293 lines
23 KiB
XML
293 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3748525" approvalRequired="1" checkinTime="1586358796837" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Burgin, Connor" docDate="2019" docId="885887A2FFC48A22FF17F949F6D8D8DA" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Rhinolophus smithersi P. J. Taylor et al. 2012" docType="treatment" docVersion="23" lastPageNumber="290" masterDocId="7461FFDAFFCF8A29FFCCFFA1FF85D963" masterDocTitle="Rhinolophidae" masterLastPageNumber="332" masterPageNumber="280" pageNumber="290" updateTime="1658949228820" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Rhinolophidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Burgin, Connor</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mittermeier, Russell A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>280</mods:start>
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<mods:end>332</mods:end>
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||
</mods:extent>
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||
</mods:part>
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||
</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3748525</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3808841" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163550023" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3808841" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFC48A22FF17F949F6D8D8DA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC48A22FF17F949F6D8D8DA" lastPageNumber="290" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
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<subSubSection box="[219,1038,1768,1829]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph blockId="11.[219,1661,1768,1829]" box="[219,1038,1768,1829]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
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<figureCitation box="[219,289,1768,1829]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="2.[178,220,4371,4398]" captionTargetBox="[101,3527,129,4721]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="On following pages: 4. Lander's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus landeri); 5. Guinean Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus guineensis); 6. Blasius's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus blasii); 7. Peters's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus lobatus); 8. Swinny's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus swinnyi); 9. Cape Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus capensis); 10. Gorongosa Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus gorongosae); 11. Roberts's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus rhodesiae); 12. Bushveld Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus simulato/); 13. Dent's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus denti); 14. Cameroon Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus alticolus); 15. Mehely's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mehelyi); 16. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus euryale); 17. Hildebrandt's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii); 18. Mount Mabu Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mabuensis); 19. Cohen's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus cohenae); 20. Smithers's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus smithersi); 21. Mozambican Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus mossambicus); 22. Rüppell's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus fumigatus); 23. Eloquent Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus Bloquons)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748527" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3748527/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">20</figureCitation>
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. Smithers’s Horseshoe
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[943,1038,1768,1829]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Bat</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1102,1661,1768,1829]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="11.[219,1661,1768,1829]" box="[1102,1661,1768,1829]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="P. J. Taylor et al." authorityYear="2012" box="[1102,1661,1768,1829]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithersi">
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<emphasis box="[1102,1661,1768,1829]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Rhinolophus smithersi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[217,1597,1844,1871]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph blockId="11.[217,1597,1844,1871]" box="[217,1597,1844,1871]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
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French:
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<emphasis box="[332,482,1844,1871]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Rhinolophe</emphasis>
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de Smithers /
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[682,805,1844,1871]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">German:</emphasis>
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Smithers-Hufeisennase /
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1157,1280,1844,1871]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Spanish:</emphasis>
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Herradura
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<emphasis box="[1433,1467,1844,1871]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">de</emphasis>
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Smithers
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="290" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="11.[1039,1834,1943,2511]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1039,1250,1943,1982]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="P. J. Taylor et al. 2012" authorityName="P. J. Taylor" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithersi">
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<emphasis box="[1268,1653,1943,1982]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Rhinolophus smithersi</emphasis>
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P. J. Taylor
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<emphasis box="[1123,1228,1995,2034]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">et al,</emphasis>
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2012
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="290" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="11.[1039,1834,1943,2511]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864669306" collectionCode="NW" country="Zimbabwe" elevation="1000" latitude="-18.284721" location="Ngolangola Gorge at confluence with Lutope River, Sebungwe District, Gokwe Communal Land" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="28.083334" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="type">
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“
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFC48A22FF17F949F6D8D8DA:052E606FFFC48A22FAB0F86AF93CD13E" country="Zimbabwe" latitude="-18.284721" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="28.083334" name="Ngolangola Gorge at confluence with Lutope River, Sebungwe District, Gokwe Communal Land" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Ngolangola Gorge at confluence with Lutope River, Sebungwe District, Gokwe Communal Land</location>
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,
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<collectionCode box="[1759,1832,2102,2141]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">NW</collectionCode>
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<collectingCountry box="[1040,1238,2152,2191]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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;
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<geoCoordinate box="[1266,1489,2152,2191]" degrees="18" direction="south" minutes="17" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" precision="15" seconds="05" value="-18.284721">18° 17’05”S</geoCoordinate>
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;
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<geoCoordinate box="[1515,1762,2152,2191]" degrees="28" direction="east" minutes="05" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" precision="15" seconds="00" value="28.083334">28° 05’ 00”E</geoCoordinate>
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; elevation
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<quantity box="[1190,1326,2207,2246]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" unit="m" value="1000.0">
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<elevation box="[1190,1326,2207,2246]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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asl.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="290" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="11.[1039,1834,1943,2511]" lastBlockId="11.[213,1832,2524,4624]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
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<taxonomicName box="[1040,1416,2260,2299]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithersi">
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<emphasis box="[1040,1416,2260,2299]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Rhinolophus smithersi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is in the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ruppell" authorityYear="1842" box="[1571,1751,2260,2299]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fumigatus">
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<emphasis box="[1571,1751,2260,2299]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">fumigatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species group, with specimens previously included in
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<emphasis box="[1232,1512,2366,2405]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1878" box="[1232,1506,2366,2405]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hildebrandtii">R hildebrandtii</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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although recent genetic and morphological studies justified its specific status.
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<taxonomicName box="[1457,1834,2472,2511]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="smithersi">
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||
<emphasis box="[1457,1834,2472,2511]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Rhinolophus smithersi</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
is in a clade including
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||
<emphasis box="[641,1169,2524,2563]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
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||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1878" box="[641,913,2524,2563]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hildebrandtii">R hildebrandtii</taxonomicName>
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,
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||
<taxonomicName box="[933,1162,2524,2563]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mabuensis">R mabuensis</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
</emphasis>
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||
and
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||
<emphasis box="[1266,1458,2524,2563]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
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||
<taxonomicName box="[1266,1453,2524,2563]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cohenae">R cohenae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Monotypic.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="290" type="distribution">
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||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3749948" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3749948" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3749948/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" targetBox="[216,1008,1947,2504]" targetPageId="11">
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||
<paragraph blockId="11.[213,1832,2524,4624]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[216,448,2577,2616]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Known only in NW
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<collectingCountry box="[848,1040,2577,2616]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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||
(Lutope-Ngolangola Gorge S of Zambezi Escarpment) and NE
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<collectingCountry box="[618,848,2630,2669]" name="South Africa" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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||
(
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<collectingRegion box="[874,1230,2630,2669]" country="South Africa" name="Limpopo" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
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Limpopo
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<emphasis box="[1060,1230,2630,2669]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Province</emphasis>
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</collectingRegion>
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). Specific status ofsimilarly looking populations throughout the rest of southern Africa (
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<collectingCountry box="[1261,1405,2683,2722]" name="Zambia" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1425,1558,2683,2722]" name="Malawi" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1576,1822,2683,2722]" name="Mozambique" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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,
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||
<collectingCountry box="[218,412,2735,2774]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[512,689,2735,2774]" name="Botswana" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Botswana</collectingCountry>
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) has not been assessed, and additional sampling is needed.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="290" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="11.[213,1832,2524,4624]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[216,551,2787,2826]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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||
<quantity box="[792,991,2787,2826]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" metricValueMax="8.1" metricValueMin="7.3" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" unit="mm" value="77.0" valueMax="81.0" valueMin="73.0">73-81 mm</quantity>
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||
, tail
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||
<quantity box="[1080,1279,2787,2826]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" metricValueMax="3.7" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" unit="mm" value="36.0" valueMax="37.0" valueMin="35.0">35—37 mm</quantity>
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||
, ear
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||
<quantity box="[1369,1569,2787,2826]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" unit="mm" value="33.5" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="32.0">32-35 mm</quantity>
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||
, hindfoot
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||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" unit="mm" value="14.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="13.0">13- 15 mm</quantity>
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||
, forearm
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||
<quantity box="[531,729,2841,2880]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.3" metricValueMax="6.5" metricValueMin="6.1" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" unit="mm" value="63.0" valueMax="65.0" valueMin="61.0">61-65 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity box="[882,1027,2841,2880]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.7" metricValueMax="3.1" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" unit="g" value="27.0" valueMax="31.0" valueMin="23.0">23-31 g</quantity>
|
||
. Smithers’s Horseshoe
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1462,1525,2841,2880]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Bat</emphasis>
|
||
is very similar to Hildebrandt’s Horseshoe Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1878" box="[798,1077,2894,2933]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hildebrandtii">
|
||
A
|
||
<emphasis box="[853,1077,2894,2933]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">hildebrandtii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1077,1097,2894,2933]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">),</emphasis>
|
||
although it is distincdy smaller. Dorsal pelage is gray to grayish brown; venter is slighdy paler. There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are medium-long in length. Noseleaf has long subtriangular lancet, with straight or slighdy concave sides and rounded dp; connecting process is rounded and does
|
||
<emphasis box="[705,769,3105,3144]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">not</emphasis>
|
||
reach tip of sella; sella is moderately covered in longish hairs and has concave sides near base
|
||
<emphasis box="[938,1003,3158,3197]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">but</emphasis>
|
||
parallel sides near broad and rounded top; and horseshoe is broad at
|
||
<quantity box="[706,902,3211,3250]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" unit="mm" value="12.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="10.0">10-14 mm</quantity>
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||
, covers muzzle, has lateral leaflets, and has deeply notched median emargination. Lower lip has one groove.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1361,1478,3263,3302]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Wings</emphasis>
|
||
and uropatagium are dark grayish brown. Skull is robust and comparatively long, with robust zygomatic arches and zygomatic width much larger than mastoid width; nasal swellings are relatively high and longer than they are broad; frontal depression is
|
||
<emphasis box="[1407,1534,3422,3461]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">weakly</emphasis>
|
||
developed; and sagittal crest is well developed. Dental formula is 11/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30; a lower premolar is apparently always absent. P2 is tiny and fully displaced
|
||
<emphasis box="[1572,1704,3528,3567]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">labially</emphasis>
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||
, allowing
|
||
<emphasis box="[291,322,3580,3619]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">C</emphasis>
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||
1 and P4 to touch or almost touch, and P3 is
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||
<emphasis box="[1155,1280,3580,3619]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">absent</emphasis>
|
||
, allowing P and P4 to touch. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FN = 60.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="290" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[213,1832,2524,4624]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
|
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Habitat. Miombo savanna on Karoo sandstone, dominated by
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<taxonomicName box="[1415,1832,3687,3726]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Brachystegia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glaucescens">
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||
<emphasis box="[1415,1832,3687,3726]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Brachystegia glaucescens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lindley & John" authorityYear="1830" box="[233,411,3740,3779]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and baobabs
|
||
<emphasis box="[711,1070,3740,3779]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[723,1064,3740,3779]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Adansonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="digitata">Adansonia digitata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="de Jussieu" authorityYear="1789" box="[1089,1292,3740,3779]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="11" pageNumber="290" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), where much of landscape has been converted to cotton fields in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[959,1157,3793,3832]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1234,1476,3793,3832]" name="South Africa" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Smithers’s Horseshoe Bats can be found in diverse riparian woodland fringes along rivers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[213,1832,2524,4624]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[216,399,3898,3937]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Food and</emphasis>
|
||
Feeding. Smithers’s Horseshoe Bat is insectivorous. It forages using perchhunting and slow hawking in or around dense vegetation and close to the ground. Fecal pellets primarily contained beetles and moths, but some flies were also found.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[213,1832,2524,4624]" box="[215,1268,4057,4096]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
|
||
Breeding. Litter size
|
||
<emphasis box="[608,650,4057,4096]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">of</emphasis>
|
||
Smithers’s Horseshoe Bat is one.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[213,1832,2524,4624]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
|
||
Activity
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[369,533,4109,4148]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Smithers’s Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal, foraging throughout the night with short periods of rest in night roosts. Day roosts have not been found, but
|
||
<emphasis box="[1753,1830,4162,4201]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">they</emphasis>
|
||
are suspected to use sandstone
|
||
<emphasis box="[790,864,4215,4254]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">cliff</emphasis>
|
||
caves and hollowed out baobabs when available. Call shape is
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[372,442,4268,4307]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">FM</emphasis>
|
||
/CF/
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[530,600,4268,4307]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">FM</emphasis>
|
||
, with F
|
||
<emphasis box="[771,989,4268,4307]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">component</emphasis>
|
||
of 44 46 kHz in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1301,1492,4268,4307]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1584,1818,4268,4307]" name="South Africa" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[213,1832,2524,4624]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[216,902,4321,4360]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Movements, Home range and Social</emphasis>
|
||
organization. Smithers’s Horseshoe
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1590,1653,4321,4360]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Bat</emphasis>
|
||
probably roosts in clusters, not touching one another.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="290" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[213,1832,2524,4624]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[217,412,4426,4465]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Status and</emphasis>
|
||
Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on
|
||
<emphasis box="[1342,1521,4426,4465]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">The IUCN</emphasis>
|
||
ed
|
||
<emphasis box="[1601,1674,4426,4465]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">List.</emphasis>
|
||
Despite having a relatively wide distribution, Smithers’s Horseshoe Bat is
|
||
<emphasis box="[1420,1593,4479,4518]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">currently</emphasis>
|
||
known from few individuals and might be threatened by mining,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1222,1354,4532,4571]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">habitat</emphasis>
|
||
destruction, and climate change.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="290" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="11.[1928,3545,360,446]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1930,2136,361,388]" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
ACR (2018), Cotterill & Happold (2013c), Kaipf et al. (2015), Kearney
|
||
<emphasis box="[3159,3229,361,388]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017), Stuart (2015), Taylor (2017), Taylor et
|
||
<emphasis box="[2260,2291,414,441]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="290">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2012).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |