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<document id="B778B28A9E5CC3CA303091AB80D32729" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.169705" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3be0a305-9cda-471d-9e4c-021ffb1d54f1" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="169705" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459745407739" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Pogue, Michael G." docDate="2005" docId="8C6587DEFFDBFFB13B5D9D66FC02884F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01032p028.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1032" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Plusiini" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="705CFFA6FFD3FFA53A55990CFFCA8F2B" masterDocTitle="The Plusiinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Great Smoky Mountains National Park" masterLastPageNumber="28" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="9" updateTime="1698209534747" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="C65F46AE85457B5EE25B91DC2CBFA1D4">The Plusiinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Great Smoky Mountains National Park</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2882F36BBF68B2DF6A38EEDFC0EF2F39">Pogue, Michael G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="2EFB33F1D0335CA22A2DD1C84EF5A9C6">2005</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="0317248554BAB54BC73C0A0ED5DE348C" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.169705</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="8C6587DEFFDBFFB13B5D9D66FC02884F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6265201" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119335684" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6265201" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8C6587DEFFDBFFB13B5D9D66FC02884F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8C6587DEFFDBFFB13B5D9D66FC02884F" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<subSubSection id="4CD66543FFDBFFAD3B5D9D66FC458BEC" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDBFFAD3B5D9D66FE788BAF" blockId="8.[264,434,1130,1156]" box="[264,434,1130,1156]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="5F3B81A4FFDBFFAD3B5D9D66FE788BAF" bold="true" box="[264,434,1130,1156]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="1">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDBFFAD3B5D9D66FE788BAF" bold="true" box="[264,434,1130,1156]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Tribe
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDBFFAD3B069D66FE788BAF" box="[339,434,1130,1156]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Plusiini">Plusiini</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDBFFAD3B5D9DA1FC458BEC" blockId="8.[264,1323,1197,1903]" box="[264,911,1197,1223]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
7.
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDBFFAD3B709DA2FE1C8BEC" box="[293,470,1198,1223]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDBFFAD3B709DA2FE7B8BEC" box="[293,433,1198,1223]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Rachiplusia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rachiplusia</taxonomicName>
ou
</emphasis>
(Guenée) Gray Looper Moth (
<figureCitation id="9CF72A4DFFDBFFAD39159DA1FC4C8BEC" box="[832,902,1197,1223]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="23.[264,382,285,309]" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Adults. 1, Abrostola ovalis, ɗ, Tennessee, Sevier Co., Greenbrier area, Old Settlers Trail, off Ramsey Cascade Rd., GSMNP, 1675 ft., 26 June 2004, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00221372; 2, Abrostola urentis, ɗ, Nebraska, Cherry Co., Hackberry Lake, Valentine N. W. R., 24 June 1983, D. C. Ferguson; 3, Enigmogramma basigera, ɗ, South Carolina, Charleston Co., McClellanville, Wedge Plantation, 28 Nov. 1970, D. C. Ferguson; 4, Trichoplusia ni, ɗ, Illinois, La Salle Co., La Salle, 31 August 1966, D. C. Ferguson; 5, Ctenoplusia oxygramma, ɗ, Maryland, Anne Arundel Co., Southaven, 11 August 1991, H. G. Stevenson; 6, Pseudoplusia includens, ɗ, Tennessee, Blount Co., Campsite 6, along Scott Mtn. Trail, GSMNP, 3324 ft., 5 August 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00219092; 7, Rachiplusia ou, Ψ, Texas, Uvalde Co., Utopia, 12 October 1967, A. &amp; M. E. Blanchard; 8, Allagrapha aerea, ɗ, New York, Chemung Co., Horseheads, 13 June 1949, L. R. Rupert." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4CD66543FFDBFFB13B6D9DD9FC02884F" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDBFFAD3B6D9DD9FE898AF4" blockId="8.[264,1323,1197,1903]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDBFFAD3B6D9DD9FE218BC4" bold="true" box="[312,491,1237,1263]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Identification:</emphasis>
Forewing length 13.0–20.0 mm.
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDBFFAD392A9DDAFBFB8BC4" box="[895,1073,1238,1263]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDBFFAD392A9DDAFBC18BC4" box="[895,1035,1238,1263]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Rachiplusia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Rachiplusia</taxonomicName>
ou
</emphasis>
has a gray forewing with a pale oblique subterminal band that extends from the costa to the posterior margin. There is a small dark zigzag mark below the apex in the terminal portion of the forewing. The metallic silver spot consists of a loop with a small dot at its apex; the dot may or may not be separate from the loop. This species could be confused with
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDBFFAD3E169C7AFBB28AA4" box="[1091,1144,1398,1423]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. ni</emphasis>
, but all of the tibiae in
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDBFFAD3B3A9C92FE678A9C" box="[367,429,1438,1463]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. ou</emphasis>
are spined, especially the hind tibia; in contrast, there are no tibial spines in
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDBFFAD3B5D9CCAFEF08AF4" box="[264,314,1478,1503]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">T. ni</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDBFFAD3B6D9CE1FDAA8904" blockId="8.[264,1323,1197,1903]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDBFFAD3B6D9CE1FE2F892C" bold="true" box="[312,485,1517,1543]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Flight period:</emphasis>
Can be found in all months of the year in the southern part of its range (
<bibRefCitation id="605D4B39FFDBFFAD3B459F19FD998904" author="Lafontaine" box="[272,595,1557,1583]" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" refString="Lafontaine, J. D. &amp; Poole, R. W. (1991) Noctuoidea, Noctuidae (part): Plusiinae. In: Hodges, R. W., Davis, D. R., Dominick, T., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Munroe, E. G., &amp; Powell, J. A. (Eds.) The Moths of America North of Mexico, fasc. 25.1, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. 182 pp." type="book" year="1991">Lafontaine and Poole 1991</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDBFFAD3B6D9F31FEBC8954" blockId="8.[264,1323,1197,1903]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDBFFAD3B6D9F31FDFC897C" bold="true" box="[312,566,1597,1623]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Collection localities:</emphasis>
This species is likely to occur in the Park, but has not yet been recorded.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDBFFAD3B6D9F81FE548844" blockId="8.[264,1323,1197,1903]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDBFFAD3B6D9F81FD8F898C" bold="true" box="[312,581,1677,1703]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">General distribution:</emphasis>
This is a widespread species in North
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFDBFFAD3E4A9F81FB42898C" box="[1055,1160,1677,1703]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">America</collectingCountry>
. In
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFDBFFAD3EED9F81FADA898C" box="[1208,1296,1677,1703]" name="Canada" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Canada</collectingCountry>
it ranges from Nova
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFDBFFAD3BBB9FB9FDFD89E4" box="[494,567,1717,1743]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Scotia</collectingCountry>
to Manitoba; in the
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFDBFFAD39629FB9FC1D89E4" box="[823,983,1717,1743]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">United States</collectingCountry>
from New York to Florida, across Texas and the Great Plains to Montana, Colorado, New
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFDBFFAD3E4A9FD1FBB689DC" box="[1055,1148,1757,1783]" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, Arizona, and California; and
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDBFFAD3B979E0AFDCA8834" box="[450,512,1798,1823]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">R. ou</emphasis>
is also found in
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFDBFFAD389D9E09FCFE8834" box="[712,820,1797,1823]" name="Bermuda" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bermuda</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFDBFFAD393B9E09FBD68834" box="[878,1052,1797,1823]" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">the Dominican</collectingCountry>
Republic; and
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFDBFFAD3E849E09FAE18834" box="[1233,1323,1797,1823]" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Mexico</collectingCountry>
south through Central
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFDBFFAD38499E21FD4E886C" box="[540,644,1837,1863]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">America</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFDBFFAD38C19E21FCDA886C" box="[660,784,1837,1863]" name="Venezuela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, and the Andes to
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFDBFFAD39AB9E21FBAA886C" box="[1022,1120,1837,1863]" name="Ecuador" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="605D4B39FFDBFFAD3E219E21FE5B8844" author="Lafontaine" pageId="8" pageNumber="23" refString="Lafontaine, J. D. &amp; Poole, R. W. (1991) Noctuoidea, Noctuidae (part): Plusiinae. In: Hodges, R. W., Davis, D. R., Dominick, T., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Munroe, E. G., &amp; Powell, J. A. (Eds.) The Moths of America North of Mexico, fasc. 25.1, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. 182 pp." type="book" year="1991">Lafontaine and Poole 1991</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDAFFAC3B6D9817FC8F8EFD" blockId="9.[264,1323,283,470]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDAFFAC3B6D9817FE178E1E" bold="true" box="[312,477,283,309]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Larval hosts:</emphasis>
Probably a general feeder on herbaceous plants. Hosts include Mexican tea (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDAFFAC3B109848FD5D8E76" box="[325,663,324,349]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Chenopodium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ambrosioides">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDAFFAC3B109848FD5D8E76" box="[325,663,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Chenopodium ambrosioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDAFFAC388C9848FC6A8E75" box="[729,928,324,350]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chenopodiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Chenopodiaceae</taxonomicName>
), cultivated tobacco (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDAFFAC3EE29848FEA78EAE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Nicotiana" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tabacum">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDAFFAC3EE29848FEA78EAE" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Nicotiana tabacum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDAFFAC3BCB9860FDEC8EAD" box="[414,550,364,390]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
), clover (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDAFFAC38C09860FCCB8EAE" box="[661,769,364,389]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Trifolium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDAFFAC38C09860FCCB8EAE" box="[661,769,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Trifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDAFFAC396E9860FC678EAD" box="[827,941,364,390]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
), mint (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDAFFAC3E5D9860FBA88EAE" box="[1032,1122,364,389]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Mentha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDAFFAC3E5D9860FBA88EAE" box="[1032,1122,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Mentha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDAFFAC3ECE9860FAD58EAD" box="[1179,1311,364,390]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
), common wheat (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDAFFAC3BB19898FD088E86" box="[484,706,404,429]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Triticum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aestivum">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDAFFAC3BB19898FD088E86" box="[484,706,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Triticum aestivum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDAFFAC395D9898FCA78E85" box="[776,877,404,430]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
), and nasturtium (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDAFFAC3E369898FB258E86" box="[1123,1263,404,429]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tropaeolaceae" genus="Tropaeolum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDAFFAC3E369898FB258E86" box="[1123,1263,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Tropaeolum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDAFFAC3B5D98B0FE7E8EFD" box="[264,436,444,470]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tropaeolaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Capparales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Tropaeolaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="605D4B39FFDAFFAC3B9E98B0FCF28EFD" author="Eichlin" box="[459,824,444,470]" pageId="9" pageNumber="23" refString="Eichlin, T. D. &amp; Cunningham, H. B. (1978) The Plusiinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of America north of Mexico, emphasizing genitalic and larval morphology. United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin, 1567, 1 - 122." type="journal article" year="1978">Eichlin and Cunningham 1978</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDAFFAC3B5D9B00FB888D0D" blockId="9.[264,1325,524,1190]" box="[264,1090,524,550]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
8.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDAFFAC3B709B00FC438D0D" authority="(Hubner) Unspotted Looper Moth" authorityName="(Hubner) Unspotted Looper Moth" box="[293,905,524,550]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Allagrapha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aerea">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDAFFAC3B709B00FE3E8D0E" box="[293,500,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Allagrapha aerea</emphasis>
(Hübner) Unspotted Looper Moth
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="9CF72A4DFFDAFFAC39CC9B00FC2A8D0D" box="[921,992,524,550]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 8" captionStartId="23.[264,382,285,309]" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 8. Adults. 1, Abrostola ovalis, ɗ, Tennessee, Sevier Co., Greenbrier area, Old Settlers Trail, off Ramsey Cascade Rd., GSMNP, 1675 ft., 26 June 2004, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00221372; 2, Abrostola urentis, ɗ, Nebraska, Cherry Co., Hackberry Lake, Valentine N. W. R., 24 June 1983, D. C. Ferguson; 3, Enigmogramma basigera, ɗ, South Carolina, Charleston Co., McClellanville, Wedge Plantation, 28 Nov. 1970, D. C. Ferguson; 4, Trichoplusia ni, ɗ, Illinois, La Salle Co., La Salle, 31 August 1966, D. C. Ferguson; 5, Ctenoplusia oxygramma, ɗ, Maryland, Anne Arundel Co., Southaven, 11 August 1991, H. G. Stevenson; 6, Pseudoplusia includens, ɗ, Tennessee, Blount Co., Campsite 6, along Scott Mtn. Trail, GSMNP, 3324 ft., 5 August 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00219092; 7, Rachiplusia ou, Ψ, Texas, Uvalde Co., Utopia, 12 October 1967, A. &amp; M. E. Blanchard; 8, Allagrapha aerea, ɗ, New York, Chemung Co., Horseheads, 13 June 1949, L. R. Rupert." pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
, Map 6)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDAFFAC3B6D9B3FFD738C9D" blockId="9.[264,1325,524,1190]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDAFFAC3B6D9B3FFE218D66" bold="true" box="[312,491,563,589]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Identification:</emphasis>
Forewing length 15.0–19.0 mm.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDAFFAC39219B38FB898D66" box="[884,1091,564,589]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Allagrapha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aerea">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDAFFAC39219B38FB898D66" box="[884,1091,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Allagrapha aerea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks a silvery spot in the forewing. The forewing ground color is dark rufous brown, a subterminal band of dark brown runs diagonally from the apex to the posterior margin. This species can be confused with
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDAFFAC3BED9BA0FCDF8DED" authority="Grote" authorityName="Grote" box="[440,789,684,710]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diachrysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aereoides">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDAFFAC3BED9BA0FD7E8DEE" box="[440,692,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Diachrysia aereoides</emphasis>
(Grote)
</taxonomicName>
, but can be separated by several differences. In
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDAFFAC3B7D9BD8FE418DC6" box="[296,395,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Allagrapha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aerea">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDAFFAC3B7D9BD8FE418DC6" box="[296,395,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. aerea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the forewing pattern is not well defined, whereas in
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDAFFAC39AD9BD8FB448DC6" box="[1016,1166,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diachrysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aereoides">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDAFFAC39AD9BD8FB448DC6" box="[1016,1166,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. aereoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the forewing pattern consists of distinct lines, a spot with its apex attached to vein M in the middle of the discal cell, and a reniform spot, both outlined in black. The underside of the thorax is pale yellow to cream in
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDAFFAC38729A40FD418C4E" box="[551,651,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Allagrapha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aerea">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDAFFAC38729A40FD418C4E" box="[551,651,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. aerea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and pale orange in
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDAFFAC39209A40FBC08C4E" box="[885,1034,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diachrysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aereoides">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDAFFAC39209A40FBC08C4E" box="[885,1034,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. aereoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The foretibia is gray to grayish brown; quite distinct from the thorax color in
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDAFFAC39EE9A78FBE98CA6" box="[955,1059,884,909]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Allagrapha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aerea">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDAFFAC39EE9A78FBE98CA6" box="[955,1059,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. aerea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDAFFAC3E089A78FB338CA6" box="[1117,1273,884,909]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diachrysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aereoides">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDAFFAC3E089A78FB338CA6" box="[1117,1273,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. aereoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the foretibia and thorax are concolorous.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDAFFAC3B6D9AC8FC1C8B05" blockId="9.[264,1325,524,1190]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDAFFAC3B6D9AC8FE2C8CF5" bold="true" box="[312,486,964,990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Flight period:</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFDAFFAC3BBB9AC8FDD78CF5" box="[494,541,964,990]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">End</collectingCountry>
of May to early June and end of July to mid October, two broods seem to be evident in GSMNP, with the first brood occurring from the end of May to mid June and a second from the end of July through mid October.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDAFFAC3B6D9D30FDC78B8D" blockId="9.[264,1325,524,1190]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDAFFAC3B6D9D30FDFA8B7D" bold="true" box="[312,560,1084,1110]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Collected localities:</emphasis>
North Carolina: Haywood Co., Cataloochee, Purchase Knob; Swain Co., Big Cove Road, Smokemont Forney Creek. Tennessee: Cocke Co., Cosby house. (
<specimenCount id="12CAFD41FFDAFFAC3B319D80FDCF8B8D" box="[356,517,1164,1190]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="generic">13 specimens</specimenCount>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDAFFAC3B5D9F93FCE9899D" blockId="9.[264,803,1695,1719]" box="[264,803,1695,1719]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDAFFAC3B5D9F93FE95899C" bold="true" box="[264,351,1695,1719]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">MAP 6.</emphasis>
Collecting localities of
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDAFFAC38359F93FCE9899D" box="[608,803,1695,1718]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDAFFAC38359F93FCD5899D" box="[608,799,1695,1718]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Allagrapha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aerea">Allagrapha aerea</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDAFFAC3B6D9FE5FCAB882F" blockId="9.[264,1321,1769,1876]" box="[312,865,1769,1796]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDAFFAC3B6D9FE5FDCD8828" bold="true" box="[312,519,1769,1795]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Elevation range:</emphasis>
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFDAFFAC385B9FE6FD7A882F" box="[526,688,1770,1796]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0628376" metricValueMax="1.5038832" metricValueMin="0.621792" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="ft" value="3487.0" valueMax="4934.0" valueMin="2040.0">2040–4934 ft</quantity>
. (
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFDAFFAC38979FE6FC93882F" box="[706,857,1770,1796]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.063" metricValueMax="1.504" metricValueMin="0.622" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="1063.0" valueMax="1504.0" valueMin="622.0">622–1504 m</quantity>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDAFFAC3B6D9E1DFBD8887F" blockId="9.[264,1321,1769,1876]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDAFFAC3B6D9E1DFD8C8800" bold="true" box="[312,582,1809,1835]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">General distribution:</emphasis>
Widely distributed in eastern North
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFDAFFAC3E5A9E1EFBBE8807" box="[1039,1140,1810,1836]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">America</collectingCountry>
from southern Ontario to the panhandle of Florida and west to western Nebraska.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFD9FFAF3B6D9817FC578EAD" blockId="10.[264,1323,283,390]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD9FFAF3B6D9817FE2A8E1E" bold="true" box="[312,480,283,309]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Larval hosts:</emphasis>
This species is probably a general feeder on herbaceous plants with larvae recorded from nettle (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD9FFAF382A9848FD068E76" box="[639,716,324,349]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Urtica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD9FFAF382A9848FD068E76" box="[639,716,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Urtica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD9FFAF39429848FC538E75" box="[791,921,324,350]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD9FFAF39E39848FC278E75" box="[950,1005,324,350]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Aster" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">aster</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD9FFAF3E5D9848FAEC8E75" authority="Mill." authorityName="Mill." box="[1032,1318,324,350]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Aster" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="umbellatus">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD9FFAF3E5D9848FB138E76" box="[1032,1241,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Aster umbellatus</emphasis>
Mill.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD9FFAF3B5D9860FE478EAD" box="[264,397,364,390]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
), and soybeans (
<bibRefCitation id="605D4B39FFD9FFAF38189860FC5A8EAD" author="Lafontaine" box="[589,912,364,390]" pageId="10" pageNumber="23" refString="Lafontaine, J. D. &amp; Poole, R. W. (1991) Noctuoidea, Noctuidae (part): Plusiinae. In: Hodges, R. W., Davis, D. R., Dominick, T., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Munroe, E. G., &amp; Powell, J. A. (Eds.) The Moths of America North of Mexico, fasc. 25.1, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. 182 pp." type="book" year="1991">Lafontaine and Poole 1991</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFD9FFAF3B5D98B0FBB08EFD" blockId="10.[264,1323,444,830]" box="[264,1146,444,470]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
9.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD9FFAF3B7098B0FDB78EFD" authority="Grote" authorityName="Grote" box="[293,637,444,470]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diachrysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aereoides">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD9FFAF3B7098B0FDEA8EFE" box="[293,544,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Diachrysia aereoides</emphasis>
(Grote)
</taxonomicName>
Dark­spotted Looper Moth (
<figureCitation id="9CF72A4DFFD9FFAF398498B0FBD28EFD" box="[977,1048,444,470]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 16" captionStartId="25.[264,382,285,309]" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 16. Adults. 9, Diachrysia aereoides, ɗ, Tennessee, Cocke Co., Cosby, 5.1 rd mi E on Rt. 32, GSMNP, 2200 ft., 9 June 2002, Powell &amp; Rubinoff, USNM 00154033; 10, Diachrysia balluca, ɗ, North Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob, E of house, forest, GSMNP, 4838 ft., 31 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00156731; 11, Polychrysia morigera, ɗ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 1.2 mi NE Clingman’s Dome prk. lot, Noland Divide Trail, GSMNP, 6000 ft., 30 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00156672; 12, Pseudeva purpurigera, ɗ, Canada, Nova Scotia, Lequille, 31 July 1946, D. C. Ferguson; 13, Chrysanympha formosa, ɗ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 8.3 mi NW GSMNP entrance on 441, Kephart Prong Trail, GSMNP, 2825 ft., 10 June 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00155818; 14, Eosphoropteryx thyatyroides, Ψ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 0.1 mi NE Twentymile Ranger Station, GSMNP, 1508 ft., 2 June 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00155317; 15, Autographa precationis, Ψ, North Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob, N of house, forest, GSMNP, 4950 ft., 11 October 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00219695; 16, Autographa ampla, Ψ, Canada, Nova Scotia, Halifax Co., Arndale, 2 July 1960, D. C. Ferguson." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
, Map 7)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFD9FFAF3B6D98EFFC0F8D5D" blockId="10.[264,1323,444,830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD9FFAF3B6D98EFFE218ED6" bold="true" box="[312,491,483,509]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Identification:</emphasis>
Forewing length 17.0–18.0 mm.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD9FFAF392E98E8FBBD8ED6" box="[891,1143,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diachrysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aereoides">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD9FFAF392E98E8FBBD8ED6" box="[891,1143,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Diachrysia aereoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks a silvery spot on the forewing. The forewing ground color is rufous with a distinct pattern of lines and spots. The hindwing is gray with a tan fringe. This species may be confused with
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD9FFAF3F449B38FE838D5E" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Allagrapha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aerea">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD9FFAF3F449B38FE838D5E" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. aerea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the differences between the two are described above.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFD9FFAF3B6D9B88FCDC8DB5" blockId="10.[264,1323,444,830]" box="[312,790,644,670]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD9FFAF3B6D9B88FE2F8DB5" bold="true" box="[312,485,644,670]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Flight period:</emphasis>
Early June to end of July.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFD9FFAF3B6D9BA0FE468C15" blockId="10.[264,1323,444,830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD9FFAF3B6D9BA0FDF88DED" bold="true" box="[312,562,684,710]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Collected localities:</emphasis>
North Carolina: Haywood Co., Flat Creek Trail on Balsam Mountain Road, Purchase Knob; Swain Co.,
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFD9FFAF394C9BD8FCAE8DC5" box="[793,868,724,750]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0123264" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mi" value="5.6">5.6 mi</quantity>
SW of Jct. 441 and Clingman’s Dome Road, Noland Divide Trail. Tennessee: Cocke Co.,
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFD9FFAF39299BF0FC018C3D" box="[892,971,764,790]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2076544" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mi" value="5.1">5.1 mi</quantity>
E on Rt. 32 from Cosby. (
<specimenCount id="12CAFD41FFD9FFAF3F4E9BF0FE4E8C15" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFD9FFAF3B5D9C35FC818A7B" blockId="10.[264,843,1337,1361]" box="[264,843,1337,1361]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD9FFAF3B5D9C35FE958A7A" bold="true" box="[264,351,1337,1361]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">MAP 7.</emphasis>
Collecting localities of
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD9FFAF38359C35FC818A7B" box="[608,843,1337,1360]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD9FFAF38359C35FC8D8A7B" box="[608,839,1337,1360]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diachrysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aereoides">Diachrysia aereoides</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFD9FFAF3B6D9C8BFCAB8A8A" blockId="10.[264,1322,1415,1681]" box="[312,865,1415,1441]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD9FFAF3B6D9C8BFDCD8A8A" bold="true" box="[312,519,1415,1441]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Elevation range:</emphasis>
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFD9FFAF385B9C8BFD7A8A8A" box="[526,688,1415,1441]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.24206" metricValueMax="1.81356" metricValueMin="0.67056" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="ft" value="4075.0" valueMax="5950.0" valueMin="2200.0">2200–5950 ft</quantity>
. (
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFD9FFAF38979C8BFC938A8A" box="[706,857,1415,1441]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2425" metricValueMax="1.814" metricValueMin="0.6709999999999999" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="m" value="1242.5" valueMax="1814.0" valueMin="671.0">671–1814 m</quantity>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFD9FFAF3B6D9CA3FD3D8932" blockId="10.[264,1322,1415,1681]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD9FFAF3B6D9CA3FD888AE2" bold="true" box="[312,578,1455,1481]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">General distribution:</emphasis>
This species has a more northern, transcontinental, distribution from Newfoundland west to northern California. It reaches its southern most distribution in Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFD9FFAF3B6D9F2BFD9589BA" blockId="10.[264,1322,1415,1681]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD9FFAF3B6D9F2BFE17896A" bold="true" box="[312,477,1575,1601]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Larval hosts:</emphasis>
Most host records are herbaceous plants in
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD9FFAF39B49F2BFBAE896A" box="[993,1124,1575,1601]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD9FFAF3E249F2BFB39896A" box="[1137,1267,1575,1601]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD9FFAF3B5D9F43FEB38942" box="[264,377,1615,1641]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
, but some woody plants also are recorded; it is probably a general feeder (
<bibRefCitation id="605D4B39FFD9FFAF3B459F7BFD9889BA" author="Lafontaine" box="[272,594,1655,1681]" pageId="10" pageNumber="23" refString="Lafontaine, J. D. &amp; Poole, R. W. (1991) Noctuoidea, Noctuidae (part): Plusiinae. In: Hodges, R. W., Davis, D. R., Dominick, T., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Munroe, E. G., &amp; Powell, J. A. (Eds.) The Moths of America North of Mexico, fasc. 25.1, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. 182 pp." type="book" year="1991">Lafontaine and Poole 1991</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFD9FFAF3B5D9FCBFCE489CA" blockId="10.[264,1323,1735,1881]" box="[264,814,1735,1761]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
10.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD9FFAF3B619FC4FDAF89CA" authority="Geyer" authorityName="Geyer" box="[308,613,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diachrysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balluca">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD9FFAF3B619FC4FDDC89CA" box="[308,534,1736,1761]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Diachrysia balluca</emphasis>
Geyer
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="9CF72A4DFFD9FFAF38209FCBFD0189CA" box="[629,715,1735,1761]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 16" captionStartId="25.[264,382,285,309]" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 16. Adults. 9, Diachrysia aereoides, ɗ, Tennessee, Cocke Co., Cosby, 5.1 rd mi E on Rt. 32, GSMNP, 2200 ft., 9 June 2002, Powell &amp; Rubinoff, USNM 00154033; 10, Diachrysia balluca, ɗ, North Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob, E of house, forest, GSMNP, 4838 ft., 31 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00156731; 11, Polychrysia morigera, ɗ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 1.2 mi NE Clingman’s Dome prk. lot, Noland Divide Trail, GSMNP, 6000 ft., 30 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00156672; 12, Pseudeva purpurigera, ɗ, Canada, Nova Scotia, Lequille, 31 July 1946, D. C. Ferguson; 13, Chrysanympha formosa, ɗ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 8.3 mi NW GSMNP entrance on 441, Kephart Prong Trail, GSMNP, 2825 ft., 10 June 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00155818; 14, Eosphoropteryx thyatyroides, Ψ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 0.1 mi NE Twentymile Ranger Station, GSMNP, 1508 ft., 2 June 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00155317; 15, Autographa precationis, Ψ, North Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob, N of house, forest, GSMNP, 4950 ft., 11 October 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00219695; 16, Autographa ampla, Ψ, Canada, Nova Scotia, Halifax Co., Arndale, 2 July 1960, D. C. Ferguson." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
, Map 8)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFD9FFAE3B6D9FE3FD898EAD" blockId="10.[264,1323,1735,1881]" lastBlockId="11.[264,1323,284,470]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD9FFAF3B6D9FE3FE218822" bold="true" box="[312,491,1775,1801]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Identification:</emphasis>
Forewing length 20.0–25.0 mm.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD9FFAF392F9FFCFB978822" box="[890,1117,1776,1801]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diachrysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balluca">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD9FFAF392F9FFCFB978822" box="[890,1117,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Diachrysia balluca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinct with a pale gray forewing ground color with large patches of metallic green from below the discal cell to beyond the postmedial line and from the reniform spot to the outer margin. The hindwing is gray. The underside of the thorax is white with a brownish­yellow and brown prothorax. This species cannot be confused with any other in the Park. It is the largest plusiine in North
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFD8FFAE3B839860FDF58EAD" box="[470,575,364,390]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">America</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFD8FFAE3B6D989FFDB38E85" blockId="11.[264,1323,284,470]" box="[312,633,403,430]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD8FFAE3B6D989FFE2F8E86" bold="true" box="[312,485,403,429]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Flight period:</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFD8FFAE3BB99898FDD18E85" box="[492,539,404,430]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">End</collectingCountry>
of July.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFD8FFAE3B6D98B7FCFE8CEB" blockId="11.[264,1323,284,470]" lastBlockId="11.[264,820,937,961]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD8FFAE3B6D98B7FDE18EFE" bold="true" box="[312,555,443,469]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Collected localities:</emphasis>
North Carolina: Haywood Co., Purchase Knob. (
<specimenCount id="12CAFD41FFD8FFAE3E3B98B0FACA8EFD" box="[1134,1280,444,470]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
)
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD8FFAE3B5D9AA5FE958CEA" bold="true" box="[264,351,937,961]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">MAP 8.</emphasis>
Collecting localities of
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD8FFAE38359AA5FCFE8CEB" box="[608,820,937,960]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD8FFAE38359AA5FCFA8CEB" box="[608,816,937,960]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diachrysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balluca">Diachrysia balluca</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFD8FFAE3B6D9AFFFC9B8B25" blockId="11.[264,1324,1011,1398]" box="[312,849,1011,1038]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD8FFAE3B6D9AFFFDCD8B26" bold="true" box="[312,519,1011,1037]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Elevation range:</emphasis>
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFD8FFAE385B9AF8FD7A8B25" box="[526,688,1012,1038]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4878812" metricValueMax="1.50114" metricValueMin="1.4746224" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="ft" value="4881.5" valueMax="4925.0" valueMin="4838.0">4838–4925 ft</quantity>
. (
<date id="70721008FFD8FFAE38969AF8FC838B25" box="[707,841,1012,1038]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" value="1475" valueMax="1501">1475–1501</date>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFD8FFAE3B6D9D17FBF88BFD" blockId="11.[264,1324,1011,1398]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD8FFAE3B6D9D17FD898B1E" bold="true" box="[312,579,1051,1077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">General distribution:</emphasis>
This species occurs in northeastern North
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFD8FFAE3E699D10FB6B8B1D" box="[1084,1185,1052,1078]" name="United States of America" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">America</collectingCountry>
from Nova
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFD8FFAE3B5D9D48FE9B8B75" box="[264,337,1092,1118]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Scotia</collectingCountry>
west to Manitoba and south to western North Carolina. Great Smoky Mountains National Park is the southern limits of this species. The only other records in the South are from the
<typeStatus id="DB77886AFFD8FFAE3B2F9D98FE678B85" box="[378,429,1172,1198]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">type</typeStatus>
locality of
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFD8FFAE38699D98FD508B85" box="[572,666,1172,1198]" name="Georgia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Georgia</collectingCountry>
(described in 1832) and Kimble’s (1965) record from Liberty County in northwestern Florida, possibly representing strays.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFD8FFAE3B6D9DEFFD038A5D" blockId="11.[264,1324,1011,1398]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD8FFAE3B6D9DEFFE2C8BD6" bold="true" box="[312,486,1251,1277]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Larval hosts:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD8FFAE3BA39DE8FD2A8BD6" box="[502,736,1252,1277]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diachrysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balluca">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD8FFAE3BA39DE8FD2A8BD6" box="[502,736,1252,1277]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Diachrysia balluca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeds on mostly woody plants and including common hop (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD8FFAE3BEE9C00FD4C8A0E" box="[443,646,1292,1317]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" genus="Humulus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lupulus">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD8FFAE3BEE9C00FD4C8A0E" box="[443,646,1292,1317]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Humulus lupulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD8FFAE38EB9C00FC978A0D" box="[702,861,1292,1318]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cannabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cannabaceae</taxonomicName>
), quaking aspen (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD8FFAE3E639C00FE958A65" authority="Michx." authorityName="Michx." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tremuloides">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD8FFAE3E639C00FAE08A0E" box="[1078,1322,1292,1317]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Populus tremuloides</emphasis>
Michx.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD8FFAE3B3E9C38FE218A65" box="[363,491,1332,1358]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
), Canadian woodnettle (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD8FFAE39589C38FBC98A66" box="[781,1027,1332,1357]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Laportea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canadensis">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD8FFAE39589C38FBC98A66" box="[781,1027,1332,1357]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Laportea canadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Wedd.,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD8FFAE3EC99C38FAD48A65" box="[1180,1310,1332,1358]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
), and raspberry (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD8FFAE3BEF9C50FDC98A5E" box="[442,515,1372,1397]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rubus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD8FFAE3BEF9C50FDC98A5E" box="[442,515,1372,1397]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Rubus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD8FFAE381D9C50FD768A5D" box="[584,700,1372,1398]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFD8FFAE3B5D9CA0FC678AED" blockId="11.[264,1323,1452,1878]" box="[264,941,1452,1478]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
11.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD8FFAE3B669CA0FD2F8AED" authority="Hy. Edwards" authorityName="Hy. Edwards" box="[307,741,1452,1478]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polychrysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morigera">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD8FFAE3B669CA0FDF98AEE" box="[307,563,1452,1477]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Polychrysia morigera</emphasis>
(Hy. Edwards)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="9CF72A4DFFD8FFAE38A09CA0FC808AED" box="[757,842,1452,1478]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 16" captionStartId="25.[264,382,285,309]" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 16. Adults. 9, Diachrysia aereoides, ɗ, Tennessee, Cocke Co., Cosby, 5.1 rd mi E on Rt. 32, GSMNP, 2200 ft., 9 June 2002, Powell &amp; Rubinoff, USNM 00154033; 10, Diachrysia balluca, ɗ, North Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob, E of house, forest, GSMNP, 4838 ft., 31 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00156731; 11, Polychrysia morigera, ɗ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 1.2 mi NE Clingman’s Dome prk. lot, Noland Divide Trail, GSMNP, 6000 ft., 30 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00156672; 12, Pseudeva purpurigera, ɗ, Canada, Nova Scotia, Lequille, 31 July 1946, D. C. Ferguson; 13, Chrysanympha formosa, ɗ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 8.3 mi NW GSMNP entrance on 441, Kephart Prong Trail, GSMNP, 2825 ft., 10 June 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00155818; 14, Eosphoropteryx thyatyroides, Ψ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 0.1 mi NE Twentymile Ranger Station, GSMNP, 1508 ft., 2 June 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00155317; 15, Autographa precationis, Ψ, North Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob, N of house, forest, GSMNP, 4950 ft., 11 October 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00219695; 16, Autographa ampla, Ψ, Canada, Nova Scotia, Halifax Co., Arndale, 2 July 1960, D. C. Ferguson." pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
, Map 9)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFD8FFAE3B6D9CDFFBF3899D" blockId="11.[264,1323,1452,1878]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD8FFAE3B6D9CDFFE218AC6" bold="true" box="[312,491,1491,1517]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Identification:</emphasis>
Forewing length 15.0–16.0 mm. The foot­shaped silvery spot in the forewing consists of a thin white line that extends to the postmedial line. The labial palpus is large and sickle­shaped, extending well above the head. These two characters separate
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFD8FFAE3B5D9F40FDC3894E" box="[264,521,1612,1637]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polychrysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morigera">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD8FFAE3B5D9F40FDC3894E" box="[264,521,1612,1637]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Polychrysia morigera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from all other plusiines in the Park. Forewing ground color is dark brown with an irregularly shaped black spot in the subterminal area just below the apex. Hindwing is gray to dark gray with a white fringe that is gray basally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFD8FFAE3B6D9FCFFB6889F5" blockId="11.[264,1323,1452,1878]" box="[312,1186,1731,1758]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD8FFAE3B6D9FCFFE2F89F6" bold="true" box="[312,485,1731,1757]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Flight period:</emphasis>
Early June (
<specimenCount id="12CAFD41FFD8FFAE38299FC8FCCB89F5" box="[636,769,1732,1758]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
) and the end of July (
<specimenCount id="12CAFD41FFD8FFAE3E559FC8FB5C89F5" box="[1024,1174,1732,1758]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFD8FFAE3B6D9FE7FB4E887D" blockId="11.[264,1323,1452,1878]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFD8FFAE3B6D9FE7FDE4882E" bold="true" box="[312,558,1771,1797]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Collected localities:</emphasis>
North Carolina: Haywood Co., Purchase Knob at lower creek; Swain Co.,
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFD8FFAE3BC69E18FE2A8805" box="[403,480,1812,1838]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9312128" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mi" value="1.2">1.2 mi</quantity>
NE of Clingman’s Dome parking lot, Noland Divide Trail;
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFD8FFAE3EFF9E18FB3C8805" box="[1194,1270,1812,1838]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0123264" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="mi" value="5.6">5.6 mi</quantity>
SW of Jct. 441 and Clingman’s Dome Road, Noland Divide Trail. (
<specimenCount id="12CAFD41FFD8FFAE39BC9E30FBB7887D" box="[1001,1149,1852,1878]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDFFFA93B5D9BD4FC9B8DDB" blockId="12.[264,849,728,752]" box="[264,849,728,752]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDFFFA93B5D9BD4FE958DDB" bold="true" box="[264,351,728,752]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MAP 9.</emphasis>
Collecting localities of
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDFFFA938359BD5FC9B8DDB" box="[608,849,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDFFFA938359BD5FC878DDB" box="[608,845,729,752]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Polychrysia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morigera">Polychrysia morigera</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDFFFA93B6D9A2BFCA58C6A" blockId="12.[264,1323,807,1193]" box="[312,879,807,833]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDFFFA93B6D9A2BFDCD8C6A" bold="true" box="[312,519,807,833]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Elevation range:</emphasis>
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFDFFFA9385B9A2BFD7A8C6A" box="[526,688,807,833]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" metricValueMax="1.8288" metricValueMin="1.2192" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="ft" value="5000.0" valueMax="6000.0" valueMin="4000.0">4000–6000 ft</quantity>
. (
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFDFFFA938979A2BFCAD8C6A" box="[706,871,807,833]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" metricValueMax="1.829" metricValueMin="1.219" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="1524.0" valueMax="1829.0" valueMin="1219.0">1219–1829 m</quantity>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDFFFA93B6D9A43FD648B22" blockId="12.[264,1323,807,1193]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDFFFA93B6D9A43FD828C42" bold="true" box="[312,584,847,873]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">General distribution:</emphasis>
This species is the rarest of the North American plusiines (
<bibRefCitation id="605D4B39FFDFFFA93B459A7BFD9D8CBA" author="Lafontaine" box="[272,599,887,913]" pageId="12" pageNumber="23" refString="Lafontaine, J. D. &amp; Poole, R. W. (1991) Noctuoidea, Noctuidae (part): Plusiinae. In: Hodges, R. W., Davis, D. R., Dominick, T., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Munroe, E. G., &amp; Powell, J. A. (Eds.) The Moths of America North of Mexico, fasc. 25.1, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. 182 pp." type="book" year="1991">Lafontaine and Poole 1991</bibRefCitation>
). It has a clumped distribution. In the East, it is found in the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio River Valleys from Pennsylvania to Tennessee; in the Rocky Mountains it is found from Montana to Colorado; and on the West Coast it occurs from Oregon to northern California.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDFFFA93B6D9D1BFD5E8B82" blockId="12.[264,1323,807,1193]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDFFFA93B6D9D1BFE178B1A" bold="true" box="[312,477,1047,1073]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Larval hosts:</emphasis>
The only reported host is Columbian larkspur (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDFFFA93E599D1BFE8E8B72" authority="Gray" authorityName="Gray" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" genus="Delphinium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trolliifolium">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDFFFA93E599D1BFAE18B1B" box="[1036,1323,1047,1072]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Delphinium trolliifolium</emphasis>
Gray
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDFFFA93B079D33FDCF8B72" box="[338,517,1087,1113]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ranunculaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="605D4B39FFDFFFA9384A9D33FCA08B72" author="Lafontaine" box="[543,874,1087,1113]" pageId="12" pageNumber="23" refString="Lafontaine, J. D. &amp; Poole, R. W. (1991) Noctuoidea, Noctuidae (part): Plusiinae. In: Hodges, R. W., Davis, D. R., Dominick, T., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Munroe, E. G., &amp; Powell, J. A. (Eds.) The Moths of America North of Mexico, fasc. 25.1, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. 182 pp." type="book" year="1991">Lafontaine and Poole 1991</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="605D4B39FFDFFFA939D49D33FB758B72" author="Covell" box="[897,1215,1087,1113]" pageId="12" pageNumber="23" refString="Covell, C. V., Jr. &amp; Medley, M. E. (1986) Polychrisia morigera (Noctuidae) trapped in a southern lady's slipper labellum in Tennessee. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 40, 128 - 129." type="journal article" year="1986">Covell and Medley (1986)</bibRefCitation>
reported adults trapped in the labellum of Kentucky lady’s slippers (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDFFFA939BA9D6BFE8D8B82" authority="Reed" authorityName="Reed" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Cypripedium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kentuckiense">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDFFFA939BA9D6BFAE18BAB" box="[1007,1323,1127,1152]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cypripedium kentuckiense</emphasis>
Reed
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDFFFA93B069D83FE2D8B82" box="[339,487,1167,1193]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Orchidaceae</taxonomicName>
) in Tennessee.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDFFFA93B5D9DD3FB018BD2" blockId="12.[264,1323,1247,1873]" box="[264,1227,1247,1273]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
12.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDFFFA93B619DD3FD608BD2" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" box="[308,682,1247,1273]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Pseudeva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purpurigera">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDFFFA93B619DD3FDF18BD3" box="[308,571,1247,1272]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pseudeva purpurigera</emphasis>
(Walker)
</taxonomicName>
Straight­lined Looper Moth (
<figureCitation id="9CF72A4DFFDFFFA93E519DD3FB908BD2" box="[1028,1114,1247,1273]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 16" captionStartId="25.[264,382,285,309]" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 16. Adults. 9, Diachrysia aereoides, ɗ, Tennessee, Cocke Co., Cosby, 5.1 rd mi E on Rt. 32, GSMNP, 2200 ft., 9 June 2002, Powell &amp; Rubinoff, USNM 00154033; 10, Diachrysia balluca, ɗ, North Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob, E of house, forest, GSMNP, 4838 ft., 31 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00156731; 11, Polychrysia morigera, ɗ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 1.2 mi NE Clingman’s Dome prk. lot, Noland Divide Trail, GSMNP, 6000 ft., 30 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00156672; 12, Pseudeva purpurigera, ɗ, Canada, Nova Scotia, Lequille, 31 July 1946, D. C. Ferguson; 13, Chrysanympha formosa, ɗ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 8.3 mi NW GSMNP entrance on 441, Kephart Prong Trail, GSMNP, 2825 ft., 10 June 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00155818; 14, Eosphoropteryx thyatyroides, Ψ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 0.1 mi NE Twentymile Ranger Station, GSMNP, 1508 ft., 2 June 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00155317; 15, Autographa precationis, Ψ, North Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob, N of house, forest, GSMNP, 4950 ft., 11 October 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00219695; 16, Autographa ampla, Ψ, Canada, Nova Scotia, Halifax Co., Arndale, 2 July 1960, D. C. Ferguson." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
, Map 10)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDFFFA93B6D9C0BFCCA8912" blockId="12.[264,1323,1247,1873]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDFFFA93B6D9C0BFE218A0A" bold="true" box="[312,491,1287,1313]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Identification:</emphasis>
Forewing length 14.0–16.0 mm.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDFFFA939219C0BFBB18A0B" box="[884,1147,1287,1312]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Pseudeva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purpurigera">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDFFFA939219C0BFBB18A0B" box="[884,1147,1287,1312]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pseudeva purpurigera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacks a silvery spot on the forewing. Forewing ground color is pale rufous with metallic yellow patches below discal cell and proximal to the postmedial line and in the subterminal area. A pair of parallel postmedial lines with brown proximally and white distally are distinct and angulate from the apex to the posterior margin. There is a small black dot adjacent to the postmedial line at 3/4 length from costa on well­marked specimens. These characters distinguish
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDFFFA93BC59CFBFDF6893B" box="[400,572,1527,1552]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Pseudeva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purpurigera">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDFFFA93BC59CFBFDF6893B" box="[400,572,1527,1552]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P. purpurigera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from other plusiine species in the Park. Hindwing is pale with a thin median line and darker marginal band.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDFFFA93B6D9F4BFDA3894A" blockId="12.[264,1323,1247,1873]" box="[312,617,1607,1633]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDFFFA93B6D9F4BFE2F894A" bold="true" box="[312,485,1607,1633]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Flight period:</emphasis>
Early July.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDFFFA93B6D9F63FB1D89A2" blockId="12.[264,1323,1247,1873]" box="[312,1239,1647,1673]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDFFFA93B6D9F63FDE189A2" bold="true" box="[312,555,1647,1673]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Collected localities:</emphasis>
North Carolina: Swain Co., Big Cove Road. (
<specimenCount id="12CAFD41FFDFFFA93E1F9F63FB0589A2" box="[1098,1231,1647,1673]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDFFFA93B6D9F9BFD04899A" blockId="12.[264,1323,1247,1873]" box="[312,718,1687,1713]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDFFFA93B6D9F9BFDCD899A" bold="true" box="[312,519,1687,1713]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Elevation range:</emphasis>
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFDFFFA9385B9F9BFDAC899A" box="[526,614,1687,1713]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.46176" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="ft" value="2120.0">2120 ft</quantity>
. (
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFDFFFA9382C9F9BFD0C899A" box="[633,710,1687,1713]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.459999999999999" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" unit="m" value="646.0">646 m</quantity>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDFFFA93B6D9FB3FC36887A" blockId="12.[264,1323,1247,1873]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDFFFA93B6D9FB3FD8F89F2" bold="true" box="[312,581,1727,1753]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">General distribution:</emphasis>
This species has a wide distribution and is most common in southern
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFDFFFA93B219FEBFE06882A" box="[372,460,1767,1793]" name="Canada" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Canada</collectingCountry>
and the northeastern
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFDFFFA9389C9FEBFD37882A" box="[713,765,1767,1793]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">U.S.</collectingCountry>
It ranges from Newfoundland south to western North Carolina, west to Alberta, south to Colorado, New
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFDFFFA939AD9E03FB9E8802" box="[1016,1108,1807,1833]" name="Mexico" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, and east­central Arizona. It is absent from the Great Plains states west of Illinois.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDEFFA83B6D9817FCBB8E75" blockId="13.[264,1323,283,350]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDEFFA83B6D9817FE158E1E" bold="true" box="[312,479,283,309]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Larval hosts:</emphasis>
Early and tall meadow rue (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDEFFA8396C9810FBEE8E1E" box="[825,1060,284,309]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" genus="Thalictrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dioicum">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDEFFA8396C9810FBEE8E1E" box="[825,1060,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Thalictrum dioicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. and
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDEFFA83ED69810FE858E75" authority="Muhl." authorityName="Muhl." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" genus="Thalictrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polygamum">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDEFFA83ED69810FAE18E1E" box="[1155,1323,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T. polygamum</emphasis>
Muhl.
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDEFFA83B039848FDC38E75" box="[342,521,324,350]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ranunculaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="605D4B39FFDEFFA838749848FCAE8E75" author="Lafontaine" box="[545,868,324,350]" pageId="13" pageNumber="23" refString="Lafontaine, J. D. &amp; Poole, R. W. (1991) Noctuoidea, Noctuidae (part): Plusiinae. In: Hodges, R. W., Davis, D. R., Dominick, T., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Munroe, E. G., &amp; Powell, J. A. (Eds.) The Moths of America North of Mexico, fasc. 25.1, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. 182 pp." type="book" year="1991">Lafontaine and Poole 1991</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDEFFA83B5D9A5BFCA98C45" blockId="13.[264,867,855,879]" box="[264,867,855,879]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDEFFA83B5D9A5BFEA68C44" bold="true" box="[264,364,855,879]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">MAP 10.</emphasis>
Collecting localities of
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDEFFA838389A5BFCA98C45" box="[621,867,855,878]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDEFFA838389A5BFCAA8C45" box="[621,864,855,878]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Pseudeva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purpurigera">Pseudeva purpurigera</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDEFFA83B5D9AAEFB5A8C97" blockId="13.[264,1323,930,1356]" box="[264,1168,930,956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
13.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDEFFA83B619AAEFD608C97" authority="Grote" authorityName="Grote" box="[308,682,930,956]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chrysanympha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosa">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDEFFA83B619AAEFD878C90" box="[308,589,930,955]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Chrysanympha formosa</emphasis>
(Grote)
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDEFFA838E79AAEFCD28C97" box="[690,792,930,956]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chrysanympha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosa">
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFDEFFA838E79AAEFCD28C97" box="[690,792,930,956]" name="Taiwan" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Formosa</collectingCountry>
</taxonomicName>
Looper Moth (
<figureCitation id="9CF72A4DFFDEFFA8399E9AAEFBEB8C97" box="[971,1057,930,956]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 16" captionStartId="25.[264,382,285,309]" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 16. Adults. 9, Diachrysia aereoides, ɗ, Tennessee, Cocke Co., Cosby, 5.1 rd mi E on Rt. 32, GSMNP, 2200 ft., 9 June 2002, Powell &amp; Rubinoff, USNM 00154033; 10, Diachrysia balluca, ɗ, North Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob, E of house, forest, GSMNP, 4838 ft., 31 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00156731; 11, Polychrysia morigera, ɗ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 1.2 mi NE Clingman’s Dome prk. lot, Noland Divide Trail, GSMNP, 6000 ft., 30 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00156672; 12, Pseudeva purpurigera, ɗ, Canada, Nova Scotia, Lequille, 31 July 1946, D. C. Ferguson; 13, Chrysanympha formosa, ɗ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 8.3 mi NW GSMNP entrance on 441, Kephart Prong Trail, GSMNP, 2825 ft., 10 June 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00155818; 14, Eosphoropteryx thyatyroides, Ψ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 0.1 mi NE Twentymile Ranger Station, GSMNP, 1508 ft., 2 June 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00155317; 15, Autographa precationis, Ψ, North Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob, N of house, forest, GSMNP, 4950 ft., 11 October 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00219695; 16, Autographa ampla, Ψ, Canada, Nova Scotia, Halifax Co., Arndale, 2 July 1960, D. C. Ferguson." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
, Map 11)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDEFFA83B6D9AC5FC478B87" blockId="13.[264,1323,930,1356]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDEFFA83B6D9AC5FE218CC8" bold="true" box="[312,491,969,995]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Identification:</emphasis>
Forewing length 15.0–17.0 mm.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDEFFA839DE9AC6FB638CC8" box="[907,1193,970,995]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chrysanympha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosa">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDEFFA839DE9AC6FB638CC8" box="[907,1193,970,995]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Chrysanympha formosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be confused with any other plusiine in the Park. The basal area adjacent to the posterior margin is gray and dorsal to this is a large arching white patch streaked with gray. The subterminal area consists of a proximal white band, gray band, and black line. Hindwing is gray with a white fringe spotted with gray. The outer margin of the forewing, from apex to tornus, is more rounded than for other plusiine species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDEFFA83B6D9DB5FCEA8BFF" blockId="13.[264,1323,930,1356]" box="[312,800,1209,1236]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDEFFA83B6D9DB5FE2F8BF8" bold="true" box="[312,485,1209,1235]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Flight period:</emphasis>
Early June to mid August.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDEFFA83B6D9DEDFD928A67" blockId="13.[264,1323,930,1356]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDEFFA83B6D9DEDFDF88BD0" bold="true" box="[312,562,1249,1275]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Collected localities:</emphasis>
North Carolina: Haywood Co., Purchase Knob; Swain Co., Kephart Prong trail. Tennessee: Blount Co., Cades Cove, Primitive Baptist Church; Sevier Co., Elkmont. (
<specimenCount id="12CAFD41FFDEFFA83BE89C3EFD858A67" box="[445,591,1330,1356]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="generic">6 specimens</specimenCount>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDEFFA83B5D9E4AFCB98875" blockId="13.[264,883,1862,1886]" box="[264,883,1862,1886]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDEFFA83B5D9E4AFEA18875" bold="true" box="[264,363,1862,1886]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">MAP 11.</emphasis>
Collecting localities of
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDEFFA838399E4BFCB98875" box="[620,883,1863,1886]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDEFFA838399E4BFCA58875" box="[620,879,1863,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Chrysanympha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosa">Chrysanympha formosa</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDDFFAB3B6D9817FCAB8E1D" blockId="14.[264,1323,283,470]" box="[312,865,283,310]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDDFFAB3B6D9817FDCD8E1E" bold="true" box="[312,519,283,309]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Elevation range:</emphasis>
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFDDFFAB385B9810FD7A8E1D" box="[526,688,284,310]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0247376" metricValueMax="1.5008351999999998" metricValueMin="0.54864" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="ft" value="3362.0" valueMax="4924.0" valueMin="1800.0">1800–4924 ft</quantity>
. (
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFDDFFAB38979810FC938E1D" box="[706,857,284,310]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.025" metricValueMax="1.501" metricValueMin="0.549" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="1025.0" valueMax="1501.0" valueMin="549.0">549–1501 m</quantity>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDDFFAB3B6D984FFC6B8EAD" blockId="14.[264,1323,283,470]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDDFFAB3B6D984FFD888E76" bold="true" box="[312,578,323,349]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">General distribution:</emphasis>
This species occurs from Newfoundland west to Manitoba and south to the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDDFFAB3B6D989FFBB88EFD" blockId="14.[264,1323,283,470]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDDFFAB3B6D989FFE168E86" bold="true" box="[312,476,403,429]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Larval hosts:</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="605D4B39FFDDFFAB3BB69898FD538E85" author="Kearfott" box="[483,665,404,430]" pageId="14" pageNumber="23" refString="Kearfott, W. D. (1904) Notes on the life-history of Polychrysia formosa Gr. Entomological News, 15, 301 - 302." type="journal article" year="1904">Kearfott (1904)</bibRefCitation>
lists dwarf huckleberry (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDDFFAB39EB9898FAC68E85" authority="Andr." authorityName="Andr." box="[958,1292,404,430]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Gaylussacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dumosa">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDDFFAB39EB9898FB7A8E86" box="[958,1200,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Gaylussacia dumosa</emphasis>
(
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFDDFFAB3EEA9898FACA8E85" box="[1215,1280,404,430]" name="Andorra" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Andr</collectingCountry>
.)
</taxonomicName>
T. &amp; G.) and blueberry (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDDFFAB385698B0FDB78EFE" box="[515,637,444,469]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Vaccinium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDDFFAB385698B0FDB78EFE" box="[515,637,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Vaccinium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.), both in the
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDDFFAB391198B0FC738EFD" box="[836,953,444,470]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ericaceae</taxonomicName>
, as larval hosts.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDDFFAB3B5D9B00FADC8D0D" blockId="14.[264,1323,524,1030]" box="[264,1302,524,550]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
14.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDDFFAB3B619B00FD338D0D" authority="Guenee" authorityName="Guenee" box="[308,761,524,550]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eosphoropteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thyatyroides">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDDFFAB3B619B00FD4C8D0E" box="[308,646,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Eosphoropteryx thyatyroides</emphasis>
(Guenée)
</taxonomicName>
Pink­patched Looper Moth (
<figureCitation id="9CF72A4DFFDDFFAB3E1A9B00FB6C8D0D" box="[1103,1190,524,550]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 16" captionStartId="25.[264,382,285,309]" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 16. Adults. 9, Diachrysia aereoides, ɗ, Tennessee, Cocke Co., Cosby, 5.1 rd mi E on Rt. 32, GSMNP, 2200 ft., 9 June 2002, Powell &amp; Rubinoff, USNM 00154033; 10, Diachrysia balluca, ɗ, North Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob, E of house, forest, GSMNP, 4838 ft., 31 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00156731; 11, Polychrysia morigera, ɗ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 1.2 mi NE Clingman’s Dome prk. lot, Noland Divide Trail, GSMNP, 6000 ft., 30 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00156672; 12, Pseudeva purpurigera, ɗ, Canada, Nova Scotia, Lequille, 31 July 1946, D. C. Ferguson; 13, Chrysanympha formosa, ɗ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 8.3 mi NW GSMNP entrance on 441, Kephart Prong Trail, GSMNP, 2825 ft., 10 June 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00155818; 14, Eosphoropteryx thyatyroides, Ψ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 0.1 mi NE Twentymile Ranger Station, GSMNP, 1508 ft., 2 June 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00155317; 15, Autographa precationis, Ψ, North Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob, N of house, forest, GSMNP, 4950 ft., 11 October 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00219695; 16, Autographa ampla, Ψ, Canada, Nova Scotia, Halifax Co., Arndale, 2 July 1960, D. C. Ferguson." pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
, Map 12)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDDFFAB3B6D9B3FFEAB8C3D" blockId="14.[264,1323,524,1030]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDDFFAB3B6D9B3FFE218D66" bold="true" box="[312,491,563,589]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Identification:</emphasis>
Forewing length 16.0­18.0 mm.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDDFFAB39219B38FB0D8D66" box="[884,1223,564,589]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eosphoropteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thyatyroides">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDDFFAB39219B38FB0D8D66" box="[884,1223,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Eosphoropteryx thyatyroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has two silvery spots that consist of a small V­shaped loop and a separate oval spot. Forewing ground color is gray with a pink basal patch and dark brown streak extending from postmedial line to just below apex. This is a distinct species that cannot be confused with any other plusiine in the Park. Hindwing is gray with a white fringe and small gray dots basally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDDFFAB3B6D9A28FC7A8C15" blockId="14.[264,1323,524,1030]" box="[312,944,804,830]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDDFFAB3B6D9A28FE2F8C15" bold="true" box="[312,485,804,830]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Flight period:</emphasis>
June to early August and mid October.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDDFFAB3B6D9A40FC4C8B2D" blockId="14.[264,1323,524,1030]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDDFFAB3B6D9A40FDE58C4D" bold="true" box="[312,559,844,870]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Collected localities:</emphasis>
North Carolina: Haywood Co., Mt. Sterling Trail; Swain Co., Big Cove Road,
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFDDFFAB3B899A78FDE78CA5" box="[476,557,884,910]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3108352" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mi" value="3.3">3.3 mi</quantity>
NE of Clingman’s Dome parking lot on Forked Ridge Trail, Kephart Prong Trail, Oconaluftee staff housing,
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFDDFFAB39059A90FC548C9D" box="[848,926,924,950]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.609344" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mi" value="0.1">0.1 mi</quantity>
NE Twentymile Ranger Station. Tennessee: Sevier Co.,
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFDDFFAB38799AC8FDA28CF5" box="[556,616,964,990]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.437376" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mi" value="4.0">4 mi</quantity>
S of Rt. 321 end of Greenbrier Loop Road,
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFDDFFAB3EFE9AC8FB2D8CF5" box="[1195,1255,964,990]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.656064" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mi" value="6.0">6 mi</quantity>
S of Sugarlands Visitor Center on Hwy. 441. (
<specimenCount id="12CAFD41FFDDFFAB38B99AE0FCB48B2D" box="[748,894,1004,1030]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="generic">9 specimens</specimenCount>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDDFFAB3B5D9F2BFC6D8915" blockId="14.[264,935,1575,1599]" box="[264,935,1575,1599]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDDFFAB3B5D9F2BFEA68914" bold="true" box="[264,364,1575,1599]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">MAP 12.</emphasis>
Collecting localities of
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDDFFAB38389F2BFC6D8915" box="[621,935,1575,1598]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDDFFAB38389F2BFC688915" box="[621,930,1575,1598]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Eosphoropteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thyatyroides">Eosphoropteryx thyatyroides</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDDFFAB3B6D9F63FCAB89A2" blockId="14.[264,1321,1647,1873]" box="[312,865,1647,1673]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDDFFAB3B6D9F63FDCD89A2" bold="true" box="[312,519,1647,1673]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Elevation range:</emphasis>
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFDDFFAB385B9F63FD7A89A2" box="[526,688,1647,1673]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1106912" metricValueMax="1.7617439999999998" metricValueMin="0.45963839999999995" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="ft" value="3644.0" valueMax="5780.0" valueMin="1508.0">1508–5780 ft</quantity>
. (
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFDDFFAB38979F63FC9389A2" box="[706,857,1647,1673]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.111" metricValueMax="1.7619999999999998" metricValueMin="0.45999999999999996" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="1111.0" valueMax="1762.0" valueMin="460.0">460–1762 m</quantity>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDDFFAB3B5D9F9BFC08887A" blockId="14.[264,1321,1647,1873]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDDFFAB3B5D9F9BFDD8899A" bold="true" box="[264,530,1687,1713]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">General distribution:</emphasis>
In the northeast, this species occurs from Nova
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFDDFFAB3E119F9BFB47899A" box="[1092,1165,1687,1713]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Scotia</collectingCountry>
and northern Ontario south to Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, and along the Appalachians from Maine to eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina. In the northwest, it occurs from central Alberta and southern British
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFDDFFAB38359E03FD1C8802" box="[608,726,1807,1833]" name="United States of America" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Columbia</collectingCountry>
, south in the Cascades to southern Oregon, and in the Rockies to northern Idaho (
<bibRefCitation id="605D4B39FFDDFFAB38269E3BFC7F887A" author="Lafontaine" box="[627,949,1847,1873]" pageId="14" pageNumber="23" refString="Lafontaine, J. D. &amp; Poole, R. W. (1991) Noctuoidea, Noctuidae (part): Plusiinae. In: Hodges, R. W., Davis, D. R., Dominick, T., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Munroe, E. G., &amp; Powell, J. A. (Eds.) The Moths of America North of Mexico, fasc. 25.1, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. 182 pp." type="book" year="1991">Lafontaine and Poole 1991</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDCFFAA3B6D9817FE1A8EAD" blockId="15.[264,1323,283,390]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDCFFAA3B6D9817FE168E1E" bold="true" box="[312,476,283,309]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Larval hosts:</emphasis>
This species feeds on early and tall meadow rue (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDCFFAA3E769810FAC08E1E" box="[1059,1290,284,309]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" genus="Thalictrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dioicum">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDCFFAA3E769810FAC08E1E" box="[1059,1290,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Thalictrum dioicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. and
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDCFFAA3B699848FDFC8E75" authority="Muhl." authorityName="Muhl." box="[316,566,324,350]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" genus="Thalictrum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polygamum">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDCFFAA3B699848FE2E8E76" box="[316,484,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">T. polygamum</emphasis>
Muhl.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDCFFAA38119848FD308E75" box="[580,762,324,350]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ranunculaceae</taxonomicName>
), the same hosts as
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDCFFAA39BF9848FE068EAD" authority="Lafontaine and Poole 1991" authorityName="Lafontaine and Poole" authorityYear="1991" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Pseudeva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purpurigera">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDCFFAA39BF9848FB538E76" box="[1002,1177,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. purpurigera</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="605D4B39FFDCFFAA3EFF9848FE098EAD" author="Lafontaine" pageId="15" pageNumber="23" refString="Lafontaine, J. D. &amp; Poole, R. W. (1991) Noctuoidea, Noctuidae (part): Plusiinae. In: Hodges, R. W., Davis, D. R., Dominick, T., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Munroe, E. G., &amp; Powell, J. A. (Eds.) The Moths of America North of Mexico, fasc. 25.1, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. 182 pp." type="book" year="1991">Lafontaine and Poole 1991</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDCFFAA3B5D98B0FB668EFD" blockId="15.[264,1323,444,1110]" box="[264,1196,444,470]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
15.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDCFFAA3B6198B0FC1C8EFD" authority="(Guenee) Common Looper Moth" authorityName="(Guenee) Common Looper Moth" box="[308,982,444,470]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Autographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="precationis">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDCFFAA3B6198B0FD808EFE" box="[308,586,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Autographa precationis</emphasis>
(Guenée) Common Looper Moth
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="9CF72A4DFFDCFFAA39B398B0FBF18EFD" box="[998,1083,444,470]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 16" captionStartId="25.[264,382,285,309]" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 16. Adults. 9, Diachrysia aereoides, ɗ, Tennessee, Cocke Co., Cosby, 5.1 rd mi E on Rt. 32, GSMNP, 2200 ft., 9 June 2002, Powell &amp; Rubinoff, USNM 00154033; 10, Diachrysia balluca, ɗ, North Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob, E of house, forest, GSMNP, 4838 ft., 31 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00156731; 11, Polychrysia morigera, ɗ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 1.2 mi NE Clingman’s Dome prk. lot, Noland Divide Trail, GSMNP, 6000 ft., 30 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00156672; 12, Pseudeva purpurigera, ɗ, Canada, Nova Scotia, Lequille, 31 July 1946, D. C. Ferguson; 13, Chrysanympha formosa, ɗ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 8.3 mi NW GSMNP entrance on 441, Kephart Prong Trail, GSMNP, 2825 ft., 10 June 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00155818; 14, Eosphoropteryx thyatyroides, Ψ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 0.1 mi NE Twentymile Ranger Station, GSMNP, 1508 ft., 2 June 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00155317; 15, Autographa precationis, Ψ, North Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob, N of house, forest, GSMNP, 4950 ft., 11 October 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00219695; 16, Autographa ampla, Ψ, Canada, Nova Scotia, Halifax Co., Arndale, 2 July 1960, D. C. Ferguson." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
, Map 13)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDCFFAA3B6D98EFFBEA8C4D" blockId="15.[264,1323,444,1110]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDCFFAA3B6D98EFFE218ED6" bold="true" box="[312,491,483,509]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Identification:</emphasis>
Forewing length 14.0–18.0 mm.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDCFFAA39D498E8FB508ED6" box="[897,1178,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Autographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="precationis">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDCFFAA39D498E8FB508ED6" box="[897,1178,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Autographa precationis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually has two silvery spots on the forewing that consist of a loop and a spot, which can be either contiguous or separate. Forewing ground color is brown, with a shiny brassy area that surrounds the silvery spots and extends to the tornal area, and a large dark triangular patch in the terminal area from the apex to middle of outer margin.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDCFFAA398F9B88FB3B8DB6" box="[986,1265,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Autographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="precationis">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDCFFAA398F9B88FB3B8DB6" box="[986,1265,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Autographa precationis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be confused with
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDCFFAA3B899BA0FDA18DEE" box="[476,619,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Pseudoplusia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="includens">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDCFFAA3B899BA0FDA18DEE" box="[476,619,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. includens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the shiny brassy brown areas are more extensive in
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDCFFAA3F409BA0FEB28DC6" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Pseudoplusia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="includens">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDCFFAA3F409BA0FEB28DC6" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">P. includens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the silvery spots are separate, and there is a small dark spot on the fringe in the middle of the outer margin.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDCFFAA38029BF0FCA58C3E" box="[599,879,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Autographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="precationis">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDCFFAA38029BF0FCA58C3E" box="[599,879,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Autographa precationis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a less extensive and not as shiny brassy brown area, the silvery spots are usually contiguous, but in some specimens they are separate, and there is no dark spot on the fringe in the forewing.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDCFFAA3B6D9A78FD668CA5" blockId="15.[264,1323,444,1110]" box="[312,684,884,910]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDCFFAA3B6D9A78FE2F8CA5" bold="true" box="[312,485,884,910]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Flight period:</emphasis>
June to October.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDCFFAA3B6D9A90FE5E8B7D" blockId="15.[264,1323,444,1110]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDCFFAA3B6D9A90FDE08C9D" bold="true" box="[312,554,924,950]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Collected localities:</emphasis>
North Carolina: Haywood Co., Mt. Sterling Trail; Purchase Knob (forest and field); Swain Co., Big Cove Road;
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFDCFFAA397A9AC8FCAF8CF5" box="[815,869,964,990]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.04672" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mi" value="5.0">5 mi</quantity>
N of Clingman’s Dome; Mt. Buckley. Tennessee: Blount Co., Cades Cove house; Gregory Bald; Cocke Co., Foothills Parkway; Sevier Co., Campsite #27 on Jakes Creek Trail, Elkmont; Park Headquarters. (
<specimenCount id="12CAFD41FFDCFFAA3F5F9D18FE428B7D" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="generic">29 specimens</specimenCount>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDCFFAA3B5D9F5DFCBB8943" blockId="15.[264,881,1617,1641]" box="[264,881,1617,1641]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDCFFAA3B5D9F5DFEA68942" bold="true" box="[264,364,1617,1641]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">MAP 13.</emphasis>
Collecting localities of
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDCFFAA38389F5DFCBB8943" box="[621,881,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFDCFFAA38389F5DFCA78943" box="[621,877,1617,1640]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Autographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="precationis">Autographa precationis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDCFFAA3B6D9F93FCAB8992" blockId="15.[264,1320,1695,1881]" box="[312,865,1695,1721]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDCFFAA3B6D9F93FDCD8992" bold="true" box="[312,519,1695,1721]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Elevation range:</emphasis>
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFDCFFAA385B9F93FD7A8992" box="[526,688,1695,1721]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.197864" metricValueMax="1.999488" metricValueMin="0.39624" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="ft" value="3930.0" valueMax="6560.0" valueMin="1300.0">1300–6560 ft</quantity>
. (
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFDCFFAA38979F93FC938992" box="[706,857,1695,1721]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.198" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.396" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="1198.0" valueMax="2000.0" valueMin="396.0">396–2000 m</quantity>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFDCFFAA3B6D9FCBFBD78872" blockId="15.[264,1320,1695,1881]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFDCFFAA3B6D9FCBFD8989CA" bold="true" box="[312,579,1735,1761]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">General distribution:</emphasis>
This is a common species occurring throughout eastern North
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFDCFFAA3B5D9FE3FEA78822" box="[264,365,1775,1801]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">America</collectingCountry>
as far north as central Quebec and Nova
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFDCFFAA39189FE3FC538822" box="[845,921,1775,1801]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Scotia</collectingCountry>
, south to northern Mississippi and northern
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFDCFFAA3B239E1BFE12881A" box="[374,472,1815,1841]" name="Georgia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Georgia</collectingCountry>
. Westward it occurs in the plains from southern Manitoba to Kansas, with specimens known from western Kansas and central Wyoming.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC3FFB53B6D9817FB2E8E85" blockId="16.[264,1323,283,430]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC3FFB53B6D9817FE2C8E1E" bold="true" box="[312,486,283,309]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Larval hosts:</emphasis>
This is a polyphagous species that feeds on a wide variety of herbaceous plants in the following families:
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB539309848FC1F8E75" box="[869,981,324,350]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB539BA9848FBB88E75" box="[1007,1138,324,350]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB53ED99848FAED8E75" box="[1164,1319,324,350]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Brassicaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB53B5D9860FE078EAD" box="[264,461,364,390]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Chenopodiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Chenopodiaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB53BA39860FD7C8EAD" box="[502,694,364,390]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Convolvulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Convolvulaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB538B59860FC9A8EAD" box="[736,848,364,390]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB5392C9860FC318EAD" box="[889,1019,364,390]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB53E719860FB1D8EAD" box="[1060,1239,364,390]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plantaginaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Plantaginaceae</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB53B5D9898FE6A8E85" box="[264,416,404,430]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Verbenaceae</taxonomicName>
. Occasionally it is a pest of garden plants (
<bibRefCitation id="605D4B39FFC3FFB539C19898FB1D8E85" author="Lafontaine" box="[916,1239,404,430]" pageId="16" pageNumber="23" refString="Lafontaine, J. D. &amp; Poole, R. W. (1991) Noctuoidea, Noctuidae (part): Plusiinae. In: Hodges, R. W., Davis, D. R., Dominick, T., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Munroe, E. G., &amp; Powell, J. A. (Eds.) The Moths of America North of Mexico, fasc. 25.1, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. 182 pp." type="book" year="1991">Lafontaine and Poole 1991</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC3FFB53B5D98E8FB8E8ED5" blockId="16.[264,1323,484,830]" box="[264,1092,484,510]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
16.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB53B6198E8FCA68ED5" authority="(Walker) Large Looper Moth" authorityName="(Walker) Large Looper Moth" box="[308,876,484,510]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Autographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ampla">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC3FFB53B6198E8FDDA8ED6" box="[308,528,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Autographa ampla</emphasis>
(Walker) Large Looper Moth
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="9CF72A4DFFC3FFB5392898E8FC198ED5" box="[893,979,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 16" captionStartId="25.[264,382,285,309]" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 16. Adults. 9, Diachrysia aereoides, ɗ, Tennessee, Cocke Co., Cosby, 5.1 rd mi E on Rt. 32, GSMNP, 2200 ft., 9 June 2002, Powell &amp; Rubinoff, USNM 00154033; 10, Diachrysia balluca, ɗ, North Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob, E of house, forest, GSMNP, 4838 ft., 31 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00156731; 11, Polychrysia morigera, ɗ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 1.2 mi NE Clingman’s Dome prk. lot, Noland Divide Trail, GSMNP, 6000 ft., 30 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00156672; 12, Pseudeva purpurigera, ɗ, Canada, Nova Scotia, Lequille, 31 July 1946, D. C. Ferguson; 13, Chrysanympha formosa, ɗ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 8.3 mi NW GSMNP entrance on 441, Kephart Prong Trail, GSMNP, 2825 ft., 10 June 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00155818; 14, Eosphoropteryx thyatyroides, Ψ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 0.1 mi NE Twentymile Ranger Station, GSMNP, 1508 ft., 2 June 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00155317; 15, Autographa precationis, Ψ, North Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob, N of house, forest, GSMNP, 4950 ft., 11 October 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00219695; 16, Autographa ampla, Ψ, Canada, Nova Scotia, Halifax Co., Arndale, 2 July 1960, D. C. Ferguson." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
, Map 14)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC3FFB53B6D9B07FC268DB5" blockId="16.[264,1323,484,830]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC3FFB53B6D9B07FE218D0E" bold="true" box="[312,491,523,549]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Identification:</emphasis>
Forewing length 18.0–21.0 mm.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB539CB9B00FB498D0E" box="[926,1155,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Autographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ampla">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC3FFB539CB9B00FB498D0E" box="[926,1155,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Autographa ampla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a distinct species that has a small, narrow, loop­shaped silvery spot. Forewing ground color is brown with a large dark brown contrasting patch below the silvery spot along the posterior margin and a black outline of scales forming the reniform spot.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC3FFB53B6D9BA0FD798DED" blockId="16.[264,1323,484,830]" box="[312,691,684,710]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC3FFB53B6D9BA0FE2F8DED" bold="true" box="[312,485,684,710]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Flight period:</emphasis>
June to mid July.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC3FFB53B6D9BD8FD2D8C15" blockId="16.[264,1323,484,830]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC3FFB53B6D9BD8FDE78DC5" bold="true" box="[312,557,724,750]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Collected localities:</emphasis>
North Carolina: Haywood Co., Purchase Knob; Swain Co.,
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFC3FFB53F539BD8FEE78C3D" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="km" value="0.5">0.5 km</quantity>
from mouth of Chambers Creek. Tennessee: Sevier Co., Elkmont,
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFC3FFB53EF49BF0FB158C3D" box="[1185,1247,764,790]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1265408" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mi" value="7.0">7 mi</quantity>
S of Sugarlands Visitor Center. (
<specimenCount id="12CAFD41FFC3FFB538189A28FD158C15" box="[589,735,804,830]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="generic">5 specimens</specimenCount>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC3FFB53B5D9C53FCF78A5D" blockId="16.[264,829,1375,1399]" box="[264,829,1375,1399]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC3FFB53B5D9C53FEA68A5C" bold="true" box="[264,364,1375,1399]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">MAP 14.</emphasis>
Collecting localities of
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC3FFB538389C53FCF78A5D" box="[621,829,1375,1398]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB538389C53FCF28A5D" box="[621,824,1375,1398]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Autographa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ampla">Autographa ampla</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC3FFB53B6D9CABFCAB8AEA" blockId="16.[264,1322,1447,1873]" box="[312,865,1447,1473]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC3FFB53B6D9CABFDCD8AEA" bold="true" box="[312,519,1447,1473]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Elevation range:</emphasis>
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFC3FFB5385B9CABFD7A8AEA" box="[526,688,1447,1473]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.034796" metricValueMax="1.46304" metricValueMin="0.606552" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="ft" value="3395.0" valueMax="4800.0" valueMin="1990.0">1990–4800 ft</quantity>
. (
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFC3FFB538979CABFC938AEA" box="[706,857,1447,1473]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.035" metricValueMax="1.463" metricValueMin="0.607" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1035.0" valueMax="1463.0" valueMin="607.0">607–1463 m</quantity>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC3FFB53B6D9CC3FCEC89A2" blockId="16.[264,1322,1447,1873]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC3FFB53B6D9CC3FD888AC2" bold="true" box="[312,578,1487,1513]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">General distribution:</emphasis>
This is a boreal species that ranges from Newfoundland across
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFC3FFB53B5D9CFBFEAA893A" box="[264,352,1527,1553]" name="Canada" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Canada</collectingCountry>
to British
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFC3FFB53BBB9CFBFDA8893A" box="[494,610,1527,1553]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Columbia</collectingCountry>
and southeastern Alaska. In the eastern
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFC3FFB53E349CFBFACC893A" box="[1121,1286,1527,1553]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">United States</collectingCountry>
, it occurs from Maine to eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina; and in the west, it occurs in the Rockies from Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming to Arizona, and along the west coast from Washington to northern California.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC3FFB43B6D9F9BFE9E8E75" blockId="16.[264,1322,1447,1873]" lastBlockId="17.[264,1321,284,350]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC3FFB53B6D9F9BFE2B899A" bold="true" box="[312,481,1687,1713]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Larval hosts:</emphasis>
Larvae feed on a wide variety of deciduous shrubs and small trees including alder (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB53B9B9FCCFDDB89F2" box="[462,529,1728,1753]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Alnus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC3FFB53B9B9FCCFDDB89F2" box="[462,529,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Alnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB538199FB3FD0489F2" box="[588,718,1727,1753]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Betulaceae</taxonomicName>
) and Birch (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB5393D9FCCFC7F89F2" box="[872,949,1728,1753]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Betula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC3FFB5393D9FCCFC7F89F2" box="[872,949,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Betula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB539A59FB3FBBF89F2" box="[1008,1141,1727,1753]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Betulaceae</taxonomicName>
), willow (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB53EA59FCCFAE089F2" box="[1264,1322,1728,1753]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Polycitoridae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC3FFB53EA59FCCFAE089F2" box="[1264,1322,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Salix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB53B6E9FEBFE71882A" box="[315,443,1767,1793]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
), balsam poplar (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB538C59FE4FC4D882A" box="[656,903,1768,1793]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="balsamifera">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC3FFB538C59FE4FC4D882A" box="[656,903,1768,1793]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Populus balsamifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB539E89FEBFBF7882A" box="[957,1085,1767,1793]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
), quaking aspen (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB53F409FE4FDCC8802" authority="Michx." authorityName="Michx." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Populus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tremuloides">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC3FFB53F409FE4FE5B8802" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">P. tremuloides</emphasis>
Michx.
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB5387D9E03FD628802" box="[552,680,1807,1833]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
), cherry (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB539119E1CFC538802" box="[836,921,1808,1833]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC3FFB539119E1CFC538802" box="[836,921,1808,1833]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Prunus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB539A99E03FBA58802" box="[1020,1135,1807,1833]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
), serviceberry (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB53B479E34FCBC887A" authority="(Nutt.) Nutt. Ex M. Roemer" authorityName="(Nutt.) Nutt. Ex M. Roemer" box="[274,886,1847,1873]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Amelanchier" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alinifolia">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC3FFB53B479E34FDD6887A" box="[274,540,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Amelanchier alinifolia</emphasis>
(Nutt.) Nutt. Ex M. Roemer
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB539D69E3BFC3D887A" box="[899,1015,1847,1873]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
), and with­rod (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC3FFB43EE29E34FE928E1E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Adoxaceae" genus="Viburnum" kingdom="Plantae" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" order="Dipsacales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nudum">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC3FFB43EE29E34FE928E1E" italics="true" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Viburnum nudum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC2FFB43B369810FD8E8E1E" box="[355,580,284,310]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Laportea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" variety="cassinoides">
L. var.
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC2FFB43BE89810FD8E8E1E" box="[445,580,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">cassinoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Torr. &amp; Gray,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC2FFB439609810FC2B8E1D" box="[821,993,284,310]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caprifoliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dipsacales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Caprifoliaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="605D4B39FFC2FFB439A99810FE8D8E75" author="Eichlin" pageId="17" pageNumber="23" refString="Eichlin, T. D. &amp; Cunningham, H. B. (1978) The Plusiinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of America north of Mexico, emphasizing genitalic and larval morphology. United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin, 1567, 1 - 122." type="journal article" year="1978">Eichlin and Cunningham 1978</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC2FFB43B5D9898FB5C8E85" blockId="17.[264,1325,404,750]" box="[264,1174,404,430]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
17.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC2FFB43B619898FC758E85" authority="(Stephens) Bilobed Looper Moth" authorityName="(Stephens) Bilobed Looper Moth" box="[308,959,404,430]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Megalographa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biloba">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC2FFB43B619898FDFF8E86" box="[308,565,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Megalographa biloba</emphasis>
(Stephens) Bilobed Looper Moth
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="9CF72A4DFFC2FFB4399A9898FBEF8E85" box="[975,1061,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 20" captionStartId="27.[264,382,1121,1145]" captionTargetBox="[265,1321,326,1111]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[265,1321,326,1113]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 20. Adults. 17, Megalographa biloba, Ψ, Colorado, Denver Co., Denver, 8 ­ 15 September, Barnes Collection; 18, Syngrapha alias, ɗ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 5.6 mi SW of Jct. 441 &amp; Clingman’s Dome Rd., GSMNP, 5950 ft., 28 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00156481; 19, Syngrapha rectangula, Ψ, Tennessee, Sevier Co., Jake’s Creek Trail, nr. Campsite # 27, GSMNP, 3590 ft., 22 July 2004, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00221791; 20, Anagrapha falcifera, ɗ, North Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob, NE of house, field, GSMNP, 4925 ft., 31 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 0 0 156840." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169706/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
, Map 15)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC2FFB43B6D98B7FCAE8D5D" blockId="17.[264,1325,404,750]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC2FFB43B6D98B7FE218EFE" bold="true" box="[312,491,443,469]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Identification:</emphasis>
Forewing length 14.0–19.0 mm.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC2FFB439DE98B0FB5A8EFE" box="[907,1168,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Megalographa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biloba">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC2FFB439DE98B0FB5A8EFE" box="[907,1168,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Megalographa biloba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a distinct species with a large bilobed silver spot surrounded by a patch of brassy brown. Forewing is brown, with a silvery, comma­shaped reniform spot, a small black dot dorsal to it, and a narrow terminal line along outer margin with a narrow brown patch at middle. Hindwing is gray to brown with a slightly darker marginal band.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC2FFB43B6D9B88FD738DB5" blockId="17.[264,1325,404,750]" box="[312,697,644,670]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC2FFB43B6D9B88FE2F8DB5" bold="true" box="[312,485,644,670]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Flight period:</emphasis>
Late May to July.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC2FFB43B6D9BA0FC978A2B" blockId="17.[264,1325,404,750]" lastBlockId="17.[264,861,1257,1281]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC2FFB43B6D9BA0FDE68DED" bold="true" box="[312,556,684,710]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Collected localities:</emphasis>
North Carolina: Haywood Co., Purchase Knob; Swain Co., Mt. Buckley. Tennessee: Blount Co., Gregory Bald trail N of campsite #13. (
<specimenCount id="12CAFD41FFC2FFB43E0F9BD8FB278DC5" box="[1114,1261,724,750]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
)
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC2FFB43B5D9DE5FEA68A2A" bold="true" box="[264,364,1257,1281]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">MAP 15.</emphasis>
Collecting localities of
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC2FFB438389DE5FC978A2B" box="[621,861,1257,1280]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC2FFB438389DE5FC938A2B" box="[621,857,1257,1280]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Megalographa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biloba">Megalographa biloba</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC2FFB43B6D9C3BFCA58A7A" blockId="17.[264,1324,1335,1801]" box="[312,879,1335,1361]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC2FFB43B6D9C3BFDCD8A7A" bold="true" box="[312,519,1335,1361]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Elevation range:</emphasis>
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFC2FFB4385B9C3BFD7A8A7A" box="[526,688,1335,1361]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.711452" metricValueMax="1.993392" metricValueMin="1.429512" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="ft" value="5615.0" valueMax="6540.0" valueMin="4690.0">4690–6540 ft</quantity>
. (
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFC2FFB438979C3BFCAD8A7A" box="[706,871,1335,1361]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7525" metricValueMax="1.9929999999999999" metricValueMin="1.512" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="m" value="1752.5" valueMax="1993.0" valueMin="1512.0">1512–1993 m</quantity>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC2FFB43B6D9C53FE9E8932" blockId="17.[264,1324,1335,1801]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC2FFB43B6D9C53FD8D8A52" bold="true" box="[312,583,1375,1401]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">General distribution:</emphasis>
This is a widespread, highly migratory species that occurs throughout southern
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFC2FFB438559C8BFD918A8A" box="[512,603,1415,1441]" name="Canada" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Canada</collectingCountry>
, except western
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFC2FFB439769C8BFCB48A8A" box="[803,894,1415,1441]" name="Canada" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Canada</collectingCountry>
, and throughout most of the
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFC2FFB43E8E9C8BFAC48A8A" box="[1243,1294,1415,1441]" name="United States of America" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">U.S.</collectingCountry>
It occurs throughout the rest of the New World except extreme southern South
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFC2FFB43EF49CA3FAC08AE2" box="[1185,1290,1455,1481]" name="United States of America" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">America</collectingCountry>
. It has been collected in Hawaii and has migrated to
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFC2FFB439269CDBFBDA8ADA" box="[883,1040,1495,1521]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Great Britain</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="605D4B39FFC2FFB43E719CDBFE8D8932" author="Lafontaine" pageId="17" pageNumber="23" refString="Lafontaine, J. D. &amp; Poole, R. W. (1991) Noctuoidea, Noctuidae (part): Plusiinae. In: Hodges, R. W., Davis, D. R., Dominick, T., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Munroe, E. G., &amp; Powell, J. A. (Eds.) The Moths of America North of Mexico, fasc. 25.1, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. 182 pp." type="book" year="1991">Lafontaine and Poole 1991</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC2FFB43B6D9F2BFDF48822" blockId="17.[264,1324,1335,1801]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC2FFB43B6D9F2BFE2C896A" bold="true" box="[312,486,1575,1601]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Larval hosts:</emphasis>
This is a polyphagous species that feeds on a wide variety of herbaceous plants. Hosts include alfalfa, banana, barley, beans, cabbage, clover,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC2FFB43B5D9F7BFE5B89BA" box="[264,401,1655,1681]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" genus="Delphinium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="17" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">delphinium</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC2FFB43BCB9F74FDC989BA" box="[414,515,1656,1681]" class="Gnetopsida" family="Ephedraceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ephedrales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC2FFB43BCB9F74FDC989BA" box="[414,515,1656,1681]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ephedra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC2FFB4386B9F7BFD1189BA" box="[574,731,1655,1681]" class="Gnetopsida" family="Ephedraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ephedrales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ephedraceae</taxonomicName>
), geranium, gladiolas, lettuce,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC2FFB43E109F74FD768992" authority="Dougl. ex Benth." authorityName="Dougl. ex Benth." class="Malacostraca" family="Epialtidae" genus="Mimulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cardinalis">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC2FFB43E109F74FAE089BA" box="[1093,1322,1656,1681]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Mimulus cardinalis</emphasis>
Dougl. ex Benth. (Scrophulariaceae)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC2FFB4389C9FACFCFB8992" box="[713,817,1696,1721]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Boraginaceae" genus="Phacelia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Boraginales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC2FFB4389C9FACFCFB8992" box="[713,817,1696,1721]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Phacelia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC2FFB439399F93FBF18992" box="[876,1083,1695,1721]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hydrophyllaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Hydrophyllaceae</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC2FFB43E059FACFEAA89CA" authority="Greene" authorityName="Greene" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Salvia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leucophylla">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC2FFB43E059FACFAE18992" box="[1104,1323,1696,1721]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Salvia leucophylla</emphasis>
Greene
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC2FFB43B2D9FC4FC1B89CA" authority="(Req.) Dandy" authorityName="(Req.) Dandy" box="[376,977,1735,1761]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Soleirolia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="soleirolii">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC2FFB43B2D9FC4FDA289CA" box="[376,616,1736,1761]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Soleirolia soleirolii</emphasis>
(Req.) Dandy (Urticaceae)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC2FFB439BF9FC4FE578822" authority="Benth." authorityName="Benth." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Stachys" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ajugoides">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC2FFB439BF9FC4FB0289CA" box="[1002,1224,1736,1761]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Stachys ajugoides</emphasis>
Benth. (Lamiaceae)
</taxonomicName>
, and tobacco.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC1FFB73B5D9810FCA88E1D" blockId="18.[264,1324,284,710]" box="[264,866,284,310]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
18.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC1FFB73B619810FD418E1D" authority="Ottolengui" authorityName="Ottolengui" box="[308,651,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Syngrapha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alias">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC1FFB73B619810FE398E1E" box="[308,499,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Syngrapha alias</emphasis>
(Ottolengui)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="9CF72A4DFFC1FFB738CE9810FD388E1D" box="[667,754,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 20" captionStartId="27.[264,382,1121,1145]" captionTargetBox="[265,1321,326,1111]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[265,1321,326,1113]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 20. Adults. 17, Megalographa biloba, Ψ, Colorado, Denver Co., Denver, 8 ­ 15 September, Barnes Collection; 18, Syngrapha alias, ɗ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 5.6 mi SW of Jct. 441 &amp; Clingman’s Dome Rd., GSMNP, 5950 ft., 28 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00156481; 19, Syngrapha rectangula, Ψ, Tennessee, Sevier Co., Jake’s Creek Trail, nr. Campsite # 27, GSMNP, 3590 ft., 22 July 2004, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00221791; 20, Anagrapha falcifera, ɗ, North Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob, NE of house, field, GSMNP, 4925 ft., 31 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 0 0 156840." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169706/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
, Map 16)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC1FFB73B6D984FFC118ED5" blockId="18.[264,1324,284,710]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC1FFB73B6D984FFE218E76" bold="true" box="[312,491,323,349]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Identification:</emphasis>
Forewing length 14.0–16.0 mm.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC1FFB739D39848FB838E76" box="[902,1097,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Syngrapha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alias">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC1FFB739D39848FB838E76" box="[902,1097,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Syngrapha alias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a silvery spot with two lobes that project toward the posterior margin. Forewing ground color is dark gray with a black area immediately surrounding the silvery spot, and fringe is white with black spots at end of wing veins giving a checked appearance. Hindwing is dark brown with a darker marginal band and white fringe with dark spots.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC1FFB73B6D9B07FD948D0D" blockId="18.[264,1324,284,710]" box="[312,606,523,550]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC1FFB73B6D9B07FE2F8D0E" bold="true" box="[312,485,523,549]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Flight period:</emphasis>
Late July.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC1FFB73B6D9B3FFBEF8DED" blockId="18.[264,1324,284,710]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC1FFB73B6D9B3FFDE08D66" bold="true" box="[312,554,563,589]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Collected localities:</emphasis>
North Carolina: Swain Co.,
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFC1FFB739229B38FC0B8D65" box="[887,961,564,590]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9312128" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mi" value="1.2">1.2 mi</quantity>
NE Clingman’s Dome parking lot on Noland Divide Trail,
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFC1FFB738059B50FD568D5D" box="[592,668,604,630]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3108352" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mi" value="3.3">3.3 mi</quantity>
NE Clingman’s Dome parking lot on Fork Ridge Trail,
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFC1FFB73B5D9B88FE998DB5" box="[264,339,644,670]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0123264" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mi" value="5.6">5.6 mi</quantity>
SW of Jct. 441 &amp; Clingman’s Dome Road. Tennessee: Sevier Co.,
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFC1FFB73E389B88FB728DB5" box="[1133,1208,644,670]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0921472" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mi" value="1.3">1.3 mi</quantity>
W of Jct. 441 &amp; Clingman’s Dome Road on Road Prong Trail. (
<specimenCount id="12CAFD41FFC1FFB739D69BA0FBD38DED" box="[899,1049,684,710]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="generic">8 specimens</specimenCount>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC1FFB73B5D9DB3FCE88BFD" blockId="18.[264,802,1215,1239]" box="[264,802,1215,1239]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC1FFB73B5D9DB3FEA68BFC" bold="true" box="[264,364,1215,1239]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">MAP 16.</emphasis>
Collecting localities of
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC1FFB738389DB3FCE88BFD" box="[621,802,1215,1238]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC1FFB738389DB3FCD48BFD" box="[621,798,1215,1238]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Syngrapha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alias">Syngrapha alias</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC1FFB73B6D9C23FCBA8A62" blockId="18.[264,1325,1327,1873]" box="[312,880,1327,1353]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC1FFB73B6D9C23FDCD8A62" bold="true" box="[312,519,1327,1353]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Elevation range:</emphasis>
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFC1FFB7385B9C23FD7A8A62" box="[526,688,1327,1353]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.716024" metricValueMax="1.8288" metricValueMin="1.603248" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="ft" value="5630.0" valueMax="6000.0" valueMin="5260.0">5260–6000 ft</quantity>
. (
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFC1FFB738969C23FCA28A62" box="[707,872,1327,1353]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.716" metricValueMax="1.829" metricValueMin="1.603" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="1716.0" valueMax="1829.0" valueMin="1603.0">1603–1829 m</quantity>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC1FFB73B6D9C5BFB6A893A" blockId="18.[264,1325,1327,1873]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC1FFB73B6D9C5BFD8F8A5A" bold="true" box="[312,581,1367,1393]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">General distribution:</emphasis>
This species is fairly widespread across North
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFC1FFB73ED69C5BFB228A5A" box="[1155,1256,1367,1393]" name="United States of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">America</collectingCountry>
from Newfoundland and northern Quebec to Alaska; in the east, from Maine to New
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFC1FFB73EE99C73FAC38AB2" box="[1212,1289,1407,1433]" name="Jersey" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Jersey</collectingCountry>
; in the Appalachians, from eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina; in the Mid­West, from Michigan and Minnesota; in the west from Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, Colorado, New
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFC1FFB73B129CFBFE6E893A" box="[327,420,1527,1553]" name="Mexico" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Mexico</collectingCountry>
; and on the West Coast, from Washington to northern California.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC1FFB73B6D9F13FAE1887A" blockId="18.[264,1325,1327,1873]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC1FFB73B6D9F13FE288912" bold="true" box="[312,482,1567,1593]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Larval hosts:</emphasis>
This is a
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC1FFB7383F9F13FD188912" box="[618,722,1567,1593]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
feeder that seems to prefer white spruce (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC1FFB73EBD9F2CFDEA894A" authority="(Moench) Voss." authorityName="(Moench) Voss." class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glauca">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC1FFB73EBD9F2CFE9D894A" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Picea glauca</emphasis>
(Moench) Voss.
</taxonomicName>
) and balsam fir (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC1FFB738A19F44FC65894A" box="[756,943,1608,1633]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="balsamea">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC1FFB738A19F44FC65894A" box="[756,943,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Abies balsamea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) Mill.); other hosts include black spruce (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC1FFB73BF89F7CFD6589A2" authority="Mill." authorityName="Mill." box="[429,687,1647,1673]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mariana">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC1FFB73BF89F7CFD9189A2" box="[429,603,1648,1673]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Picea mariana</emphasis>
(Mill.)
</taxonomicName>
B. S. P.), western hemlock (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC1FFB739AB9F7CFE82899A" authority="(Raf.) Sarg." authorityName="(Raf.) Sarg." class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Tsuga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heterophylla">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC1FFB739AB9F7CFB1489A2" box="[1022,1246,1648,1673]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tsuga heterophylla</emphasis>
(Raf.) Sarg.
</taxonomicName>
), Engelman spruce (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC1FFB7386A9F94FCA5899A" authority="Parry." authorityName="Parry." box="[575,879,1687,1713]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="englemannii">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC1FFB7386A9F94FCD1899A" box="[575,795,1688,1713]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Picea englemannii</emphasis>
Parry.
</taxonomicName>
), Douglas fir (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC1FFB73E4B9F94FE7789F2" authority="(Mirb.) Franco" authorityName="(Mirb.) Franco" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pseudotsuga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="menziesii">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC1FFB73E4B9F94FAE0899A" box="[1054,1322,1688,1713]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pseudotsuga menziesii</emphasis>
(Mirb.) Franco
</taxonomicName>
), and red spruce (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC1FFB738CD9FCCFCB589F2" authority="Sarg." authorityName="Sarg." box="[664,895,1727,1753]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubens">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC1FFB738CD9FCCFCFF89F2" box="[664,821,1728,1753]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Picea rubens</emphasis>
Sarg.
</taxonomicName>
). Other minor hosts include Pacific silver fir (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC1FFB73BD19FE4FC07882A" authority="(Dougl. ex Loud) Dougl. ex Forbes" authorityName="(Dougl. ex Loud) Dougl. ex Forbes" box="[388,973,1767,1793]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="amabilis">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC1FFB73BD19FE4FDC7882A" box="[388,525,1768,1793]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A. amabilis</emphasis>
(Dougl. ex Loud) Dougl. ex Forbes
</taxonomicName>
), jack pine (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC1FFB73E319FE4FE928802" authority="Lamb." authorityName="Lamb." class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banksiana">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC1FFB73E319FE4FAE1882A" box="[1124,1323,1768,1793]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Pinus banksiana</emphasis>
Lamb.
</taxonomicName>
), grand fir (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC1FFB73BB99E1CFC7C8802" authority="(Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl." authorityName="(Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl." box="[492,950,1807,1833]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC1FFB73BB99E1CFDA08802" box="[492,618,1808,1833]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A. grandis</emphasis>
(Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.
</taxonomicName>
), tamarack (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC1FFB73E199E1CFE7F887A" authority="(Du Roi) K. Koch" authorityName="(Du Roi) K. Koch" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Larix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laricina">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC1FFB73E199E1CFB398802" box="[1100,1267,1808,1833]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Larix laricina</emphasis>
(Du Roi) K. Koch
</taxonomicName>
), western white spruce (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC1FFB738B09E34FB81887A" authority="(Moench) Voss" authorityName="(Moench) Voss" box="[741,1099,1847,1873]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glauca">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC1FFB738B09E34FC4E887A" box="[741,900,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Picea glauca</emphasis>
(Moench) Voss
</taxonomicName>
), subalpine fir (
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC1FFB73F449E34FAE1887A" box="[1297,1323,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC0FFB63B5D9810FC328EAD" blockId="19.[264,1323,284,390]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC0FFB63B5D9810FDFF8E1D" authority="(Hook.) Nutt." authorityName="(Hook.) Nutt." box="[264,565,284,310]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lasiocarpa">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC0FFB63B5D9810FE4F8E1E" box="[264,389,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">lasiocarpa</emphasis>
(Hook.) Nutt.
</taxonomicName>
), western white pine (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC0FFB639149810FB208E1D" authority="Dougl. ex D. Don" authorityName="Dougl. ex D. Don" box="[833,1258,284,310]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="monticola">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC0FFB639149810FBC98E1E" box="[833,1027,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Pinus monticola</emphasis>
Dougl. ex D. Don
</taxonomicName>
), and western red cedar (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC0FFB638559848FC588E75" authority="Donn ex D. Don" authorityName="Donn ex D. Don" box="[512,914,324,350]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Thuja" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="plicata">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC0FFB638559848FD6F8E76" box="[512,677,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Thuja plicata</emphasis>
Donn ex D. Don
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC0FFB639F39848FB818E75" box="[934,1099,324,350]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cupressaceae</taxonomicName>
). These hosts are arranged by number of larvae collected on each (
<bibRefCitation id="605D4B39FFC0FFB639169860FC218EAD" author="Prentice" box="[835,1003,364,390]" pageId="19" pageNumber="23" refString="Prentice, R. M. (1962) Forest Lepidoptera of Canada. Volume 2 Nycteolidae Noctuidae Notodontidae Liparidae. Canadian Department of Forestry Bulletin, 128, 75 - 281." type="book chapter" year="1962">Prentice 1962</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC0FFB63B5D98B0FB198EFD" blockId="19.[264,1324,444,910]" box="[264,1235,444,470]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
19.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC0FFB63B6198B0FD5D8EFD" authority="Kirby" authorityName="Kirby" box="[308,663,444,470]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Syngrapha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rectangula">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC0FFB63B6198B0FDF28EFE" box="[308,568,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Syngrapha rectangula</emphasis>
(Kirby)
</taxonomicName>
Salt­and­pepper Looper Moth (
<figureCitation id="9CF72A4DFFC0FFB63E5998B0FBA88EFD" box="[1036,1122,444,470]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 20" captionStartId="27.[264,382,1121,1145]" captionTargetBox="[265,1321,326,1111]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[265,1321,326,1113]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 20. Adults. 17, Megalographa biloba, Ψ, Colorado, Denver Co., Denver, 8 ­ 15 September, Barnes Collection; 18, Syngrapha alias, ɗ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 5.6 mi SW of Jct. 441 &amp; Clingman’s Dome Rd., GSMNP, 5950 ft., 28 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00156481; 19, Syngrapha rectangula, Ψ, Tennessee, Sevier Co., Jake’s Creek Trail, nr. Campsite # 27, GSMNP, 3590 ft., 22 July 2004, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00221791; 20, Anagrapha falcifera, ɗ, North Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob, NE of house, field, GSMNP, 4925 ft., 31 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 0 0 156840." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169706/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
, Map 17)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC0FFB63B6D98EFFE7D8DC5" blockId="19.[264,1324,444,910]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC0FFB63B6D98EFFE218ED6" bold="true" box="[312,491,483,509]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Identification:</emphasis>
Forewing length 14.0–17.0 mm.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC0FFB639D598E8FB4D8ED6" box="[896,1159,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Syngrapha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rectangula">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC0FFB639D598E8FB4D8ED6" box="[896,1159,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Syngrapha rectangula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a similar shaped silvery spot to
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC0FFB638479B00FDA38D0E" box="[530,617,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Syngrapha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alias">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC0FFB638479B00FDA38D0E" box="[530,617,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S. alias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the spot is usually more robust and somewhat variable in shape and is contiguous with the large silvery basal area of the forewing. The middle of the forewing is black and the terminal third is banded white and gray with a black zig­zag line from apex to about 1/3 wing width. The fringe is white with black spots at ends of the wing veins as in
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC0FFB63B8D9BA0FDFB8DEE" box="[472,561,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Syngrapha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alias">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC0FFB63B8D9BA0FDFB8DEE" box="[472,561,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">S. alias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Hindwing is gray with a dark marginal band and fringe white with gray dots.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC0FFB63B6D9BF0FD308C3D" blockId="19.[264,1324,444,910]" box="[312,762,764,790]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC0FFB63B6D9BF0FE2F8C3D" bold="true" box="[312,485,764,790]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Flight period:</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFC0FFB63BB99BF0FDD18C3D" box="[492,539,764,790]" name="India" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">End</collectingCountry>
of June to August.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC0FFB63B6D9A28FBD68CA5" blockId="19.[264,1324,444,910]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC0FFB63B6D9A28FDF98C15" bold="true" box="[312,563,804,830]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Collected localities:</emphasis>
North Carolina: Haywood Co, Purchase Knob; Swain Co., Beetree Ridge. Tennessee: Sevier Co., Jake’s Creek Trail nr. Campsite #27;
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFC0FFB63EE49A40FB208C4D" box="[1201,1258,844,870]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.04672" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mi" value="5.0">5 mi</quantity>
S of Sugarlands Visitor Center at Chimney’s Picnic Area. (
<specimenCount id="12CAFD41FFC0FFB639D79A78FBDE8CA5" box="[898,1044,884,910]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="generic">5 specimens</specimenCount>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC0FFB63B5D9C8BFCAB8AB5" blockId="19.[264,865,1415,1439]" box="[264,865,1415,1439]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC0FFB63B5D9C8BFEA68AB4" bold="true" box="[264,364,1415,1439]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">MAP 17.</emphasis>
Collecting localities of
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC0FFB638389C8BFCAB8AB5" box="[621,865,1415,1438]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC0FFB638389C8BFC978AB5" box="[621,861,1415,1438]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Syngrapha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rectangula">Syngrapha rectangula</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC0FFB63B6D9CFBFCA8893A" blockId="19.[264,1323,1527,1873]" box="[312,866,1527,1553]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC0FFB63B6D9CFBFDCD893A" bold="true" box="[312,519,1527,1553]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Elevation range:</emphasis>
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFC0FFB6385B9CFBFD7A893A" box="[526,688,1527,1553]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1664695999999999" metricValueMax="1.5038832" metricValueMin="0.8290559999999999" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="ft" value="3827.0" valueMax="4934.0" valueMin="2720.0">2720–4934 ft</quantity>
. (
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFC0FFB638969CFBFC90893A" box="[707,858,1527,1553]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1665" metricValueMax="1.504" metricValueMin="0.829" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="m" value="1166.5" valueMax="1504.0" valueMin="829.0">829–1504 m</quantity>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC0FFB63B6D9F13FC89882A" blockId="19.[264,1323,1527,1873]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC0FFB63B6D9F13FD8F8912" bold="true" box="[312,581,1567,1593]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">General distribution:</emphasis>
This species has a disjunct distribution in North
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFC0FFB63EC99F13FACF8912" box="[1180,1285,1567,1593]" name="United States of America" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">America</collectingCountry>
. In the north it ranges from Newfoundland, central Quebec, and northern Ontario to Manitoba, and south to northern Pennsylvania, southern Michigan, and northern Wisconsin. It is found in the Appalachians from southwestern Virginia, eastern Tennessee, and western North Carolina. In the West, it ranges from northern British
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFC0FFB639B89FB3FBA989F2" box="[1005,1123,1727,1753]" name="United States of America" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Columbia</collectingCountry>
, northern Idaho, western Montana, and south to southern Oregon.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC0FFB13B6D9E03FCD58D0D" blockId="19.[264,1323,1527,1873]" lastBlockId="20.[264,1323,284,550]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC0FFB63B6D9E03FE178802" bold="true" box="[312,477,1807,1833]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Larval hosts:</emphasis>
This is another
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC0FFB638CE9E03FCC98802" box="[667,771,1807,1833]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
feeder, but prefers balsam fir (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC0FFB63E249E1CFAE08802" box="[1137,1322,1808,1833]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="balsamea">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC0FFB63E249E1CFAE08802" box="[1137,1322,1808,1833]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Abies balsamea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) P. Mill) and western hemlock (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC0FFB638E09E34FBFA887A" authority="(Raf.) Sarg." authorityName="(Raf.) Sarg." box="[693,1072,1847,1873]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Tsuga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heterophylla">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC0FFB638E09E34FC5D887A" box="[693,919,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Tsuga heterophylla</emphasis>
(Raf.) Sarg.
</taxonomicName>
); other hosts include white spruce (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC7FFB13BE79810FCDA8E1D" authority="(Moench) Voss" authorityName="(Moench) Voss" box="[434,784,284,310]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glauca">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC7FFB13BE79810FD858E1E" box="[434,591,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Picea glauca</emphasis>
(Moench) Voss
</taxonomicName>
), Douglas fir (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC7FFB139EA9810FE948E75" authority="(Mirb.) Franco" authorityName="(Mirb.) Franco" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pseudotsuga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="menziesii">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC7FFB139EA9810FB068E1E" box="[959,1228,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Pseudotsuga menziesii</emphasis>
(Mirb.) Franco
</taxonomicName>
), Pacific Silver fir (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC7FFB1381F9848FB4E8E75" authority="(Dougl. ex Loud) Dougl. ex Forbes" authorityName="(Dougl. ex Loud) Dougl. ex Forbes" box="[586,1156,324,350]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="amabilis">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC7FFB1381F9848FD1B8E76" box="[586,721,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. amabilis</emphasis>
(Dougl. ex Loud) Dougl. ex Forbes
</taxonomicName>
), grand fir (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC7FFB13F449848FD708EAD" authority="(Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl." authorityName="(Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl." class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC7FFB13F449848FEA88EAE" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. grandis</emphasis>
(Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.
</taxonomicName>
), sitka spruce (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC7FFB1392C9860FB268EAD" authority="(Bong.) Carr." authorityName="(Bong.) Carr." box="[889,1260,364,390]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sitchensis">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC7FFB1392C9860FBF08EAE" box="[889,1082,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Picea sitchensis</emphasis>
(Bong.) Carr.
</taxonomicName>
), red spruce (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC7FFB13B3F9898FD988E85" authority="Sarg." authorityName="Sarg." box="[362,594,404,430]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubens">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC7FFB13B3F9898FDC38E86" box="[362,521,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Picea rubens</emphasis>
Sarg.
</taxonomicName>
), black spruce (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC7FFB1397D9898FBFE8E85" authority="Mill." authorityName="Mill." box="[808,1076,404,430]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mariana">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC7FFB1397D9898FC108E86" box="[808,986,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Picea mariana</emphasis>
(Mill.)
</taxonomicName>
B. S. P.), mountain hemlock (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC7FFB13B2A98B0FCCC8EFD" authority="(Bong.) Carr." authorityName="(Bong.) Carr." box="[383,774,444,470]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Tsuga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mertensiana">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC7FFB13B2A98B0FD978EFE" box="[383,605,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Tsuga mertensiana</emphasis>
(Bong.) Carr.
</taxonomicName>
), tamarack (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC7FFB139C298B0FAD48EFD" authority="(Du Roi) K. Koch" authorityName="(Du Roi) K. Koch" box="[919,1310,444,470]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Larix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laricina">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC7FFB139C298B0FBF68EFE" box="[919,1084,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Larix laricina</emphasis>
(Du Roi) K. Koch
</taxonomicName>
), and subalpine fir (
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC7FFB13BB298E8FCF08ED5" authority="(Hook.) Nutt." authorityName="(Hook.) Nutt." box="[487,826,484,510]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lasiocarpa">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC7FFB13BB298E8FD438ED6" box="[487,649,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. lasiocarpa</emphasis>
(Hook.) Nutt.
</taxonomicName>
). These hosts are arranged by number of larvae collected on each host (
<bibRefCitation id="605D4B39FFC7FFB1383C9B00FCD88D0D" author="Prentice" box="[617,786,524,550]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" refString="Prentice, R. M. (1962) Forest Lepidoptera of Canada. Volume 2 Nycteolidae Noctuidae Notodontidae Liparidae. Canadian Department of Forestry Bulletin, 128, 75 - 281." type="book chapter" year="1962">Prentice 1962</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC7FFB13B5D9B50FBC08D5D" blockId="20.[264,1323,604,1030]" box="[264,1034,604,630]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
20.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC7FFB13B619B50FCF98D5D" authority="(Kirby) Celery Looper" authorityName="(Kirby) Celery Looper" box="[308,819,604,630]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Anagrapha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="falcifera">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC7FFB13B619B50FDE88D5E" box="[308,546,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Anagrapha falcifera</emphasis>
(Kirby) Celery Looper
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="9CF72A4DFFC7FFB139169B50FC508D5D" box="[835,922,604,630]" captionStart="FIGURES 17 – 20" captionStartId="27.[264,382,1121,1145]" captionTargetBox="[265,1321,326,1111]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[265,1321,326,1113]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 17 – 20. Adults. 17, Megalographa biloba, Ψ, Colorado, Denver Co., Denver, 8 ­ 15 September, Barnes Collection; 18, Syngrapha alias, ɗ, North Carolina, Swain Co., 5.6 mi SW of Jct. 441 &amp; Clingman’s Dome Rd., GSMNP, 5950 ft., 28 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00156481; 19, Syngrapha rectangula, Ψ, Tennessee, Sevier Co., Jake’s Creek Trail, nr. Campsite # 27, GSMNP, 3590 ft., 22 July 2004, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 00221791; 20, Anagrapha falcifera, ɗ, North Carolina, Haywood Co., Purchase Knob, NE of house, field, GSMNP, 4925 ft., 31 July 2003, M. G. Pogue, USNMENT 0 0 156840." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/169706/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
, Map 18)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC7FFB13B6D9B88FE838C3D" blockId="20.[264,1323,604,1030]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC7FFB13B6D9B88FE218DB5" bold="true" box="[312,491,644,670]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Identification:</emphasis>
Forewing length 14.0–18.0 mm.
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC7FFB139C19B88FB408DB6" box="[916,1162,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Anagrapha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="falcifera">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC7FFB139C19B88FB408DB6" box="[916,1162,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Anagrapha falcifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a distinct species with a single silvery spot that forms a solid loop. Forewing ground color is gray with a large patch of brown below silvery spot. Hindwing is gray with darker marginal band.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC7FFB13B6D9A28FBD08CA5" blockId="20.[264,1323,604,1030]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC7FFB13B6D9A28FE208C15" bold="true" box="[312,490,804,830]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Flight period:</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFC7FFB13BA39A28FDEF8C15" box="[502,549,804,830]" name="India" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">End</collectingCountry>
of April; early June; end of July to early August; and end of September. There are three broods in the south (
<bibRefCitation id="605D4B39FFC7FFB139319A40FB7E8C4D" author="Lafontaine" box="[868,1204,844,870]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" refString="Lafontaine, J. D. &amp; Poole, R. W. (1991) Noctuoidea, Noctuidae (part): Plusiinae. In: Hodges, R. W., Davis, D. R., Dominick, T., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Munroe, E. G., &amp; Powell, J. A. (Eds.) The Moths of America North of Mexico, fasc. 25.1, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. 182 pp." type="book" year="1991">Lafontaine and Poole 1991</bibRefCitation>
) and this appears so in GSMNP, with a spring, summer, and early fall brood.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC7FFB13B6D9A90FDAF8B2D" blockId="20.[264,1323,604,1030]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC7FFB13B6D9A90FDF88C9D" bold="true" box="[312,562,924,950]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Collected localities:</emphasis>
North Carolina: Haywood Co., Mt. Sterling Trail, Purchase Knob; Swain Co., Big Cove Road. Tennessee: Blount Co., Hyatt Lane; Sevier Co., Park Headquarters. (
<specimenCount id="12CAFD41FFC7FFB13BEE9AE0FD978B2D" box="[443,605,1004,1030]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="generic">12 specimens</specimenCount>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC7FFB13B5D9CEBFC878AD4" blockId="20.[264,845,1511,1535]" box="[264,845,1511,1535]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC7FFB13B5D9CEBFEA68AD4" bold="true" box="[264,364,1511,1535]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">MAP 18.</emphasis>
Collecting localities of
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC7FFB138389CE4FC878AD4" box="[621,845,1512,1535]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<taxonomicName id="C3CC4D4BFFC7FFB138389CE4FC838AD4" box="[621,841,1512,1535]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Anagrapha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="falcifera">Anagrapha falcifera</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC7FFB13B6D9F3EFCAB8967" blockId="20.[264,1322,1586,1892]" box="[312,865,1586,1612]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC7FFB13B6D9F3EFDCD8967" bold="true" box="[312,519,1586,1612]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Elevation range:</emphasis>
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFC7FFB1385B9F3EFD7A8967" box="[526,688,1586,1612]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.76122" metricValueMax="15.011399999999998" metricValueMin="4.5110399999999995" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="ft" value="3202.5" valueMax="4925.0" valueMin="1480.0">1480–4925 ft</quantity>
. (
<quantity id="C3349B2DFFC7FFB138979F3EFC938967" box="[706,857,1586,1612]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.76" metricValueMax="15.01" metricValueMin="4.51" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="976.0" valueMax="1501.0" valueMin="451.0">451–1501 m</quantity>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC7FFB13B6D9F56FE0589C7" blockId="20.[264,1322,1586,1892]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC7FFB13B6D9F56FD8E895F" bold="true" box="[312,580,1626,1652]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">General distribution:</emphasis>
This is one of the most common and widespread plusiines. It occurs across
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFC7FFB13BFB9F8EFDCC89B7" box="[430,518,1666,1692]" name="Canada" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Canada</collectingCountry>
from Newfoundland and northern Quebec to British
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFC7FFB13E2E9F8EFB3889B7" box="[1147,1266,1666,1692]" name="United States of America" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Columbia</collectingCountry>
, and in the
<collectingCountry id="7CDB7658FFC7FFB13B049FA6FE4F89EF" box="[337,389,1706,1732]" name="United States of America" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">U.S.</collectingCountry>
from Maine to northern California and south to Texas and Arizona (
<bibRefCitation id="605D4B39FFC7FFB13EFC9FA6FE0889C7" author="Lafontaine" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" refString="Lafontaine, J. D. &amp; Poole, R. W. (1991) Noctuoidea, Noctuidae (part): Plusiinae. In: Hodges, R. W., Davis, D. R., Dominick, T., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Munroe, E. G., &amp; Powell, J. A. (Eds.) The Moths of America North of Mexico, fasc. 25.1, Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas. 182 pp." type="book" year="1991">Lafontaine and Poole 1991</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="047336C8FFC7FFB13B6D9FF6FC02884F" blockId="20.[264,1322,1586,1892]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
<emphasis id="36B8EADAFFC7FFB13B6D9FF6FE14883F" bold="true" box="[312,478,1786,1812]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Larval hosts:</emphasis>
This species is found on a wide variety of herbaceous plants and very rarely on shrubs. Some of the more important hosts include beet, celery, lettuce, cabbage, corn, carrot, and blueberry (
<bibRefCitation id="605D4B39FFC7FFB1381B9E46FC71884F" author="Eichlin" box="[590,955,1866,1892]" pageId="20" pageNumber="23" refString="Eichlin, T. D. &amp; Cunningham, H. B. (1978) The Plusiinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of America north of Mexico, emphasizing genitalic and larval morphology. United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin, 1567, 1 - 122." type="journal article" year="1978">Eichlin and Cunningham 1978</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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