606 lines
52 KiB
XML
606 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3748525" approvalRequired="1" checkinTime="1586358796837" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Burgin, Connor" docDate="2019" docId="885887A2FFDF8A38F899FBD8F436D1A0" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Schreber 1774" docType="treatment" docVersion="23" lastPageNumber="296" masterDocId="7461FFDAFFCF8A29FFCCFFA1FF85D963" masterDocTitle="Rhinolophidae" masterLastPageNumber="332" masterPageNumber="280" pageNumber="295" updateTime="1658949228820" updateUser="felipe">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Rhinolophidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Burgin, Connor</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place>
|
||
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Mittermeier, Russell A.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>280</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>332</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3748525</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3808956" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163550037" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3808956" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFDF8A38F899FBD8F436D1A0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFDF8A38F899FBD8F436D1A0" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="296" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1877,2622,1145,1206]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[1877,3421,1145,1206]" box="[1877,2622,1145,1206]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1877,1946,1145,1206]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="14.[164,207,4337,4364]" captionTargetBox="[105,3488,151,4690]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="On following pages: 27. African Forest Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus silvestris); 28. Upland Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus hillorum); 29. Sakeji Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus sakejiensis); 30. Bokhara Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus bocharicus); 31. Greater Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum); 32. Geoffrey's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus clivosus); 33. Greater Japanese Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus nippon); 34. Horacek's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus horaceki); 35. Maclaud's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus maclaudi); 36. Ziama Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus ziama); 37. Hill's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus hilli); 38. Kahuzi Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus kahuzi); 39. Willard's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus willardi); 40. Ruwenzori Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus ruwenzorii); 41. Chinese Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus xinanzhongguoensis); 42. Big-eared Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus macrotis); 43. Osgood's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus osgoodi); 44. Allen's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus episcopus); 45. Thai Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus siamensis); 46, Schnitzler's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus schnitzten); M. King Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus rex); 48. Marshall’s Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus marshalli)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3748529/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">31</figureCitation>
|
||
. Greater Horseshoe
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2528,2622,1145,1206]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Bat</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[2687,3421,1145,1206]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[1877,3421,1145,1206]" box="[2687,3421,1145,1206]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Schreber, 1774)" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[2687,3421,1145,1206]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrumequinum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2687,3421,1145,1206]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Rhinolophus ferrumequinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="295" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[1875,3062,1220,1300]" box="[1876,3062,1220,1247]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
French: Grand
|
||
<emphasis box="[2080,2230,1220,1247]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Rhinolophe</emphasis>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2257,2380,1220,1247]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2257,2374,1220,1247]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">German</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[2390,2474,1220,1247]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Grosse</emphasis>
|
||
Hufeisennase
|
||
<emphasis box="[2675,2686,1220,1247]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">I</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2694,2817,1220,1247]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
Herradura grande
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[1875,3062,1220,1300]" box="[1875,2513,1273,1300]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1875,2207,1273,1300]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
Other
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1967,2094,1273,1300]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">common</emphasis>
|
||
names:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Larger Horseshoe Bat
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="295" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[2688,3494,1374,1941]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
Taxonomy.
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Schreber, 1774" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrumequinum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2921,3365,1374,1413]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Vespertilioferrum-equinum</emphasis>
|
||
Schreber, 1774
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[2884,3019,1424,1463]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[2688,3494,1374,1941]" box="[2884,3019,1424,1463]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2597534048" box="[2884,3014,1424,1463]" country="France" location="France" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="type">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2884,3014,1424,1463]" name="France" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="295" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[2688,3494,1374,1941]" lastBlockId="16.[1862,3493,1952,4630]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Schreber, 1774)" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[2695,3192,1479,1518]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrumequinum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2695,3192,1479,1518]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Rhinolophusferrumequinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrumequinum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">ferrumequinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group with the
|
||
<emphasis box="[3360,3492,1533,1572]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">extinct</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gunnell, Eiting & Geraads" authorityYear="2011" box="[2841,3120,1585,1624]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maghrebensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2841,3120,1585,1624]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">R maghrebensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[3219,3397,1585,1624]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[3219,3392,1585,1624]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mellali">R mellali</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[2688,2961,1638,1677]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrumequinum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2688,2961,1638,1677]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">ferrumequinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group is included in the Afro-Palearctic clade of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[3162,3383,1690,1729]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[3162,3383,1690,1729]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Rhinolophus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
close to the
|
||
<emphasis box="[2818,3179,1743,1782]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pousargues" authorityYear="1897" box="[2818,2979,1743,1782]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maclaudi">maclaudi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ruppell" authorityYear="1842" box="[2992,3173,1743,1782]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fumigatus">fumigatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="xinanzhongguoensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">xinanzhongguoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups.
|
||
<emphasis box="[2998,3493,1797,1836]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Rhinolophusferrumequinum</emphasis>
|
||
is sister to
|
||
<emphasis box="[2887,3079,1849,1888]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cretzschmar" authorityYear="1826" box="[2887,3073,1849,1888]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clivosus">R clivosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
although some Egyptian specimens attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cretzschmar" authorityYear="1826" box="[3292,3493,1902,1941]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clivosus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[3292,3493,1902,1941]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">R clivosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cluster within
|
||
<emphasis box="[2135,2816,1952,1991]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[2135,2453,1952,1991]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrumequinum">R ferrumequinum</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" box="[2469,2816,1952,1991]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nippon">Rhinolophus nippon</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
was previously included as a subspecies of
|
||
<emphasis box="[2004,2327,2005,2044]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[2004,2321,2005,2044]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrumequinum">R ferrumequinum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but it is genetically sister to the clade including
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrumequinum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">R ferrumequinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[2048,2240,2058,2097]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cretzschmar" authorityYear="1826" box="[2048,2235,2058,2097]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clivosus">R clivosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Exact distributional limit between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" box="[2904,3078,2058,2097]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nippon">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2904,3078,2058,2097]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">R nippon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[3171,3492,2058,2097]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrumequinum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[3171,3492,2058,2097]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">R ferrumequinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currendy uncertain due to lack of genetic data from specimens in central and southern Asia, and thus, distributional
|
||
<emphasis box="[2492,2684,2164,2203]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">difference</emphasis>
|
||
here is tentatively marked at Kashmir. Subspecies
|
||
<emphasis box="[2016,2189,2216,2255]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">creticumis,</emphasis>
|
||
now considered a synonym of the nominate form whereas subspecies
|
||
<emphasis box="[1874,1960,2269,2308]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Irani</emphasis>
|
||
is now a synonym of proximus, although genetic tests have not been performed on populations from central and southern Asia. Two subspecies recognized.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="295" type="synonymic_list">
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3750152" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3750152" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3750152/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" targetBox="[1871,2664,1372,1929]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[1862,3493,1952,4630]" box="[1871,2407,2375,2414]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1871,2407,2375,2414]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[1862,3493,1952,4630]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Schreber, 1774" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[1872,2526,2427,2466]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrumequinum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1872,1948,2427,2466]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">R f.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1957,2231,2427,2466]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">ferrumequinum</emphasis>
|
||
Schreber, 1774
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- S Europe from Iberian Peninsula and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3315,3447,2427,2466]" name="France" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
E to
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1922,2095,2481,2520]" name="Romania" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2117,2278,2481,2520]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2385,2519,2481,2520]" name="Greece" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
including SW
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2802,3053,2481,2520]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Great Britain</collectingCountry>
|
||
, S
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3110,3285,2481,2520]" name="Germany" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
, S
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3342,3480,2481,2520]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3342,3480,2481,2520]" name="Poland" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and Crimea, also on most Mediterranean Is (Balearics,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2911,3054,2534,2573]" name="France" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Corsica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Sardinia, Sicily,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3370,3480,2534,2573]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3370,3480,2534,2573]" name="Malta" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Malta</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, Crete,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1998,2132,2586,2625]" name="Cyprus" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
|
||
, etc.),
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2260,2392,2586,2625]" name="Turkey" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2420,2589,2586,2625]" name="Turkey" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Anatolia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), NW Africa (N
|
||
<emphasis box="[2896,3068,2586,2625]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2896,3068,2586,2625]" name="Morocco" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, N
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3131,3272,2586,2625]" name="Algeria" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, N
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3338,3479,2586,2625]" name="Tunisia" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and NW
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2038,2149,2639,2678]" name="Libya" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Libya</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and Levant region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[1862,3493,1952,4630]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1871,2466,2692,2731]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1871,2114,2692,2731]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">R f. proximus</emphasis>
|
||
K. Andersen, 1905
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- Transcaucasia,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2793,3051,2692,2731]" name="Iraq" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Mesopotamia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, S
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3103,3373,2692,2731]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, N,
|
||
<emphasis box="[3446,3489,2692,2731]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">W</emphasis>
|
||
& S
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1948,2029,2745,2784]" name="Iran" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2047,2279,2745,2784]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2298,2481,2745,2784]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[2501,2703,2745,2784]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2501,2703,2745,2784]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2723,2884,2745,2784]" name="Pakistan" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and N
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3031,3133,2745,2784]" name="India" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Kashmir).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="295" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[1862,3493,1952,4630]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
Descriptive
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2090,2194,2796,2835]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">notes</emphasis>
|
||
. Head-body
|
||
<quantity box="[2441,2640,2796,2835]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" metricValueMax="7.1" metricValueMin="5.4" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" unit="mm" value="62.5" valueMax="71.0" valueMin="54.0">54-71 mm</quantity>
|
||
, tail
|
||
<quantity box="[2731,2930,2796,2835]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.4" metricValueMin="3.1" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" unit="mm" value="37.5" valueMax="44.0" valueMin="31.0">31-44 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear
|
||
<quantity box="[3025,3222,2796,2835]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" unit="mm" value="22.0" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="19.0">19-25 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" unit="mm" value="12.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="10.0">10- 14 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity box="[2190,2391,2850,2889]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" metricValueMax="6.1" metricValueMin="5.1" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" unit="mm" value="56.0" valueMax="61.0" valueMin="51.0">51-61 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity box="[2550,2696,2850,2889]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.85" metricValueMax="4.4" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" unit="g" value="28.5" valueMax="44.0" valueMin="13.0">13-44 g</quantity>
|
||
. The Greater Horseshoe Bat is the largest rhinolophid in Europe. Nominate
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[2510,2779,2903,2942]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrumequinum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2510,2779,2903,2942]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">ferrumequinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is generally larger than
|
||
<emphasis box="[3225,3391,2903,2942]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">proximus.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal pelage is generally grayish brown to pale brown (hairs are beige, with grayish brown or brown tips) and variably, usually lightly, tinged with red; venter is grayish white to yellowish white. Juveniles are ashy gray. Specimens
|
||
<emphasis box="[2823,3030,3061,3100]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">of proximus</emphasis>
|
||
are generally pale fawn. There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are medium to short (
|
||
<emphasis box="[3323,3344,3114,3153]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">c</emphasis>
|
||
.41% of forearm length). Noseleafhas hastate or subtriangular lancet, becoming slightly concave near bluntly pointed tip; connecting
|
||
<emphasis box="[2567,2705,3219,3258]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">process</emphasis>
|
||
is rounded and much higher than tip of sella; sella is naked,
|
||
<emphasis box="[2242,2409,3272,3311]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">relatively</emphasis>
|
||
small, and curved forward, making
|
||
<emphasis box="[3081,3177,3272,3311]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">front</emphasis>
|
||
surface strongly concave, and sides are
|
||
<emphasis box="[2287,2505,3325,3364]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">only slightly</emphasis>
|
||
concave, and tip is pointed; and horseshoe is narrow at 6-5-9-
|
||
<quantity box="[2027,2141,3377,3416]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
|
||
, does not cover muzzle, and has lateral leaflets (although sometimes inconspicuous) and deep median emargination. Lower lip has one or three grooves, and lateral grooves can be inconspicuous if present.
|
||
<emphasis box="[2746,2862,3482,3521]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Wings</emphasis>
|
||
and uropatagium are
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3275,3354,3482,3521]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">pale</emphasis>
|
||
brown or grayish brown. Baculum has dorso-ventrally flattened basal cone, with somewhat deep, ventral incision; rim of cone is thickened and forms strong protuberance on both sides ofventral
|
||
<emphasis box="[2150,2298,3641,3680]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">incision</emphasis>
|
||
; shaft tapers and is almost cylindrical; and tip is a dorso-ventrally strongly flattened lancet Skull is robust, with
|
||
<emphasis box="[2710,2826,3694,3733]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">sturdy</emphasis>
|
||
zygomatic arches (zygomatic width is greater than mastoid width); nasal swellings are ofmedium low height; frontal depression is shallow; supraorbital crests are weak; and sagittal crest is well developed anteriorly but absent posteriorly. P2 is
|
||
<emphasis box="[2373,2443,3851,3890]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">tiny</emphasis>
|
||
and fully displaced
|
||
<emphasis box="[2808,2939,3851,3890]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">labially</emphasis>
|
||
or absent, allowing C1 and P4 to touch, and P3 is also
|
||
<emphasis box="[2309,2379,3905,3944]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">tiny</emphasis>
|
||
and fully displaced
|
||
<emphasis box="[2754,2885,3905,3944]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">labially</emphasis>
|
||
or absent, so that P2 and P are in full contact Dental formula is variable: 11/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30; 11/2,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1867,1896,3996,4035]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">C</emphasis>
|
||
1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 28; 11/2,
|
||
<emphasis box="[2585,2614,3996,4035]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">C</emphasis>
|
||
1/1, P 2/3, M 3/3 (
|
||
<emphasis box="[3001,3025,3996,4035]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">x</emphasis>
|
||
2) = 32; or 11/2, C 1/1’,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1866,1891,4062,4101]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">P</emphasis>
|
||
1/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 30. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FNa = 60-62.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="296" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="16.[1862,3493,1952,4630]" lastBlockId="17.[203,1829,358,4634]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="296" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1865,2018,4116,4155]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Habitat</emphasis>
|
||
Mainly forested habitats, especially in areas with abundant roosting sites, from sea level to elevations of c.
|
||
<quantity box="[2465,2614,4168,4207]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" unit="m" value="3500.0">3500 m</quantity>
|
||
. Unlike the related Geoffroy’s Horseshoe
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3419,3483,4168,4207]" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">Bat</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1870,2098,4221,4261]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cretzschmar" authorityYear="1826" box="[1941,2078,4221,4260]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="295" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clivosus">clivosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the Greater Horseshoe Bat is less
|
||
<emphasis box="[2761,2951,4221,4260]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">associated</emphasis>
|
||
with dry habitats, although it is found in some drier regions through
|
||
<emphasis box="[2699,2791,4274,4313]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">West</emphasis>
|
||
Asia and North Africa. In Europe, it is found in deciduous temperate woodlands throughout the northern part
|
||
<emphasis box="[3384,3428,4327,4366]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">of</emphasis>
|
||
its distribution and more Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands in southern Europe, North Africa, and the Levant Greater Horseshoe Bats are typically associated with forested habitats where they forage near vegetation, but they can be found in open areas, especially in
|
||
<emphasis box="[2653,2745,4538,4577]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="295">West</emphasis>
|
||
Asia. Throughout western and central Asia, they are largely associated with highland habitats and only found in temperate forested montane regions of Transcaucasia,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1053,1135,358,397]" name="Iran" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and central Asia from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1590,1818,358,397]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
to Kashmir.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[203,1829,358,4634]" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[204,385,464,503]" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Food and</emphasis>
|
||
Feeding. Greater Horseshoe Bats forage by slow hawking, fly-catching from perches, and ground-gleaning.
|
||
<emphasis box="[793,908,517,556]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">When</emphasis>
|
||
captured, insects are eaten on the wing or taken to a perch. They will sometimes land on the ground to capture dung beetles and other insects in dung piles. Most of their diet comes from species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Coleoptern" authorityName="Coleoptern" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera, Coleoptern</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[303,569,676,715]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[676,822,676,715]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(at least throughout Europe), but other arthropods also make up smaller proportions of their diets, including Neuroptera, Trichoptera, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Clerck" authorityYear="1757" box="[288,450,782,821]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="17" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Araneae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[470,503,782,821]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">A</emphasis>
|
||
large sample of 1580 feces found that the diet of the Greater Horseshoe Bat in the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[507,573,834,873]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">UK</collectingCountry>
|
||
mostly contained
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[922,1159,834,873]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(moths) and changed throughout the year. In spring, they ate cockchafers
|
||
<emphasis box="[1003,1440,887,926]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">{Melolontha melolonthd),</emphasis>
|
||
beetles (
|
||
<emphasis box="[1623,1799,887,926]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Geotrupe</emphasis>
|
||
), caddisflies (Trichoptera),
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[709,834,940,979]" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">tipulid</emphasis>
|
||
flies, ichneumonid wasps, and moths. In autumn, dung beetles
|
||
<emphasis box="[467,657,993,1032]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">(Aphodius)</emphasis>
|
||
and dung flies (various
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1134,1280,993,1032]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
) replaced various species of beetles in diets. Coleoptera,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[741,980,1046,1085]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1084,1229,1046,1085]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
dominated diets in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1605,1810,1046,1085]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and Coleoptera and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[605,843,1099,1138]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
were most important in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1323,1455,1099,1138]" name="Turkey" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1477,1571,1099,1138]" name="Syria" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Syria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1673,1813,1099,1138]" name="Jordan" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Moths dominated three stomach samples from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1115,1197,1152,1191]" name="Iran" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and some brachyceran
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Trichoptera" authorityName="Trichoptera" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera, Trichoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and scarabaeid Coleoptera also were eaten. Greater Horseshoe Bats are versatile feeders and alter their diets based on prey
|
||
<emphasis box="[1217,1416,1258,1297]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">availability</emphasis>
|
||
throughout the year and among regions. Where they forage also can change; in the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1388,1454,1311,1350]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">UK</collectingCountry>
|
||
, they forage mainly in woodlands in spring and over pastures in late summer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[203,1829,358,4634]" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">
|
||
Breeding. Greater Horseshoe Bats are seasonally monoestrous. Copulation occurs before hibernation; males mate with females in their harems. After mating, males secrete a plug into females’ vaginas to either prevent sperm competition or keep sperm stored in the female until the following spring. Sperm storage occurs in oviducts of females until ovulation and fertilization takes place in March—April. Gestation lasts 2—3 months depending on whether or not embryo development is lengthened due to torpor of the pregnant female; gestation is generally
|
||
<emphasis box="[1044,1066,1735,1774]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">c</emphasis>
|
||
.9 weeks with limited torpor.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1623,1748,1735,1774]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Young</emphasis>
|
||
are bom in late spring or
|
||
<emphasis box="[633,725,1788,1827]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">early</emphasis>
|
||
summer depending on the region. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1468,1609,1788,1827]" name="Algeria" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, young are bom inJune and volant by the end ofAugust. Litter size is one.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1399,1523,1840,1879]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Young</emphasis>
|
||
hold onto their mothers until a little before weaning. Young will forage and hang separate from their mothers before weaning. Greater Horseshoe Bats mature very slowly, similar to many hibernating bats. Females reach sexual maturity at
|
||
<emphasis box="[1163,1186,2000,2039]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">c</emphasis>
|
||
.3 years of age,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1468,1534,2000,2039]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">but</emphasis>
|
||
they might not produce their first offspring until 3—5 years of age. Males generally mature at 2-4 years of age. Greater Horseshoe Bats are long-lived; maximum longevities recorded in the wild are 30 years and six months for a male and 27 years and eight months for a female.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[203,1829,358,4634]" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[205,529,2211,2250]" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Greater Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal and forage throughout the night They generally leave day roosts 15—30 minutes after
|
||
<emphasis box="[1309,1430,2264,2303]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">sunset</emphasis>
|
||
and begin to forage. They typically linger around day roosts for the early part of the night and fly further from the day roost as the night progresses. Most nightly activity occurs within
|
||
<quantity box="[1661,1821,2370,2409]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="296" unit="km" value="12.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="5.0">5—20 km</quantity>
|
||
ofroosts, and adults typically move further thanjuveniles. Greater Horseshoe Bats generally stay
|
||
<emphasis box="[399,464,2476,2515]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">out</emphasis>
|
||
all night or return after 2—3 hours and leave day roosts again for
|
||
<emphasis box="[1678,1701,2476,2515]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">c</emphasis>
|
||
.30
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1759,1771,2476,2515]" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">-</emphasis>
|
||
50 minutes before sunrise. They
|
||
<emphasis box="[759,987,2529,2568]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">occasionally</emphasis>
|
||
rest in night roosts. Activity decreases in cold temperatures, markedly below 10°C—the typical thermal threshold for insect activity. During the day, Greater Horseshoe Bats can enter a mild torpor when temperatures are below 22°C. They enter deep torpor (hibernation) from mid-autumn until spring (October-April in Europe), during which they find parts of caves that are warmer than 7
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[228,255,2791,2830]" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">—</emphasis>
|
||
10
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[300,314,2791,2830]" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">°</emphasis>
|
||
C. During this time, they continue to irregularly awake and leave roosts to forage when weather permits. They do not hibernate in southern parts of the distribution but have been found to hibernate in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[926,1009,2899,2938]" name="Iran" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1031,1105,2899,2938]" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Day</emphasis>
|
||
roosts of Greater Horseshoe Bats are generally in caves and other underground or rocky structures; they commonly inhabit abandoned or unused parts of buildings, particularly roofs. Greater Horseshoe Bats tend to favor houses in northern parts of their distribution but underground structures in the south. They also seem to favor caves as hibernacula in winter. Call shape is
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[208,293,3163,3202]" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">FM/</emphasis>
|
||
CF
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[351,444,3163,3202]" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">/FM,</emphasis>
|
||
with terminal FM sweep usually having the greatest bandwidth.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1680,1822,3163,3202]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Aspects</emphasis>
|
||
of calls vary among seasons and through the lifetime of an individual; juveniles emit lower frequencies than adults. Resting frequencies of mothers and young seem to be similar, indicating that the call is learned from the mother or inherited. F component is 77—83 kHz in southern Europe, 83—84 kHz in the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1336,1403,3372,3411]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">UK</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 81-7 kHz in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1668,1822,3372,3411]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Western</emphasis>
|
||
Europe, and 84-6 kHz in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[687,860,3427,3466]" name="Morocco" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Mean call duration is 53-8 milliseconds in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1678,1814,3427,3466]" name="Greece" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 21 milliseconds and 31-9 milliseconds in the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1056,1122,3480,3519]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">UK</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and 30-3 milliseconds
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1564,1602,3480,3519]" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">in</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1613,1785,3480,3519]" name="Morocco" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[203,1829,358,4634]" lastBlockId="17.[1914,3538,355,2249]" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[208,1154,3533,3572]" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Greater Horseshoe Bats are highly gregarious, roosting singly, in small groups, or in very large colonies up to 1000 individuals, although they forage alone. Non-matemity colonies have been recorded with up to 500 individuals of both sexes; summer maternity colonies of up to 1000 females have been reported, although 100—300 individuals are more common. Maternity colonies are
|
||
<emphasis box="[210,424,3797,3836]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">createdjust</emphasis>
|
||
before females give birth. When first formed, maternity colonies can still include some
|
||
<emphasis box="[430,611,3850,3889]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">persistent</emphasis>
|
||
males and non-breeding individuals that
|
||
<emphasis box="[1374,1503,3850,3889]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">usually</emphasis>
|
||
leave after young are bom. Non-breeding individuals disperse like males or can remain in maternity colonies throughout the breeding season. Males form scattered small groups in separate day roosts. All male and all juvenile colonies have been recorded. Males and females start roosting together after young are weaned around late summer (at least in Europe), which leads to copulation in day roosts until the end of October before the beginning of hibernation (in northern populations). From late summer to about mid-autumn, males become territorial in roosting colonies, establishing small harems in the roost. Harems generally include the male and up to eight females, segregating into a single cluster in the roost Populations of Greater Horseshoe Bats are primarily
|
||
<emphasis box="[1374,1554,4326,4365]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">sedentary</emphasis>
|
||
and hibernate instead of migrating.
|
||
<emphasis box="[605,842,4378,4417]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Nevertheless</emphasis>
|
||
, they often fly
|
||
<quantity box="[1115,1293,4378,4417]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="296" unit="km" value="27.5" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="20.0">20—35 km</quantity>
|
||
between summer roosts and hibernacula. They typically move to more secluded localities (
|
||
<emphasis box="[1390,1413,4430,4469]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">e</emphasis>
|
||
.g. cool, deep parts of caves) where they can enter deep torpor.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[961,1165,4483,4522]" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Individuals</emphasis>
|
||
wrap themselves completely in their wing membranes during hibernation. Hibernacula generally include fewer individuals than summer roosts
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[584,650,4589,4628]" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">but</emphasis>
|
||
can sometimes include clusters ofup to 100 individuals. Females seem to give birth in the same roosting area each year.
|
||
<emphasis box="[2912,3186,355,394]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Non-matemity</emphasis>
|
||
summer roosts are often shared with other species of
|
||
<emphasis box="[2570,2792,407,446]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2570,2786,407,446]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="296" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhinolophus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1837" box="[2807,3012,407,446]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="296" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Miniopterus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[3035,3289,407,446]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[3035,3147,407,446]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="296" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1838" box="[3168,3283,407,446]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Asellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="296" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Asellia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[3390,3532,407,446]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1816" box="[3390,3527,407,446]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="296" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Plecotus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Maternity colonies are
|
||
<emphasis box="[2339,2562,461,500]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">occasionally</emphasis>
|
||
shared with other bat species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="296" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[1914,3538,355,2249]" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">
|
||
Status
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2037,2375,512,551]" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on
|
||
<emphasis box="[2966,3292,512,551]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">The IUCNed List.</emphasis>
|
||
The Greater Horseshoe Bat has a wide distribution and is rather abundant throughout much of its distribution. Nevertheless, there are areas that have experienced well-documented declines, including
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2230,2338,671,710]" name="Malta" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Malta</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2355,2515,671,710]" name="Belgium" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Belgium</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2615,2916,671,710]" name="Netherlands" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">the Netherlands</collectingCountry>
|
||
where it is likely extinct Much of the documented decline has occurred throughout Europe, notably in north-western Europe. Populations in the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2374,2440,777,816]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">UK</collectingCountry>
|
||
have experienced massive declines, and the overall population is now stable at a low level
|
||
<emphasis box="[2481,2547,830,869]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">of c</emphasis>
|
||
.5000 individuals. Austrian populations have declined by 70% in the last ten years and are down to only c.30 breeding individuals. Population trends throughout the rest of Europe and North Africa are uncertain, but roosts seem to be disappearing throughout the Iberian Peninsula. Populations are considered stable in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1966,2106,1042,1081]" name="Croatia" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Croatia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. There apparently has been a slow increase in populations in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3260,3430,1042,1081]" name="Romania" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
||
since 1989 due to the reduced use
|
||
<emphasis box="[2453,2496,1095,1134]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">of</emphasis>
|
||
pesticides. The Greater Horseshoe
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3151,3215,1095,1134]" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Bat</emphasis>
|
||
is rare in
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Switzerland" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
but considered stable.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2423,2453,1148,1187]" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">It</emphasis>
|
||
is considered
|
||
<emphasis box="[2713,2880,1148,1187]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">relatively</emphasis>
|
||
rare throughout much of its Asiatic distribution, although it is considerably common throughout Transcaucasia. Primary threats are fragmentation and habitat destruction from deforestation and agricultural expansion. Use of pesticides also negatively affects Greater Horseshoe Bats by targeting some important food sources such as melolonthid beetles, noctuid moth larvae, and crane flies. General roost disturbance is also an evident threat, especially for colonies in buildings where human intolerance can make
|
||
<emphasis box="[2786,2814,1466,1505]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">it</emphasis>
|
||
difficult for cohabitation. The Greater Horseshoe Bat is widely protected throughout Europe, where many underground roosts have been protected and building roosts have had management agreements to maintain the bat-human relationship. Legislation protects the Greater Horseshoe Bat in some but not all countries in its distribution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="296" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="17.[1914,3538,355,2249]" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1917,2125,1739,1766]" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
ACR (2018), Aldridge (1986),
|
||
<emphasis box="[2567,2659,1739,1766]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Arslan</emphasis>
|
||
& Zima (2014), Aulagnier &Thévenot (1986), Bates & Harrison (1997), Benda & Gaisler (2015), Benda &
|
||
<emphasis box="[2598,2667,1792,1819]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Vallo</emphasis>
|
||
(2012), Benda, Abi-Said et al. (2016), Benda, Andreas et al. (2006), Benda, Faizolâhi et
|
||
<emphasis box="[2309,2341,1846,1873]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2012), Benda, Georgiakakis et al. (2008), Benda, Hanâk &
|
||
<emphasis box="[3200,3319,1846,1873]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Cervenÿ</emphasis>
|
||
(2011), Benda, Ivanova et
|
||
<emphasis box="[2078,2109,1898,1925]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003), Benda, Lucan et
|
||
<emphasis box="[2484,2514,1898,1925]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010), Benda, Spitzenberger et al. (2014), Botnariuc &Tatole (2005), Csorba et
|
||
<emphasis box="[2076,2107,1951,1978]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003), Disca
|
||
<emphasis box="[2332,2404,1951,1978]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014), landers, Jones et al. (2009), landers, Wei Li
|
||
<emphasis box="[3238,3270,1951,1978]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">et</emphasis>
|
||
al. (2011), Gaisler (2001, 2013b), Gunnell
|
||
<emphasis box="[2271,2302,2004,2031]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">et</emphasis>
|
||
al. (2011),
|
||
<emphasis box="[2472,2610,2004,2031]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Hanâk et</emphasis>
|
||
al. (2001), Jones (1990), Jones & Ransome (1993), Jones & Rayner (1989), Jones & Siemers (2011),
|
||
<emphasis box="[2505,2559,2057,2084]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Koh</emphasis>
|
||
Hung-Sun et
|
||
<emphasis box="[2763,2794,2057,2084]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2014), Long &
|
||
<emphasis box="[3027,3170,2057,2084]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Schnitzler</emphasis>
|
||
(1975), Ma Jie, Kobayasi et
|
||
<emphasis box="[1969,2001,2110,2137]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006), Park
|
||
<emphasis box="[2204,2236,2110,2137]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">et</emphasis>
|
||
al. (2000), Piraccini (2016a), Ransome & McOwat (1994),
|
||
<emphasis box="[3103,3223,2110,2137]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Rossiter</emphasis>
|
||
, Benda et al. (2007), Rossiter, Jones
|
||
<emphasis box="[2163,2237,2163,2190]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2000a, 2000b, 2001), Schnitzler (1973), Schnitzler &
|
||
<emphasis box="[3065,3177,2163,2190]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Grinnell</emphasis>
|
||
(1977), Stoffberg et al. (2010), Suga
|
||
<emphasis box="[2109,2139,2216,2243]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">et</emphasis>
|
||
al. (1976),
|
||
<emphasis box="[2292,2386,2216,2243]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">Vogler</emphasis>
|
||
& Neuweiler (1983), Walters et
|
||
<emphasis box="[2858,2889,2216,2243]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="296">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2012).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |