571 lines
43 KiB
XML
571 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3748525" approvalRequired="1" checkinTime="1586358796837" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Burgin, Connor" docDate="2019" docId="885887A2FFC78A20FF65EF0EFD39D2C8" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Rhinolophus mehelyi Matschie 1901" docType="treatment" docVersion="21" lastPageNumber="288" masterDocId="7461FFDAFFCF8A29FFCCFFA1FF85D963" masterDocTitle="Rhinolophidae" masterLastPageNumber="332" masterPageNumber="280" pageNumber="287" updateTime="1658949228820" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Rhinolophidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Burgin, Connor</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mittermeier, Russell A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>280</mods:start>
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<mods:end>332</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3748525</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3808853" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163550018" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3808853" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFC78A20FF65EF0EFD39D2C8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC78A20FF65EF0EFD39D2C8" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="288" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
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<subSubSection box="[169,941,4271,4332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[169,1527,4271,4332]" box="[169,941,4271,4332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
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<figureCitation box="[169,236,4271,4332]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="2.[178,220,4371,4398]" captionTargetBox="[101,3527,129,4721]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="On following pages: 4. Lander's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus landeri); 5. Guinean Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus guineensis); 6. Blasius's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus blasii); 7. Peters's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus lobatus); 8. Swinny's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus swinnyi); 9. Cape Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus capensis); 10. Gorongosa Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus gorongosae); 11. Roberts's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus rhodesiae); 12. Bushveld Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus simulato/); 13. Dent's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus denti); 14. Cameroon Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus alticolus); 15. Mehely's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mehelyi); 16. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus euryale); 17. Hildebrandt's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii); 18. Mount Mabu Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mabuensis); 19. Cohen's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus cohenae); 20. Smithers's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus smithersi); 21. Mozambican Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mossambicus); 22. Rüppell's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus fumigatus); 23. Eloquent Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus Bloquons)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3748527/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">15</figureCitation>
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. Mehely’s Horseshoe
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[848,941,4271,4332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Bat</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1007,1527,4271,4332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph blockId="8.[169,1527,4271,4332]" box="[1007,1527,4271,4332]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1901" box="[1007,1527,4271,4332]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mehelyi">
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<emphasis box="[1007,1527,4271,4332]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Rhinolophus mehelyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[165,1456,4347,4374]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[165,1456,4347,4374]" box="[165,1456,4347,4374]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[165,269,4347,4374]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
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<emphasis box="[165,263,4347,4374]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">French</emphasis>
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:
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</emphasis>
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Rhinolophe de Méhelÿ
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<emphasis box="[593,604,4347,4374]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">I</emphasis>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[612,735,4347,4374]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">German:</emphasis>
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Mehely-Hufeisennase /
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1066,1189,4347,4374]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Spanish:</emphasis>
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Herradura mediana
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[164,1272,4442,4481]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[163,1787,4442,4648]" box="[164,1272,4442,4481]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[164,377,4442,4481]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Matschie, 1901" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1901" box="[395,1265,4442,4481]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mehelyi" subGenus="Euryalus">
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<emphasis box="[395,962,4442,4481]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Rhinolophus (Euryalus) mehelyi</emphasis>
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Matschie, 1901
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="287" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[163,1787,4442,4648]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864669307" country="Romania" location="Bukarest" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bukarest" typeStatus="type">
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“
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<collectingRegion box="[1306,1475,4442,4481]" country="Romania" name="Bucuresti" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Bukarest</collectingRegion>
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[=
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<collectingRegion box="[1547,1748,4442,4481]" country="Romania" name="Bucuresti" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Bucharest</collectingRegion>
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],”
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<collectingCountry box="[165,338,4501,4540]" name="Romania" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Romania</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="287" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="8.[163,1787,4442,4648]" lastBlockId="8.[2692,3495,354,923]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1901" box="[166,520,4549,4588]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mehelyi">
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<emphasis box="[166,520,4549,4588]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Rhinolophus mehelyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is in the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Blasius" authorityYear="1853" box="[686,809,4549,4588]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="euryale">
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<emphasis box="[686,809,4549,4588]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">euryale</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species group along with
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<emphasis box="[1289,1469,4549,4588]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Blasius" authorityYear="1853" box="[1289,1465,4549,4588]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="euryale">R euryale</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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The names
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">barbants</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis box="[339,550,4603,4642]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">meridionalis</emphasis>
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by
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<emphasis box="[609,647,4603,4642]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">EL</emphasis>
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Andersen and P. Matschie in 1904 are better treated as synonyms of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1901" box="[2849,3026,354,393]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mehelyi">
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<emphasis box="[2849,3026,354,393]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">R mehelyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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rather than synonyms of
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<emphasis box="[2693,2877,407,446]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
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||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blasius" authorityYear="1853" box="[2693,2873,407,446]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="euryale">R euryale</taxonomicName>
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.
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||
</emphasis>
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Based on morphometric analyses by P. Benda and colleagues in
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<date pageId="8" pageNumber="287" value="2006" valueMax="2014">2006 and 2014</date>
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||
,
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||
<emphasis box="[2810,2910,513,552]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">tuneti</emphasis>
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||
by R. Deleuil and
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<emphasis box="[3264,3299,513,552]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">A</emphasis>
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||
. Labbé in 1955 is considered a junior synonym of
|
||
<emphasis box="[2693,2879,620,659]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
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||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1901" box="[2693,2873,620,659]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mehelyi">R mehelyi</taxonomicName>
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||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
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||
and
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<emphasis box="[2973,3128,620,659]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">judaicus</emphasis>
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is better treated as a subspecies of
|
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1901" box="[2993,3174,673,712]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mehelyi">
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<emphasis box="[2993,3174,673,712]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">R mehelyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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instead of
|
||
<emphasis box="[3387,3493,673,712]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
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R
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<emphasis box="[2694,2778,726,765]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">euryale</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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based on comparisons
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3235,3317,726,765]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">with</emphasis>
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the
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<typeStatus box="[3412,3490,726,765]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">type</typeStatus>
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specimen. Two subspecies recognized.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="287" type="synonymic_list">
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||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3749940" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3749940" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3749940/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" targetBox="[1866,2661,358,917]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[2692,3495,354,923]" box="[2693,3233,833,872]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
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Subspecies
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2913,3233,833,872]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="8.[2692,3495,354,923]" lastBlockId="8.[1869,3500,938,4636]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
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||
<emphasis box="[2694,2786,884,923]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">R m.</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName authority="Matschie, 1901" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1901" box="[2802,3213,884,923]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mehelyi">
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||
<emphasis box="[2802,2926,884,923]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">mehelyi</emphasis>
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||
Matschie, 1901
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</taxonomicName>
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- S Europe (S Iberian Peninsula,
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<collectingRegion box="[2225,2384,938,977]" country="Italy" name="Sardegna" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Sardinia</collectingRegion>
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||
, E
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||
<collectingRegion box="[2439,2536,938,977]" country="Italy" name="Sicilia" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Sicily</collectingRegion>
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||
, SE
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||
<collectingCountry box="[2612,2692,938,977]" name="Italy" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Italy</collectingCountry>
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||
, S
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||
<collectingCountry box="[2739,2891,938,977]" name="Albania" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Albania</collectingCountry>
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, E
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<collectingCountry box="[2975,3097,938,977]" name="Serbia" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Serbia</collectingCountry>
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, S
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<collectingCountry box="[3146,3321,938,977]" name="Romania" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Romania</collectingCountry>
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, E North
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<collectingCountry box="[1870,2084,991,1030]" name="Macedonia" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Macedonia</collectingCountry>
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,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2106,2268,991,1030]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
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, and
|
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<collectingCountry box="[2378,2521,991,1030]" name="Greece" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Greece</collectingCountry>
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), SW Asia (Caucasus,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2939,3104,991,1030]" name="Turkey" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Anatolia</collectingCountry>
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||
, N
|
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<collectingCountry box="[3173,3255,991,1030]" name="Iraq" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Iraq</collectingCountry>
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||
, and Zagros Mts in W
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<collectingCountry box="[2047,2133,1044,1083]" name="Iran" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Iran</collectingCountry>
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||
), and N Africa (N
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||
<collectingCountry box="[2479,2652,1044,1083]" name="Morocco" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
, N
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2711,2852,1044,1083]" name="Algeria" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Algeria</collectingCountry>
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||
, and N
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||
<collectingCountry box="[2996,3138,1044,1083]" name="Tunisia" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
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||
); possibly a record from SE
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||
<collectingCountry box="[2041,2175,1098,1137]" name="France" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">France</collectingCountry>
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||
, and there are apparently records from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2950,3184,1098,1137]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, although exact localities are uncertain.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[1869,3500,938,4636]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
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||
<emphasis box="[1870,2133,1203,1242]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">R m. judaicus</emphasis>
|
||
K. Andersen & Matschie, 1904 - Levant in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2976,3110,1203,1242]" name="Cyprus" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
|
||
, N
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||
<collectingCountry box="[3180,3275,1203,1242]" name="Syria" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Syria</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3295,3339,1203,1242]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">W</emphasis>
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||
<collectingCountry box="[3343,3484,1203,1242]" name="Jordan" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Jordan</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry box="[1870,1976,1257,1296]" name="Israel" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Israel</collectingCountry>
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||
, NE
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||
<collectingCountry box="[2068,2178,1257,1296]" name="Egypt" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Egypt</collectingCountry>
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(including NW
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<collectingRegion box="[2484,2577,1257,1296]" country="Egypt" name="Shamal Sina'" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Sinai</collectingRegion>
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||
based on echolocation), and NE
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||
<collectingCountry box="[3216,3323,1257,1296]" name="Libya" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Libya</collectingCountry>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="287" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[1869,3500,938,4636]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
|
||
Descriptive
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2101,2214,1308,1347]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">notes.</emphasis>
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||
Head—body
|
||
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|
||
, tail
|
||
<quantity box="[2780,2986,1308,1347]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" metricValueMax="3.7" metricValueMin="2.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" unit="mm" value="29.0" valueMax="37.0" valueMin="21.0">21—37 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear
|
||
<quantity box="[3093,3300,1308,1347]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" unit="mm" value="20.0" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="18.0">18—22 mm</quantity>
|
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, hindfoot
|
||
<quantity box="[1871,2051,1362,1401]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" unit="mm" value="10.5" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="9.0">9-12 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity box="[2237,2440,1362,1401]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" metricValueMax="5.6" metricValueMin="4.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" unit="mm" value="52.0" valueMax="56.0" valueMin="48.0">48-56 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity box="[2599,2747,1362,1401]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.65" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" unit="g" value="16.5" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="10.0">10-23 g</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2767,2933,1362,1401]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Mehely’s</emphasis>
|
||
Horseshoe
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3161,3226,1362,1401]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Bat</emphasis>
|
||
is very similar to the Mediterranean Horseshoe
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2518,2583,1415,1454]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Bat</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis box="[2609,2801,1415,1454]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">AE mryafe</emphasis>
|
||
), although its lancet is emarginateti near tip, is generally a little larger, and can have lighter pelage. Dorsal pelage is grayish brown (individual hairs are pale grayish beige,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2746,2828,1522,1561]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">with</emphasis>
|
||
grayish brown tips), with paler face and usually having conspicuous dark brown patch completely around or below each
|
||
<emphasis box="[1872,1933,1628,1667]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">eye</emphasis>
|
||
(much darker than in the Mediterranean Horseshoe
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2954,3024,1628,1667]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Bat</emphasis>
|
||
). Ventral pelage is much paler, being pure white or nearly white; boundary between dorsum and venter is fairly distinct. There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are short (
|
||
<emphasis box="[3376,3397,1731,1770]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">c</emphasis>
|
||
.42% of forearm length). Noseleaf has hastate lancet, with narrow upper one-half and almost parallel sides, although slightly tapered; lancet tip is bluntly pointed; connecting
|
||
<emphasis box="[1872,2013,1893,1932]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">process</emphasis>
|
||
is subtriangular; sella is naked, rounded, and tilted forward, with completely parallel sides; horseshoe is narrow at 4-9—7-
|
||
<quantity box="[2705,2820,1945,1984]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, does not cover entire muzzle, and lacks lateral leaflets; and there is slight median emargination. Wings and uropatagium are grayish brown.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2228,2323,2053,2092]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Skull</emphasis>
|
||
is medium built,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2648,2730,2053,2092]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">with</emphasis>
|
||
slender zygomatic arches and zygomatic width wider than mastoid width; nasal swelling is low; frontal depression is shallow to nearly flat; supraorbital ridge is inconspicuous; sagittal crest is moderately developed;
|
||
<emphasis box="[1872,1968,2212,2251]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">bony</emphasis>
|
||
bar between infraorbital foramen and
|
||
<emphasis box="[2694,2788,2212,2251]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">orbit</emphasis>
|
||
is narrow; and infraorbital foramen is large. P2 is somewhat displaced labially
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2602,2668,2265,2304]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">but</emphasis>
|
||
still stops C1 and P4 from touching; P3 is very small and completely displaced labially, allowing P2 and P4 to touch. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FNa = 60-64.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="288" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[1869,3500,938,4636]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1873,2028,2426,2465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Mediterranean shrub and woodlands and dry steppes, closely associated with water
|
||
<emphasis box="[2095,2239,2479,2518]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">sources</emphasis>
|
||
and caves, from sea level to elevations of
|
||
<emphasis box="[3100,3120,2479,2518]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">c</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<quantity box="[3126,3285,2479,2518]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="287" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3374,3487,2479,2518]" name="Spain" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1873,2042,2532,2571]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Mehely’s</emphasis>
|
||
Horseshoe Bats were frequently found in semi-natural oak savanna and avoided open areas. They tend to prefer areas with lots of vegetation to forage in. Males and females seem to use different habitat
|
||
<typeStatus box="[2790,2889,2638,2677]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">types</typeStatus>
|
||
, at least in south-western
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3374,3488,2638,2677]" name="Spain" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Males foraged in riparian forest and broadleaved woodlands, and females foraged in mixed pastureland and woodland landscapes (“dehesa”), scrubland, and eucalypt plantations. They are found in Mediterranean forests, woodlands, montane forests, and sub-Mediterranean
|
||
<emphasis box="[2342,2563,2850,2889]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">semi-desert</emphasis>
|
||
grass and shrublands in North Africa and seem to avoid coastal regions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[1869,3500,938,4636]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1874,2061,2956,2995]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Food and</emphasis>
|
||
Feeding.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2257,2423,2956,2995]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Mehely’s</emphasis>
|
||
Horseshoe Bats feed
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2854,2899,2956,2995]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">by</emphasis>
|
||
slow hawking and fly-catching prey close to vegetation, and they probably also glean prey offfoliage and the ground. Foraging generally occurs close to the ground or near dense vegetation. They feed largely on lepidopterans in most parts of their distribution, with moths making up, by volume, 56-7—88-2% of spring diets and 34-9—69-6% of summer diets in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[3313,3396,3166,3205]" name="Iran" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
; beeties (8-2-26-2% and 11-3-33-5%), homopterans (0-13-9%), and flies (0-11% and 0-13-1%) also occurred in diets. Lepidopterans also made up significant proportion of diets in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2087,2194,3326,3365]" name="Spain" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
(80—90% by volume), and only lepidopterans were found
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3341,3378,3326,3365]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">in</emphasis>
|
||
three stomach samples in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2256,2432,3380,3419]" name="Romania" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Although lepidopterans make up majority of their diet,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1876,2041,3433,3472]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Mehely’s</emphasis>
|
||
Horseshoe Bats also feed on a variety of flies, beetles, homopterans, neuropterans, and cockroaches. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2492,2598,3486,3525]" name="Libya" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Libya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 22 fecal pellets contained an extremely large percentage ofcockroaches at 99-1% by volume; lepidopterans represented only 0
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3410,3423,3537,3576]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">-</emphasis>
|
||
9
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[3446,3494,3537,3576]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">%.</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1927,2090,3592,3631]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, other non-lepidopterans (e.g. flies, beetles, and neuropterans) are
|
||
<emphasis box="[1876,1941,3646,3685]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">seasonally</emphasis>
|
||
important in diets.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[1869,3500,938,4636]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
|
||
Breeding. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat is seasonally monoestrous. It probably also exhibits delayed fertilization and might copulate before entering hibernation. During mating season, females seem to prefer males
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2579,2661,3803,3842]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">with</emphasis>
|
||
higher
|
||
<emphasis box="[2808,2999,3803,3842]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">frequency</emphasis>
|
||
calls, which reflects larger
|
||
<emphasis box="[1876,1971,3856,3895]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">body</emphasis>
|
||
size and thus sexual selection by females. Births in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2923,3062,3856,3895]" name="Algeria" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
have been recorded in May and earlyJune; litter size is one. Females with nursing young have been recorded inJune in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2073,2156,3962,4001]" name="Iran" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2224,2365,3962,4001]" name="Algeria" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, some young were volant by lateJune and roosted with their mother in the group.
|
||
<emphasis box="[2289,2414,4015,4054]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Young</emphasis>
|
||
will roost with their mothers until they are weaned, after which
|
||
<emphasis box="[1999,2119,4068,4107]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">young</emphasis>
|
||
disperse and roost in other groups. Females do not become sexually mature until their third year; males become sexually mature at two years old.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[1869,3500,938,4636]" lastBlockId="9.[212,1837,355,2990]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="288" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1875,2202,4174,4213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats are almost
|
||
<emphasis box="[2950,3159,4174,4213]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">completely</emphasis>
|
||
restricted to day roosting in caves, although they will roost in underground man-made structures like abandoned mines. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2294,2377,4280,4319]" name="Iran" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, they are
|
||
<emphasis box="[2559,2642,4280,4319]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">only</emphasis>
|
||
known from roosts in natural caves. Summer caves are generally warmer caves in karst areas; winter caves are colder, further underground, and maintain constant microclimates. Temporary roosts are used between foraging bouts at night and have been reported in groves of trees.
|
||
<emphasis box="[3118,3282,4439,4478]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">Mehely’s</emphasis>
|
||
Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal, spending the day roosting and foraging through the night. They are able to enter torpor throughout the day
|
||
<emphasis box="[2723,2789,4545,4584]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="287">but</emphasis>
|
||
enter deeper torpor in winter. Active and torpid individuals can be found in roosts in winter. Call shape is FM/CF/FM, with
|
||
<emphasis box="[307,332,356,395]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">F</emphasis>
|
||
component averaging 109 (range 104—112) kHz; call durations are 20-36 milliseconds in Europe; and interpluse interval is 62-5
|
||
<emphasis box="[1209,1444,408,447]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">milliseconds</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1511,1650,408,447]" name="Greece" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Tunisian individuals emitted frequencies
|
||
<emphasis box="[823,866,459,498]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">of</emphasis>
|
||
111-5—117-5 kHz (mean 106-1 kHz). In Sinai, individuals were recorded with F component of 105 kHz, but species identity was tentative. Juveniles seem to emit lower frequencies than adults, and body condition seems to increase F component, which might affect sexual selection for larger mates. Both sexes are able to recognize sex
|
||
<emphasis box="[802,845,673,712]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">of</emphasis>
|
||
conspecifics based
|
||
<emphasis box="[1211,1260,673,712]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">on</emphasis>
|
||
their calls.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[212,1837,355,2990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
|
||
Movements, Home range and Social organization. Although Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats are primarily sedentary throughout the year, they have been recorded to move more than
|
||
<quantity box="[312,432,832,871]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" unit="km" value="90.0">90 km</quantity>
|
||
. Such movements seem to be females moving to maternity colonies to give birth and
|
||
<emphasis box="[399,477,885,924]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">rear</emphasis>
|
||
young, although males usually leave colonies so that females can remain, thereby establishing a maternity colony. Outside
|
||
<emphasis box="[1164,1207,938,977]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">of</emphasis>
|
||
the breeding season, males and females roost together in groups ranging in size from single individuals to up to 5000 individuals in winter and 3000 (maternity colony) in summer in some regions. Maternity colonies in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[425,503,1097,1136]" name="Iran" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
have 200-300 individuals. Males separate from the females when maternity colonies are created during summer, which is why colonies are smaller in summer.
|
||
<emphasis box="[212,343,1204,1243]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Within</emphasis>
|
||
colonies, individuals often cluster tight together and make contact with one another, which
|
||
<emphasis box="[510,536,1256,1295]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">is</emphasis>
|
||
unlike all other European and North African species
|
||
<emphasis box="[1569,1611,1256,1295]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">of</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1621,1837,1256,1295]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhinolophus</taxonomicName>
|
||
except the Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats also form loose clusters where individuals do not touch. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1023,1105,1363,1402]" name="Iran" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, some caves used as maternity colonies were abandoned before
|
||
<emphasis box="[674,795,1415,1454]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">winter</emphasis>
|
||
started,
|
||
<emphasis box="[956,1112,1415,1454]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">showing</emphasis>
|
||
that distincdy different caves are used
|
||
<emphasis box="[213,271,1468,1507]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">for</emphasis>
|
||
maternity colonies and hibernacula. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats are typically docile when
|
||
<emphasis box="[335,493,1522,1561]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">roosting</emphasis>
|
||
, although fights have been observed when foraging. In winter, they might cluster with individuals
|
||
<emphasis box="[787,830,1575,1614]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">of</emphasis>
|
||
different
|
||
<emphasis box="[1017,1150,1575,1614]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">species</emphasis>
|
||
, such as the Greater Horseshoe Bat (AE ferrumequinum
|
||
<emphasis box="[555,567,1628,1667]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">)</emphasis>
|
||
, the Maghreb
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[841,962,1628,1667]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[978,990,1628,1667]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[990,1107,1628,1667]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1112,1279,1628,1667]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">punicus),</emphasis>
|
||
or Schreiber’s Long-fingered Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[291,717,1681,1720]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[303,705,1681,1720]" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schreibersii">Miniopterus schreibersii</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, although they roost intraspecifically in spring and summer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="288" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[212,1837,355,2990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
|
||
Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on
|
||
<emphasis box="[1285,1556,1734,1773]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">The IUCN Red</emphasis>
|
||
List. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat has a wide but fragmented distribution but is extinct in north-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[215,321,1840,1879]" name="Spain" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[351,542,1840,1879]" country="Spain" name="Catalunya" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Catalonia</collectingRegion>
|
||
), Balearics (Mallorca), most of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1136,1217,1840,1879]" name="Italy" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1321,1464,1840,1879]" name="Croatia" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Croatia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Most records from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[215,344,1893,1932]" name="France" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
are old (
|
||
<date box="[518,730,1893,1932]" pageId="9" pageNumber="288" value="1908" valueMax="1965">1908-1965</date>
|
||
), and it is nearly extinct there.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1314,1347,1893,1932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">A</emphasis>
|
||
male was recendy
|
||
<emphasis box="[1699,1833,1893,1932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">collected</emphasis>
|
||
in south-eastern
|
||
<emphasis box="[590,673,1946,1985]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[590,673,1946,1985]" name="Italy" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
after not being recorded in that country since 1960. Overall, populations
|
||
<emphasis box="[450,493,1999,2038]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">of</emphasis>
|
||
Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats seem to be declining throughout much
|
||
<emphasis box="[1724,1767,1999,2038]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">of</emphasis>
|
||
the distribution, but reasons are not fully
|
||
<emphasis box="[935,1160,2052,2091]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">understood</emphasis>
|
||
. Some colonies have been reduced to a fraction of their former
|
||
<emphasis box="[781,853,2103,2142]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">size</emphasis>
|
||
, and a decline of 30% over three generations (27
|
||
<emphasis box="[213,311,2158,2197]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">years</emphasis>
|
||
) is expected to be
|
||
<emphasis box="[681,871,2158,2197]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">occurring</emphasis>
|
||
. They are affected
|
||
<emphasis box="[1239,1284,2158,2197]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">by</emphasis>
|
||
habitat loss and disturbance and general roost disturbance. Mining in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1020,1099,2211,2250]" name="Iran" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
is responsible for destruction
|
||
<emphasis box="[1687,1729,2211,2250]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">of</emphasis>
|
||
large multispecies maternity colonies. Climate change might also be a major threat. In some areas (e.g.
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[426,596,2317,2356]" name="Portugal" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
), collisions with cars are problematic. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[1806,1832,2317,2356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">is</emphasis>
|
||
protected in Europe
|
||
<emphasis box="[609,654,2371,2410]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="288">by</emphasis>
|
||
national legislation and is Annex II and IV on the EU Habitats and Species Directive.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="288" type="reference_group">
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |