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<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3748525" approvalRequired="1" checkinTime="1586358796837" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Burgin, Connor" docDate="2019" docId="885887A2FFDD8A3AF896FB47F94CD195" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Rhinolophus nippon Temminck 1835" docType="treatment" docVersion="21" lastPageNumber="298" masterDocId="7461FFDAFFCF8A29FFCCFFA1FF85D963" masterDocTitle="Rhinolophidae" masterLastPageNumber="332" masterPageNumber="280" pageNumber="297" updateTime="1658949228820" updateUser="felipe">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Rhinolophidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Burgin, Connor</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:originInfo>
<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place>
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Mittermeier, Russell A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>280</mods:start>
<mods:end>332</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3748525</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3808952" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163549986" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3808952" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFDD8A3AF896FB47F94CD195" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFDD8A3AF896FB47F94CD195" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="298" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
<subSubSection box="[1882,2900,1254,1315]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="18.[1882,3486,1254,1315]" box="[1882,2900,1254,1315]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
<figureCitation box="[1882,1952,1254,1315]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="14.[164,207,4337,4364]" captionTargetBox="[105,3488,151,4690]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="On following pages: 27. African Forest Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus silvestris); 28. Upland Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus hillorum); 29. Sakeji Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus sakejiensis); 30. Bokhara Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus bocharicus); 31. Greater Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum); 32. Geoffrey's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus clivosus); 33. Greater Japanese Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus nippon); 34. Horacek's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus horaceki); 35. Maclaud's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus maclaudi); 36. Ziama Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus ziama); 37. Hill's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus hilli); 38. Kahuzi Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus kahuzi); 39. Willard's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus willardi); 40. Ruwenzori Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus ruwenzorii); 41. Chinese Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus xinanzhongguoensis); 42. Big-eared Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus macrotis); 43. Osgood's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus osgoodi); 44. Allen's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus episcopus); 45. Thai Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus siamensis); 46, Schnitzler's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus schnitzten); M. King Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus rex); 48. Marshall’s Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus marshalli)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3748529/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">33</figureCitation>
.
<emphasis box="[1985,2466,1254,1315]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">GreaterJapanese</emphasis>
Horseshoe
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2804,2900,1254,1315]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Bat</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[2965,3486,1254,1315]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="18.[1882,3486,1254,1315]" box="[2965,3486,1254,1315]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" box="[2965,3486,1254,1315]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nippon">
<emphasis box="[2965,3486,1254,1315]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Rhinolophus nippon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="297" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="18.[1880,3205,1330,1411]" box="[1880,3205,1330,1357]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1880,1985,1330,1357]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">French:</emphasis>
Rhinolophe
<emphasis box="[2157,2248,1330,1357]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">nippon</emphasis>
/
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2275,2398,1330,1357]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">German:</emphasis>
<emphasis box="[2409,2492,1330,1357]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Grosse</emphasis>
Japan-Hufeisennase /
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2803,2929,1330,1357]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Spanish:</emphasis>
Herradura de
<emphasis box="[3124,3205,1330,1357]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
<collectingCountry box="[3124,3205,1330,1357]" name="Japan" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Japón</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="18.[1880,3205,1330,1411]" box="[1880,2676,1384,1411]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1880,1964,1384,1411]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Other</emphasis>
<emphasis box="[1972,2209,1384,1411]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
common
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2111,2209,1384,1411]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">names</emphasis>
</emphasis>
:
<emphasis box="[2224,2354,1384,1411]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Japanese</emphasis>
Greater Horseshoe Bat
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="297" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="18.[2705,3510,1481,2053]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
Taxonomy.
<taxonomicName authority="Temminck, 1835" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nippon">
<emphasis box="[2930,3283,1481,1520]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Rhinolophus nippon</emphasis>
Temminck, 1835
</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[2812,2937,1535,1574]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="18.[2705,3510,1481,2053]" box="[2812,2937,1535,1574]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2597534033" box="[2812,2931,1535,1574]" country="Japan" location="Japan" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="type">
<collectingCountry box="[2812,2931,1535,1574]" name="Japan" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Japan</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="297" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="18.[2705,3510,1481,2053]" lastBlockId="18.[1878,3513,2067,4655]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" box="[2707,3062,1588,1627]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nippon">
<emphasis box="[2707,3062,1588,1627]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Rhinolophus nippon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is in the Jèmmeçwtnutn species group and sister to a clade including A
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cretzschmar" authorityYear="1826" box="[2845,2978,1695,1734]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clivosus">
<emphasis box="[2845,2978,1695,1734]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">clivosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis box="[3083,3509,1695,1734]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[3083,3411,1695,1734]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrumequinum">R ferrumequinum</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis box="[2709,3011,1747,1786]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
Rhinolophus
<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" box="[2888,3011,1747,1786]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nippon">nippon</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</emphasis>
m previously included in
<emphasis box="[2758,3086,1801,1840]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[2758,3080,1801,1840]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrumequinum">R ferrumequinum</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but genetic data have shown that the two are distinct species. Distributional limits between
<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" box="[3319,3510,1907,1947]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nippon">
<emphasis box="[3319,3510,1907,1947]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">R nippon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[2802,3135,1961,2000]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrumequinum">
<emphasis box="[2802,3135,1961,2000]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">R ferrumequinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are still uncertain because there have been no genetic assessments of specimens from central and southern Asia. Which species
<emphasis box="[3231,3373,2067,2106]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">tragatus</emphasis>
is best included under has
<emphasis box="[2256,2314,2121,2160]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">yet</emphasis>
to be determined, but
<emphasis box="[2744,2772,2121,2160]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">it</emphasis>
is included as a subspecies here. Taxon
<emphasis box="[1883,1971,2174,2213]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">korai</emphasis>
is here synonymized under nominate nippon, although genetic and morphometric testing is needed to support this
<emphasis box="[2560,2644,2227,2266]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">view</emphasis>
. Two subspecies recognized.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="297" type="synonymic_list">
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3749972" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3749972" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3749972/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" targetBox="[1877,2675,1488,2048]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph blockId="18.[1878,3513,2067,4655]" box="[1881,2422,2281,2320]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1881,2422,2281,2320]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="18.[1878,3513,2067,4655]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis box="[1881,1972,2333,2372]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
<collectionCode box="[1881,1920,2333,2372]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">R</collectionCode>
n.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Temminck, 1835" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" box="[1991,2447,2333,2372]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nippon">
<emphasis box="[1991,2114,2333,2372]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">nippon</emphasis>
Temminck, 1835
</taxonomicName>
—
<emphasis box="[2502,2532,2333,2372]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">C</emphasis>
&amp; E
<collectingCountry box="[2639,2755,2333,2372]" name="China" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">China</collectingCountry>
(from
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2890,2976,2333,2372]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
<collectingRegion box="[2890,2976,2333,2372]" country="China" name="Jilin" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Jilin</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
<collectionCode box="[2991,3056,2333,2372]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">SW</collectionCode>
to
<collectingRegion box="[3124,3277,2333,2372]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
and S to N
<collectingRegion box="[1882,2047,2386,2425]" country="China" name="Guangxi" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Guangxi</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion box="[2068,2206,2386,2425]" country="China" name="Hunan" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Hunan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion box="[2217,2360,2386,2425]" country="China" name="Jiangxi" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Jiangxi</collectingRegion>
, and
<emphasis box="[2464,2595,2386,2425]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
<collectingRegion box="[2464,2595,2386,2425]" country="China" name="Fujian" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Fujian</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
), Korean Peninsula, andJapan (including some offshore islands).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="18.[1878,3513,2067,4655]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis box="[1882,2122,2492,2531]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
<collectionCode box="[1882,1920,2492,2531]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">R</collectionCode>
n. tragatus
</emphasis>
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFDD8A3AF896FB47F94CD195:052E606FFFDD8A3BF79CF61DF686D080" box="[2128,2307,2492,2531]" country="India" name="Hodgson" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" stateProvince="Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh">Hodgson</location>
, 1835 — N
<collectingCountry box="[2500,2602,2492,2531]" name="India" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">India</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion isEnumeration="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand,
<emphasis box="[3264,3357,2492,2531]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">West</emphasis>
Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh
</collectingRegion>
, and
<collectingRegion box="[2521,2714,2546,2585]" country="India" name="Nagaland" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Nagaland</collectingRegion>
),
<collectingCountry box="[2751,2868,2546,2585]" name="Nepal" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Nepal</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[2892,3037,2546,2585]" name="Bhutan" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
, N
<collectingCountry box="[3109,3335,2546,2585]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectionCode box="[3446,3510,2546,2585]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">SW</collectionCode>
<collectingCountry box="[1883,1998,2600,2639]" name="China" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion box="[2026,2173,2600,2639]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion box="[2271,2443,2600,2639]" country="China" name="Guizhou" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Guizhou</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="297" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="18.[1878,3513,2067,4655]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
Descriptive
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2113,2226,2650,2689]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">notes.</emphasis>
Head—body
<quantity box="[2482,2690,2650,2689]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" metricValueMax="7.9" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" unit="mm" value="67.0" valueMax="79.0" valueMin="55.0">55—79 mm</quantity>
, tail
<quantity box="[2794,3003,2650,2689]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.45" metricValueMax="4.4" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" unit="mm" value="34.5" valueMax="44.0" valueMin="25.0">25-44 mm</quantity>
, ear
<quantity box="[3109,3315,2650,2689]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" unit="mm" value="23.5" valueMax="29.0" valueMin="18.0">18—29 mm</quantity>
, hindfoot
<quantity box="[1885,2086,2705,2744]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" unit="mm" value="12.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="10.0">10—14 mm</quantity>
, forearm
<quantity box="[2272,2476,2705,2744]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.65" metricValueMax="6.4" metricValueMin="4.9" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" unit="mm" value="56.5" valueMax="64.0" valueMin="49.0">49—64 mm</quantity>
. The GreaterJapanese Horseshoe
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3141,3206,2705,2744]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Bat</emphasis>
is similar to the Greater Horseshoe Bat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[2349,2676,2758,2797]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="298" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrumequinum">
A
<emphasis box="[2395,2676,2758,2797]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">ferrumequinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis box="[2676,2697,2758,2797]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">),</emphasis>
but it seems to have somewhat darker pelage. Nominate subspecies has forearm lengths of
<quantity box="[2838,3041,2811,2850]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" metricValueMax="5.9" metricValueMin="4.9" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" unit="mm" value="54.0" valueMax="59.0" valueMin="49.0">49—59 mm</quantity>
and tibia lengths of less than
<quantity box="[1988,2129,2865,2904]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
;
<emphasis box="[2158,2299,2865,2904]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">tragatus</emphasis>
has forearm lengths of
<quantity box="[2778,2984,2865,2904]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" metricValueMax="6.4" metricValueMin="5.8" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" unit="mm" value="61.0" valueMax="64.0" valueMin="58.0">58—64 mm</quantity>
and tibia lengths of more than
<quantity box="[1985,2123,2918,2957]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
, being significantly larger than
<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" box="[2746,2868,2918,2957]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nippon">
<emphasis box="[2746,2868,2918,2957]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">nippon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with little overlap. Dorsal pelage is smoky gray-brown, pale brown, or chestnut-brown, with variable levels of red tinge (some individuals apparently look dark orange-brown); venter is pale buff. There are possibly orange-morph individuals in
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2597533950" box="[2614,2735,3077,3116]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" typeStatus="type">
<collectingCountry box="[2614,2735,3077,3116]" name="Japan" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Japan</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are relatively short (
<emphasis box="[2122,2143,3129,3168]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">c</emphasis>
.46% of forearm length on average). Noseleaf has subtriangular lancet, becoming slightly concave near bluntly pointed tip; connecting process is rounded and much higher than
<emphasis box="[2341,2425,3236,3275]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">sella</emphasis>
tip; sella is naked,
<emphasis box="[2804,2975,3236,3275]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">relatively</emphasis>
small, and curved forward, making front surface strongly concave while sides are only slightly concave and tip is pointed; and horseshoe is narrow, does not cover muzzle, and has lateral leaflets (although sometimes inconspicuous) and deep median emargination. Lower lip has one or three grooves, although lateral grooves can be inconspicuous if present.
<emphasis box="[3390,3508,3449,3488]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Wings</emphasis>
and uropatagium are grayish brown. Detailed morphological comparisons between the GreaterJapanese Horseshoe Bat and the Greater Horseshoe Bat are required to differentiate the two species based on skull
<emphasis box="[2739,2953,3608,3647]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">differences</emphasis>
. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FN = 62.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="298" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="18.[1878,3513,2067,4655]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1883,2035,3714,3753]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Habitat.</emphasis>
<emphasis box="[2047,2181,3714,3753]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Variety</emphasis>
of temperate forested habitats in montane and lowland regions from sea level to elevations of
<emphasis box="[2349,2368,3768,3807]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">c</emphasis>
.
<quantity box="[2374,2523,3768,3807]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" unit="m" value="3500.0">3500 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="18.[1878,3513,2067,4655]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1883,2252,3820,3859]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
Greater Japanese Horseshoe Bats forage by fly-catching from a perch (most often), slow hawking, and gleaning prey from the ground and vegetation. They forage in open forests, woodland paths, and forest edges, generally preferring open areas to cluttered areas.
<emphasis box="[2452,2552,3979,4018]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">They</emphasis>
generally prey on species of
<taxonomicName box="[3094,3243,3979,4018]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName authority=", Coleoptera, Trichoptera, Plecoptera, Odonata, and Hemiptera" authorityName="Coleoptera, Trichoptera, Plecoptera, Odonata, and Hemiptera" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera, Plecoptera, Odonata, and Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
, but
<taxonomicName box="[3184,3426,4032,4071]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
, o ­ leoptera, and
<taxonomicName box="[2148,2294,4085,4124]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
make up the largest proportion of diets. During winter hibernation, they are known to awake and feed almost
<emphasis box="[2815,3017,4138,4177]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">exclusively</emphasis>
on troglophilic moths in hibernacula and occasionally outside when
<emphasis box="[2712,2740,4192,4231]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">it</emphasis>
is warm enough.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="18.[1878,3513,2067,4655]" lastBlockId="19.[198,1824,349,2303]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="298" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">
Breeding. GreaterJapanese Horseshoe Bats are
<emphasis box="[2798,2989,4244,4283]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">seasonally</emphasis>
monoestrous, with delayed fertilization. Copulation occurs in late summer and early autumn before hibernation, and sperm is stored in females’ reproductive tracts. Births of single young occur synchronously in early summer. Mothers recognize their young by vocal communication, and their supersonic calls are synchronized.
<emphasis box="[2723,2928,4457,4496]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">Young stay</emphasis>
attached to their mothers’ underside and suckle. They begin to forage by themselves at
<emphasis box="[2997,3018,4510,4549]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">c</emphasis>
.32 days old, and weaning occurs at 40 days old. Juvenile mortality has been reported at 3-6%. Female Greater Japanese Horseshoe Bats generally take 2
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2684,2698,4616,4655]" pageId="18" pageNumber="297">-</emphasis>
4 years before rearing their first offspring, with fertility increasing with each year of life: one year
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1306,1320,349,388]" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">(</emphasis>
13
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1367,1440,349,388]" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">-1%</emphasis>
fertility
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1605,1625,349,388]" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">),</emphasis>
two years
<emphasis bold="true" box="[205,218,402,441]" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">(</emphasis>
49
<emphasis bold="true" box="[267,287,402,441]" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">*</emphasis>
5
<emphasis bold="true" box="[310,372,402,441]" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">%),</emphasis>
three years
<emphasis bold="true" box="[611,625,402,441]" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">(</emphasis>
95
<emphasis bold="true" box="[675,688,402,441]" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">-</emphasis>
2
<emphasis bold="true" box="[712,776,402,441]" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">%),</emphasis>
and four years
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1077,1090,402,441]" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">(</emphasis>
100
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1162,1213,402,441]" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">%)</emphasis>
in
<collectingRegion box="[1281,1653,402,441]" country="Japan" name="Ishikawa" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">Ishikawa Prefecture</collectingRegion>
and one (0-0%), two (27-2%), and three (93-4%) in
<collectingRegion box="[1045,1472,455,494]" country="Japan" name="Yamaguchi" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">Yamaguchi Prefecture</collectingRegion>
. Females less than a year old generally do not produce any offspring,
<emphasis box="[1165,1230,511,550]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">but</emphasis>
it is possible. Females possess a strong loyalty to their natal sites for giving birth and raising their young. GreaterJapanese Horseshoe Bats are very long-lived; the oldest individual recorded was a 23-yearold female fromJapan.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="19.[198,1824,349,2303]" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,519,723,762]" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
GreaterJapanese Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal and forage throughout the night. During the day, they can enter torpor, and during winter, they hibernate in more temperate parts of their distribution.
<emphasis box="[1087,1185,829,868]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">They</emphasis>
might not hibernate in southern parts of the distribution (e.g.
<collectingCountry box="[763,871,883,922]" name="India" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">India</collectingCountry>
). Most roosts are in caves and roofs of abandoned or unused buildings. Call shape is
<emphasis bold="true" box="[872,944,936,975]" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">FM</emphasis>
/CF/FM, with F component of 65-69-8 kHz throughoutJapan. In
<collectingCountry box="[615,731,989,1028]" name="China" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">China</collectingCountry>
, resting frequencies (
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1136,1192,989,1028]" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">
<collectingCountry box="[1136,1192,989,1028]" name="Russia" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">RF</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
)
<emphasis box="[1217,1297,989,1028]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">vary</emphasis>
considerably (c.68—76 kHz) and are correlated with geographical location and mean annual temperature (higher temperatures are correlated with larger
<emphasis bold="true" box="[959,1013,1097,1136]" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">
<collectingCountry box="[959,1013,1097,1136]" name="Russia" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">RF</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
values).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="19.[198,1824,349,2303]" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[201,904,1148,1187]" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">Movements, Home range and Social</emphasis>
organization. Greater Japanese Horseshoe Bats roost alone, in small groups, or in large colonies. Colonies can have hundreds of individuals. During mating season, females form
<emphasis box="[1153,1271,1254,1293]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">tightly</emphasis>
knit maternity colonies that average 85 individuals on central Honshu and 132 individuals (range 10-200) in western Honshu. Non-breeding and male individuals also can be found in these colonies, albeit in low numbers because they generally create their own roosts separate from
<emphasis box="[201,385,1467,1506]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">maternity</emphasis>
colonies. One maternity roost in
<collectingRegion box="[1043,1420,1467,1506]" country="Japan" name="Ishikawa" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">Ishikawa Prefecture</collectingRegion>
had 75-2% adult females, 24-2% subadult females, and 0-6% males. During hibernation, Greater Japanese Horseshoe Bats form mixed roosts with dense clusters of individuals.
<emphasis box="[1667,1817,1572,1611]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">Weights</emphasis>
increase 25-8-28-2% in late autumn before hibernation on
<emphasis box="[1319,1461,1623,1662]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">Kyushu</emphasis>
,
<collectingCountry box="[1472,1592,1623,1662]" name="Japan" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">Japan</collectingCountry>
. Individuals will travel
<emphasis box="[395,492,1678,1717]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">fairly</emphasis>
long distances between summer roosts and hibernacula; distances of up to
<quantity box="[318,457,1731,1770]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="19" pageNumber="298" unit="km" value="130.0">130 km</quantity>
have been reported on
<emphasis box="[922,1067,1731,1770]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">Kyushu</emphasis>
. Home ranges of adult females in summer averaged 1-5 ha in one study.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="298" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="19.[198,1824,349,2303]" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,682,1837,1876]" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
<collectingRegion box="[698,772,1837,1876]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">Not</collectingRegion>
assessed on
<emphasis box="[1027,1263,1837,1876]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">TAe IUCN ed</emphasis>
List. The Greater Japanese Horseshoe Bat was previously included in
<emphasis box="[992,1316,1890,1930]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[992,1310,1890,1930]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="298" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrumequinum">R ferrumequinum</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which is classified as Least Concern. It has a wide distribution and is considered common throughout much of its distribution. It is probably not threatened overall but might be locally threatened by habitat destruction from logging and agricultural expansion and roost disturbance from cave tourism and human cohabitation in building roosts.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="298" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="19.[198,1824,349,2303]" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,407,2162,2189]" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Benda &amp;Vallo (2012), Funakoshi &amp; Maeda (2003),
<emphasis box="[1143,1197,2162,2189]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">Koh</emphasis>
Hung-Sun eta/. (2014), Matsumura (1979, 1981), Matsuta
<emphasis box="[437,489,2215,2242]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">eta</emphasis>
/. (2013),
<emphasis box="[630,696,2215,2242]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">Mori</emphasis>
eta/. (1982), OhYung-Keun eta/. (1983, 1985), Ohdachi eta/. (2009),
<collectingRegion box="[1743,1816,2215,2242]" country="Yemen" name="San'a'" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">Sano</collectingRegion>
(2000a, 2000b), Smith &amp; XieYan (2008), Stoffberg eta/. (2010), Sun
<emphasis box="[1200,1298,2267,2294]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="298">Keping</emphasis>
eta/. (2013),Taniguchi (1985).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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