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<document id="01F1499DFE69B4F322ED5BAA038CE70A" ID-CLB-Dataset="7680" ID-DOI="10.1206/358.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="64639217-c52a-453d-a6b3-382db4402257" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610748" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1615989200907" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Hunt, Robert M." docDate="2011" docId="885487D55773AC5BFF15B7AF32F705CD" docLanguage="en" docName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011.358.1-153.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2011 (358)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/358.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6.9:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleId="915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Temnocyon macrogenys Hunt 2011, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="54" masterDocId="746DFFAD5740AC6DFFA7B24433290312" masterDocTitle="Evolution Of Large Carnivores During The Mid-Cenozoic Of North America: The Temnocyonine Radiation (Mammalia, Amphicyonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="153" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="51" updateTime="1698933491662" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="DA4EDB5C12C05B6FA6B32F84CEDAE932">Evolution Of Large Carnivores During The Mid-Cenozoic Of North America: The Temnocyonine Radiation (Mammalia, Amphicyonidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="88ABF6D761800B983935D887F1EEFE62">Hunt, Robert M.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="885487D55773AC5BFF15B7AF32F705CD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4618419" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180588596" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4618419" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885487D55773AC5BFF15B7AF32F705CD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885487D55773AC5BFF15B7AF32F705CD" lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">
<subSubSection id="48E765485773AC5EFF15B7AF32F3050C" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="004236C35773AC5EFF15B7AF32F3050C" blockId="51.[178,603,1515,1567]" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">
<heading id="5B0A81AF5773AC5EFF15B7AF32F3050C" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405773AC5EFF15B7AF32ED0512" authority="Hunt, 2011" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[178,452,1515,1536]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15773AC5EFF15B7AF32ED0512" bold="true" box="[178,452,1515,1536]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">Temnocyon macrogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="29BA57AA5773AC5EFE73B7A831720513" box="[468,603,1515,1537]" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation id="98C62A465773AC5EFE94B44D3298050C" box="[307,433,1545,1567]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="51.[150,188,1294,1313]" captionTargetBox="[148,1206,231,1263]" captionTargetId="figure-121@51.[148,1208,211,1264]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Fig. 20. Holotype mandible of Temnocyon macrogenys (F:AM 54139), with left p1–2, p4–m3 (pathologic p3), Anderson Ranch Formation, 2-Mile District, near Guernsey, Platte Co., Wyoming. This is the largest and youngest species of Temnocyon. A, labial and B, lingual views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610794" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610794/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">Figures 20</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="98C62A465773AC5EFE18B44D32F3050C" box="[447,474,1545,1566]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="52.[116,155,932,951]" captionTargetBox="[96,615,211,901]" captionTargetId="figure-548@52.[96,616,211,902]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="Fig. 21. Occlusal steropair of the holotype dentition (p4–m3) of Temnocyon macrogenys (F:AM 54139). Note presence of m1 and m2 metaconids." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610798/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">21</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E765485773AC5EFF3BB471306D0539" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="004236C35773AC5EFF3BB471306D0539" blockId="51.[128,654,1589,1759]" lastBlockId="51.[701,1228,1440,1759]" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">
<materialsCitation id="B0953C9E5773AC5EFF3BB471312E05D0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3053985323" collectionCode="F" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="AM 54139" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="DF4688615773AC5EFF3BB47133F20559" box="[156,219,1589,1613]" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">TYPE</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="66ECAE065773AC5EFF54B473322C055E" box="[243,261,1591,1612]" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">F</collectionCode>
:
<specimenCode id="505B9EB85773AC5EFEAFB47332BC055F" box="[264,405,1591,1613]" collectionCode="F" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">AM 54139</specimenCode>
, left mandible with canine alveolus, p1–2, broken roots of pathologic p3, complete p4–m3, with most of the ascending ramus, articular condyle, and angular process preserved
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="B0953C9E5773AC5EFDB8B4E830160539" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3053985305" collectorName="Anderson Ranch Fm. &amp; C. Falkenbach" country="Guernsey" county="Platte County" location="High Daemonelix" municipality="Mile District of Charles Falkenbach" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
also two partial metapodials and a fragmentary astragalus, from the
<collectorName id="AD0853155773AC5EFC1BB7E437EF06A4" box="[956,1222,1440,1462]" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">Anderson Ranch Fm.</collectorName>
, ‘‘
<location id="052260185773AC5EFD6FB7FA30B406C6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885487D55773AC5BFF15B7AF32F705CD:052260185773AC5EFD6FB7FA30B406C6" box="[712,925,1470,1492]" country="Guernsey" county="Platte County" municipality="Mile District of Charles Falkenbach" name="High Daemonelix" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">High Daemonelix</location>
zone,’’ 2-
<collectingMunicipality id="E026ACB95773AC5EFBB6B7FA309906E3" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">Mile District of Charles Falkenbach</collectingMunicipality>
, near
<collectingCountry id="78EA76535773AC5EFBA4B79F375C06E2" box="[1027,1141,1499,1520]" name="Guernsey" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">Guernsey</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCounty id="E9234E4F5773AC5EFB2FB79F303E051C" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">Platte County</collectingCounty>
, Wyoming, collected by
<collectorName id="AD0853155773AC5EFBEDB7BD31D1053E" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">C. Falkenbach</collectorName>
, 1939
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E765485773AC5EFD7DB477379D057A" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="004236C35773AC5EFD7DB477379D057A" blockId="51.[701,1228,1440,1759]" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">
DISTRIBUTION: Latest Arikareean, Anderson Ranch Fm., Platte County,
<collectingRegion id="C239F8215773AC5EFB9DB4163799057A" box="[1082,1200,1618,1640]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E765485773AC5EFD7DB42B376005CD" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="004236C35773AC5EFD7DB42B376005CD" blockId="51.[701,1228,1440,1759]" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">
ETYMOLOGY: From the Greek,
<emphasis id="3289EAD15773AC5EFBDAB43537ED0594" box="[1149,1220,1649,1670]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">macro</emphasis>
, ‘‘long,’’ and
<emphasis id="3289EAD15773AC5EFCC6B4CB308905B6" box="[865,928,1679,1700]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">genys</emphasis>
, ‘‘jaw,’’ in reference to the large, elongate mandible of the terminal species of the
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405773AC5EFCC3B48E30C105CD" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1878" box="[868,1000,1738,1759]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15773AC5EFCC3B48E30C105CD" box="[868,1000,1738,1759]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">Temnocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lineage.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="5482664B5774AC59FFD3B1E033F20714" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610798" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610798/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" startId="52.[116,155,932,951]" targetBox="[96,615,211,901]" targetPageId="52">
<paragraph id="004236C35774AC59FFD3B1E033F20714" blockId="52.[93,619,932,1030]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">
Fig. 21. Occlusal steropair of the holotype dentition (p4–m3) of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405774AC59FEC4B1FB314200C3" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[355,619,959,977]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15774AC59FEC4B1FB314200C3" box="[355,619,959,977]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">Temnocyon macrogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(F:AM 54139). Note presence of m1 and m2 metaconids.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="48E765485774AC59FFDDB67E32C806C1" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="004236C35774AC59FFDDB67E32C306A4" blockId="52.[93,619,1082,1759]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">
DIAGNOSIS: Largest species of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405774AC59FE4FB67931420740" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1878" box="[488,619,1085,1106]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15774AC59FE4FB67931420740" box="[488,619,1085,1106]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">Temnocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(basilar length,,
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, table 7), and the only large temnocyonine in which the plesiomorphic cusp pattern of the lower teeth is retained: m1 shear maintained; metaconids present on m1–2; m1/m2 ratio, 1.62, the lowest among
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<emphasis id="3289EAD15774AC59FEB4B6AA32BF0611" box="[275,406,1262,1283]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">Temnocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (table 6). Depth of mandible below m1,,
<quantity id="C7059B265774AC59FDADB74F314E0633" box="[522,615,1291,1313]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
; below p2, 46 mm. Mandibular dental measurements highest values among species of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405774AC59FFFAB72133C90668" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1878" box="[93,224,1381,1402]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15774AC59FFFAB72133C90668" box="[93,224,1381,1402]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">Temnocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: length of toothrow, p1–m
<quantity id="C7059B265774AC59FDFEB72033EF0685" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.135" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="3135.0">3, 135 mm</quantity>
; lengths in mm of p2, 16.6; p4, 22.1; m1, 28.2; m2, 17.4 (table 2).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35774AC59FFDDB7F832C806C1" blockId="52.[93,619,1082,1759]" box="[122,481,1468,1492]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">REFERRED SPECIMENS: None.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E765485774AC58FFDDB79E37780673" lastPageId="53" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" type="description">
<paragraph id="004236C35774AC59FFDDB79E376400F1" blockId="52.[93,619,1082,1759]" lastBlockId="52.[667,1193,213,1759]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">
DESCRIPTION: The nearly complete mandible lacks only part of the ventral border of the horizontal ramus and small sections from the labial and lingual sides. From the anterior limit of the jaw to the posterior face of the articular condyle is,
<quantity id="C7059B265774AC59FEC0B434329A0594" box="[359,435,1648,1670]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" unit="cm" value="26.0">26 cm</quantity>
; this is a large carnivore with estimated basilar skull length of
<quantity id="C7059B265774AC59FFD8B4E833E005D3" box="[127,201,1708,1729]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
, thus the largest known temnocyonine. The articular condyle and angular process are in close proximity: from the center of the condyle to the process is
<quantity id="C7059B265774AC59FD3CB34B31DF0237" box="[667,758,271,293]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="24.0">24 mm</quantity>
. The distance from the tip of the coronoid process to the articular condyle is
<quantity id="C7059B265774AC59FD3CB30E31DF024D" box="[667,758,330,351]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="77.0">77 mm</quantity>
; from tip of coronoid to base of angular process is
<quantity id="C7059B265774AC59FC2FB32330D8026E" box="[904,1009,359,381]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.06" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="106.0">106 mm</quantity>
. The coronoid process is gently recurved posteriorly, with a shallow depression on its lingual face, and a moderately deep masseteric fossa on the buccal face. The articular condyle, mandibular foramen, and coronoid and angular processes are configured as in
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405774AC59FBBEB053378B013F" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1049,1186,534,557]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15774AC59FBBEB053378B013F" box="[1049,1186,534,557]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">Canis lupus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Except for the much greater size and mandibular depth of the beardog, the form of the jaw is similar to that of the wolf. As in other temnocyonines, the anterior border of the ascending ramus is gently inclined so that m2–3 are slightly elevated and tilted forward on the edge of the ramus. Depth of the mandible below p2 is
<quantity id="C7059B265774AC59FC16B14537200004" box="[945,1033,769,791]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="46.0">46 mm</quantity>
, beneath m1,50 mm, thus differing from
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405774AC59FC59B15931C60043" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oryktes">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15774AC59FC59B15931C60043" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">Delotrochanter oryktes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ACM 4804) for which the same measurements, respectively, are 46 and
<quantity id="C7059B265774AC59FD3CB13231D20099" box="[667,763,886,907]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="42.0">42 mm</quantity>
, and for
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405774AC59FC2DB1323780009E" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" box="[906,1193,885,908]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15774AC59FC2DB1323780009E" box="[906,1193,885,908]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">Mammacyon obtusidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(LACM 9194), 38 and
<quantity id="C7059B265774AC59FC09B1D7372D00BA" box="[942,1028,915,937]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
. The mandibular depth beneath m1 for
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405774AC59FC45B1F537A400D4" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[994,1165,945,966]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15774AC59FC45B1F537A400D4" box="[994,1165,945,966]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">T. macrogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is nearly twice that of an average wolf.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35774AC59FD1FB1A8309506AA" blockId="52.[667,1193,213,1759]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">
The mandibular symphysis was united by strong binding ligaments; there is no evidence of symphyseal fusion. The symphysis is widest near its posterior edge. The greatest anteroposterior length is,
<quantity id="C7059B265774AC59FBA3B625377E0764" box="[1028,1111,1121,1143]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="56.0">56 mm</quantity>
; greatest dorsoventral height,
<quantity id="C7059B265774AC59FC6BB63A37080781" box="[972,1057,1150,1171]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="37.0">37 mm</quantity>
. The upper part of the symphysis (a rectangular area
<quantity id="C7059B265774AC59FD3CB6FD31DE07DC" box="[667,759,1209,1230]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="22.0">22 mm</quantity>
in length,
<quantity id="C7059B265774AC59FC3CB6FD30DE07DC" box="[923,1015,1209,1230]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
in width) is smoother and less rugose than the ventral portion and represents the attachment of a compressible fibrocartilage pad like that described by
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325774AC59FCE1B76930DE0651" author="Scapino, R." box="[838,1015,1325,1347]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" pagination="339 - 375" refId="ref85734" refString="Scapino, R. 1981. Morphological investigation into functions of the jaw symphysis in carnivorans. Journal of Morphology 167: 339 - 375." type="journal article" year="1981">Scapino (1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325774AC59FBACB76A37B70656" author="Hunt, R. M., Jr." box="[1035,1182,1326,1348]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref83897" refString="Hunt, R. M., Jr. 2009. Long-legged pursuit carnivorans (Amphicyonidae, Daphoeninae) from the early Miocene of North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 318: 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="2009">Hunt, 2009</bibRefCitation>
). This indicates a flexible mandibular symphysis in
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405774AC59FCA9B72D309E066C" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[782,951,1385,1406]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15774AC59FCA9B72D309E066C" box="[782,951,1385,1406]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">T. macrogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that facilitates close registration of the carnassials during the bite, as in the wolf (fig. 50F).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35774AC59FD1FB785374E053C" blockId="52.[667,1193,213,1759]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">None of the lower incisors are preserved, however the extremely narrow space between the symphysis and canine alveolus shows that they would have been very small teeth.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35774AC59FD1FB473303C05CD" blockId="52.[667,1193,213,1759]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">
The large canine alveolus measures
<quantity id="C7059B265774AC59FBE0B4733780055E" box="[1095,1193,1591,1613]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.65" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="26.5">26.5 mm</quantity>
in length,
<quantity id="C7059B265774AC59FCABB41030460578" box="[780,879,1620,1642]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.07" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="20.7">20.7 mm</quantity>
in width, with the long axis of the ellipse directed anteriorly and somewhat laterally. There is no intervening space between the canine and p1, their alveolar borders nearly in contact.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35775AC58FF3AB2913177026E" blockId="53.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">
Premolars (p2–4) are not crowded and are separated by
<quantity id="C7059B265775AC58FE81B2B632A30215" box="[294,394,242,263]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
diastemata; they are not shortened or posteriorly widened as in
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405775AC58FF27B36832020251" authorityName=", CM" authorityYear="1603" box="[128,299,300,323]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15775AC58FF27B36832020251" box="[128,299,300,323]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but are relatively narrow, tall yet robust, thus representing a scaled-up version of the premolars of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405775AC58FE6DB323317E026E" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[458,599,359,380]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15775AC58FE6DB323317E026E" box="[458,599,359,380]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">T. percussor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35775AC58FF3AB3C131590158" blockId="53.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">
The single-rooted p1 measures
<quantity id="C7059B265775AC58FDAEB3C131460288" box="[521,623,389,411]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.06" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="10.6">10.6 mm</quantity>
in length,
<quantity id="C7059B265775AC58FF72B3E6320502A5" box="[213,300,418,439]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="7.3">7.3 mm</quantity>
in width. It has the form of an oblate cone, anteriorly inclined, whose posterior face has been slightly depressed. There are no accessory or basal cusps. A fine enamel ridge runs from the principal cusp down the posterior slope to the cingulum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35775AC58FF3AB01632280005" blockId="53.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">
The p2 measures
<quantity id="C7059B265775AC58FE29B01632D6017A" box="[398,511,594,616]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.66" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="16.6">16.6 mm</quantity>
in length,
<quantity id="C7059B265775AC58FF27B02B33F30197" box="[128,218,623,645]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="8.5">8.5 mm</quantity>
in width. In lateral view it approximates an equilateral triangle; there are thin anterior and posterior enamel ridges but no posterior accessory cusp. There is a moderately developed heel with a very small, low basal cusp.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35775AC58FF3AB15B33D8074B" blockId="53.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">
The p3 is represented only by the posterior basal part of the tooth. The tooth was either abnormally triple-rooted, or there was a supernumerary single-rooted premolar inserted in front of a normal p3, this latter alternative more probable. The three alveoli occur in anteroposterior sequence, with a total alveolar length of
<quantity id="C7059B265775AC58FE42B1A831670713" box="[485,590,1004,1025]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4899999999999998" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="24.9">24.9 mm</quantity>
. This is longer than p4. If a normal p3 was present, its length based on alveoli would be,
<quantity id="C7059B265775AC58FF30B60033C4074B" box="[151,237,1092,1113]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35775AC58FF3AB62633C6068E" blockId="53.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">
The p4 measures
<quantity id="C7059B265775AC58FE29B62632D60765" box="[398,511,1122,1143]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.21" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="22.1">22.1 mm</quantity>
in length,
<quantity id="C7059B265775AC58FF27B63B33C60786" box="[128,239,1151,1172]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.04" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="10.4">10.4 mm</quantity>
in posterior width,
<quantity id="C7059B265775AC58FDA5B63B314D0786" box="[514,612,1151,1173]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="8.5">8.5 mm</quantity>
in anterior width. There is a prominent, labially placed posterior accessory cusp. The posterior border of the tooth is squared and produced as a shelf with a small basal cusp situated below the posterior accessory cusp. Height of p4 is much greater than the m1 paraconid, and I suspect that were p3 present, it also would exceed the paraconid in height.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35775AC58FF3AB7E033FE053D" blockId="53.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">
Length of the premolar series (p1–4) is,
<quantity id="C7059B265775AC58FF31B78533D806C5" box="[150,241,1473,1495]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="82.0">82 mm</quantity>
. However, because this measurement includes an abnormality (p3), it probably represents a maximum value for the species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35775AC58FF3AB47330890175" blockId="53.[128,654,213,1759]" lastBlockId="53.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">
The m1 measures
<quantity id="C7059B265775AC58FEDDB47332CB055F" box="[378,482,1591,1613]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.82" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="28.2">28.2 mm</quantity>
in length and a talonid width of
<quantity id="C7059B265775AC58FED3B41032E60578" box="[372,463,1620,1642]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
. Length of the trigonid is,
<quantity id="C7059B265775AC58FEBAB436325C0595" box="[285,373,1650,1671]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
, the talonid,
<quantity id="C7059B265775AC58FD8DB43531A00595" box="[554,649,1649,1671]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="9.5">9.5 mm</quantity>
, emphasizing that the trigonid dominates the tooth and the talonid is not enlarged. The metaconid is well developed; this is the only large temnocyonine in which the metaconid survives. The short talonid is dominated by a large, labially situated hypoconid, directly behind the protoconid. The labial face of the asymmetric hypoconid descends abruptly to the cingulum but the lingual face is more gradually inclined, sloping to the medial edge of the talonid (there is a small lingual talonid shelf). The apex of the hypoconid is an anteroposteriorly aligned ridge that curves posterolingually to become the posterior edge of the talonid. There is weak swelling on the lingual talonid shelf that appears to be a vestigial entoconid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35775AC58FD7CB02B309B00F6" blockId="53.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">
The m2 measures
<quantity id="C7059B265775AC58FC0EB02B37250197" box="[937,1036,623,645]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7399999999999998" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="17.4">17.4 mm</quantity>
in length, with a talonid width of 10.0 mm, and a trigonid width of
<quantity id="C7059B265775AC58FD46B0EE306401AD" box="[737,845,682,703]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.04" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="10.4">10.4 mm</quantity>
. The trigonid is low but higher than the talonid. There is an anterolabial cingulum; the large protoconid is the most prominent cusp and is connected by a smoothly curving ridge to the low, broad paraconid. The small knoblike metaconid lies lingual to the protoconid and is separated from it by a slight constriction. The hypoconid is the only talonid cusp and is labial in position. The talonid surface descends gradually from the hypoconid to the lingual margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35775AC58FD7CB1A837E507FE" blockId="53.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">
The m3 measures
<quantity id="C7059B265775AC58FC68B1A837690710" box="[975,1088,1004,1026]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0699999999999998" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="10.7">10.7 mm</quantity>
in length,,
<quantity id="C7059B265775AC58FD73B64D3005070D" box="[724,812,1033,1055]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="8.5">8.5 mm</quantity>
in width. The only prominent cusp is a conical protoconid, somewhat anterior to the center of the tooth, flanked lingually by weak enamel ridges descending to barely discernible vestigial paraconid and metaconid swellings. The talonid is much reduced and shows only a vestige of the hypoconid as a swelling on the posterior face of the protoconid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35775AC58FD7CB6B037780673" blockId="53.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">
The toothrow measures as follows: anterior border of canine alveolus to m
<quantity id="C7059B265775AC58FB9BB75637EE0635" box="[1084,1223,1298,1320]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1609" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="3160.9">3, 160.9 mm</quantity>
; p1–m3 length, 135.0 mm; p1–m2 length,
<quantity id="C7059B265775AC58FD1AB708301D0673" box="[701,820,1356,1378]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.254" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="125.4">125.4 mm</quantity>
; m1–3 length,
<quantity id="C7059B265775AC58FC44B70837640673" box="[995,1101,1356,1378]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.55" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="55.5">55.5 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E765485775AC5BFD7DB72C33C101D2" lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="004236C35775AC5BFD7DB72C3387026F" blockId="53.[701,1228,213,1759]" lastBlockId="54.[93,620,213,1759]" lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">
DISCUSSION:
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405775AC58FCD0B72F37AE0692" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[887,1159,1387,1408]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15775AC58FCD0B72F37AE0692" box="[887,1159,1387,1408]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">Temnocyon macrogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the largest North American species of the genus and it retains the metaconid on m1–2. The m1 remains a shearing carnassial (i.e., a tall, shearing trigonid and low talonid), and the premolars, although robust, are tall, relatively narrow teeth. These dental features indicate a large predatory carnivore with a more sectorial dentition than found in
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405775AC58FBC5B41131DB0595" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15775AC58FBC5B41131DB0595" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">Mammacyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405775AC58FC88B43530F3059A" authorityName=", CM" authorityYear="1603" box="[815,986,1649,1672]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15775AC58FC88B43530F3059A" box="[815,986,1649,1672]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. When compared to the mandibular dentition of the wolf, the canine, premolars, and m2–3 of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405775AC58FBF3B4E931D505CD" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="53" pageNumber="53" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15775AC58FBF3B4E931D505CD" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="53">T. macrogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are much larger whereas the carnassial is the same length, although a broader tooth. The beardog has incorporated the carnassial as an integral part of a crushing dental battery made up of premolars and posterior molars, while still retaining some shearing ability.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35776AC5BFFDDB3C133C101D2" blockId="54.[93,620,213,1759]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">
The dentition of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405776AC5BFEFFB3C231210289" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[344,520,390,411]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15776AC5BFEFFB3C231210289" box="[344,520,390,411]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">T. macrogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be derived from that of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405776AC5BFEFCB3E732C002AA" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[347,489,419,440]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15776AC5BFEFCB3E732C002AA" box="[347,489,419,440]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">T. percussor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and there is a particularly strong similarity in cusp pattern to AMNH 81005, Cook’s
<typeStatus id="DF4688615776AC5BFE4AB39A313602E1" box="[493,543,478,499]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">type</typeStatus>
of the species. This opinion is supported by m1–2 structure and similar m1/m2 length ratios of 1.62 and
<quantity id="C7059B265776AC5BFF76B071320D0159" box="[209,292,565,587]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2926" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" unit="in" value="1.69">1.69 in</quantity>
AMNH 81005 and F:AM 54139 (table 6).
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405776AC5BFEB4B017310B017A" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[275,546,595,616]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15776AC5BFEB4B017310B017A" box="[275,546,595,616]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">Temnocyon macrogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems the lineal descendant of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405776AC5BFE36B034310D0197" authorityName="Cook, Niobrara River" authorityYear="1909" box="[401,548,624,645]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percussor">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15776AC5BFE36B034310D0197" box="[401,548,624,645]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">T. percussor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Niobrara River valley at Agate National Monument.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E765485776AC5BFFDDB08D32F705CD" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="004236C35776AC5BFFDDB08D32F705CD" blockId="54.[93,620,213,1759]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405776AC5BFFDDB08D32B201CC" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[122,411,713,734]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15776AC5BFFDDB08D32B201CC" box="[122,411,713,734]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">Temnocyon macrogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(F:AM 54139) comes from the Anderson Ranch beds about
<quantity id="C7059B265776AC5BFFFAB14733BC000B" box="[93,149,771,793]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.218688" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" unit="mi" value="2.0">2 mi</quantity>
south of
<collectingCountry id="78EA76535776AC5BFEB2B14732AE000A" box="[277,391,771,792]" name="Guernsey" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">Guernsey</collectingCountry>
, Wyoming; in this district and throughout northwest Nebraska and southeast Wyoming the formation includes widespread flat geomorphic surfaces representing level, early Miocene grasslands (
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325776AC5BFFC2B1D233D000BE" author="Hunt, R. M., Jr." box="[101,249,918,940]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" pagination="69 - 111" refId="ref83675" refString="Hunt, R. M., Jr. 1990. Taphonomy and sedimentology of Arikaree (lower Miocene) fluvial, eolian, and lacustrine paleoenvironments, Nebraska and Wyoming: a paleobiota entombed in fine-grained volcaniclastic rocks. Geological Society of America Special Paper 244: 69 - 111." type="journal article" year="1990">Hunt, 1990</bibRefCitation>
). These surfaces are densely packed with fine root casts (rhizoliths) and are cemented by silica derived from diagenesis of volcanic glass shards and unstable minerals in these fine-grained tuffaceous sandstones. Charles Falkenbach, who collected the mandible of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405776AC5BFEDFB602310A0749" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[376,547,1094,1115]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15776AC5BFEDFB602310A0749" box="[376,547,1094,1115]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">T. macrogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, used the term ‘‘High Daemonelix zone’’ for these silica-cemented geomorphic surfaces, although they have no relationship to rodent burrows first termed ‘‘Daimonelix’’ many years previously by E.H.
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325776AC5BFE0FB693314E07FC" author="Barbour, E. H." box="[424,615,1239,1262]" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" pagination="301 - 335" refId="ref81516" refString="Barbour, E. H. 1892. Notes on a new order of gigantic fossils. University Studies 4: 301 - 335." type="journal article" year="1892">Barbour (1892)</bibRefCitation>
. Evidence that Falkenbach in fact collected the mandible from one of the geomorphic surfaces of the Anderson Ranch Formation can be seen in the sediment adhering to the mandible that includes the small siliceous rootlets and pale reddish-brown sand typical of these grassland surfaces.
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405776AC5BFE4FB7E133CA06C5" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15776AC5BFE4FB7E133CA06C5" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">Temnocyon macrogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found within one of these siliceous paleosols. Fossil mammals in the Childs Frick collection from the ‘‘High Daemonelix’’ level of the
<collectingCountry id="78EA76535776AC5BFE3BB45E3122053D" box="[412,523,1562,1583]" name="Guernsey" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">Guernsey</collectingCountry>
collecting district are similar to mammals of the Niobrara Canyon local fauna from the stratotype area of the Anderson Ranch Formation (Niobrara Canyon, Sioux County, Nebraska) and establish the age of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405776AC5BFDF6B4E833CA05CD" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="54" pageNumber="54" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrogenys">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15776AC5BFDF6B4E833CA05CD" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="54">T. macrogenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as latest Arikareean.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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