301 lines
22 KiB
XML
301 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3748525" approvalRequired="1" checkinTime="1586358796837" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Burgin, Connor" docDate="2019" docId="885887A2FFD28A34FF19F24FF859DED2" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Rhinolophus celebensis K. Andersen 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="22" lastPageNumber="308" masterDocId="7461FFDAFFCF8A29FFCCFFA1FF85D963" masterDocTitle="Rhinolophidae" masterLastPageNumber="332" masterPageNumber="280" pageNumber="308" updateTime="1658949228820" updateUser="felipe">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Rhinolophidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Burgin, Connor</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place>
|
||
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Mittermeier, Russell A.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>280</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>332</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3748525</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3808904" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163549957" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3808904" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFD28A34FF19F24FF859DED2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD28A34FF19F24FF859DED2" lastPageNumber="308" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[213,979,3566,3627]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[212,1612,3565,3674]" box="[213,979,3566,3627]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[213,283,3566,3627]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="26.[175,218,4332,4359]" captionTargetBox="[136,3490,134,4724]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="On following pages: 52. Eastern Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus megaphyllus}; 53. Insular Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus keyensis}; 54. Yellow-faced Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus virgo}; 55. Madura Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus madurensis}; 56. Sulawesi Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus celebensis}; 57. Robinson's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus robinsoni); 58. Indochinese Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus chasem); 59. Anamban Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus nereis}; 60. Bornean Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus borneensis); 61. Malayan Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus malayanus}; 62. Acuminate Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus acuminatus}; 63. Acuminate Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus acuminatus}; 64. Little Japanese Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus cornutus}; 65. Yaeyama Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus perditus}; 66. Mountain Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus monticolus}; 67. Shortridge's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus shortridgei}; 68. Formosan Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus monoceros}; 69. Least Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus pusillus}; 70. Little Nepalese Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus subbadius}; 71. Convex Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus convexus}; 72. Andaman Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus cognatus}; 73. Glossy Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus refulgens}; 74. Blyth's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus lepidus};" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3758605" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3758605/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">56</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[317,549,3566,3627]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Horseshoe
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[885,979,3566,3627]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Bat</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1045,1612,3566,3627]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[212,1612,3565,3674]" box="[1045,1612,3566,3627]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[1045,1612,3566,3627]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1045,1612,3566,3627]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Rhinolophus celebensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[212,1581,3640,3667]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[212,1612,3565,3674]" box="[212,1581,3640,3667]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
French:
|
||
<emphasis box="[326,477,3640,3667]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Rhinolophe</emphasis>
|
||
des
|
||
<emphasis box="[544,655,3640,3667]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[544,655,3640,3667]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Célèbes</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[680,803,3640,3667]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[680,797,3640,3667]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">German</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Sulawesi-Hufeisennase /
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1154,1277,3640,3667]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
Herradura de
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1473,1581,3640,3667]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Célebes</collectingRegion>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="308" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[1032,1831,3738,4306]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1032,1243,3738,3777]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="K. Andersen, 1905" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1272,1671,3738,3777]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Rhinolophus celebensis</emphasis>
|
||
K. Andersen, 1905
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="308" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[1032,1831,3738,4306]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
“
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2597534042" country="Indonesia" location="Makassar, S [outh]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Celebes" typeStatus="type">
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFD28A34FF19F24FF859DED2:052E606FFFD28A34FAEFF16FF9FED796" box="[1315,1659,3790,3829]" country="Indonesia" name="Makassar, S [outh]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" stateProvince="Celebes">Makassar, S[outh]</location>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1681,1826,3790,3829]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Celebes</collectingRegion>
|
||
[=
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1086,1255,3844,3883]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
],”
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1304,1493,3844,3883]" name="Indonesia" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="308" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[1032,1831,3738,4306]" lastBlockId="29.[214,1829,4319,4465]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
Included in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1834" box="[1342,1550,3897,3936]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megaphyllus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1342,1550,3897,3936]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">megaphyllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[1035,1250,3949,3988]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1035,1250,3949,3988]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">R celebensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has often been considered a subspecies or even a synonym of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1686,1831,4002,4041]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
R
|
||
<emphasis box="[1036,1138,4055,4094]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">bomeensis;</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the two are morphologically very similar but are treated as distinct species on the basis of small morphological differences. This species previously included
|
||
<emphasis box="[1036,1290,4266,4306]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1918" box="[1036,1284,4266,4306]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madurensis">R madurensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but the two are now considered distinct on limited morphological grounds; further research is needed. Genetic studies with limited taxon sampling place
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[1014,1223,4371,4410]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1014,1223,4371,4410]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">R celebensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister to a clade that includes
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[216,355,4425,4464]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="virgo">
|
||
<emphasis box="[216,253,4425,4464]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">R</emphasis>
|
||
virgo
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[375,642,4425,4464]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1834" box="[375,636,4425,4464]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megaphyllus">R megaphyllus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[739,1034,4425,4465]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1843" box="[739,1029,4425,4465]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="philippinensis">R philippinensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Two subspecies are recognized.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="308" type="synonymic_list">
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3750018" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3750018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3750018/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" targetBox="[209,1004,3746,4304]" targetPageId="29">
|
||
<paragraph box="[216,753,4481,4520]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[216,505,4481,4520]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Subspecies and</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis box="[217,292,4530,4569]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">R c.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="K. Andersen, 1905" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[306,812,4530,4569]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[306,461,4530,4569]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">celebensis</emphasis>
|
||
K. Andersen, 1905
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- Sangihe I, Talaud Is (Karakelong),
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1512,1669,4530,4569]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
(including Kabaena and Buton Is), and Tukangbesi Is (Wangi
|
||
<emphasis box="[1250,1371,4583,4622]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Wangi</emphasis>
|
||
and Kaleudupa).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[1912,3539,340,1972]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2597534028" collectionCode="R" collectorName="K. Andersen & Krakatau & Kangean Is & Sepanjan I" location="Java, Bali" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Java, Bali" typeStatus="type">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1913,2180,340,379]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1913,1950,340,379]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">R</collectionCode>
|
||
c. javanicus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectorName box="[2188,2416,340,379]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">K. Andersen</collectorName>
|
||
, 1918 -
|
||
<collectorName box="[2570,2745,340,379]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Krakatau</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2755,2936,340,379]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Java, Bali</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectorName box="[3039,3251,340,379]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Kangean Is</collectorName>
|
||
; a record from
|
||
<collectorName box="[1913,2114,397,436]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Sepanjan I</collectorName>
|
||
needs confirmation
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[1912,3539,340,1972]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1912,2029,446,485]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Either</emphasis>
|
||
this species or the Bornean Horseshoe Bat (.
|
||
<emphasis box="[2895,3076,446,485]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2895,3064,446,485]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bomeensis">bomeensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
was recently captured in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1913,2271,499,538]" country="Indonesia" name="Lampung" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
Lampung
|
||
<emphasis box="[2106,2271,499,538]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Province</emphasis>
|
||
</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2290,2449,499,538]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
|
||
, but in that
|
||
<emphasis box="[2673,2771,499,538]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">study</emphasis>
|
||
the two species were
|
||
<emphasis box="[3167,3231,499,538]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">not</emphasis>
|
||
differentiated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="308" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[1912,3539,340,1972]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
Descriptive
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2137,2248,551,590]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 46-8-48-
|
||
<quantity box="[2651,2764,551,590]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
|
||
, tail 18-
|
||
<quantity box="[2914,3089,551,590]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" unit="mm" value="18.0" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="9.0">9-27 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear 14-
|
||
<quantity box="[3240,3415,551,590]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" unit="mm" value="13.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="6.0">6-20 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot 7-1-8-
|
||
<quantity box="[2121,2235,605,644]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm 36-45-
|
||
<quantity box="[2552,2667,605,644]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight 4-5-8-
|
||
<quantity box="[2943,3007,605,644]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" unit="g" value="4.0">4 g</quantity>
|
||
. Dorsal pelage is uniformly dull brown to dark brown, being drabber than paler venter. Ears range from small to medium in size. Noseleaf has nearly parallel-sided lancet; connecting process is rounded and is sparsely covered in short hairs; sella is
|
||
<emphasis box="[2853,2971,765,804]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">nearly</emphasis>
|
||
parallel-sided to
|
||
<emphasis box="[3306,3440,765,804]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">slightly</emphasis>
|
||
constricted; horseshoe is
|
||
<emphasis box="[2324,2493,818,857]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">relatively</emphasis>
|
||
narrow (7-1-8-
|
||
<quantity box="[2784,2899,818,857]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis box="[2911,3008,818,857]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">wide</emphasis>
|
||
), has shallow median emargination, and has lateral leaflets that are concealed from above. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is of medium build, with zygomatic width greater than mastoid width; anterior median swellings are moderately developed; posterior swellings are comparatively well inflated; sagittal crest is moderately developed; frontal depression is moderately developed; supraorbital crest is conspicuous. P2 is moderately developed and within tooth row; P3 is small and displaced halfway, barely separating P2 from P4.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="308" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[1912,3539,340,1972]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
Habitat. Reported from
|
||
<emphasis box="[2376,2528,1190,1229]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">primary</emphasis>
|
||
and secondary tropical forest, and recorded at elevations from sea level up to
|
||
<specimenCount box="[2402,2526,1246,1285]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity box="[2402,2520,1246,1285]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="308" unit="m" value="600.0">600 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[1912,3539,340,1972]" box="[1914,2587,1299,1338]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1914,2095,1299,1338]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Food and</emphasis>
|
||
Feeding. No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[1912,3539,340,1972]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
Breeding. Females with swollen nipples and males with enlarged testes were captured in November in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2225,2386,1405,1444]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[1912,3539,340,1972]" box="[1912,3283,1456,1495]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1912,2232,1456,1495]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2333,2490,1456,1495]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Horseshoe Bat apparently roosts in caves.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[1912,3539,340,1972]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1915,2645,1508,1547]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Movements, Home range and Social</emphasis>
|
||
organization. There are reports of
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[3377,3534,1508,1547]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Horseshoe Bats roosting in colonies with hundreds of individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="308" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[1912,3539,340,1972]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1915,2407,1614,1653]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on
|
||
<emphasis box="[3071,3436,1614,1653]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">The IUCN ed List.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1916,2074,1667,1706]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Horseshoe Bat is widespread and common throughout its distribution but virtually nothing is known of its
|
||
<emphasis box="[2514,2659,1720,1759]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">ecology</emphasis>
|
||
or potential threats. It is apparently one of the commonest bats in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2286,2447,1774,1813]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Further studies are needed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="308" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[1912,3539,340,1972]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1917,2123,1831,1858]" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bergmans &
|
||
<emphasis box="[2337,2484,1831,1858]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Rozendaal</emphasis>
|
||
(1982), Csorba et al. (2003), Hill &
|
||
<emphasis box="[3017,3165,1831,1858]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">Rozendaal</emphasis>
|
||
(1989), Huang, J.C.C.
|
||
<emphasis box="[3509,3539,1831,1858]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">et</emphasis>
|
||
al. (2014), Hutson, Suyanto & Kingston (2008
|
||
<emphasis box="[2585,2603,1885,1912]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="308">b</emphasis>
|
||
), Patterson et al. (2017), Wiantoro et al. (2017), Zhang Lin et al. (2018).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |