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<mods:title id="E25F5A8441B0040C173BEE7F311CD82C">A revision of the genus Radicipes Stearns, 1883 (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Chrysogorgiidae)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="C1BFE6FAFFD6FF8799C6FBADFD272D42" ID-CoL="4R943" authority="Wright &amp; Studer, 1889" authorityName="Wright &amp; Studer" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,703,1052,1078]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Radicipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="challengeri">
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<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD6FF8799C6FBADFE042D42" bold="true" box="[151,412,1052,1078]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Radicipes challengeri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="622EE088FFD6FF8798F2FBADFD272D42" author="Wright" box="[419,703,1052,1078]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Wright, E. P. &amp; Studer, T. (1889) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the yearS 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology, 31 (64), 1 - 314." type="journal article" year="1889">Wright &amp; Studer, 1889</bibRefCitation>
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<figureCitation id="9E8481FCFFD6FF8799C6FB8FFF7B2D23" box="[151,227,1086,1111]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1739,1761]" captionTargetBox="[163,1427,235,1667]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[163,1427,235,1667]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. PolypS of Radicipes Spp. A, B: polypS of Radicipes challengeri (Wright &amp; Studer, 1889) (BMNH 1889.5.27.3, holotype, and USNM 57314, reSpectively); C: polyp of Radicipes stonei Sp. nov. (USNM 1418007, holotype); D: polyp of Radicipes kopelatos Cordeiro, Pérez &amp; CaStro, 2015 (MNRJ 8566, holotype); E – F: polypS of Radicipes gracilis (Verrill, 1884) (BMNH 1889.5. 27.4, holotype, including detail of the oral portion (E’), of Radicipes fragilis (Wright &amp; Studer, 1889) and, USNM 8877, Syntype of Radicipes gracilis (Verrill, 1884 )), reSpectively; G: polyp of Radicipes aureus Kükenthal, 1919 (ZMB 8565, holotype); H, H': polyp of Radicipes pleurocristatus StearnS, 1883 (BMNH 1889.5.27.2, holotype of Radicipes verrilli (Wright &amp; Studer, 1889 )) and detail of the oral portion, reSpectively; I, I': polypS of Radicipes pleurocristatus StearnS, 1883 (USNM 49464), full-Sized polypS, normal and fertile, reSpectively. Scale barS: A, H': 0.2 mm; B: 0.6 mm; C: 0.5 mm; D, E, G, H, I’: 1 mm; D', E’, F: 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/893041/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
A,B, 11, 12
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<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD6FF8799C6FB37FE392DE8" box="[151,417,1158,1180]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Strophogorgia challengeri</emphasis>
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: 691
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(
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD6FF879B21FB39FD562DE8" box="[624,718,1158,1181]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">nom. nud</emphasis>
.).
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<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD6FF8799C6FB14FE392DCF" box="[151,417,1189,1211]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Strophogorgia challengeri</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="871EBB68FFD6FF8798F9FB14FD302DCF" author="Wright" box="[424,680,1189,1211]" page="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1889">
<bibRefCitation id="622EE088FFD6FF8798F9FB14FD0B2DCF" author="Wright" box="[424,659,1189,1211]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Wright, E. P. &amp; Studer, T. (1889) Report on the Alcyonaria collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the yearS 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology, 31 (64), 1 - 314." type="journal article" year="1889">Wright &amp; Studer, 1889</bibRefCitation>
: 3
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–4, pl. 1, fig. 1, pl. 5a, fig. 2.
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<taxonomicName id="C1BFE6FAFFD6FF8799C6FB75FE382DAE" ID-CoL="866LK" box="[151,416,1220,1242]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Lepidogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="challengeri">Lepidogorgia challengeri</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
VerSluyS, 1902: 14–15, text-figS. 18-18-19.— 
<treatmentCitation id="871EBB68FFD6FF879AD1FB75FB742DAE" author="ThomSon" box="[896,1260,1220,1242]" page="27" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1906">
<bibRefCitation id="622EE088FFD6FF879AD1FB75FB5E2DAE" author="ThomSon" box="[896,1222,1220,1242]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="ThomSon, J. A. &amp; HenderSon, W. D. (1906) An account of the AlcyonarianS collected by the Royal Indian Survey Ship InveStigator in the Indian Ocean. Part 1. The Alcyonarians of the Deep Sea. Indian MuSeum, Calcutta, 132 pp." type="book" year="1906">ThomSon &amp; HenderSon, 1906</bibRefCitation>
: 27
</treatmentCitation>
(tabular key).— 
<treatmentCitation id="871EBB68FFD6FF879996FB53FE162D8C" author="ThomSon" box="[199,398,1250,1272]" page="20" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1927">
<bibRefCitation id="622EE088FFD6FF879996FB53FEF12D8C" author="ThomSon" box="[199,361,1250,1272]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="ThomSon, J. A. (1927) AlcyonaireS provenant deS campagneS ScientifiqueS du Prince Albert Ier de Monaco. Resultats des Campagnes Scientifiques Albert I, 73, 1 - 77." type="journal article" year="1927">ThomSon, 1927</bibRefCitation>
: 20
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, pl. 4, fig. 17.
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:
</emphasis>
not 
<treatmentCitation id="871EBB68FFD6FF8798E7FAB0FD392C63" author="JungerSen" box="[438,673,1281,1303]" page="1183" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1915">
<bibRefCitation id="622EE088FFD6FF8798E7FAB0FDFB2C63" author="JungerSen" box="[438,611,1281,1303]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="JungerSen, H. F. E. (1915) Alcyonaria, Antipatharia og Madreporaria. ConSpectuS Faunae Groenlandicae. Meddelelser Gronland, 23, 1156 - 1212." type="journal article" year="1915">JungerSen, 1915</bibRefCitation>
: 
<date id="7201BBB9FFD6FF879B21FAB0FD392C63" box="[624,673,1281,1303]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="1183" valueMax="1184">1183</date>
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–1184 (= 
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<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD6FF879A53FAB3FCF72C63" box="[770,879,1281,1303]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">R. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).— 
<treatmentCitation id="871EBB68FFD6FF879AC5FAB0FBE42C63" author="Kukenthal" box="[916,1148,1281,1303]" page="543" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1919">
<bibRefCitation id="622EE088FFD6FF879AC5FAB0FBD12C63" author="Kukenthal" box="[916,1097,1281,1303]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1919) Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Tiefsee-Expedition Valdivia, 13 (2), 1 - 946." type="journal article" year="1919">Kükenthal, 1919</bibRefCitation>
: 543
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–544; 1924: 411–412.—not 
<treatmentCitation id="871EBB68FFD6FF879996FA90FEE22C42" author="Kramp" box="[199,378,1312,1334]" page="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1932">
<bibRefCitation id="622EE088FFD6FF879996FA90FECC2C42" author="Kramp" box="[199,340,1312,1334]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1932) The Godthaab Expedition 1928. Alcyonaria, Antipatharia, and Madreporaria. Meddelelser Gronland, 79 (4), 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1932">Kramp, 1932</bibRefCitation>
: 10
</treatmentCitation>
.— 
<treatmentCitation id="871EBB68FFD6FF8798C9FA91FD122C42" author="Deichmann" box="[408,650,1312,1334]" page="237" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1936">
<bibRefCitation id="622EE088FFD6FF8798C9FA91FDCF2C42" author="Deichmann" box="[408,599,1312,1334]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Deichmann, E. (1936) The Alcyonaria of the WeStern part of the Atlantic Ocean. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 53, 253 - 308." type="journal article" year="1936">Deichmann, 1936</bibRefCitation>
: 237
</treatmentCitation>
.— 
<treatmentCitation id="871EBB68FFD6FF879BF9FA91FCF32C42" author="MadSen" box="[680,875,1312,1334]" page="44" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1944">
<bibRefCitation id="622EE088FFD6FF879BF9FA91FCDA2C42" author="MadSen" box="[680,834,1312,1334]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="MadSen, F. J. (1944) Octocorallia. Danish Ingolf-Expedition, 5 (13), 1 - 65." type="journal article" year="1944">MadSen, 1944</bibRefCitation>
: 44
</treatmentCitation>
–46, text-figS. 33–37.— 
<treatmentCitation id="871EBB68FFD6FF879D30FA91FA042C42" author="Watling" box="[1121,1436,1312,1334]" page="294" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="2005">
<bibRefCitation id="622EE088FFD6FF879D30FA91FAFF2C42" author="Watling" box="[1121,1383,1312,1334]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Watling, L. &amp; AuSter, P. (2005) DiStribution of deep-Water Alcyonacea off the northeaSt coaSt of the United StateS. In: FreiWald, A. &amp; Murray, R. J. (EdS.), Cold-Water Corals and Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 279 - 296. httpS: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 3 - 540 - 27673 - 4 _ 13" type="book chapter" year="2005">Watling &amp; AuSter, 2005</bibRefCitation>
: 294
</treatmentCitation>
(liSted).— 
<treatmentCitation id="871EBB68FFD6FF87987EFA8FFE4F2C20" author="Altuna" box="[303,471,1342,1364]" page="10" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="2010">
<bibRefCitation id="622EE088FFD6FF87987EFA8FFE2F2C20" author="Altuna" box="[303,439,1342,1364]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Altuna, A. (2010) LiStado de loS cnidarioS bentonicoS (Cnidaria) del Golfo de Vizcaya y zonaS proximaS (Atlantico NE) (42 ° N a 48 ° 30 ' N y 10 ° W). In: Proyecto Fauna Iberica. MuSeo Nacional de CienciaS NaturaleS, Madrid, pp. 1 - 27." type="book chapter" year="2010">Altuna, 2010</bibRefCitation>
: 10
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.— 
<treatmentCitation id="871EBB68FFD6FF8798A5FA8FFD7E2C20" author="Watling" box="[500,742,1342,1365]" page="59" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="622EE088FFD6FF8798A5FA8FFD5B2C20" author="Watling" box="[500,707,1342,1365]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Watling, L., France, S., Pante, E. &amp; SimpSon, A. (2011) Biology of deep-Water octocoralS. In: LeSSer, M. (Ed.), Advances in Marine Biology. ElSevier Academic preSS, London, pp. 41 - 122." type="book chapter" year="2011">
Watling 
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD6FF879B1FFAF1FD1A2C20" box="[590,642,1342,1365]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
, 2011
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: 59
</treatmentCitation>
(liSted).— 
<treatmentCitation id="871EBB68FFD6FF879A03FA8FFBD52C20" author="Cordeiro" box="[850,1101,1342,1365]" page="95" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="2015">
<bibRefCitation id="622EE088FFD6FF879A03FA8FFBB22C20" author="Cordeiro" box="[850,1066,1342,1365]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Cordeiro, R. T. S., CaStro, C. B. &amp; Perez, C. D. (2015) Deep-Water octocoralS (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) from Brazil: Family ChrySogorgiidae Verrill, 1883. Zootaxa, 4058 (1), 081 - 100." type="journal article" year="2015">
Cordeiro 
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD6FF879AE5FAF1FC7F2C20" box="[948,999,1342,1365]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
, 2015
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: 95
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(tabular key).
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="06009D79FFD6FF8799C6FA30FE012CC9" blockId="16.[151,1437,1409,2010]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<materialsCitation id="B6D79724FFD6FF8799C6FA30FE012CC9" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1632929371" collectionCode="BMNH" country="Spain" elevation="1097" latitude="36.416668" location="Cadiz" longLatPrecision="1187" longitude="-8.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" specimenCode="BMNH 1889.5" specimenCount="3" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD6FF8799C6FA30FE572CEE" bold="true" box="[151,463,1409,1434]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<typeStatus id="D90423DBFFD6FF8799C6FA30FF442CEE" box="[151,220,1409,1434]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Types</typeStatus>
and 
<typeStatus id="D90423DBFFD6FF879870FA30FEC42CEE" box="[289,348,1409,1434]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Type</typeStatus>
Locality.
</emphasis>
<specimenCode id="56193502FFD6FF87988AFA33FD122CEE" box="[475,650,1409,1434]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">BMNH 1889.5</specimenCode>
.27.3 (
<typeStatus id="D90423DBFFD6FF879B82FA30FCA12CEE" box="[723,825,1409,1434]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, several fragments); 
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD6FF879D63FA30FBE22CEE" box="[1074,1146,1409,1434]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Chall-</emphasis>
4, 
<geoCoordinate id="638BFBBEFFD6FF879DCBFA30FB652CEE" box="[1178,1277,1409,1434]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="925" value="36.416668">36°25’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="638BFBBEFFD6FF879C5FFA33FAFF2CEE" box="[1294,1383,1410,1434]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="925" value="-8.2">8°12’W</geoCoordinate>
(off 
<location id="0360CBA2FFD6FF8799C6FA14FF432CCA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8E162C6FFFD6FF8499C6FBADFEB32868:0360CBA2FFD6FF8799C6FA14FF432CCA" box="[151,219,1445,1470]" country="Spain" latitude="36.416668" longLatPrecision="1187" longitude="-8.2" name="Cadiz" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cadiz</location>
, 
<collectingCountry id="7EA8DDE9FFD6FF8799B7FA14FEB22CCA" box="[230,298,1445,1470]" name="Spain" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Spain</collectingCountry>
), 
<elevation id="8D927A4AFFD6FF87986CFA17FE0D2CC9" box="[317,405,1446,1470]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.097" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1097.0">
<quantity id="C147309CFFD6FF87986CFA17FE0D2CC9" box="[317,405,1446,1470]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.097" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1097.0">1097 m</quantity>
</elevation>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4EA5CEF2FFD6FF879996FA78FC5C2F72" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="06009D79FFD6FF879996FA78FC5C2F72" blockId="16.[151,1437,1409,2010]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD6FF879996FA78FE2A2C96" bold="true" box="[199,434,1481,1506]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Material Examined</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD6FF879895FA7BFE602C95" box="[452,504,1482,1505]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ger-</emphasis>
142, 24°28'N, 80°12'W, 805 (USNM 57314); 
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD6FF879D5FFA78FBAE2C96" box="[1038,1078,1481,1506]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pill</emphasis>
-586, 23°32'N, 82°33'W, 
<date id="7201BBB9FFD6FF879C0AFA78FF572F72" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="1682" valueMax="1737">1682- 1737</date>
(USNM 57317); 
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD6FF8798C4FA5FFE2B2F71" box="[405,435,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Or</emphasis>
-1341, 22°55'N, 79°16'W, 439 (USNM 50184).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4EA5CEF2FFD6FF869996F9A0FF7128FC" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
<paragraph id="06009D79FFD6FF879996F9A0FD792EAE" blockId="16.[151,1437,1409,2010]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD6FF879996F9A0FEC92F5E" bold="true" box="[199,337,1553,1578]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Description</emphasis>
. Colonies delicate, coiled in a clockwise manner towards the tip, with a calcareous and delicate holdfast. AXis with a maXimum diameter of 
<quantity id="C147309CFFD6FF879BD8F984FD682F39" box="[649,752,1589,1614]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="0.75">0.75 mm</quantity>
. Small polyps, 
<quantity id="C147309CFFD6FF879ACDF987FBA12F39" box="[924,1081,1590,1614]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="1.2" valueMax="1.7" valueMin="0.7">0.7 to 1.7 mm</quantity>
long (
<figureCitation id="9E8481FCFFD6FF879DD3F984FB5D2F3A" box="[1154,1221,1589,1614]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1739,1761]" captionTargetBox="[163,1427,235,1667]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[163,1427,235,1667]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. PolypS of Radicipes Spp. A, B: polypS of Radicipes challengeri (Wright &amp; Studer, 1889) (BMNH 1889.5.27.3, holotype, and USNM 57314, reSpectively); C: polyp of Radicipes stonei Sp. nov. (USNM 1418007, holotype); D: polyp of Radicipes kopelatos Cordeiro, Pérez &amp; CaStro, 2015 (MNRJ 8566, holotype); E – F: polypS of Radicipes gracilis (Verrill, 1884) (BMNH 1889.5. 27.4, holotype, including detail of the oral portion (E’), of Radicipes fragilis (Wright &amp; Studer, 1889) and, USNM 8877, Syntype of Radicipes gracilis (Verrill, 1884 )), reSpectively; G: polyp of Radicipes aureus Kükenthal, 1919 (ZMB 8565, holotype); H, H': polyp of Radicipes pleurocristatus StearnS, 1883 (BMNH 1889.5.27.2, holotype of Radicipes verrilli (Wright &amp; Studer, 1889 )) and detail of the oral portion, reSpectively; I, I': polypS of Radicipes pleurocristatus StearnS, 1883 (USNM 49464), full-Sized polypS, normal and fertile, reSpectively. Scale barS: A, H': 0.2 mm; B: 0.6 mm; C: 0.5 mm; D, E, G, H, I’: 1 mm; D', E’, F: 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/893041/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A,B), disposed in a single line, 1.5–4.0 mm apart. Polyps with more conspicuous sclerites on abaXial and outer lateral sides, more conspicuous distally. Body wall filled with slightly to completely flattened rods, being more flattened on polyp base, tentacles and in adaXial rows, more rounded in abaXial rows. Body wall rods longitudinally arranged and fairly uniform in length, being slightly longer near oral portion, 
<quantity id="C147309CFFD6FF879A26F974FB842FA9" box="[887,1052,1733,1758]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" metricValueMax="5.3" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="0.34" valueMax="0.53" valueMin="0.15">0.15–0.53 mm</quantity>
long and 
<quantity id="C147309CFFD6FF879DC1F974FAAD2FA9" box="[1168,1333,1733,1758]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="0.04" valueMax="0.06" valueMin="0.02">0.02–0.06 mm</quantity>
in width (
<figureCitation id="9E8481FCFFD6FF8799CEF958FF602E76" box="[159,248,1769,1794]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,683,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[340,1247,683,1933]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 11. ScleriteS of Radicipes challengeri (Wright &amp; Studer, 1889) (BMNH 1889.5.27.3, holotype). A: rodS from body Wall; B: pinnular ScaleS; C: tentacular rodS. Scale barS: A: 0.1 mm; B – C: 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/893059/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs. 11</figureCitation>
A, 12A). Infrabasal sclerites rare or absent, slightly to completely flattened, variable in size, immersed in a dense coenenchyme, appearing as a naked base. Tentacular rods homogeneous in size (
<figureCitation id="9E8481FCFFD6FF879D3BF8BCFB5D2E52" box="[1130,1221,1805,1830]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,683,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[340,1247,683,1933]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 11. ScleriteS of Radicipes challengeri (Wright &amp; Studer, 1889) (BMNH 1889.5.27.3, holotype). A: rodS from body Wall; B: pinnular ScaleS; C: tentacular rodS. Scale barS: A: 0.1 mm; B – C: 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/893059/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs. 11</figureCitation>
C, 12B), 
<quantity id="C147309CFFD6FF879C7DF8BCFF5B2E3D" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="0.25" valueMax="0.35" valueMin="0.15">0.15–0.35 mm</quantity>
long and 
<quantity id="C147309CFFD6FF879865F883FE402E3D" box="[308,472,1842,1866]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="0.025" valueMax="0.03" valueMin="0.02">0.02–0.03 mm</quantity>
in width, with length equal to or smaller than those from the base, distally becoming rare or absent. Pinnular sclerites also sparse towards the tips of tentacles, 
<quantity id="C147309CFFD6FF879A84F8E4FBF32E19" box="[981,1131,1877,1902]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="0.125" valueMax="0.15" valueMin="0.1">0.1–0.15 mm</quantity>
long and 
<quantity id="C147309CFFD6FF879D8AF8E7FAE72E19" box="[1243,1407,1878,1902]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="0.03" valueMax="0.04" valueMin="0.02">0.02–0.04 mm</quantity>
in width (
<figureCitation id="9E8481FCFFD6FF8799BCF8C8FEDC2EE6" box="[237,324,1913,1938]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1982,2004]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,683,1933]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[340,1247,683,1933]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 11. ScleriteS of Radicipes challengeri (Wright &amp; Studer, 1889) (BMNH 1889.5.27.3, holotype). A: rodS from body Wall; B: pinnular ScaleS; C: tentacular rodS. Scale barS: A: 0.1 mm; B – C: 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/893059/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
B). AdaXial side of polyps naked or with few conspicuous sclerites. Spaces between polyps completely naked in both polypar and abpolypar faces of the colony. Coenenchymal sclerites rare or absent. When present, coenenchymal sclerites are 8-shaped scales.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="06009D79FFD7FF869996FF26FF7128FC" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,608]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD7FF869996FF26FEFD29C4" bold="true" box="[199,357,151,176]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Comparisons</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="C1BFE6FAFFD7FF869822FF26FDFF29C4" authorityName="Wright &amp; Studer" authorityYear="1889" box="[371,615,151,176]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Radicipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="challengeri">
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD7FF869822FF26FDFF29C4" box="[371,615,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Radicipes challengeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of the species in the genus having few sclerites, but not essentially absent as in 
<taxonomicName id="C1BFE6FAFFD7FF86984EFF0CFE0A29A1" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[287,402,188,213]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Radicipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="spiralis">
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD7FF86984EFF0CFE0A29A1" box="[287,402,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. spiralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and has the smallest polyps of those in the genus. Morphologically, the most closely-related species is 
<taxonomicName id="C1BFE6FAFFD7FF869856FF50FE09298C" authorityName="Cordeiro, Castro &amp; Perez" authorityYear="2015" box="[263,401,223,248]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Radicipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kopelatos">
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD7FF869856FF50FE09298C" box="[263,401,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. kopelatos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(southwestern Atlantic), but the species described here is distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="C1BFE6FAFFD7FF869DA1FF50FAE2298C" authorityName="Cordeiro, Castro &amp; Perez" authorityYear="2015" box="[1264,1402,223,248]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Radicipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="kopelatos">
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD7FF869DA1FF50FAE2298C" box="[1264,1402,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. kopelatos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by showing rare or no coenenchymal sclerites, by not having rods in the body wall in the coenenchyme between polyps, and less conspicuous and more flattened body wall rods. Young parts (terminal portions of branch) in 
<taxonomicName id="C1BFE6FAFFD7FF869CD5FE98FF752811" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Radicipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD7FF869CD5FE98FF752811" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might be confused with colonies of 
<taxonomicName id="C1BFE6FAFFD7FF869BD8FEFCFCB02811" authorityName="Wright &amp; Studer" authorityYear="1889" box="[649,808,332,357]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Radicipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="challengeri">
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD7FF869BD8FEFCFCB02811" box="[649,808,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. challengeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by showing inconspicuous sclerites in the body wall of polyps.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4EA5CEF2FFD7FF849996FE25FC5129A1" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="06009D79FFD7FF869996FE25FAF72881" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,608]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD7FF869996FE25FEAC28D9" bold="true" box="[199,308,404,429]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Remarks</emphasis>
. Of all available western Atlantic records of 
<taxonomicName id="C1BFE6FAFFD7FF869A7DFE25FC0228D9" box="[812,922,404,429]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Radicipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD7FF869A7DFE25FC0228D9" box="[812,922,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Radicipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, only three match the eastern Atlantic 
<typeStatus id="D90423DBFFD7FF869C1CFE24FAE528D9" box="[1357,1405,405,429]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">type</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="C1BFE6FAFFD7FF8699C6FE08FEAD28A4" authorityName="Wright &amp; Studer" authorityYear="1889" box="[151,309,439,464]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Radicipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="challengeri">
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD7FF8699C6FE08FEAD28A4" box="[151,309,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. challengeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This is the first record of this species in the western Atlantic. However, western Atlantic specimens have slightly more conspicuous body wall rods and infrabasal sclerites surrounding the aXis beneath the polyp.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="06009D79FFD7FF869996FE4EFC6F2B14" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,608]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
There are no recent eastern Atlantic records of 
<taxonomicName id="C1BFE6FAFFD7FF869BAAFDB0FC062B6C" authorityName="Wright &amp; Studer" authorityYear="1889" box="[763,926,511,536]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Radicipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="challengeri">
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD7FF869BAAFDB0FC062B6C" box="[763,926,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">R. challengeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but it is possible that most of the records published as 
<taxonomicName id="C1BFE6FAFFD7FF869878FD95FE272B48" authority="sp." authorityName="Sp." box="[297,447,548,573]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Radicipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="17" pageNumber="23" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD7FF869878FD95FE0F2B49" box="[297,407,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Radicipes</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
belong to this species (see Distribution section under genus 
<taxonomicName id="C1BFE6FAFFD7FF869D37FD95FB4C2B49" box="[1126,1236,548,573]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Radicipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD7FF869D37FD95FB4C2B49" box="[1126,1236,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Radicipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). It remains to be determined which species correspond to the West African record (see 
<figureCitation id="9E8481FCFFD7FF869AF7FDF6FC712B14" box="[934,1001,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,912,934]" captionTargetBox="[164,1426,231,846]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,217,860]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. DiStributional range of Radicipes recordS baSed on localitieS of the SpecimenS herein examined (orange circleS) aS Well aS geo-referenced data compiled from literature (WilliamS, 1992; MortenSen et al., 2007; Altuna, 2010; Watling et al., 2011; Rueda et al., 2012; AlderSlade et al., 2014; Gonzalez-MireliS &amp; Buhl-MortenSen, 2015) and the Ocean Biogeographic Information SyStem—OBIS (yelloW circleS)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/893043/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="52C0CDF1FFD7FF8699C6F80FFC472E87" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/893059/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" targetBox="[340,1247,683,1933]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="06009D79FFD7FF8699C6F80FFC472E87" blockId="17.[151,1436,1982,2035]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD7FF8699C6F80FFEB82EA0" bold="true" box="[151,288,1982,2004]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
ScleriteS of 
<taxonomicName id="C1BFE6FAFFD7FF8698F5F80FFC102EA0" authority="(Wright &amp; Studer, 1889)" authorityName="Wright &amp; Studer" authorityYear="1889" baseAuthorityName="Wright &amp; Studer" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[420,904,1982,2004]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Radicipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="challengeri">
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD7FF8698F5F80FFD1B2EA0" box="[420,643,1982,2004]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Radicipes challengeri</emphasis>
(Wright &amp; Studer, 1889)
</taxonomicName>
(BMNH1889.5.27.3, holotype). A: rodS from body Wall; B: pinnular ScaleS; C: tentacular rodS. Scale barS: A: 0.1 mm; B–C: 0.05 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="52C0CDF1FFD4FF8599C6F921FE6B2FB1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/893061/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" targetBox="[222,1373,183,1659]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph id="06009D79FFD4FF8599C6F921FE6B2FB1" blockId="18.[151,1436,1680,1733]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD4FF8599C6F921FEBA2FD1" bold="true" box="[151,290,1680,1702]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
ScleriteS of 
<taxonomicName id="C1BFE6FAFFD4FF8598F9F921FC172FD2" authority="(Wright &amp; Studer, 1889)" authorityName="Wright &amp; Studer" authorityYear="1889" baseAuthorityName="Wright &amp; Studer" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[424,911,1680,1702]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Radicipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="challengeri">
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD4FF8598F9F921FD1F2FD2" box="[424,647,1680,1702]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Radicipes challengeri</emphasis>
(Wright &amp; Studer, 1889)
</taxonomicName>
(USNM 57314). A: rodS from body Wall; B: rodS from tentacleS. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="06009D79FFD4FF849996F942FC5129A1" blockId="18.[151,1437,1778,2019]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1436,151,284]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
It is not unusual to find amphi-Atlantic coral species, especially in groups restricted to deep waters. Known eXamples that demonstrate this geographic pattern include scleractinians (Cairns &amp; Chapman, 2001), octocorals (Pires &amp; Castro, 2010) and possibly chrysogorgiids (
<bibRefCitation id="622EE088FFD4FF859BB2F88BFC042E26" author="Grasshoff" box="[739,924,1850,1875]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" refString="GraSShoff, M. (1981) Gorgonaria und Pennatularia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) von MittelatlantiSchen Rucken SW der Azoren. Steenstrupia, 7 (9), 213 - 230." type="journal article" year="1981">Grasshoff, 1981</bibRefCitation>
; Cairns, 2001). Braga-Henriques 
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD4FF859C45F88AFAD42E27" box="[1300,1356,1850,1875]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
(2013: 4024) also argued that 35 % of the deep-water coral species occurring in the central northeast Atlantic (
<collectingRegion id="C47B539BFFD4FF859C13F8EEFA0C2E03" box="[1346,1428,1887,1911]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Azores</collectingRegion>
) have amphi-Atlantic distributions; these authors found depth-related trends of faunal change in their dataset, i.e. the proportion of amphi-Atlantic species increased from 19% at at 
<quantity id="C147309CFFD4FF859AD3F817FB9E2ECA" box="[898,1030,1958,1983]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="350.0" valueMax="600.0" valueMin="100.0">100–600 m</quantity>
to 23% at the 
<quantity id="C147309CFFD4FF859DEEF817FAF92ECA" box="[1215,1377,1958,1983]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="1250.0" valueMax="1500.0" valueMin="1000.0">1000–1500 m</quantity>
. The scarcity of data makes it difficult to understand how these populations were connected in the past. Lastly, as occurs in the scleractinian 
<taxonomicName id="C1BFE6FAFFD5FF84982CFF26FDA729C4" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[381,575,151,176]" class="Anthozoa" family="Caryophylliidae" genus="Lophelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pertusa">
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD5FF84982CFF26FDA729C4" box="[381,575,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Lophelia pertusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="622EE088FFD5FF849BD3FF26FC1529C4" author="Goff-Vitry" box="[642,909,151,176]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" refString="Goff-Vitry, M. C., RogerS, A. D. &amp; BagloW, D. (2004) A deep-Sea Slant on the molecular phylogeny of the Scleractinia. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 30, 167 - 177." type="journal article" year="2004">
Goff-Vitry 
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD5FF849A55FF28FCA729C4" box="[772,831,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
, 2004
</bibRefCitation>
), it is even possible that eastern and western Atlantic populations of 
<taxonomicName id="C1BFE6FAFFD5FF8498F1FF0CFDA629A1" baseAuthorityName="Wright &amp; Studer" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[416,574,188,213]" class="Anthozoa" family="Chrysogorgiidae" genus="Radicipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="challengeri">
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD5FF8498F1FF0CFDA629A1" box="[416,574,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">R. challengeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
form a compleX of cryptic species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4EA5CEF2FFD5FF849996FF6EFEB32868" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="06009D79FFD5FF849996FF6EFEB32868" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,284]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="34CB416BFFD5FF849996FF6EFEC1298C" bold="true" box="[199,345,223,248]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Distribution</emphasis>
. 
<collectingRegion id="C47B539BFFD5FF849837FF51FE592983" box="[358,449,224,247]" country="Solomon Islands" name="Western" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Western</collectingRegion>
Atlantic: Straits of 
<collectingRegion id="C47B539BFFD5FF849BCAFF6EFD74298C" box="[667,748,223,248]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Florida</collectingRegion>
and 
<collectingCountry id="7EA8DDE9FFD5FF849A70FF6EFCF8298C" box="[801,864,223,248]" name="Cuba" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Cuba</collectingCountry>
; Eastern Atlantic: 
<collectingCountry id="7EA8DDE9FFD5FF849D7CFF6EFB18298C" box="[1069,1152,223,248]" name="Iceland" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Iceland</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="7EA8DDE9FFD5FF849DE4FF6EFA8C298C" box="[1205,1300,223,248]" name="Portugal" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Portugal</collectingCountry>
(mainland), 
<quantity id="C147309CFFD5FF8499C6FEB5FEBF2868" box="[151,295,260,284]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0879999999999999" metricValueMax="1.7369999999999997" metricValueMin="0.43899999999999995" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="1088.0" valueMax="1737.0" valueMin="439.0">439–1737 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>