370 lines
28 KiB
XML
370 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3748525" approvalRequired="1" checkinTime="1586358796837" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Burgin, Connor" docDate="2019" docId="885887A2FFC98A2EF8A9F9EFFA25DD5B" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Rhinolophus rhodesiae Roberts 1946" docType="treatment" docVersion="21" lastPageNumber="286" masterDocId="7461FFDAFFCF8A29FFCCFFA1FF85D963" masterDocTitle="Rhinolophidae" masterLastPageNumber="332" masterPageNumber="280" pageNumber="285" updateTime="1658949228820" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Rhinolophidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Burgin, Connor</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mittermeier, Russell A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>280</mods:start>
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||
<mods:end>332</mods:end>
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||
</mods:extent>
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||
</mods:part>
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||
</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525</mods:identifier>
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||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3748525</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3808862" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163550014" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3808862" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFC98A2EF8A9F9EFFA25DD5B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC98A2EF8A9F9EFFA25DD5B" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="286" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
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||
<subSubSection box="[1893,2679,1614,1675]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[1893,3313,1614,1675]" box="[1893,2679,1614,1675]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
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<figureCitation box="[1893,1959,1614,1675]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="2.[178,220,4371,4398]" captionTargetBox="[101,3527,129,4721]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="On following pages: 4. Lander's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus landeri); 5. Guinean Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus guineensis); 6. Blasius's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus blasii); 7. Peters's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus lobatus); 8. Swinny's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus swinnyi); 9. Cape Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus capensis); 10. Gorongosa Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus gorongosae); 11. Roberts's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus rhodesiae); 12. Bushveld Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus simulato/); 13. Dent's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus denti); 14. Cameroon Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus alticolus); 15. Mehely's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mehelyi); 16. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus euryale); 17. Hildebrandt's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii); 18. Mount Mabu Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mabuensis); 19. Cohen's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus cohenae); 20. Smithers's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus smithersi); 21. Mozambican Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mossambicus); 22. Rüppell's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus fumigatus); 23. Eloquent Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus Bloquons)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3748527/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">11</figureCitation>
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. Roberts’s Horseshoe
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2583,2679,1614,1675]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Bat</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2743,3313,1614,1675]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[1893,3313,1614,1675]" box="[2743,3313,1614,1675]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Roberts" authorityYear="1946" box="[2743,3313,1614,1675]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhodesiae">
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<emphasis box="[2743,3313,1614,1675]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Rhinolophus rhodesiae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1889,3246,1689,1716]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[1889,3246,1689,1716]" box="[1889,3246,1689,1716]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
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French: Rhinolophe de Rhodésie /
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2359,2483,1689,1716]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">German:</emphasis>
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Roberts-Hufeisennase /
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2819,2943,1689,1716]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Spanish:</emphasis>
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Herradura de
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<emphasis box="[3141,3246,1689,1716]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
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<collectingCountry box="[3141,3246,1689,1716]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Rodesia</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[2708,3513,1788,2356]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
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Taxonomy.
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<taxonomicName authority="Roberts, 1946" authorityName="Roberts" authorityYear="1946" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="swinnyi" subSpecies="rhodesiae">
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<emphasis box="[2950,3512,1788,1827]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Rhinolophus swinnyi rhodesiae</emphasis>
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Roberts, 1946
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[2708,3513,1788,2356]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864669316" country="Zimbabwe" location="Bezwe River, tributary of Wanetsi [= Nwanetsi] River" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="type">
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“
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFC98A2EF8A9F9EFFA25DD5B:052E606FFFC98A2FF41CF891F35CDEEF" country="Zimbabwe" name="Bezwe River, tributary of Wanetsi [= Nwanetsi] River" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
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Bezwe River, tributary of
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<emphasis box="[2708,2859,1893,1932]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Wanetsi</emphasis>
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[=
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<emphasis box="[2966,3142,1893,1932]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Nwanetsi</emphasis>
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] River
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</location>
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,
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<collectingCountry name="Zimbabwe" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Southern Rhodesia</collectingCountry>
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[=
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFC98A2EF8A9F9EFFA25DD5B:052E606FFFC98A2FF44BF83BF3D3DEA2" box="[2951,3158,1946,1985]" country="Zimbabwe" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Zimbabwe</location>
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].
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</materialsCitation>
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”
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[2708,3513,1788,2356]" lastBlockId="6.[1887,3511,2370,4629]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Roberts" authorityYear="1946" box="[2711,3105,1999,2038]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhodesiae">
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<emphasis box="[2711,3105,1999,2038]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Rhinolophus rhodesiae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is often included in
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<emphasis box="[2711,2914,2052,2091]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gough" authorityYear="1908" box="[2711,2908,2052,2091]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="swinnyi">R swinnyi</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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but recent genetic and morphometric analysis has determined that
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<emphasis box="[2711,2739,2158,2197]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">it</emphasis>
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is a distinct species.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Roberts" authorityYear="1946" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhodesiae">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Rhinolophus rhodesiae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is in the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[2988,3127,2211,2250]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
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<emphasis box="[2988,3127,2211,2250]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">capensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species group and seems to be closely related to
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="K Andersen" authorityYear="1904" box="[3283,3499,2264,2303]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simulator">R simulator</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Taylor, Macdonald, Goodman, Kearney, Cotterill, Stoffberg, Monadjem, Schoeman, Guyton, Naskrecki & Richards" authorityYear="2018" box="[2711,2950,2317,2356]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gorongosae">R gorongosae</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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and one specimen of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Martin" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="landeri">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">R landeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<collectingCountry box="[2072,2212,2370,2409]" name="Liberia" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Liberia</collectingCountry>
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. There is considerable genetic and echolocation variation throughout its distribution.
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<emphasis box="[2261,2468,2424,2463]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Monotypic</emphasis>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3749932" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3749932" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3749932/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" targetBox="[1886,2679,1794,2350]" targetPageId="6">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[1887,3511,2370,4629]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1888,2165,2476,2515]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Distribution. E</emphasis>
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& S Africa in E
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<collectingCountry box="[2454,2628,2476,2515]" name="Tanzania" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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(including Unguja I in
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<collectingCountry box="[3069,3236,2476,2515]" name="Tanzania" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
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Archipelago), SW & SE
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<collectingCountry box="[2063,2265,2529,2568]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2284,2429,2529,2568]" name="Zambia" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2447,2584,2529,2568]" name="Malawi" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2602,2854,2529,2568]" name="Mozambique" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2872,3070,2529,2568]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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, and E
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<collectingCountry box="[3209,3447,2529,2568]" name="South Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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(N
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<collectingRegion box="[1888,2065,2582,2621]" country="South Africa" name="Limpopo" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Limpopo</collectingRegion>
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and S
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<collectingRegion box="[2221,2500,2582,2621]" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
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<emphasis box="[2510,2700,2582,2621]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">provinces</emphasis>
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); possibly also
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<collectingCountry box="[2973,3161,2582,2621]" name="Swaziland" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
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,
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[3181,3247,2582,2621]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">but</emphasis>
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these records have
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<emphasis box="[1985,2043,2635,2674]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">yet</emphasis>
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to be confirmed and might
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<emphasis box="[2577,2930,2635,2674]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">represent Swinny’s</emphasis>
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Horseshoe Bat (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gough" authorityYear="1908" box="[3250,3441,2635,2674]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="284" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="swinnyi">
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A
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<emphasis box="[3302,3441,2635,2674]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">swinnyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis box="[3441,3461,2635,2674]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">).</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[1887,3511,2370,4629]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
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Descriptive
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2116,2229,2687,2726]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body
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<emphasis box="[2477,2498,2687,2726]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">c</emphasis>
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.
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<quantity box="[2504,2713,2687,2726]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.45" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="4.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" unit="mm" value="54.5" valueMax="65.0" valueMin="44.0">44-65 mm</quantity>
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, tail
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<quantity box="[2813,3014,2687,2726]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" unit="mm" value="23.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="16.0">16—30 mm</quantity>
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||
, ear
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||
<quantity box="[3114,3317,2687,2726]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" unit="mm" value="17.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="15.0">15—20 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot 8
|
||
<quantity box="[1889,2048,2740,2779]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity box="[2236,2439,2740,2779]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" metricValueMax="4.4" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" unit="mm" value="42.0" valueMax="44.0" valueMin="40.0">40-44 mm</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis box="[2460,2588,2740,2779]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">weight</emphasis>
|
||
4-5-8-
|
||
<quantity box="[2716,2778,2740,2779]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" unit="g" value="3.0">3 g</quantity>
|
||
. Roberts’s Horseshoe Bat is externally very similar to
|
||
<emphasis box="[2170,2330,2793,2832]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Swinny’s</emphasis>
|
||
Horseshoe Bat. Pelage of Roberts’s Horseshoe
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3237,3302,2793,2832]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Bat</emphasis>
|
||
is soft and fluffy, being pale gray to pale brown dorsally (hairs with pale cream bases) and paler ventrally,
|
||
<emphasis box="[2066,2294,2899,2938]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">occasionally</emphasis>
|
||
being off-white or cream. Dorsal pelage can also be bright orange in orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are short (33—36% offorearm length). Noseleafhas subtriangular lancet, with concave sides and bluntly pointed tip;
|
||
<emphasis box="[3344,3505,3004,3043]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">connecting</emphasis>
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||
process is rounded; sella is naked, with slightly concave sides; narial lobes at base of sella are comparatively low; and horseshoe is narrow (width 6-2-8-
|
||
<quantity box="[3129,3235,3110,3149]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
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||
) and does not cover entire muzzle, does
|
||
<emphasis box="[2375,2441,3163,3202]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">not</emphasis>
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||
have
|
||
<emphasis box="[2546,2614,3163,3202]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">any</emphasis>
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||
lateral leaflets, and has deeply notched median emargination. Roberts’s Horseshoe
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2586,2650,3216,3255]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Bat</emphasis>
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||
can be differentiated from
|
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<emphasis box="[3203,3363,3216,3255]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Swinny’s</emphasis>
|
||
Horseshoe
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1989,2054,3268,3307]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Bat</emphasis>
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by its less concave hastate lancet and less erect and low rounded connecting process. Lower lip has three grooves, with lateral grooves being
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||
<emphasis box="[3080,3310,3321,3360]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">occasionally</emphasis>
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indistinct.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1887,2005,3374,3413]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Wings</emphasis>
|
||
and uropatagium are brown. Roberts’s Horseshoe Bat has distinctly longer and tapered baculum than
|
||
<emphasis box="[2327,2487,3427,3466]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Swinny’s</emphasis>
|
||
Horseshoe
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2716,2783,3427,3466]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Bat</emphasis>
|
||
, with conspicuously broader base and shallow notch along lower part of shaft that is visible in lateral view. Skull is delicately built, with thin zygomatic arches; nasal swellings are rounded; frontal depression is very shallow and sometimes nearly flat; supraorbital ridges are weak; and sagittal crest is absent posteriorly and very low anteriorly, being
|
||
<emphasis box="[2871,2999,3637,3676]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">weakly</emphasis>
|
||
developed. P2 is small
|
||
<emphasis box="[3442,3507,3637,3676]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">but</emphasis>
|
||
in tooth row, C1 and P4 are well separated as a
|
||
<emphasis box="[2759,2867,3690,3729]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">result</emphasis>
|
||
, and P is tiny and completely displaced labially, allowing P2 and P4 to touch or nearly touch one another.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="286" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[1887,3511,2370,4629]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1889,2041,3797,3836]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Habitat</emphasis>
|
||
Primarily savanna woodlands in lowland regions and montane and submontane rainforests at higher elevations. Roberts’s Horseshoe
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2994,3058,3850,3889]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Bat</emphasis>
|
||
is found at
|
||
<emphasis box="[3284,3304,3850,3889]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">c</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<quantity box="[3310,3456,3850,3889]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" unit="m" value="1350.0">1350 m</quantity>
|
||
in the Udzungwa Mountains,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2413,2588,3903,3942]" name="Tanzania" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and c.
|
||
<quantity box="[2724,2874,3903,3942]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.642" pageId="6" pageNumber="285" unit="m" value="1642.0">1642 m</quantity>
|
||
on
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2956,3090,3903,3942]" country="Malawi" name="Ntchisi" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Ntchisi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Mountain in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3363,3498,3903,3942]" name="Malawi" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where it can also be found in the adjacent open canopy miombo woodlands ofNtchisi Forest Reserve.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[1887,3511,2370,4629]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1889,2255,4061,4100]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Roberts’s Horseshoe
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2683,2748,4061,4100]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Bat</emphasis>
|
||
probably forages by slow hawking and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1891,2040,4115,4154]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">possibly</emphasis>
|
||
gleaning. During wet season in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2631,2776,4115,4154]" name="Zambia" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, stomach samples of 23 bats had moths (55% of volume), beetles (26%), termites (6%), and various other insects, including flies, midges, crickets, and bugs. During
|
||
<emphasis box="[2663,2727,4220,4259]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">dry</emphasis>
|
||
season, stomach samples
|
||
<emphasis box="[3221,3264,4220,4259]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">of</emphasis>
|
||
nine bats included moths (56%), midges (43%), and flies (1%).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[1887,3511,2370,4629]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
|
||
Breeding. Lactating and heavily pregnant Roberts’s Horseshoe Bats were recorded in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1891,1983,4375,4414]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">early</emphasis>
|
||
November (
|
||
<emphasis box="[2220,2288,4375,4414]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">wet</emphasis>
|
||
season) in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2503,2639,4375,4414]" name="Malawi" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and a female had a single embryo in November in central
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2158,2358,4431,4470]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Litter size is one.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[1887,3511,2370,4629]" lastBlockId="7.[199,1820,355,1086]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="286" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1888,2210,4484,4523]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Roberts’s Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3020,3093,4484,4523]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Day</emphasis>
|
||
roosts are
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3310,3427,4484,4523]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">found</emphasis>
|
||
primarily in caves and old mine shafts where
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2697,2778,4537,4576]" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">they</emphasis>
|
||
hang from ceilings. Call shape is FM/ CF/FM, and peak F component is 99—102 kHz in Malashane Cave,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3247,3499,4590,4629]" name="Mozambique" pageId="6" pageNumber="285">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 102
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[266,293,355,394]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">—</emphasis>
|
||
104 kHz in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[515,647,355,394]" name="Malawi" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[666,678,355,394]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">(</emphasis>
|
||
call durations of 37
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1056,1069,355,394]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">-</emphasis>
|
||
74 milliseconds
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1375,1396,355,394]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">),</emphasis>
|
||
100 kHz in Soutpansberg,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[310,550,408,447]" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and 107
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[723,750,408,447]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">—</emphasis>
|
||
112 kHz in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[967,1164,408,447]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
, although the record from
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Zimbabwe" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
might not represent Roberts’s Horseshoe Bat because it is so different from typical frequencies recorded in other regions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[199,1820,355,1086]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,1142,569,608]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Roosts of Roberts’s Horseshoe Bats have been found with
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[645,681,622,661]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">1-</emphasis>
|
||
5 individuals, roosting alone or in pairs. Some roosts have been recorded with over 100 individuals in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1007,1268,675,714]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">south-western</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1278,1421,675,714]" name="Zambia" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, southern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1620,1817,675,714]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[205,217,728,767]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">(</emphasis>
|
||
Katanga
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[382,402,728,767]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">),</emphasis>
|
||
and Unguja Island. They have been recorded roosting with the Bushveld Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[494,506,782,821]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K Andersen" authorityYear="1904" box="[506,741,782,821]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="286" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simulator">R. simulator</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[741,753,782,821]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">)</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[820,1016,782,821]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="286" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[199,1820,355,1086]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[200,676,835,874]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[689,763,835,874]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Not</collectingRegion>
|
||
assessed on
|
||
<emphasis box="[1007,1071,835,874]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">The</emphasis>
|
||
IUCN
|
||
<emphasis box="[1195,1346,835,874]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">ed List.</emphasis>
|
||
Habitat loss seems to be the largest threat to Roberts’s Horseshoe Bat, although
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1261,1289,888,927]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">it</emphasis>
|
||
is widespread and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1651,1819,888,927]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">relatively</emphasis>
|
||
common throughout its distribution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="286" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[199,1820,355,1086]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[201,409,1000,1027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
ACR (2018),
|
||
<emphasis box="[611,702,1000,1027]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Ansell</emphasis>
|
||
(1967, 1969),
|
||
<emphasis box="[918,1031,1000,1027]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Cotterill</emphasis>
|
||
(1996a, 2013e), Csorba et
|
||
<emphasis box="[1448,1479,1000,1027]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003), enton &
|
||
<emphasis box="[1765,1817,1000,1027]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">Bell</emphasis>
|
||
(1981), Mutumi et al. (2016), Taylor, Macdonald et
|
||
<emphasis box="[934,965,1053,1080]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="286">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018), Whitaker & Black (1976).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |