108]" targetPageId="39">Plate XXIV</figureCitation>
) is relatively slender.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="18.[139,1099,374,1984]" lastBlockId="18.[135,1439,1997,2330]" pageId="18" pageNumber="751">
The tarso-metatarsus, as previously described in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1890" box="[142,378,1744,1782]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Ornithomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="18" pageNumber="751" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[142,378,1744,1782]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="751">Ornithomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[416,560,1744,1782]" captionStart="Fig. 10" captionText="Fig. 10. Manus of two-toed Sloth, Choloepus didactylus. Palmar aspect. Natural size." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3357013/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="751" targetBox="[1203,1395,427,1776]" targetPageId="18">Figs. 10</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[585,624,1744,1782]" captionStart="Fig. 11" captionText="Fig. 11. Left pes of Struthiomimus alias, Amer. Mus. 5339. Internal, posterior, anterior, external aspects. Mts. II, III, IV, with three functional digits, Mts. V reduced. Two-ninths natural size. Compare Fig. 3a. " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1040397/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="751" targetBox="[265,1508,477,2031]" targetPageId="19">11</figureCitation>
), consists of three closely coalesced median digits, D II-IV, in which Mts. III is thrust backward at the proximal end so that it only appears on the posterior face, while it is thrust forward at the distal end so that it makes up the greater part of the anterior face of the pes, in which D III is much the longest digit. Metatarsal V is greatly reduced, extending one-third down the shaft of Mts. IV.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3357013/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="751" startId="18.[1172,1215,1809,1835]" targetBox="[1203,1395,427,1776]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph blockId="18.[1138,1443,1809,1936]" pageId="18" pageNumber="751">
Fig. 10. Manus of two-toed Sloth, 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Megalonychidae" genus="Choloepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="18" pageNumber="751" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didactylus">
<emphasis box="[1138,1184,1877,1903]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="751">Choloepus</emphasis>
didactylus
</taxonomicName>
. Palmar aspect. Natural size.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="18.[135,1439,1997,2330]" pageId="18" pageNumber="751">
The terminal phalanges are very slightly recurved, less elongate and pointed than in 
<taxonomicName authority="Owen, 1843" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1843" box="[440,588,2195,2233]" class="Aves" family="Dinornithidae" genus="Dinornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinornithiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="751" phylum="Chordata">
<emphasis box="[440,588,2195,2233]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="751">Dinornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
among the struthious birds and slightly more pointed than in 
<emphasis box="[424,565,2244,2282]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="751">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[424,561,2244,2282]" class="Aves" family="Struthionidae" genus="Struthio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Struthioniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="751" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Struthio</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
This structure points to strictly cursorial rather than to raptorial function in the pes.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1040397/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="752" targetBox="[265,1508,477,2031]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph blockId="19.[238,1540,2122,2215]" pageId="19" pageNumber="752">
<emphasis box="[297,340,2124,2150]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="752">Fig</emphasis>
. 11. Left 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[481,522,2124,2150]" pageId="19" pageNumber="752">pes</emphasis>
<emphasis box="[529,743,2124,2150]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="752">
of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[560,809,2124,2150]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="19" pageNumber="752" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altus">Struthiomimus alias</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396364319" box="[823,1040,2124,2150]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&amp;specimen_id=48105" pageId="19" pageNumber="752" specimenCode="AMNH 5339">
<emphasis box="[823,895,2124,2150]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="752">Amer</emphasis>
. Mus. 5339
</materialsCitation>
. Internal, posterior, anterior, external aspects. Mts. 
<emphasis box="[440,467,2157,2183]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="752">II</emphasis>
, III, IV, with three functional digits, Mts. 
<emphasis box="[1048,1069,2157,2183]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="752">V</emphasis>
reduced. 
<emphasis box="[1220,1365,2157,2183]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="752">Two-ninths</emphasis>
natural size. Compare 
<emphasis box="[366,409,2189,2215]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="752">Fig</emphasis>
. 3 
<emphasis box="[443,458,2189,2215]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="752">a</emphasis>
. *
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1040399/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="753" targetBox="[192,1414,353,933]" targetPageId="20">
<paragraph blockId="20.[146,1446,994,1056]" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">
<emphasis box="[204,247,996,1022]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">Fig</emphasis>
. 12. Australian water lizard, 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[644,663,996,1022]" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">“</emphasis>
<emphasis box="[663,782,996,1022]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">Lesueur’s</emphasis>
lizard 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[869,908,996,1022]" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">
” 
<emphasis box="[898,1075,996,1022]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">
(
<taxonomicName box="[908,1272,996,1022]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Physignathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="753" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lesueurii">
Physignathus lesueurii 
<emphasis box="[1204,1272,996,1022]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">Gray</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1272,1287,996,1022]" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">),</emphasis>
Queensland variety, family Agamidse, from 
<emphasis box="[552,726,1030,1056]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">instantaneous</emphasis>
photograph of running pose.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1040401/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="753" targetBox="[292,1311,1133,1559]" targetPageId="20">
<paragraph blockId="20.[143,957,1634,1699]" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">
<emphasis box="[202,245,1638,1664]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">Fig</emphasis>
. 13. Frilled lizard 
<emphasis box="[514,721,1638,1664]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[514,715,1638,1664]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" genus="Chlamydosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="753" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Chlamydosaurus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
family 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1825" box="[833,952,1638,1664]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="20" pageNumber="753" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Agamidae</taxonomicName>
. Instantaneous photograph of swift running pose. After Saville Kent.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="20.[534,973,1797,1838]" box="[534,973,1799,1837]" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">
<emphasis box="[534,973,1799,1837]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">
Habits of 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[715,968,1799,1837]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="20" pageNumber="753" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Struthiomimus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[135,1450,1898,2238]" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">
In view of the ostrich-like structure of the skull and of the pes, and the partly suspensory, partly grasping structure of the fore limb and manus of 
<emphasis box="[189,442,2003,2041]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[189,436,2003,2041]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="20" pageNumber="753" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Struthiomimus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
it is 
<emphasis box="[540,617,2003,2041]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">very</emphasis>
difficult to form a consistent hypothesis of the habits of this remarkable animal. It may be compared with certain of the lizards, the struthious birds, the tree sloths 
<emphasis box="[906,1289,2102,2140]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">
(
<taxonomicName authority=", Cholospus" authorityName="Cholospus" box="[918,1091,2102,2140]" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" genus="Bradypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="20" pageNumber="753" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bradypus,</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus 1758" box="[1105,1271,2102,2140]" class="Mammalia" family="Choloepodidae" genus="Choloepus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="20" pageNumber="753" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Choloepus</taxonomicName>
),
</emphasis>
and the Aye-Aye 
<emphasis box="[303,513,2151,2189]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">
(
<taxonomicName box="[314,496,2151,2189]" class="Mammalia" family="Daubentoniidae" genus="Cheiromys" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="20" pageNumber="753" phylum="Chordata">Cheiromys</taxonomicName>
).
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="20.[135,1450,1898,2238]" lastBlockId="21.[206,1532,321,2371]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="754" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">
<emphasis box="[195,476,2200,2238]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">Comparison with</emphasis>
lizards. 
<emphasis box="[607,617,2200,2238]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">1</emphasis>
The habit of lizards of running upon the hind legs (
<figureCitation box="[321,460,324,362]" captionStart="Fig. 10" captionText="Fig. 10. Manus of two-toed Sloth, Choloepus didactylus. Palmar aspect. Natural size." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3357013/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="754" targetBox="[1203,1395,427,1776]" targetPageId="18">Figs. 10</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[484,521,324,362]" captionStart="Fig. 11" captionText="Fig. 11. Left pes of Struthiomimus alias, Amer. Mus. 5339. Internal, posterior, anterior, external aspects. Mts. II, III, IV, with three functional digits, Mts. V reduced. Two-ninths natural size. Compare Fig. 3a. " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1040397/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="754" targetBox="[265,1508,477,2031]" targetPageId="19">11</figureCitation>
) with the body reared upward has been observed among 
<emphasis box="[225,485,374,412]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="754">representatives</emphasis>
of three families, namely, the Old World 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1825" box="[1180,1340,374,412]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="754" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Agamidae</taxonomicName>
(Agamas), the New World 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Oppel" authorityYear="1811" box="[524,684,425,463]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="754" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Iguanidae</taxonomicName>
(Iguanas) and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1827" box="[969,1085,425,463]" class="Reptilia" family="Teiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="754" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Teiidae</taxonomicName>
(Tegus, Race Runners). (1) The two first named families have a distinct affinity, arising either from parallelism of development among varied genera or from actual relationship as alleged by some writers. The systematic separation of the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1825" box="[225,384,627,665]" class="Reptilia" family="Agamidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="754" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Agamidae</taxonomicName>
and the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Oppel" authorityYear="1811" box="[549,709,627,665]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="754" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Iguanidae</taxonomicName>
is mainly by the dentition, which is acrodont in the former and pleurodont in the latter. The family 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1827" box="[1195,1312,677,715]" class="Reptilia" family="Teiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="21" pageNumber="754" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Teiidae</taxonomicName>
is of remote relationship to both of the first named families. (2) Among the species of lizards observed at times to rear and use the hind legs only for locomotion are highly active types, large and small, that live under various conditions. The habit has been observed among large arboreal species as well as among lizards of diminutive size, several of the latter frequenting the deserts. (3) The lizard never rears, in fact, appears unable to do so, unless moving at a high rate of speed. The bipedal trait may be indicated immediately after the beginning of a dash over the ground, or the lizard may rear upward after it has run a considerable distance. In all cases the animal drops to all fours as its speed materially decreases. During the reared running pose the front legs appear to involuntarily droop forward and not to be used as balancers, but the position of the tail indicates the marked importance of this organ in balancing and a voluntary rearing or curving upward of the tail in order to keep the body upright. Mr. Ditmars has not observed the habit except in long-tailed species. (4) Lizards resorting to anthills are mostly burrowing and more or less limbless forms which present no analogy with 
<emphasis box="[306,561,1536,1574]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="754">
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[306,556,1536,1574]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="754" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Struthiomimus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
(5) The grasping powers of the manus are developed in the tree-living chameleon, the fingers terminating in strong claws, two on each grasping knob, which should be compared with those of 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="754">
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="754" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Struthiomimus</taxonomicName>
..
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<footnote pageId="20" pageNumber="753">
<paragraph blockId="20.[135,1441,2312,2376]" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[193,202,2315,2341]" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">i</emphasis>
Notes given to the author 
<emphasis box="[555,588,2315,2341]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">by</emphasis>
Mr. Raymond 
<emphasis box="[793,814,2315,2341]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">L</emphasis>
. Ditmars, Curator of Reptiles, N. Y. 
<emphasis box="[1310,1441,2315,2341]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="753">Zoological</emphasis>
Park.
</paragraph>
</footnote>
<paragraph blockId="21.[206,1532,321,2371]" pageId="21" pageNumber="754">
<emphasis box="[274,1144,1737,1775]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="754">
Running gait of 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[560,806,1737,1775]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="754" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Struthiomimus</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1890" box="[897,1139,1737,1775]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Ornithomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="754" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ornithomimus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
From these studies of the lizards the running gait of 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[829,1076,1787,1825]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="754" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[829,1076,1787,1825]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="754">Struthiomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is suggested in the pose represented in 
<figureCitation box="[475,620,1837,1875]" captionStart="Fig. 14" captionText="Fig. 14. Restorations of Struthiomimus altus, Amer. Mus. 5339. A Running pose suggested by Osborn. B Insectivorous theory, anthill-attacking pose suggested by C. William Beebe. One- fortieth natural size. " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3240183/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="754" targetBox="[231,1416,679,1986]" targetPageId="22">Fig. 14A</figureCitation>
in which the rod-like tail balances the anterior half of the body. The estimated total length of the vertebral column being M 4.085, the length of the tail 
<emphasis box="[791,818,1937,1975]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="754">is</emphasis>
estimated at M 2.525; thus the postacetabular vertebrae are slightly longer than the pre-acetabular. The hind limbs are relatively longer than in any of the running lizards but relatively shorter than in the ostriches. It 
<emphasis box="[848,874,2086,2124]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="754">is</emphasis>
noteworthy as compared with the running lizards that the ratio between the length of the fore and hind limbs is less in 
<emphasis box="[375,628,2185,2223]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="754">
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[375,623,2185,2223]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="754" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Struthiomimus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Its very awkward position in the supposed quadrupedal gait is shown in 
<figureCitation box="[642,793,2235,2273]" captionStart="Fig. 14" captionText="Fig. 14. Restorations of Struthiomimus altus, Amer. Mus. 5339. A Running pose suggested by Osborn. B Insectivorous theory, anthill-attacking pose suggested by C. William Beebe. One- fortieth natural size. " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3240183/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="754" targetBox="[231,1416,679,1986]" targetPageId="22">Fig. 14B</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="21.[206,1532,321,2371]" lastBlockId="22.[160,1465,306,600]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="755" pageId="21" pageNumber="754">
<emphasis box="[279,964,2283,2321]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="754">Insectivorous theory of C. William Beebe.</emphasis>
The ornithologist, C. William Beebe, has suggested that the feeble fore limbs of 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[1089,1336,2333,2371]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="21" pageNumber="754" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1089,1336,2333,2371]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="754">Struthiomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may have been adequate for attacking sandy and gravelly anthills, as represented in 
<figureCitation box="[207,360,361,399]" captionStart="Fig. 14" captionText="Fig. 14. Restorations of Struthiomimus altus, Amer. Mus. 5339. A Running pose suggested by Osborn. B Insectivorous theory, anthill-attacking pose suggested by C. William Beebe. One- fortieth natural size. " httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3240183/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="755" targetBox="[231,1416,679,1986]" targetPageId="22">Fig. 14B</figureCitation>
. There are three objections to this theory: first, the fore limb gives no evidence of any fossorial musculature; second, the beak affords no evidence of a protrusible tongue analogous to that of the 
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="22" pageNumber="755" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Myrmecophagidae</taxonomicName>
; third, the terminal phalanges of the hind limb afford little evidence of power to scratch or dig but are rather of the cursorial type.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3240183/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="755" startId="22.[225,269,2015,2041]" targetBox="[231,1416,679,1986]" targetPageId="22">
<paragraph blockId="22.[163,1465,2015,2106]" pageId="22" pageNumber="755">
Fig. 14. Restorations of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[560,815,2015,2041]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="755" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altus">Struthiomimus altus</taxonomicName>
, 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3396364363" box="[834,1059,2015,2041]" collectionCode="AMNH" httpUri="http://research.amnh.org/paleontology/search.php?action=detail&amp;specimen_id=48105" pageId="22" pageNumber="755" specimenCode="AMNH 5339">Amer. Mus. 5339</materialsCitation>
. A Running pose suggested by Osborn. B Insectivorous theory, anthill-attacking pose suggested by C. William Beebe. One-fortieth natural size.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="22.[164,1463,2171,2360]" lastBlockId="24.[143,1453,319,2377]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="757" pageId="22" pageNumber="755">
<emphasis box="[226,872,2174,2212]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="755">Sea-shore theory of Barnum Brown.</emphasis>
Influenced by the fact noted above that the remains of 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[632,875,2223,2261]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="755" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[632,875,2223,2261]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="755">Struthiomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1890" box="[969,1205,2223,2261]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Ornithomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="22" pageNumber="755" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[969,1205,2223,2261]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="755">Ornithomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are invariably found in littoral deposits, Barnum Brown has suggested the theory that this animal waded along the shores, feeding upon small crustaceans and molluscs, using its long anterior claws partly to scrape the sand and partly to seize these shore-living animals. The objections to this theory are three. First, neither the beak nor the terminal phalanges are adapted to seizing an actively moving crustacean prey of 
<emphasis box="[839,902,474,512]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="757">any</emphasis>
kind although they may have been adapted to securing sessile Mollusca. Second, the feeble musculature of the forearm is non-fossorial, and non-raptorial; that is, it does not indicate powers of pronation and supination of the manus. Third, as pointed out by Beebe, neither the structure of the beak nor of the phalanges of the pes is analogous to that of the shore-living birds (grallatores) which partly live upon small invertebrates. Brown points out that while the attachments of the muscles are but slightly developed and the arm is of feeble power as a whole, the manus shows wonderful adaptability of finger movement, since while Mtc. II and Mtc. III are coalesced D I has an articulating face with Mtc. I which allows of a rotating movement and the opposition of DI to DII, III. The points noted are to Brown conclusive proof that this dinosaur in securing food depended chiefly on the movements of its neck and the prehensile power of the digits of the manus and that crustaceans were the favorite article of food, which the construction of the neck and manus were well adapted to capture.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1040403/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="756" targetBox="[269,1472,485,2077]" targetPageId="23">
<paragraph blockId="23.[211,1511,2126,2219]" pageId="23" pageNumber="756">
<emphasis box="[270,314,2127,2153]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="756">Fig</emphasis>
. 15. Restorations of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[609,865,2127,2153]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="23" pageNumber="756" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altus">
<emphasis box="[609,792,2127,2153]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="756">Struthiomimus</emphasis>
altus
</taxonomicName>
. C Herbivorous, tree-browsing pose, suggested 
<emphasis box="[211,243,2160,2186]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="756">by</emphasis>
Osborn. D Carnivorous, shore-living pose, hunting for Crustacea and small Mollusca, suggested 
<emphasis box="[213,248,2193,2219]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="756">by</emphasis>
Barnum Brown. One-fortieth natural size.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="24.[143,1453,319,2377]" pageId="24" pageNumber="757">
<emphasis box="[208,820,1285,1323]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="757">
Ostrich-like theory of 
<taxonomicName authority="Osborn" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[567,962,1285,1323]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="24" pageNumber="757" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Struthiomimus, Osborn</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
. This theory, which seems the most probable one to the author, is depicted in 
<figureCitation box="[1082,1234,1336,1374]" captionStart="Fig. 15" captionText="Fig. 15. Restorations of Struthiomimus altus. C Herbivorous, tree-browsing pose, suggested by Osborn. D Carnivorous, shore-living pose, hunting for Crustacea and small Mollusca, suggested by Barnum Brown. One-fortieth natural size." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1040403/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="757" targetBox="[269,1472,485,2077]" targetPageId="23">Fig. 15C</figureCitation>
, namely, an herbivorous browsing pose in which the ostrich-like beak, sheathed in horn, is represented as securing leaves and buds while the fore limbs, two digits of which are analogous to those of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[739,1091,1488,1526]" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" genus="Bradypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="24" pageNumber="757" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactylus">
<emphasis box="[739,902,1488,1526]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="757">Bradypus</emphasis>
tridactylus
</taxonomicName>
, are used in supporting the fore part of the body and drawing down the smaller branches; the grasping power of the thumb, D I, may have facilitated this action.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="24.[143,1453,319,2377]" lastBlockId="25.[221,1528,312,2362]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="758" pageId="24" pageNumber="757">
First, in defence of this theory, a chiefly suspensory and limb-grasping function of the fore limb is indicated by its analogy to that of the tree sloth, 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[255,609,1741,1779]" class="Mammalia" family="Bradypodidae" genus="Bradypus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="24" pageNumber="757" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tridactylus">
<emphasis box="[255,418,1741,1779]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="757">Bradypus</emphasis>
tridactylus
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation box="[639,744,1741,1779]" captionStart="Fig. 9" captionText="Fig. 9. Skeleton of the three-toed Sloth, Bradypus tridactylus. After De Blainville." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3357031/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="757" targetBox="[362,1420,947,1726]" targetPageId="17">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
), the analogy consisting in the slenderness of the humerus and of the ulno-radius, the apparent slenderness and suspensory character of the muscles and especially the 
<emphasis box="[1160,1324,1841,1879]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="757">isodactyly</emphasis>
of the manus, a highly distinctive feature of the tree sloths. Second, the birdlike and especially ostrich-like structure of the neck, which is totally unlike that of the carnivorous dinosaurs and very similar to that of the struthious birds especially, in which very rapid fore-and-aft motions of the head are observed during the act of browsing. Third, the bony structure of the upper and lower jaws indicates the possession of a horny beak similar in shape to that of the browsing birds especially of the struthious type. There 
<emphasis box="[262,288,2240,2278]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="757">is</emphasis>
no curvature of the beak suggesting analogy to the carnivorous birds, nor broadening of the beak suggestive of that of the wading birds (grallatores). Fourth, it appears probable that the pes was purely cursorial, adapted to dry or hard earth, since its analogy to that of the various members of the ratite order, such as 
<emphasis box="[900,1523,365,403]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="758">
<taxonomicName box="[900,1035,365,403]" class="Aves" family="Struthionidae" genus="Struthio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Struthioniformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="758" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Struthio</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[1062,1149,365,403]" class="Aves" family="Rheidae" genus="Rhea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rheiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="758" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhea</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[1170,1342,365,403]" class="Aves" family="Casuariidae" genus="Casuarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Casuariiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="758" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Casuarius</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1843" box="[1364,1517,365,403]" class="Aves" family="Dinornithidae" genus="Dinornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinornithiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="758" phylum="Chordata">Dinornis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
is very close. Such feet are used primarily in locomotion, secondarily for the scratching of sand for the burying of eggs, and thirdly as weapons of defense; they are not adapted for assisting the fore limb and the beak in the prehension of food.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="25.[221,1528,312,2362]" pageId="25" pageNumber="758">
<emphasis box="[283,1433,617,655]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="758">
Notes on the Habits of 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[690,934,617,655]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="25" pageNumber="758" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Struthiomimus</taxonomicName>
by Dr. William K. Gregory.
</emphasis>
(1) “Were the forearms used in pulling food toward the mouth, either up from the ground or down from the trees? Probably yes. (2) Were the forearms used in climbing up low trees? Probably no. (3) Were the forearms provided with a small patagium, which could be used in swift flight on the ground? [Hypothetical.] ”
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="25.[221,1528,312,2362]" pageId="25" pageNumber="758">
“ The long slender forearm of 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[804,1050,920,958]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="25" pageNumber="758" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[804,1050,920,958]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="758">Struthiomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had a long reach and great freedom of motion at the shoulder, as shown by the form of the head of the humerus. The elbows were undoubtedly everted, in reptilian fashion. While the radius could not be twisted around the ulna so that true supination was 
<emphasis box="[381,457,1122,1160]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="758">very</emphasis>
limited, yet merely by moving the elbow in toward the body the palms of the opposite manus were turned toward each other (partly supinated), while by moving the elbows outward from the body the manus was brought into the position of pronation and the opposite manus brought together. The wrist joint was 
<emphasis box="[779,855,1324,1362]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="758">very</emphasis>
stiff, capable of 
<emphasis box="[1160,1237,1324,1362]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="758">very</emphasis>
little extension; the three metacarpals were closely appressed; there was considerable motion between the metacarpus and the proximal phalanges. In the third digit the second and third metacarpals were closely appressed and in the way of coalescence, but the distal phalanges of the second and third digits could be sharply flexed. By virtue of the twisting of the first metacarpal the phalanges of the first digit could be turned partly toward the other digits so that the manus was to a certain extent prehensile. The ungual phalanges were large and falcate, deeply grooved at the sides and evidently bore stout and sharp claws, larger than those of a grizzly bear. The deep pits at the sides of the distal ends of the penultimate phalanges testify to the great strength of the ligaments connecting the distal and penultimate phalanges, while the large size of the claw phalanges and their swollen proximo-inferior bases indicate a powerful development of the flexor profundus (perforans). The manus as a whole, as observed by Professor Osborn, partly suggests that of the tree sloths, not only in its general form, but in the tendency toward coalescence of two of the successive phalanges, and in the large size of the claws. It differs from the sloth type, however, in the lateral mobility of the first digit and of the proximal phalanges of all the digits.”
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="25.[221,1528,312,2362]" lastBlockId="26.[156,1475,310,2370]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="759" pageId="25" pageNumber="758">
“ The reconstruction of 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[709,954,2323,2361]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="25" pageNumber="758" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[709,954,2323,2361]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="758">Struthiomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
errs in representing the forearm in the position in which it is mounted, namely with the elbow drawn well in toward the body and with the dorsum of the manus turned fully outward. That this position is erroneous is apparent from the fact that the head of the humerus is thereby wrenched out of the glenoid and appears exposed in the lateral view. By placing the head of the humerus fully within the glenoid, everting the elbows and opening the radio-humeral angle, the manus will be partly pronated.”
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="26.[156,1475,310,2370]" pageId="26" pageNumber="759">
“We speak of the fore limb of 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[791,1035,668,706]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="26" pageNumber="759" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[791,1035,668,706]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="759">Struthiomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as ‘slender’, but it is so only because the longitudinal dimensions of the principal elements greatly exceed their transverse dimensions. The fore limb is, however, by no means weak. It is at least as strong as the fore limb of a man and was armed with 
<emphasis box="[173,250,871,909]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="759">very</emphasis>
large sharp claws.”
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="26.[156,1475,310,2370]" pageId="26" pageNumber="759">
“ 
<emphasis box="[261,348,923,961]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="759">With</emphasis>
the elbows everted in 
<emphasis box="[728,874,923,961]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="759">reptilian</emphasis>
fashion and the body swung downward from the acetabulum, the powerful manus could be brought near to the ground, although I think there was not sufficient mobility for the fingers to be extended so that the palm could rest upon the ground. But I believe that the animal could stoop down, and with its powerful claws tear up shrubs from the ground and perhaps scrape away the surrounding earth by the sweeping movements of the whole forearm after the fashion of a kangaroo. These heavy claws might also have been useful in tearing off the husks of fruits or for tearing and pulling down the branches and fruits of palms, cycads, figs, bananas, etc. Perhaps the claws served also as weapons of defense, if they were swiftly drawn across the flanks of an opponent. The pulling up of vegetation from the ground and the tearing of husks would be assisted by the broad, ostrich-like beak and the powerful neck, which was capable of strong vertical movements.” ‘
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="26.[156,1475,310,2370]" pageId="26" pageNumber="759">
“ Some features of the fore-limbs might indicate that 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[1151,1396,1633,1671]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="26" pageNumber="759" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1151,1396,1633,1671]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="759">Struthiomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was a climbing animal, but the large size of the body and the nonprehensile character of the pes are against this view.”
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="26.[156,1475,310,2370]" pageId="26" pageNumber="759">
“ The jaws of 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[474,718,1784,1822]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="26" pageNumber="759" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[474,718,1784,1822]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="759">Struthiomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
unquestionably suggest those of an ostrich, and the animal seems too large to thrive exclusively upon an insectivorous diet. 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[285,530,1886,1924]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="26" pageNumber="759" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[285,530,1886,1924]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="759">Struthiomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was not necessarily exclusively a vegetarian. The ostrich itself is said to be omnivorous in the wild state, feeding on lizards, small mammals, fruits, berries, seed grass, etc., and the slightly more powerful beak of 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[380,625,2036,2074]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="26" pageNumber="759" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[380,625,2036,2074]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="759">Struthiomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might have been equally adapted for a varied diet, including some animal 
<emphasis box="[670,753,2084,2122]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="759">food</emphasis>
.”
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="26.[156,1475,310,2370]" pageId="26" pageNumber="759">
“The fact that the remains of 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[812,1057,2135,2173]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="26" pageNumber="759" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[812,1057,2135,2173]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="759">Struthiomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were found in littoral deposits does not in 
<emphasis box="[526,581,2184,2222]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="759">my</emphasis>
judgment indicate that the animal lived after the fashion of wading and shore-living birds.”
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="26.[156,1475,310,2370]" lastBlockId="27.[210,1516,314,962]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="760" pageId="26" pageNumber="759">
“In conclusion we can be sure only that 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[934,1180,2283,2321]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="26" pageNumber="759" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[934,1180,2283,2321]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="759">Struthiomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was a swift running biped; that in seeking its food it made 
<emphasis box="[994,1279,2332,2370]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="759">well-coordinated</emphasis>
use of its ostrich-like bill, powerful neck, and strong, heavily clawed manus; that a good deal of pulling and clawing was accomplished by these wide-reaching fore limbs.”
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="27.[210,1516,314,962]" pageId="27" pageNumber="760">
“ The animal seems to be too big for arboreal life, and its hind limbs were built rather for great speed on the ground, purely as a protective function. It seems possible that the fore limbs bore a narrow patagium, which might be of use in rapid flight along the ground as indicated in the accompanying restoration (
<figureCitation box="[433,565,671,709]" captionStart="Fig. 16" captionText="Fig. 16. Running pose of Struthiomimus, with a rudimentary patagium as suggested by W. K. Gregory. One-fortieth natural size." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3240185/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="760" targetBox="[217,1496,1023,1477]" targetPageId="27">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
). By throwing the head and forearms well forward the thrust of the femora would be turned more forward than upward, while at the same time the forearms if provided with patagia would serve to keep the fore part of the body from pitching downward.” 1
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="27.[210,1516,314,962]" lastBlockId="27.[206,1515,1622,2263]" pageId="27" pageNumber="760">
<emphasis box="[251,599,873,911]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="760">Author's conclusion.</emphasis>
The above observations by the several expert anatomists who have cooperated with the author in attempting to solve the very difficult problem of the habits of 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[979,1225,1625,1663]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="27" pageNumber="760" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[979,1225,1625,1663]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="760">Struthiomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
indicate a 
<emphasis box="[1436,1511,1625,1663]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="760">very</emphasis>
great diversity of opinion and interpretation. The author adheres to the opinion, very gradually formed, that 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[902,1148,1726,1764]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="27" pageNumber="760" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[902,1148,1726,1764]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="760">Struthiomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presents prevailing analogies of structure in the head, neck, and feet, and consequently of habit, to the ostriches. Its fore limb structure, entirely unique among reptiles, is analogous partly to the suspensory type of fore limb such as we observe in the tree sloths, with the exception of the phalanges of the pollex, Digit I, which are set apart from the other digits and exhibit a grasping or opposable function.
</paragraph>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3240185/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="760" targetBox="[217,1496,1023,1477]" targetPageId="27">
<paragraph blockId="27.[211,1513,1510,1574]" pageId="27" pageNumber="760">
<emphasis box="[270,313,1513,1539]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="760">Fig</emphasis>
. 16. Running pose of 
<emphasis box="[622,812,1513,1539]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="760">
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[622,806,1513,1539]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="27" pageNumber="760" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Struthiomimus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
with a rudimentary patagium as suggested 
<emphasis box="[1385,1462,1513,1539]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="760">by W</emphasis>
. K
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1509,1513,1513,1539]" pageId="27" pageNumber="760">.</emphasis>
Gregory. One-fortieth natural size.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="27.[206,1515,1622,2263]" lastBlockId="28.[162,1468,324,517]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="761" pageId="27" pageNumber="760">
Comparison of the 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[606,852,2076,2114]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="27" pageNumber="760" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[606,852,2076,2114]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="760">Struthiomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
manus with that of the fossorial anteaters (
<taxonomicName box="[338,649,2126,2164]" class="Mammalia" family="Myrmecophagidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pilosa" pageId="27" pageNumber="760" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Myrmecophagidae</taxonomicName>
) shows that the structure is totally 
<emphasis box="[1292,1441,2126,2164]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="760">different</emphasis>
, for anteaters and, in fact, many other fossorial animals are 
<emphasis box="[1260,1510,2175,2213]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="760">anisodactylous,</emphasis>
that is, the different digits 
<emphasis box="[665,745,2225,2263]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="760">vary</emphasis>
greatly in length, in size, and in the development of the claws, whereas in 
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Osborn" authorityYear="1916" box="[707,954,328,366]" class="Reptilia" family="Ornithomimidae" genus="Struthiomimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="28" pageNumber="761" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[707,954,328,366]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="761">Struthiomimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
we have the 
<emphasis box="[1196,1360,328,366]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="761">isodactyly</emphasis>
peculiarly suited to the suspensory, limb-grasping power of arboreal types. This does not preclude fruit- and shrub-grasping powers, but appears to exclude the grasping of living or actively moving prey.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>