treatments-xml/data/88/58/87/885887A2FFCB8A2DFF7EFDDDF3FBD545.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3748525" approvalRequired="1" checkinTime="1586358796837" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Burgin, Connor" docDate="2019" docId="885887A2FFCB8A2DFF7EFDDDF3FBD545" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Rhinolophus blasii Peters 1866" docType="treatment" docVersion="22" lastPageNumber="283" masterDocId="7461FFDAFFCF8A29FFCCFFA1FF85D963" masterDocTitle="Rhinolophidae" masterLastPageNumber="332" masterPageNumber="280" pageNumber="283" updateTime="1658949228820" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Rhinolophidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Burgin, Connor</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place>
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Mittermeier, Russell A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>280</mods:start>
<mods:end>332</mods:end>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3808872" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163550007" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3808872" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFCB8A2DFF7EFDDDF3FBD545" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFCB8A2DFF7EFDDDF3FBD545" lastPageNumber="283" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">
<subSubSection box="[178,911,636,697]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="4.[178,1448,636,697]" box="[178,911,636,697]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">
<figureCitation box="[178,215,636,697]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="2.[178,220,4371,4398]" captionTargetBox="[101,3527,129,4721]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="On following pages: 4. Lander's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus landeri); 5. Guinean Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus guineensis); 6. Blasius's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus blasii); 7. Peters's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus lobatus); 8. Swinny's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus swinnyi); 9. Cape Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus capensis); 10. Gorongosa Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus gorongosae); 11. Roberts's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus rhodesiae); 12. Bushveld Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus simulato/); 13. Dent's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus denti); 14. Cameroon Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus alticolus); 15. Mehely's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mehelyi); 16. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus euryale); 17. Hildebrandt's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii); 18. Mount Mabu Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mabuensis); 19. Cohen's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus cohenae); 20. Smithers's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus smithersi); 21. Mozambican Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mossambicus); 22. Rüppell's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus fumigatus); 23. Eloquent Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus Bloquons)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3748527/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">6</figureCitation>
. Blasius’s Horseshoe 
<emphasis box="[818,911,636,697]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Bat</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[977,1448,636,697]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="4.[178,1448,636,697]" box="[977,1448,636,697]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1866" box="[977,1448,636,697]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blasii">
<emphasis box="[977,1448,636,697]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Rhinolophus blasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="283" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="4.[177,1482,711,792]" box="[178,1482,711,738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">
French: 
<emphasis box="[293,446,711,738]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Rhinolophe</emphasis>
de Blasius 
<emphasis box="[601,612,711,738]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">I</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[620,743,711,738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">German:</emphasis>
Blasius-Hufeisennase / 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1068,1192,711,738]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Spanish:</emphasis>
Herradura de Blasius
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[177,1482,711,792]" box="[177,893,765,792]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[177,512,765,792]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Other common names:</emphasis>
Peak-saddle Horseshoe Bat
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1002,1791,861,900]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="4.[1002,1796,861,1428]" box="[1002,1791,861,900]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1002,1211,861,900]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Peters, 1866" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1866" box="[1226,1784,861,900]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blasii">
<emphasis box="[1226,1545,861,900]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Rhinolophus blasii</emphasis>
Peters, 1866
</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="283" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="4.[1002,1796,861,1428]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2597533942" country="Italy" location="south-eastern Europe. Restricted by J. R. Ellerman and colleagues in 1953 to" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="type">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFCB8A2DFF7EFDDDF3FBD545:052E606FFFCB8A2DFC26FC33F900DA8D" country="Italy" name="south-eastern Europe. Restricted by J. R. Ellerman and colleagues in 1953 to" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">south-eastern Europe. Restricted by J. R. Ellerman and colleagues in 1953 to</location>
<collectingCountry box="[1681,1761,967,1006]" name="Italy" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Italy</collectingCountry>
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="283" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="4.[1002,1796,861,1428]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1866" box="[1004,1322,1020,1059]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blasii">
<emphasis box="[1004,1322,1020,1059]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Rhinolophus blasii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently in the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Martin" authorityYear="1838" box="[1677,1796,1020,1059]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="landeri">
<emphasis box="[1677,1796,1020,1059]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">landeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group based on morphology; however, it is probably best included as a basal member of the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[1380,1519,1178,1217]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis box="[1380,1519,1178,1217]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">capensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group based on genetic data. Four subspecies recognized.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="283" type="synonymic_list">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[1002,1796,861,1428]" box="[1004,1541,1337,1376]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1004,1541,1337,1376]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<emphasis box="[1005,1083,1389,1428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">R b.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Peters, 1866" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1866" box="[1098,1425,1389,1428]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blasii">
<emphasis box="[1098,1189,1389,1428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">blasii</emphasis>
Peters, 1866
</taxonomicName>
— SE Europe (from 
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E to W 
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and 
<collectingCountry box="[774,934,1442,1481]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
and S to 
<collectingCountry box="[1136,1270,1442,1481]" name="Greece" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Greece</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingRegion box="[1378,1482,1442,1481]" country="Greece" name="Kriti" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Crete</collectingRegion>
I), SW Asia (W Anatolian 
<emphasis box="[379,509,1495,1534]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">
<collectingCountry box="[379,509,1495,1534]" name="Turkey" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Turkey</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[531,665,1495,1534]" name="Cyprus" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[685,779,1495,1534]" name="Syria" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Syria</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[799,974,1495,1534]" name="Lebanon" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[994,1099,1495,1534]" name="Israel" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Israel</collectingCountry>
, WJordan, S 
<collectingCountry box="[1358,1527,1495,1534]" name="Armenia" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Armenia</collectingCountry>
, S 
<collectingCountry box="[1581,1787,1495,1534]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
, W 
<collectingCountry box="[235,316,1548,1587]" name="Iran" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Iran</collectingCountry>
, and S Arabian Peninsula in 
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and 
<collectingCountry box="[1093,1220,1548,1587]" name="Oman" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Oman</collectingCountry>
), and NW Africa (N 
<collectingCountry box="[1616,1787,1548,1587]" name="Morocco" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Morocco</collectingCountry>
, N 
<collectingCountry box="[229,369,1600,1639]" name="Algeria" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Algeria</collectingCountry>
, and N 
<collectingCountry box="[530,676,1600,1639]" name="Tunisia" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
); possibly also found in 
<collectingCountry box="[1148,1256,1600,1639]" name="Egypt" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Egypt</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry box="[1360,1514,1600,1639]" name="Georgia" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Georgia</collectingCountry>
, 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1537,1602,1600,1639]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">but</emphasis>
his needs confirmation.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis box="[183,435,1707,1746]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">R b. andreinii</emphasis>
Senna, 1905 - W 
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, C &amp; E 
<collectingCountry box="[1073,1238,1707,1746]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
, and NW 
<collectingCountry box="[1425,1577,1707,1746]" name="Somalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Somalia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[180,1810,1442,4597]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis box="[183,415,1759,1798]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">R b. empusa</emphasis>
K. Andersen, 1904 - SE Africa in SE 
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, SE 
<collectingCountry box="[1446,1620,1759,1798]" name="Tanzania" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[1644,1788,1759,1798]" name="Zambia" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Zambia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[183,319,1812,1851]" name="Malawi" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Malawi</collectingCountry>
, W 
<collectingCountry box="[389,639,1812,1851]" name="Mozambique" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[660,858,1812,1851]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
, E 
<collectingCountry box="[915,1095,1812,1851]" name="Botswana" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Botswana</collectingCountry>
, E 
<collectingCountry box="[1153,1392,1812,1851]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingCountry box="[1495,1684,1812,1851]" name="Swaziland" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[180,1810,1442,4597]" box="[183,1756,1865,1905]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis box="[183,500,1865,1904]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">R b. meyeroehmif</emphasis>
elten, 1977 - 
<emphasis box="[752,778,1865,1904]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">E</emphasis>
<collectingCountry box="[791,873,1865,1904]" name="Iran" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Iran</collectingCountry>
, S 
<collectingCountry box="[926,1193,1865,1904]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry box="[1211,1442,1865,1904]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
, and N 
<collectingCountry box="[1590,1751,1865,1904]" name="Pakistan" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="283" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="4.[180,1810,1442,4597]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[182,520,1918,1957]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 46- 
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(Europe), tail 
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, ear 
<quantity box="[1589,1787,1918,1957]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" unit="mm" value="18.5" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="16.0">16-21 mm</quantity>
, hindfoot 
<quantity box="[365,547,1970,2009]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" unit="mm" value="9.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="8.0">8-11 mm</quantity>
, forearm 
<quantity box="[738,943,1970,2009]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" metricValueMax="5.1" metricValueMin="4.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" unit="mm" value="46.0" valueMax="51.0" valueMin="41.0">41-51 mm</quantity>
; weight 
<quantity box="[1106,1234,1970,2009]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" unit="g" value="11.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="7.0">7-15 g</quantity>
. Dorsal pelage is light brown to yellowish brown (hairs have cream bases with dark tips); venter is grayish, white, or creamy. Back of neck is a little lighter, appearing as a lighter band (hairs with less dark brown tipping), and sides of face are yellowish white, with dark brown patch under each 
<emphasis box="[364,430,2182,2221]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">eye</emphasis>
. There are grayish and orange morphs in subspecies 
<emphasis box="[1451,1585,2182,2221]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">empusa.</emphasis>
Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are 
<emphasis box="[610,822,2235,2274]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">translucent</emphasis>
light to dark brown or brownish gray and medium in size (33-44% of forearm length). Noseleaf has subtriangular lancet, with slightly concave sides, occasionally hastate, and rounded tip; connecting process is well developed rising to high, narrow, and pointed hom; sella is naked and wedge-shaped, and sides converge toward top; top of sella is narrow and tilted forward; horseshoe is narrow (7- 
<quantity box="[440,600,2500,2539]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="2.0">2-9 mm</quantity>
) and does not cover entire muzzle; lateral leaflets are either absent, rudimentary, or well developed, possibly depending on subspecies; and median emargination is present but inconspicuous. Lower lip has three grooves, and two lateral grooves are poorly defined in subspecies 
<emphasis box="[1113,1379,2658,2697]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">empusa. Wings</emphasis>
and uropatagium are dark grayish brown. Shaft of baculum is nearly cylindrical in cross section and is bent clearly upward; tip of shaft lacks terminal knob; ventral incision of basal cone is moderately deep; and there is no dorsal emargination. Skull is rather delicate, with narrow zygomatic arches; zygomatic width is equal to mastoid width; nasal swellings are relatively low; frontal depression is shallow to very shallow; supraorbital ridges are poorly developed; and sagittal crest is generally low. Dental formula has 30-32 teeth because P is sometimes absent; F is 
<emphasis box="[697,823,3028,3067]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">weakly</emphasis>
bilobed; C1 has weak anterior and posterior cingular cusps; P2 is small and in tooth row, separating C1 and P4; P3 is tiny and either displaced labially or in tooth row (
<emphasis box="[650,880,3133,3172]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">occasionally</emphasis>
absent); and P2 and P4 are usually conspicuously separated. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FN = 60 (throughout much of distribution); FNa = 60 was recorded in 
<collectingCountry box="[942,1180,3241,3280]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">South Africa</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="283" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="4.[180,1810,1442,4597]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[187,341,3291,3330]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Habitat.</emphasis>
Various shrubland, 
<emphasis box="[734,912,3291,3330]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">grassland</emphasis>
, woodland, and some desert habitats. Around the Mediterranean, Blasius’s Horseshoe Bats have been recorded in sclerophyllous forests, sub-Mediterranean semi-desert grasslands and shrublands, and stone/gravel desert habitats, presumably where water is available, at elevations of 
<quantity box="[1435,1664,3450,3489]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" unit="m" value="1400.0" valueMax="2300.0" valueMin="500.0">500-2300 m</quantity>
(mean 
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), with records up to 
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in 
<collectingCountry box="[970,1100,3503,3542]" name="Malawi" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Malawi</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry box="[1206,1347,3503,3542]" name="Zambia" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Zambia</collectingCountry>
and 
<quantity box="[1452,1594,3503,3542]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" unit="m" value="2150.0">2150 m</quantity>
in 
<collectingCountry box="[1661,1794,3503,3542]" name="Yemen" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Yemen</collectingCountry>
. They are often associated with limestone in Europe, often near streams in shrubby and wooded areas. In sub-Saharan Africa, they have been recorded in evergreen and semievergreen brushlands and thickets and 
<emphasis box="[944,1089,3661,3700]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">
<taxonomicName authorityName="P.Miller" authorityYear="1754" box="[944,1060,3661,3700]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Acacia</taxonomicName>
(
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lindley &amp; John" authorityYear="1830" box="[1089,1266,3661,3700]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis box="[1266,1290,3661,3700]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">)-</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="" box="[1290,1797,3661,3700]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Commiphora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="4" pageNumber="291" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Burseraceae">
<emphasis box="[1290,1526,3661,3700]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Commiphora</emphasis>
(Burseraceae)
</taxonomicName>
brushlands (
<collectingCountry box="[433,598,3713,3752]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry box="[698,849,3713,3752]" name="Somalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Somalia</collectingCountry>
) and in miombo woodlands and montane forests (
<collectingCountry box="[207,343,3766,3805]" name="Malawi" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Malawi</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry box="[439,588,3766,3805]" name="Zambia" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Zambia</collectingCountry>
). They are very 
<emphasis box="[886,1093,3766,3805]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">dependent</emphasis>
on water and are generally associated 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[189,270,3821,3860]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">with</emphasis>
streams and other water bodies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[180,1810,1442,4597]" lastBlockId="4.[1886,3517,326,3118]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[190,369,3871,3910]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Food and</emphasis>
Feeding. Blasius’s Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous and forage by slow 
<emphasis box="[191,255,3924,3963]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">hawking</emphasis>
, fly-catching, and gleaning on foliage and the ground. 
<emphasis box="[1261,1358,3924,3963]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">They</emphasis>
are very agile fliers, able to turn suddenly by banking and stalling and then twisting. They also have 
<emphasis box="[1589,1701,3976,4015]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">ability</emphasis>
to fly 
<emphasis box="[192,360,4029,4068]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">relatively</emphasis>
slowly and can hover briefly. To get water, they skim the surface or land and lap up water; they can 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[541,618,4082,4121]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">take</emphasis>
off from the ground. Diets consist almost 
<emphasis box="[1390,1587,4082,4121]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">exclusively</emphasis>
of moths in most parts of the distribution. They can detect fluttering 
<emphasis box="[1238,1280,4135,4174]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">of</emphasis>
a moth’s wings when it lands and will land and grab a moth before taking off again. They often prey on species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[192,390,4241,4280]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Harris" authorityYear="1841" box="[411,692,4241,4280]" class="Insecta" family="Lasiocampidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lasiocampidae</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Leach" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[796,1043,4241,4280]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Geometridae</taxonomicName>
. In 
<collectingCountry box="[1113,1251,4241,4280]" name="Algeria" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Algeria</collectingCountry>
, however, one 
<emphasis box="[1528,1626,4241,4280]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">study</emphasis>
recorded a 
<emphasis box="[226,321,4293,4332]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">large</emphasis>
variety of prey in the diet, with mostly insects (96-9%) 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1341,1406,4293,4332]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">but</emphasis>
also some centipedes (4-3%). Of the insects, dipterans made up the largest proportion of diets (37-5%), with 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[194,472,4399,4438]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chironomidae</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[487,818,4399,4438]" class="Insecta" family="Ceratopogonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ceratopogonidae</taxonomicName>
(9-4%) and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1818" box="[1084,1260,4399,4438]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Knab" authorityYear="1912" box="[1286,1548,4399,4438]" class="Insecta" family="Anisopodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anisopodidae</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" family="Sphaeroceridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sphaeroceridae</taxonomicName>
(6-2%) making up majority of flies in diets. Trichoptera (16-6%), Hemiptera 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,213,4504,4543]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">(</emphasis>
12 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[262,275,4504,4543]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">-</emphasis>
5 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[298,362,4504,4543]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">%),</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[457,689,4504,4543]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
(12-5%) were also detected in relatively high quantities, and Neuroptera, 
<taxonomicName box="[439,700,4558,4597]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
, and Coleoptera were detected in 1—2 samples. In 
<collectingCountry box="[1658,1800,4558,4597]" name="Zambia" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Zambia</collectingCountry>
, moths made up 100% of diets in 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2496,2558,326,365]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">dry</emphasis>
seasons and 96-5% in 
<emphasis box="[2970,3038,326,365]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">wet</emphasis>
seasons when isopterans, dipterans, coleopterans, and other insects made up the other 3-5%.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[1886,3517,326,3118]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">
Breeding. Blasius’s Horseshoe Bat is seasonally monoestrous, although timing of breeding varies throughout its distribution. During breeding season, females and their offspring occur in maternity colonies. Males 
<emphasis box="[2728,2825,536,575]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">seem</emphasis>
to display to females before copulation 
<emphasis box="[1976,2021,590,629]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">by</emphasis>
hanging and fluttering their wings. Breeding probably occurs before hibernation, followed by delayed implantation until hibernation ends. Litter size is one.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[1886,3517,326,3118]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1886,2204,695,734]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Blasius’s Horseshoe 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2600,2664,695,734]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Bat</emphasis>
is nocturnal, spends the day free-hanging in roosts, and will often enter torpor during this time. It leaves the roost at night to forage and returns before dusk. Although it hibernates throughout winter, it has been recorded active in winter 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2254,2292,854,893]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">in</emphasis>
various parts of its distribution, including 
<collectingCountry box="[3106,3247,854,893]" name="Algeria" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Algeria</collectingCountry>
. Hibernation begins in November in 
<collectingCountry box="[2338,2417,907,946]" name="Iran" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Iran</collectingCountry>
and later in 
<collectingCountry box="[2662,2891,907,946]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
due to differences 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3262,3300,907,946]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">in</emphasis>
climate. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3477,3507,907,946]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">It</emphasis>
generally enters hibernation after temperatures decrease to below 14°C, which often occurs in November in the European part of the distribution. Roosts are underground in caves and crevices between boulders and also hollow trees. Blasius’s Horseshoe Bats rarely roost in buildings, but they can be found in mine shafts, underground irrigation ditches, and other underground structures. In southern Africa (
<emphasis box="[3100,3229,1170,1209]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">except</emphasis>
<collectingCountry box="[3238,3486,1170,1209]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">South Africa</collectingCountry>
), they seem to rarely use caves as roosts, 
<emphasis box="[2615,2764,1225,1264]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">possibly</emphasis>
relying on them more heavily in winter in temperate regions. Call shape is 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2547,2618,1276,1315]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">FM</emphasis>
/CF/FM. GF component is 85—98 kHz throughout their distribution, being 91—95 kHz in 
<collectingCountry box="[2717,2850,1330,1369]" name="Malawi" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Malawi</collectingCountry>
(usually 92—93 kHz), 85-9 kHz in 
<collectingCountry box="[1891,2081,1383,1422]" name="Swaziland" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
, 96-7 kHz in 
<collectingCountry box="[2325,2497,1383,1422]" name="Morocco" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Morocco</collectingCountry>
, 93-2-95-4 kHz in 
<collectingCountry box="[2846,3098,1383,1422]" name="Mozambique" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
, and 93-1 kHz in 
<collectingCountry box="[3428,3507,1383,1422]" name="Iran" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Iran</collectingCountry>
and average 94 kHz in Europe and the Middle East. Average call durations have been recorded at 20-7 milliseconds in 
<collectingCountry box="[2528,2700,1489,1528]" name="Morocco" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Morocco</collectingCountry>
, 44-9 milliseconds 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3069,3107,1489,1528]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">in</emphasis>
<collectingCountry box="[3120,3260,1489,1528]" name="Algeria" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Algeria</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry box="[3362,3501,1489,1528]" name="Greece" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Greece</collectingCountry>
, 44-1 milliseconds in 
<collectingCountry box="[2296,2433,1541,1580]" name="Greece" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Greece</collectingCountry>
, 48-6 milliseconds (range 40-1—68-3) in 
<collectingCountry box="[3228,3311,1541,1580]" name="Iran" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Iran</collectingCountry>
, and 20-8 milliseconds (range 19-9-21-3) 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2493,2531,1594,1633]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">in</emphasis>
<collectingCountry box="[2543,2733,1594,1633]" name="Swaziland" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
. Interpulse intervals have been recorded at 71-8 milliseconds in 
<collectingCountry box="[2319,2453,1645,1684]" name="Greece" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Greece</collectingCountry>
and 109-3 milliseconds (range 103-1— 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3168,3243,1645,1684]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">117</emphasis>
-1) in 
<collectingCountry box="[3348,3433,1645,1684]" name="Iran" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Iran</collectingCountry>
. According to G. Jones and B. M. Siemers in 2011, females emit higher frequency pulses than males, andjuveniles emit lower frequencies than adults.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="4.[1886,3517,326,3118]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1891,2834,1805,1844]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Like most horseshoe bats, Blasius’s Horseshoe Bats do not migrate. They hibernate primarily in caves in winter throughout their distribution. They generally roost in small colonies of 20 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3078,3090,1912,1951]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">-</emphasis>
40 individuals but are also commonly found in groups of 3-4 individuals or even alone. In Europe, very large colonies of mixed species of 
<emphasis box="[2430,2624,2018,2057]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">hinolophus,</emphasis>
including Blasius’s Horseshoe Bat, have been reported with up to 2000 individuals, particularly in 
<collectingCountry box="[2843,2999,2071,2110]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry box="[3089,3225,2071,2110]" name="Greece" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Greece</collectingCountry>
. Maternal colonies of 30-400 individuals have been recorded in summer. 
<emphasis box="[2983,3114,2124,2163]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Winter</emphasis>
hibernating colonies of 100-500 individuals have been reported in 
<collectingCountry box="[2741,2822,2177,2216]" name="Iran" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Iran</collectingCountry>
. They are known to share roosts with other species of 
<emphasis box="[2193,2697,2230,2269]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">
<taxonomicName box="[2193,2381,2230,2269]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhinolophus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1816" box="[2424,2561,2230,2269]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Plecotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Plecotus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[2578,2691,2230,2269]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1837" box="[2792,2998,2230,2269]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="283" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[2792,2998,2230,2269]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Miniopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Europe and Asia.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="283" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="4.[1886,3517,326,3118]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1893,2093,2282,2321]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Status and</emphasis>
Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on 
<emphasis box="[2993,3338,2282,2321]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">The IUCN Red List.</emphasis>
Blasius’s Horseshoe Bat is considered relatively common throughout its wide distribution, 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3447,3513,2336,2375]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">but</emphasis>
populations seem to be decreasing in Europe where it is considered one of the rarest horseshoe bats on the continent. It was found in north-eastern 
<collectingCountry box="[3084,3167,2441,2480]" name="Italy" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Italy</collectingCountry>
but is now extinct there, and no records have been made in 
<collectingCountry box="[2712,2872,2495,2534]" name="Slovenia" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Slovenia</collectingCountry>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2885,2923,2495,2534]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">in</emphasis>
the past 50 years. Populations in the eastern Balkans seem to be stable unlike the Mediterranean populations that are declining. Major threats seem to be colony disturbances and general habitat and roost destruction.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="283" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="4.[1886,3517,326,3118]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1896,2102,2713,2740]" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Bibliography.</emphasis>
ACR (2018), Ahmim &amp; 
<emphasis box="[2439,2519,2713,2740]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Moali</emphasis>
(2013), Benda &amp; Gaisler (2015), Benda, Abi-Said eta/. (2016), Benda, Andreas et al. (2006), Benda, Faizolâhi et 
<emphasis box="[2530,2561,2766,2793]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">al.</emphasis>
(2012), Benda, 
<emphasis box="[2803,2894,2766,2793]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Hanâk</emphasis>
et 
<emphasis box="[2949,2980,2766,2793]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">al.</emphasis>
(2007), Benda, Lucan et al. (2010), Cotterill (1996a), Csorba 
<emphasis box="[2265,2336,2818,2845]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">et al.</emphasis>
(2003), Dietz, von Helversen &amp; Nili (2009), Disca et 
<emphasis box="[3125,3157,2818,2845]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">al.</emphasis>
(2014), Dulie (1967), Ellerman et 
<emphasis box="[2047,2077,2871,2898]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">al.</emphasis>
(1953), indley &amp; Black (1983), Happold, M. (2013q), Heller &amp; von Helversen (1989), Jacobs et 
<emphasis box="[3481,3511,2871,2898]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">al.</emphasis>
(2007), Jére et 
<emphasis box="[2118,2149,2924,2951]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">al.</emphasis>
(2017), 
<emphasis box="[2264,2352,2924,2951]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Jones</emphasis>
&amp; Siemers (2011), 
<emphasis box="[2630,2768,2924,2951]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">KryStufek</emphasis>
(2008), Maree &amp; 
<emphasis box="[3025,3107,2924,2951]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Grant</emphasis>
(1996), Monadjem (2005a), Monadjem, Reside &amp; Lumsden (2007), Papadatou et 
<emphasis box="[2683,2713,2977,3004]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">al.</emphasis>
(2008a), Paunovic &amp; Stamenkovió (1998), 
<emphasis box="[3336,3475,2977,3004]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Presetnik</emphasis>
et al. (2014), Puechmaille, Hizem eta/. (2012), Roberts (1977), Siemers &amp; Ivanova (2004), Siemers et 
<emphasis box="[3365,3397,3030,3057]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">al.</emphasis>
(2005), Stoffberg et al. (2010), 
<emphasis box="[2225,2313,3083,3110]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">Taylor</emphasis>
(2000, 2016f), Walters 
<emphasis box="[2655,2705,3083,3110]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="283">eta</emphasis>
/. (2012), Whitaker &amp; Black (1976).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>