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<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3748525" approvalRequired="1" checkinTime="1586358796837" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Burgin, Connor" docDate="2019" docId="885887A2FFED8A0BFF69F855F71AD1EF" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Rhinolophus pusillus Temminck 1834" docType="treatment" docVersion="24" lastPageNumber="313" masterDocId="7461FFDAFFCF8A29FFCCFFA1FF85D963" masterDocTitle="Rhinolophidae" masterLastPageNumber="332" masterPageNumber="280" pageNumber="313" updateTime="1658949228820" updateUser="felipe">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Rhinolophidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Burgin, Connor</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:originInfo>
<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place>
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Mittermeier, Russell A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>280</mods:start>
<mods:end>332</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3748525</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3809020" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163549945" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3809020" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFED8A0BFF69F855F71AD1EF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFED8A0BFF69F855F71AD1EF" lastPageNumber="313" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<subSubSection box="[165,848,2036,2098]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="34.[164,1520,2036,2142]" box="[165,848,2036,2098]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<figureCitation box="[165,236,2036,2097]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="26.[175,218,4332,4359]" captionTargetBox="[136,3490,134,4724]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="On following pages: 52. Eastern Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus megaphyllus}; 53. Insular Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus keyensis}; 54. Yellow-faced Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus virgo}; 55. Madura Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus madurensis}; 56. Sulawesi Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus celebensis}; 57. Robinson's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus robinsoni); 58. Indochinese Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus chasem); 59. Anamban Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus nereis}; 60. Bornean Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus borneensis); 61. Malayan Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus malayanus}; 62. Acuminate Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus acuminatus}; 63. Acuminate Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus acuminatus}; 64. Little Japanese Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus cornutus}; 65. Yaeyama Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus perditus}; 66. Mountain Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus monticolus}; 67. Shortridge's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus shortridgei}; 68. Formosan Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus monoceros}; 69. Least Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus pusillus}; 70. Little Nepalese Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus subbadius}; 71. Convex Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus convexus}; 72. Andaman Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus cognatus}; 73. Glossy Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus refulgens}; 74. Blyth's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus lepidus};" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3758605" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3758605/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">69</figureCitation>
. Least Horseshoe
<emphasis bold="true" box="[753,848,2037,2098]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Bat</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[913,1448,2036,2098]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="34.[164,1520,2036,2142]" box="[913,1448,2036,2098]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1834" box="[913,1448,2036,2098]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pusillus">
<emphasis box="[913,1448,2036,2098]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Rhinolophus pusillus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[164,1520,2112,2139]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="34.[164,1520,2036,2142]" box="[164,1520,2112,2139]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
French: Rhinolophe pusille /
<emphasis bold="true" box="[551,674,2112,2139]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">German:</emphasis>
Kleinste Hufeisennase /
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1013,1136,2112,2139]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Spanish:</emphasis>
Herradura de nariz pequena
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="313" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="34.[986,1783,2209,2778]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[986,1193,2209,2248]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Temminck" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pusillus">
<emphasis box="[1207,1421,2209,2248]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Rhinolophus</emphasis>
/wsz'ZZws Temminck, 1834
</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1098,1418,2263,2302]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="34.[986,1783,2209,2778]" box="[1098,1418,2263,2302]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2597533976" box="[1098,1413,2263,2302]" country="Indonesia" location="Java" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Java" typeStatus="type">
“
<collectingRegion box="[1107,1192,2263,2302]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Java</collectingRegion>
,”
<collectingCountry box="[1226,1413,2263,2302]" name="Indonesia" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="313" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="34.[986,1783,2209,2778]" lastBlockId="34.[159,1785,2791,4625]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1834" box="[988,1356,2316,2355]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pusillus">
<emphasis box="[988,1356,2316,2355]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Rhinolophus pusillus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is placed in the
<emphasis box="[1686,1782,2316,2355]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<emphasis box="[990,1040,2368,2407]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">pusillus</emphasis>
</emphasis>
species group. Race
<emphasis box="[1456,1549,2368,2407]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">blythi</emphasis>
is occasionally treated as a separate species, but is best included in
<emphasis box="[1304,1490,2474,2513]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">R pusiUus</emphasis>
for the present until further studies
<emphasis box="[1376,1491,2527,2566]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">clarify</emphasis>
its relationship with other populations of
<emphasis box="[1495,1783,2580,2619]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1834" box="[1495,1686,2580,2619]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pusillus">R pusillus</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis box="[991,1145,2632,2671]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Rhinolophus</emphasis>
</emphasis>
pusillus, as currently constituted, is paraphyletic with respect to
<emphasis box="[1593,1778,2686,2725]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1844" box="[1593,1772,2686,2725]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lepidus">R lepidus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis box="[989,1498,2739,2778]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<taxonomicName box="[989,1231,2739,2778]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticolus">R monticolus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1918" box="[1256,1492,2739,2778]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shortridgei">R shortridgei</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monoceros">
<emphasis box="[1606,1783,2739,2778]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
R
<emphasis box="[167,230,2791,2830]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">monoceros</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis box="[230,236,2791,2830]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">,</emphasis>
and it may well represent a species complex. Distinctions between subspecies are
<emphasis box="[166,288,2844,2883]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">poorly</emphasis>
demarcated, as are the respective distributions, and a detailed study is needed to resolve the several issues surrounding this species.
<emphasis box="[1194,1288,2897,2936]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Nine</emphasis>
subspecies are tentatively recognized.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="313" type="synonymic_list">
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3750044" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3750044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3750044/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" targetBox="[163,956,2216,2773]" targetPageId="34">
<paragraph blockId="34.[159,1785,2791,4625]" box="[166,702,3005,3044]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,456,3005,3044]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Subspecies and</emphasis>
Distribution.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="34.[159,1785,2791,4625]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<taxonomicName authority="Temminck, 1834" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1834" box="[167,718,3055,3094]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pusillus">
<emphasis box="[167,247,3055,3094]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<collectionCode box="[167,204,3055,3094]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">R</collectionCode>
.p.
</emphasis>
pusillus Temminck, 1834
</taxonomicName>
- N
<collectingRegion box="[804,964,3055,3094]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
,
<collectorName box="[983,1291,3055,3094]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">N, E &amp; S Borneo</collectorName>
(including
<collectorName box="[1514,1676,3055,3094]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Banggi I</collectorName>
), W
<collectingRegion box="[159,244,3110,3149]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Java</collectingRegion>
, and
<collectingRegion box="[347,419,3110,3149]" country="Indonesia" name="Bali" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Bali</collectingRegion>
I.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="34.[159,1785,2791,4625]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<taxonomicName box="[168,731,3161,3200]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata">
<emphasis box="[168,364,3161,3200]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">R. p. blythi</emphasis>
<collectorName box="[377,617,3161,3200]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">K. Andersen</collectorName>
, 1918
</taxonomicName>
- N
<collectingCountry box="[833,934,3161,3200]" name="India" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">India</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion box="[965,1211,3161,3200]" country="India" name="Uttarakhand" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Uttarakhand</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion box="[1235,1368,3161,3200]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion box="[1389,1628,3161,3200]" country="India" name="West Bengal" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">West Bengal</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion box="[1649,1772,3161,3200]" country="India" name="Assam" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Assam</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion box="[168,373,3213,3252]" country="India" name="Meghalaya" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Meghalaya</collectingRegion>
, and
<collectingRegion box="[473,846,3213,3252]" country="India" name="Arunachal Pradesh" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Arunachal Pradesh</collectingRegion>
),
<collectingCountry box="[878,994,3213,3252]" name="Nepal" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Nepal</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[1014,1157,3213,3252]" name="Bhutan" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
, and SE
<collectingCountry box="[1322,1543,3213,3252]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="34.[159,1785,2791,4625]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<taxonomicName box="[168,721,3266,3305]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata">
<emphasis box="[168,247,3266,3305]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">R.p.</emphasis>
calidus
<collectorName box="[390,605,3266,3305]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">G. M. Allen</collectorName>
, 1923
</taxonomicName>
-SE
<collectingCountry box="[814,928,3266,3305]" name="China" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion box="[955,1123,3266,3305]" country="China" name="Guizhou" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Guizhou</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion box="[1142,1305,3266,3305]" country="China" name="Guangxi" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Guangxi</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion box="[1324,1552,3266,3305]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
, and
<collectingRegion box="[1652,1773,3266,3305]" country="China" name="Fujian" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Fujian</collectingRegion>
, along with a recent record from
<collectingRegion box="[783,917,3319,3358]" country="China" name="Beijing" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Beijing</collectingRegion>
area that may represent this subspecies).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="34.[159,1785,2791,4625]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<taxonomicName box="[169,768,3372,3412]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata">
<emphasis box="[169,398,3372,3412]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">R. p. gracilis</emphasis>
<collectorName box="[412,655,3372,3411]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">K. Andersen</collectorName>
, 1905
</taxonomicName>
- S
<collectingCountry box="[864,964,3372,3411]" name="India" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">India</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion box="[998,1315,3372,3411]" country="India" name="Andhra Pradesh" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Andhra Pradesh</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion box="[1340,1535,3372,3411]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion box="[1560,1685,3372,3411]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Kerala</collectingRegion>
, and
<collectingRegion box="[168,399,3426,3465]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="34.[159,1785,2791,4625]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<taxonomicName box="[170,731,3477,3517]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata">
<emphasis box="[170,440,3477,3517]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">R.p. lakkhanae</emphasis>
Yoshiyuki, 1990
</taxonomicName>
- S
<collectingCountry box="[834,949,3477,3516]" name="China" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion box="[976,1130,3477,3516]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
),
<collectingCountry box="[1161,1337,3477,3516]" name="Thailand" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Thailand</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[1355,1444,3477,3516]" name="Laos" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Laos</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[1460,1622,3477,3516]" name="Vietnam" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
(including Cat Ba I),
<collectingCountry box="[434,632,3530,3569]" name="Cambodia" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
, and Peninsular
<collectingCountry box="[948,1108,3530,3569]" name="Malaysia" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
(including Tioman I).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="34.[159,1785,2791,4625]" box="[171,1236,3583,3622]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<taxonomicName box="[171,775,3583,3622]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata">
<emphasis box="[171,494,3583,3622]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">R.p. minutillusG.</emphasis>
S. Miller, 1906
</taxonomicName>
—Anambas Is (Siantan).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="34.[159,1785,2791,4625]" box="[171,1330,3636,3675]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<taxonomicName box="[171,775,3636,3675]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata">
<emphasis box="[171,341,3636,3675]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">R.p. pagi</emphasis>
Tate &amp; Archbold, 1939
</taxonomicName>
— Mentawai Is (North Pagai).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="34.[159,1785,2791,4625]" box="[171,1074,3690,3730]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<taxonomicName box="[171,715,3690,3729]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata">
<emphasis box="[171,378,3690,3729]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">R.p. parcus</emphasis>
<collectorName box="[388,605,3690,3729]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">G. M. Allen</collectorName>
, 1928
</taxonomicName>
-
<collectingRegion box="[760,900,3690,3729]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Hainan</collectingRegion>
I,
<collectingCountry box="[951,1068,3690,3729]" name="China" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">China</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="34.[159,1785,2791,4625]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<taxonomicName box="[170,744,3741,3781]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" phylum="Chordata">
<emphasis box="[170,482,3741,3781]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">R. p. szechwanus</emphasis>
<collectorName box="[498,744,3741,3780]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">K Andersen</collectorName>
</taxonomicName>
, 1918 -
<collectingCountry box="[926,1106,3741,3780]" name="Myanmar" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
and C
<collectingCountry box="[1269,1384,3741,3780]" name="China" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion box="[1421,1578,3741,3780]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion box="[1608,1772,3741,3780]" country="China" name="Guizhou" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Guizhou</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion box="[170,291,3796,3835]" country="China" name="Hubei" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Hubei</collectingRegion>
, and probably
<collectingRegion box="[569,726,3796,3835]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="313" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="34.[159,1785,2791,4625]" lastBlockId="34.[1871,3501,345,2194]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
Descriptive
<emphasis bold="true" box="[397,505,3847,3886]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">notes.</emphasis>
Head-body
<quantity box="[762,967,3847,3886]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" metricValueMax="4.2" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" unit="mm" value="36.0" valueMax="42.0" valueMin="30.0">30-42 mm</quantity>
, tail
<quantity box="[1075,1278,3847,3886]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" unit="mm" value="19.5" valueMax="26.0" valueMin="13.0">13-26 mm</quantity>
, ear
<quantity box="[1388,1591,3847,3886]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" unit="mm" value="16.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="13.0">13—20 mm</quantity>
, hindfoot
<quantity box="[170,326,3900,3939]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="6.0">6-8 mm</quantity>
, forearm 33-41-
<quantity box="[636,750,3900,3939]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
; weight 3-
<quantity box="[947,1049,3900,3939]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" unit="g" value="5.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="3.0">3-8 g</quantity>
. Dorsal pelage is dark brown to smoky gray or cinnamon brown, and ventral pelage grayish white or reddish, matching dorsum but paler. Ears are medium-sized. Noseleaf has variable lancet that ranges from elongate with concave sides to short and
<emphasis box="[879,995,4059,4098]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">nearly</emphasis>
triangular with parallel sides; connecting process is generally triangular (or hom-shaped, curving forward in some individuals); sella is slightly constricted medially,
<emphasis box="[846,1223,4165,4204]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">gradually narrowing</emphasis>
to widely rounded tip; horseshoe is
<emphasis box="[306,564,4217,4256]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">relatively wide</emphasis>
(
<quantity box="[596,748,4217,4256]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="6.0">6-8 mm</quantity>
) with small median emargination, and lacks lateral leaflets. There are three mental grooves on lower lip. Baculum is very large for horseshoe bat, has distinct but weak dorsal bend at tip and base, roughly cylindrical shaft, thin, rounded, and
<emphasis box="[440,585,4375,4414]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">laterally</emphasis>
widened tip, and wide basal cone with deep emargination. Skull is moderately robust (zygomatic breadth is
<emphasis box="[966,1093,4428,4467]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">usually</emphasis>
subequal to mastoid breadth but
<emphasis box="[1717,1781,4428,4467]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">can</emphasis>
be either
<emphasis box="[353,483,4480,4519]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">slightly</emphasis>
larger or smaller); anterior median swellings are
<emphasis box="[1406,1484,4480,4519]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">very</emphasis>
small; posterior swellings are more or less well inflated; rostral profile is
<emphasis box="[1188,1303,4533,4572]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">nearly</emphasis>
straight or
<emphasis box="[1509,1640,4533,4572]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">slightly</emphasis>
sloping posteriorly; sagittal crest is
<emphasis box="[657,781,4586,4625]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">weakly</emphasis>
to moderately developed; frontal depression is shallow or nearly straight; supraorbital crests are inconspicuous and low. C1 is moderately long; P2 is well developed and in the tooth row, separating C1 from P4; P3 is minute to mediumsized and usually extruded from the tooth row; P2 and P4 are variably separated or in contact. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 62 and FN = 63 (Hainan) or 64 (
<collectingCountry box="[3261,3441,506,545]" name="Thailand" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Thailand</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="313" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="34.[1871,3501,345,2194]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
Habitat. A variety of forest habitats at elevations of
<quantity box="[2840,3072,560,599]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.85" metricValueMax="13.7" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" unit="m" value="785.0" valueMax="1370.0" valueMin="200.0">200-1370 m</quantity>
, ranging from mature primary forests to disturbed forests.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="34.[1871,3501,345,2194]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1874,2060,667,706]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Food and</emphasis>
Feeding. The Least Horseshoe Bat probably forages for insects by perchhunting; it has been observed foraging among clumps of bamboo and small limestone boulders. Five fecal samples in
<collectingRegion box="[2450,2585,772,811]" country="China" name="Beijing" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Beijing</collectingRegion>
consisted of
<taxonomicName box="[2825,2970,772,811]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
(45% by volume),
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="313" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
(42%), and Coleoptera (13%).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="34.[1871,3501,345,2194]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
Breeding.
<emphasis box="[2071,2158,880,919]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Very</emphasis>
little is known about its breeding biology, but
<emphasis box="[3059,3235,880,919]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">pregnant</emphasis>
females were captured in mid-May, and lactating females in mid-June in
<collectingRegion box="[2987,3153,934,973]" country="China" name="Guangxi" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Guangxi</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="34.[1871,3501,345,2194]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
Activity
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2027,2193,986,1025]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">patterns.</emphasis>
Least Horseshoe Bats
<emphasis box="[2635,2766,986,1025]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">usually</emphasis>
roost in caves
<emphasis box="[3053,3098,986,1025]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">by</emphasis>
day, although roosts have also been recorded in the roofs of bungalows. They emerge from their day roosts to forage through the night, and have been observed leaving their roosts in early evening (18:00 h) in
<collectingCountry box="[2180,2359,1145,1184]" name="Myanmar" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
, dispersing by 18:30 h. Search call shape is FM/CF/FM, with a peak
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2010,2034,1199,1238]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">F</emphasis>
of 105-2-109-7 kHz in Beijing and 111-2 kHz in Guangxi, 108-9-114-1 kHz in
<collectingCountry box="[1928,2124,1252,1291]" name="Cambodia" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
(start frequencies of 95—111 kHz and end frequencies of 95-105 kHz), and 92-5 kHz in Peninsular
<collectingCountry box="[2401,2564,1305,1344]" name="Malaysia" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
; and a call duration of 20—50 milliseconds (mean of 40 milliseconds) in
<collectingCountry box="[2303,2418,1357,1396]" name="China" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">China</collectingCountry>
and 14-7-34-1 milliseconds in
<collectingCountry box="[3015,3211,1357,1396]" name="Cambodia" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
(interpulse interval of 18-2-38-6 milliseconds).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="34.[1871,3501,345,2194]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1874,2847,1464,1503]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Day roosts vary from a few individuals to thousands. In north-western
<collectingCountry box="[2610,2786,1517,1556]" name="Thailand" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, Least Horseshoe Bats were observed roosting in clusters of 55-1500 individuals in a cave.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="313" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="34.[1871,3501,345,2194]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1875,2348,1623,1662]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on
<emphasis box="[2957,3021,1623,1662]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">The</emphasis>
IUCN
<emphasis box="[3143,3212,1623,1662]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Red</emphasis>
List. The Least Horseshoe Bat is widespread and appears to be common throughout much of its distribution. However, the species as
<emphasis box="[2524,2697,1730,1769]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">currently</emphasis>
constituted may well comprise a group of several species with smaller distributions; once the taxonomy is clarified further, the conservation status of the different forms may change.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="313" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="34.[1871,3501,345,2194]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1876,2082,1895,1922]" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Bates &amp; Harrison (1997), Bates eta/. (2004), Corbet &amp;
<emphasis box="[2882,2925,1895,1922]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Hill</emphasis>
(1992), Csorba eta/. (2003),
<emphasis box="[3347,3495,1895,1922]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Dejtaradol</emphasis>
(2009), Francis (2008a), Harada (1985), Hutson,
<emphasis box="[2578,2705,1948,1975]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Kingston</emphasis>
&amp;Walston (2008),
<emphasis box="[2986,3169,1948,1975]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">JiangTinglei</emphasis>
, Metzner eta/. (2010), Li Gang eta/. (2006), Ma
<emphasis box="[2264,2310,2001,2028]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Xin</emphasis>
eta/. (2016), Malia (2000), Patawang et
<emphasis box="[2927,2958,2001,2028]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">al.</emphasis>
(2017),
<emphasis box="[3083,3173,2001,2028]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Phauk</emphasis>
eta/. (2013),
<collectingRegion box="[3383,3454,2001,2028]" country="Russia" name="Sakha" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Saha</collectingRegion>
et al. (2017a), Sinha (1973),
<emphasis box="[2249,2334,2054,2081]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Smith</emphasis>
&amp;
<emphasis box="[2373,2485,2054,2081]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">XieYan</emphasis>
(2008), Soisook
<emphasis box="[2742,2793,2054,2081]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">eta</emphasis>
/. (2016), Struebig eta/. (2005), Wei
<collectingRegion box="[3336,3410,2054,2081]" country="Nigeria" name="Rivers" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">Song</collectingRegion>
eta/. (2012), WuYi &amp; Harada (2005),
<emphasis box="[2322,2406,2107,2134]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">WuYi</emphasis>
, Motokawa, Harada et al. (2012),
<emphasis box="[2893,2978,2107,2134]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">WuYi</emphasis>
, Motokawa, LiYuchun eta/. (2009), Zhang Lin
<emphasis box="[2031,2062,2161,2188]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="313">et</emphasis>
al. (2018).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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