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<document id="EAC8341CAEAFBCBA7C0D4AEE466E84C3" ID-CLB-Dataset="7680" ID-DOI="10.1206/358.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="64639217-c52a-453d-a6b3-382db4402257" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610748" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1615989200907" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Hunt, Robert M." docDate="2011" docId="885487D55760AC49FD78B7BA37290784" docLanguage="en" docName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011.358.1-153.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2011 (358)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/358.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6.9:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleId="915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Temnocyon subferox Hunt 2011, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="36" masterDocId="746DFFAD5740AC6DFFA7B24433290312" masterDocTitle="Evolution Of Large Carnivores During The Mid-Cenozoic Of North America: The Temnocyonine Radiation (Mammalia, Amphicyonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="153" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="32" updateTime="1698933491662" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="684827E4CA636527E6DE48111FBE7788">Evolution Of Large Carnivores During The Mid-Cenozoic Of North America: The Temnocyonine Radiation (Mammalia, Amphicyonidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9C027C5FE013DCC1681868EAEB4ECDDF">Hunt, Robert M.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="885487D55760AC49FD78B7BA37290784" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4618407" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180588599" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4618407" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885487D55760AC49FD78B7BA37290784" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885487D55760AC49FD78B7BA37290784" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="32" pageNumber="32">
<subSubSection id="48E765485760AC4DFD78B7BA372D0520" pageId="32" pageNumber="32" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="004236C35760AC4DFD78B7BA372D0520" blockId="32.[735,1124,1532,1586]" pageId="32" pageNumber="32">
<heading id="5B0A81AF5760AC4DFD78B7BA372D0520" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="32" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405760AC4DFD78B7BA30E70501" authority="Hunt, 2011" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[735,974,1532,1555]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subferox" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15760AC4DFD78B7BA30E70501" bold="true" box="[735,974,1532,1555]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="32">Temnocyon subferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="29BA57AA5760AC4DFC79B7BA374D0501" box="[990,1124,1533,1555]" pageId="32" pageNumber="32" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation id="98C62A465760AC4DFC98B45830860523" box="[831,943,1564,1586]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[150,188,1196,1215]" captionTargetBox="[131,1224,213,1165]" captionTargetId="figure-208@33.[131,1224,213,1165]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 9. Temnocyon subferox (YPM 10065), John Day Formation, Oregon. Holotype cranium in (A) lateral and (B) high lateral oblique views. Rostrum restored to the left of dashed line." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610764/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="32">Figures 9</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="98C62A465760AC4DFC1AB45830F20523" box="[957,987,1564,1585]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[116,155,1201,1220]" captionTargetBox="[96,1189,211,1170]" captionTargetId="figure-207@34.[96,1189,210,1171]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Holotype of Temnocyon subferox (YPM 10065), John Day Formation, Oregon. A, maxilla with P4M2; B, basicranium with remnant of ectotympanic bulla (stereopairs with negatives reversed). See figs. 66, 69. For abbreviations, see p. 5." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610766/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="32">10</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="98C62A465760AC4DFC4EB458372D0520" box="[1001,1028,1564,1586]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="129.[150,188,700,719]" captionTargetBox="[196,1144,211,663]" captionTargetId="figure-450@129.[196,1160,211,670]" captionTargetPageId="129" captionText="Fig. 66. Holotype basicranium of Temnocyon subferox (YPM 10065), John Day Formation, Oregon (stereopair). The bulla fragment in the auditory region is a remnant of an ectotympanic crescent (T) similar to that seen in Daphoenus. YPM 10065 represents the plesiomorphic state of the temnocyonine auditory bulla. For abbreviations, see page 5." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610958" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610958/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="32">66</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E765485760AC4DFD3CB40E31C80580" pageId="32" pageNumber="32" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="004236C35760AC4DFD3CB40E3780056A" blockId="32.[667,1193,1608,1682]" pageId="32" pageNumber="32">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="20ED11ED5760AC4DFD3CB40E3780056A" pageId="32" pageNumber="32">
<treatmentCitation id="815C10D25760AC4DFD3CB40E3747054E" author="Thorpe, M. R." box="[667,1134,1608,1628]" page="168" pageId="32" pageNumber="32" year="1922">
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405760AC4DFD3CB40E3747054E" authority=": Thorpe, 1922: 167 - 168" authorityName=": Thorpe" authorityPageNumber="167 - 168" authorityYear="1922" box="[667,1134,1608,1628]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15760AC4DFD3CB40E3045054E" box="[667,876,1608,1628]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="32">Temnocyon altigenis</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325760AC4DFCDCB40D3747054E" author="Thorpe, M. R." box="[891,1134,1609,1628]" pageId="32" pageNumber="32" pagination="162 - 176" refId="ref86494" refString="Thorpe, M. R. 1922. Oregon Tertiary Canidae, with descriptions of new forms. American Journal of Science 3 (12): 162 - 176." type="journal article" year="1922">Thorpe, 1922: 167168</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405760AC4DFD3CB4213044056A" authorityName=": Thorpe" authorityYear="1922" box="[667,877,1636,1656]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15760AC4DFD3CB4213044056A" box="[667,877,1636,1656]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="32">Temnocyon altigenis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in part):
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325760AC4DFC78B4213780056A" author="Hough, J. R." box="[991,1193,1637,1656]" pageId="32" pageNumber="32" pagination="67 - 118" refId="ref83328" refString="Hough, J. R. 1948. The auditory region in some members of the Procyonidae, Canidae, and Ursidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 92 (2): 67 - 118." type="journal article" year="1948">Hough, 1948: 100</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35760AC4DFD12B43B31C80580" blockId="32.[667,1193,1608,1682]" box="[693,737,1663,1682]" pageId="32" pageNumber="32">101.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="004236C35760AC4CFD1FB4EE33F706C1" blockId="32.[667,1193,1706,1759]" lastBlockId="33.[128,654,1294,1759]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="32" pageNumber="32">
<materialsCitation id="B0953C9E5760AC4CFD1FB4EE32040631" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3053985307" accessionNumber="YPM 10065" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="32" pageNumber="32" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="DF4688615760AC4DFD1FB4EE31DF05D2" box="[696,758,1706,1730]" pageId="32" pageNumber="32">TYPE</typeStatus>
: YPM 10065, nearly complete skull with basicranium but lacking the rostrum anterior to P3
</materialsCitation>
;
<materialsCitation id="B0953C9E5761AC4CFE9AB74A32C6066E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3053985309" location="John Day River" pageId="33" pageNumber="33" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Oregon" typeStatus="holotype">
from the John Day Formation,
<location id="052260185761AC4CFF61B76F32BF0653" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885487D55760AC49FD78B7BA37290784:052260185761AC4CFF61B76F32BF0653" box="[198,406,1323,1345]" name="John Day River" pageId="33" pageNumber="33" stateProvince="Oregon">John Day River</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="C239F8215761AC4CFE0DB76F31280652" box="[426,513,1323,1344]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="33" pageNumber="33">Oregon</collectingRegion>
(a catalog entry at the Peabody Museum, Yale University, reads Middle John Day)
</materialsCitation>
; teeth present include right P3M2, left P4M2. Collector or date of collection unknown, but cataloged in 1914.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="5482664B5761AC4CFF31B6E8372007CB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610764" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610764/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="33" startId="33.[150,188,1196,1215]" targetBox="[131,1224,213,1165]" targetPageId="33">
<paragraph id="004236C35761AC4CFF31B6E8372007CB" blockId="33.[128,1227,1195,1242]" pageId="33" pageNumber="33">
Fig. 9.
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405761AC4CFF53B6E832E307AD" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[244,458,1195,1215]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subferox">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15761AC4CFF53B6E832E307AD" box="[244,458,1195,1215]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="33">Temnocyon subferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(YPM 10065), John Day Formation, Oregon. Holotype cranium in (
<emphasis id="3289EAD15761AC4CFB15B6E837ED07AD" bold="true" box="[1202,1220,1196,1215]" pageId="33" pageNumber="33">A</emphasis>
) lateral and (
<emphasis id="3289EAD15761AC4CFEA7B682323907CB" bold="true" box="[256,272,1222,1241]" pageId="33" pageNumber="33">B</emphasis>
) high lateral oblique views. Rostrum restored to the left of dashed line.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="48E765485761AC4CFF3BB79E3281051D" pageId="33" pageNumber="33" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="004236C35761AC4CFF3BB79E3281051D" blockId="33.[128,654,1294,1759]" pageId="33" pageNumber="33">
DISTRIBUTION: Earlier Arikareean, John Day Formation,
<collectingRegion id="C239F8215761AC4CFEEEB7BE328D051D" box="[329,420,1530,1551]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="33" pageNumber="33">Oregon</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E765485761AC4CFF3BB45233EA0597" pageId="33" pageNumber="33" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="004236C35761AC4CFF3BB45233EA0597" blockId="33.[128,654,1294,1759]" pageId="33" pageNumber="33">
ETYMOLOGY: From the Latin,
<emphasis id="3289EAD15761AC4CFD8AB453317A053C" box="[557,595,1559,1582]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="33">sub</emphasis>
, for less than, under and
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405761AC4CFE34B47132E60558" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[403,463,1589,1610]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15761AC4CFE34B47132E60558" box="[403,463,1589,1610]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="33">ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, fierce, in the belief that the species precedes
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405761AC4CFDADB41733950597" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15761AC4CFDADB41733950597" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="33">Temnocyon ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E765485761AC4FFF3BB4C832C8062C" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="33" pageNumber="33" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="004236C35761AC4CFF3BB4C8301505CD" blockId="33.[128,654,1294,1759]" lastBlockId="33.[701,1228,1294,1759]" pageId="33" pageNumber="33">
DIAGNOSIS: Cranium and teeth intermediate in size (basilar length,,
<quantity id="C7059B265761AC4CFE74B4E8313405D3" box="[467,541,1708,1729]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="33" pageNumber="33" unit="cm" value="21.0">21 cm</quantity>
) between
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405761AC4CFF27B48E322705CD" authorityName=": Thorpe" authorityYear="1922" box="[128,270,1736,1759]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15761AC4CFF27B48E322705CD" box="[128,270,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="33">T. altigenis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(UCMP 9999, 1549, basilar lengths,
<quantity id="C7059B265761AC4CFC97B74A308B0631" box="[816,930,1294,1316]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="33" pageNumber="33" unit="cm" value="17.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="16.0">1618 cm</quantity>
) and
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405761AC4CFC4EB74B37610631" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[1001,1096,1294,1316]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15761AC4CFC4EB74B37610631" box="[1001,1096,1294,1316]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="33">T. ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(YPM-PU 10787, basilar length,,
<quantity id="C7059B265761AC4CFC79B76F37010653" box="[990,1064,1323,1345]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="33" pageNumber="33" unit="cm" value="26.0">26 cm</quantity>
) and without strong inflation of the frontal region (table 7). Differs from other species of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405761AC4CFBD3B72331DB0688" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1878" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15761AC4CFBD3B72331DB0688" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="33">Temnocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(except
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405761AC4CFCFDB7C130F40688" authorityName=": Thorpe" authorityYear="1922" box="[858,989,1411,1434]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15761AC4CFCFDB7C130F40688" box="[858,989,1411,1434]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="33">T. altigenis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) by (a) smaller size and more plesiomorphic P4M
<quantity id="C7059B265761AC4CFB94B7E6374A06AA" box="[1075,1123,1442,1464]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="33" pageNumber="33" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
which a marked expansion of M1 protocone region has not occurred (ratio A/B, 1.44, table 6); (b) P4 sectorial with protocone placed in advance of paracone (more dentally derived species of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405761AC4CFC96B472309D0559" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1878" box="[817,948,1590,1611]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15761AC4CFC96B472309D0559" box="[817,948,1590,1611]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="33">Temnocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have protocone directly lingual to paracone). No preprotocrista on M1 (present in
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405761AC4CFC21B43537250595" authorityName=": Thorpe" authorityYear="1922" box="[902,1036,1648,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15761AC4CFC21B43537250595" box="[902,1036,1648,1671]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="33">T. altigenis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Retains most plesiomorphic auditory bulla of any known temnocyonine (see discussion of Basicranial Anatomy).
</paragraph>
<caption id="5482664B5762AC4FFFD3B6F532D707EB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4610766" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4610766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4610766/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="34" startId="34.[116,155,1201,1220]" targetBox="[96,1189,211,1170]" targetPageId="34">
<paragraph id="004236C35762AC4FFFD3B6F532D707EB" blockId="34.[93,1193,1200,1274]" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">
Fig. 10. Holotype of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405762AC4FFECEB6F6316907D6" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[361,576,1200,1220]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subferox">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15762AC4FFECEB6F6316907D6" box="[361,576,1200,1220]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">Temnocyon subferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(YPM 10065), John Day Formation, Oregon.
<emphasis id="3289EAD15762AC4FFB9CB6F5377A07D6" bold="true" box="[1083,1107,1201,1220]" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">A,</emphasis>
maxilla with P4M2;
<emphasis id="3289EAD15762AC4FFF4EB688322907CD" bold="true" box="[233,256,1228,1247]" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">B,</emphasis>
basicranium with remnant of ectotympanic bulla (stereopairs with negatives reversed). See figs. 66, 69. For abbreviations, see p. 5.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="004236C35762AC4FFFDDB76332C8062C" blockId="34.[93,619,1319,1759]" box="[122,481,1319,1343]" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">REFERRED SPECIMENS: None.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E765485762AC4EFFDDB701307605CC" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="34" pageNumber="34" type="description">
<paragraph id="004236C35762AC4FFFDDB7013760066B" blockId="34.[93,619,1319,1759]" lastBlockId="34.[667,1193,1321,1759]" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">
DESCRIPTION: The skull was first mentioned and briefly described by
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325762AC4FFDB2B721338F068A" author="Thorpe, M. R." pageId="34" pageNumber="34" pagination="162 - 176" refId="ref86494" refString="Thorpe, M. R. 1922. Oregon Tertiary Canidae, with descriptions of new forms. American Journal of Science 3 (12): 162 - 176." type="journal article" year="1922">Thorpe (1922)</bibRefCitation>
in a discussion of doglike canids and amphicyonids in the Marsh collection at Yale. Later,
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325762AC4FFF56B7FA32EB06C1" author="Hough, J. R." box="[241,450,1470,1492]" pageId="34" pageNumber="34" pagination="67 - 118" refId="ref83328" refString="Hough, J. R. 1948. The auditory region in some members of the Procyonidae, Canidae, and Ursidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 92 (2): 67 - 118." type="journal article" year="1948">Hough (1948: 101</bibRefCitation>
a specimen in the Peabody Museum, Yale University) mentioned the auditory region and recognized the presence of a remnant of the auditory bulla (she does not cite a catalog number but her description can apply only to YPM 10065). Neither Hough nor Thorpe illustrated the skull. The basicranium shows the deeply embayed basioccipital bone typical of amphicyonids, thought to contain an enlarged inferior petrosal venous sinus. The auditory region is reviewed and illustrated in the section on Basicranial Anatomy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35762AC4EFD1FB7C6320E0026" blockId="34.[667,1193,1321,1759]" lastBlockId="35.[128,654,213,1759]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">
Although the skull is uncrushed and its form intact, the bone itself is fractured and altered by diagenesis after burial so that anatomical detail is lacking. The dolichocephalic skull has a gracile appearance with slender zygomatic arches and a long postorbital distance (orbital margin to occpital condyle is
<quantity id="C7059B265762AC4FFC83B41630A3057A" box="[804,906,1618,1640]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.43" pageId="34" pageNumber="34" unit="cm" value="14.3">14.3 cm</quantity>
). The frontal region is not inflated, thus similar to
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405762AC4FFB93B43537880597" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[1076,1185,1648,1670]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15762AC4FFB93B43537880597" box="[1076,1185,1648,1670]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">T. ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, contrasting with the expanded frontal region of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405762AC4FFD1BB4E8301705D2" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[700,830,1707,1729]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15762AC4FFD1BB4E8301705D2" box="[700,830,1707,1729]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">T. fingeruti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As in
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405762AC4FFC31B4E8373F05D0" authorityName=": Thorpe" authorityYear="1922" box="[918,1046,1707,1730]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="34" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15762AC4FFC31B4E8373F05D0" box="[918,1046,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">T. altigenis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the maxilla is slightly depressed above the prominent infraorbital foramen. Foramina of the orbital region are as described for
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405763AC4EFE70B2B73175021A" authorityName=": Thorpe" authorityYear="1922" box="[471,604,241,264]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15763AC4EFE70B2B73175021A" box="[471,604,241,264]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">T. altigenis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: an optic foramen, sphenorbital fissure, and anterior foramen for the alisphenoid canal open into the elongate depression that begins
<quantity id="C7059B265763AC4EFF27B32333FC026E" box="[128,213,359,380]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="18.0">18 mm</quantity>
anterior to the foramen ovale. The posterior opening of the canal and the foramen ovale share a common fossa. As in UCMP 1549 the foramen rotundum must open internally into the enclosed alisphenoid canal. Despite the loss of the rostrum the palate is preserved from P3 to M2; the cheek teeth seem quite small given the palatal area and skull size (greatest palatal width at P4 M1 is
<quantity id="C7059B265763AC4EFF72B02A32030196" box="[213,298,622,644]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" unit="cm" value="6.5">6.5 cm</quantity>
; P4M2 occupy 58
<emphasis id="3289EAD15763AC4EFDBEB02A31180191" box="[537,561,622,643]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">%</emphasis>
of this width). The mandibles must have been long and slender because of the modest glenoid fossa for a rather small narrow condyle, the small cheek teeth, and the considerable distance (,
<quantity id="C7059B265763AC4EFEAEB145326E0004" box="[265,327,769,790]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" unit="cm" value="9.0">9 cm</quantity>
) from the glenoid fossa to the carnassial.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35763AC4EFF3AB17831A0007D" blockId="35.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">The left P4M2 and right P3 survive whereas P12, incisors, and canines did not.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35763AC4EFF3AB13C328D07A0" blockId="35.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">
P3 is laterally compressed, slightly expanded posteriorly, and is taller than in
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405763AC4EFDD3B1D233F700DA" authorityName=": Thorpe" authorityYear="1922" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15763AC4EFDD3B1D233F700DA" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">T. altigenis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405763AC4EFE84B1F732AF00D5" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[291,390,946,968]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15763AC4EFE84B1F732AF00D5" box="[291,390,946,968]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">T. ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A fine enamel ridge runs from the principal cusp down the posterior slope to the basal cusp, the latter more prominent than a tiny posterior accessory cusp
<quantity id="C7059B265763AC4EFF5AB663326A072F" box="[253,323,1063,1085]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
anterior to the basal cusp. There are weak labial and lingual cingula that meet posteriorly to form the prominent basal cusp. P3 length,
<quantity id="C7059B265763AC4EFE0BB63B31340786" box="[428,541,1151,1172]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.29" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="12.9">12.9 mm</quantity>
; greatest posterior width,
<quantity id="C7059B265763AC4EFEE3B6D8328807A0" box="[324,417,1180,1202]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="6.6">6.6 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35763AC4EFF3AB6FF33EC05CD" blockId="35.[128,654,213,1759]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">
P4 has a well-developed protocone, a sectorial paracone/metastylar blade, and is clearly a shearing carnassial. The metastylar blade is placed at a 45
<emphasis id="3289EAD15763AC4EFE42B75632D90635" bold="true" box="[485,496,1298,1319]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">°</emphasis>
angle to the anteroposteriorly aligned paracone. Length of the blade,
<quantity id="C7059B265763AC4EFEB5B709327C0670" box="[274,341,1357,1378]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
; paracone length,
<quantity id="C7059B265763AC4EFD83B70931A30670" box="[548,650,1357,1378]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.03" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="10.3">10.3 mm</quantity>
. The protocone, lingual and slightly anterior to the paracone, is enlarged as is the protocone of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405763AC4EFEBBB7E132B206A9" authorityName=": Thorpe" authorityYear="1922" box="[284,411,1444,1467]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15763AC4EFEBBB7E132B206A9" box="[284,411,1444,1467]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">T. altigenis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405763AC4EFE6DB7E1316506A9" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[458,588,1444,1467]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subferox">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15763AC4EFE6DB7E1316506A9" box="[458,588,1444,1467]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">T. subferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there is a broad embrasure between P4 and M1 into which the shearing m1 trigonid fits during carnassial occlusion. Dimensions of this embrasure in
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405763AC4EFE87B45E328D0522" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[288,420,1561,1584]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subferox">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15763AC4EFE87B45E328D0522" box="[288,420,1561,1584]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">T. subferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are similar to those in
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405763AC4EFF3BB4733233055F" authorityName=": Thorpe" authorityYear="1922" box="[156,282,1590,1613]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15763AC4EFF3BB4733233055F" box="[156,282,1590,1613]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">T. altigenis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(UCMP 9999) and represent the plesiomorphic state. Closure of this shearing embrasure between P4 and M1 occurs in the large species of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405763AC4EFEE9B4CB32CA05B6" box="[334,483,1679,1700]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15763AC4EFEE9B4CB32CA05B6" box="[334,483,1679,1700]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Mammacyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405763AC4EFD8AB4CA33FD05D0" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Delotrochanter" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15763AC4EFD8AB4CA33FD05D0" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Delotrochanter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
where crushing takes precedence over shear.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35763AC4EFD7CB291301302E3" blockId="35.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">
P4 is encircled by a cingulum that is pronounced at the labial base of the metastylar blade. The cingulum is swollen at the anterolabial corner to form a parastyle, situated
<quantity id="C7059B265763AC4EFC80B30E3059024D" box="[807,880,330,351]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
anterolabial of the base of the enamel ridge descending the anterior face of the paracone. The protocone is a blunt knoblike cusp separated by a valley from the paracone and would have occluded with the heel of p4.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35763AC4EFD7CB3BE37A00713" blockId="35.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">
M1 is similar to the
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405763AC4EFC6EB3BF37630102" authorityName=": Thorpe" authorityYear="1922" box="[969,1098,505,528]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15763AC4EFC6EB3BF37630102" box="[969,1098,505,528]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">T. altigenis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
M1 except that the protocone region is more derived. A well-developed parastyle contacts the P4 metastylar blade. The labial cingulum is thickest at the parastylar region and thins posteriorly yet is still well defined along the entire labial margin of M1. The paracone is somewhat larger than the metacone. The internal faces of paracone-metacone form a vertical shearing surface that descends steeply to an enamel flat forming the lingual half of the tooth. A knoblike protocone is isolated on this enamel flat: no preprotocrista runs from the protocone across the enamel flat to the anterior cingulum as in the more plesiomorphic
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405763AC4EFC89B1F5309F00D5" authorityName=": Thorpe" authorityYear="1922" box="[814,950,944,967]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15763AC4EFC89B1F5309F00D5" box="[814,950,944,967]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">T. altigenis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This differs from
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405763AC4EFB15B1F531D000F1" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15763AC4EFB15B1F531D000F1" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">T. ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(YPM-PU 10787) that retains not only a pre- but also a weak postprotocrista.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35763AC4EFD7CB64D37800672" blockId="35.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">The knoblike M1 protocone and its enamel flat are surrounded by a prominent cingulum, strongly thickened on the lingual margin, slightly less developed on the posterior margin, and thin but distinct anteriorly. Development of a swollen anterolingual M1 cingulum in temnocyonines accompanies loss of the m1 metaconid during closure of the embrasure between P4 and M1. There is no metaconule; a paraconule may be represented by a small cingular cusp on the anterior edge of M1 midway between protocone and paracone.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35763AC4EFD7CB72D30DE057A" blockId="35.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">M2 is much smaller than M1 but remains a fully functional quadrate tooth with a weak parastyle. The paracone and metacone are elevated as in M1 but here the metacone is much smaller than the paracone. The lingual half of the tooth is a low enamel platform with a low blunt protocone. The tooth is surrounded by a prominent cingulum, lingually thickened as in M1.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35763AC4EFD7CB436307605CC" blockId="35.[701,1228,213,1759]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">M3 was not present in life: the maxillary border is smooth and unbroken posterior to M2, and there is no evidence of alveoli or roots for M3.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="48E765485764AC49FFDDB29737290784" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="004236C35764AC49FFDDB2973102074B" blockId="36.[93,620,211,1759]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">
DISCUSSION: The skull, which is of considerable importance because of the basicranium, has been long ignored except for
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325764AC49FFFAB368323B0251" author="Hough, J. R." box="[93,274,300,323]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" pagination="67 - 118" refId="ref83328" refString="Hough, J. R. 1948. The auditory region in some members of the Procyonidae, Canidae, and Ursidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 92 (2): 67 - 118." type="journal article" year="1948">Houghs (1948)</bibRefCitation>
brief mention of its auditory region. It was first described by
<bibRefCitation id="646C4B325764AC49FDB2B30E3381026F" author="Thorpe, M. R." pageId="36" pageNumber="36" pagination="162 - 176" refId="ref86494" refString="Thorpe, M. R. 1922. Oregon Tertiary Canidae, with descriptions of new forms. American Journal of Science 3 (12): 162 - 176." type="journal article" year="1922">Thorpe (1922)</bibRefCitation>
, who placed it in
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405764AC49FED9B32C32D6026F" authorityName=": Thorpe" authorityYear="1922" box="[382,511,358,381]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15764AC49FED9B32C32D6026F" box="[382,511,358,381]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">T. altigenis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, the skull is much larger than the known crania of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405764AC49FF6DB3E6326002AA" authorityName=": Thorpe" authorityYear="1922" box="[202,329,417,440]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15764AC49FF6DB3E6326002AA" box="[202,329,417,440]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">T. altigenis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(UCMP 9999, 1549) and exceeds any reasonable upper limit of skull size predicted for the
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405764AC49FEF3B39932FA02E1" authorityName=": Thorpe" authorityYear="1922" box="[340,467,476,499]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15764AC49FEF3B39932FA02E1" box="[340,467,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">T. altigenis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sample from the John Day region. Unfortunately, Yale University collection records for the skull do not establish an exact location, a collector, or a date of collection, only that it was cataloged in 1914 as YPM 10065, and that it may have come from the Middle John Day. Whether the skull was found by collectors employed by O.C. Marsh in the late 19th century is unknown but is a possibility. It is surprising that such a wellpreserved and unusual carnivore did not merit a more detailed description of its site of collection, which suggests it was found during one of the early Yale expeditions when exact locality data were rarely obtained. The stage of evolution of the skull relative to other North American temnocyonines indicates that a late Arikareean assignment is unlikely. An earlier Arikareean age is most probable, postdating the
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405764AC49FE44B6623142072E" authorityName=": Thorpe" authorityYear="1922" box="[483,619,1061,1084]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15764AC49FE44B6623142072E" box="[483,619,1061,1084]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">T. altigenis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
hypodigm in the John Day Formation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35764AC49FFDDB625326C0503" blockId="36.[93,620,211,1759]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">
The plesiomorphic dentition and weakly inflated frontal region of the skull make it a possible predecessor to
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405764AC49FE2DB6D932C107A3" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[394,488,1180,1202]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15764AC49FE2DB6D932C107A3" box="[394,488,1180,1202]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">T. ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(YPM-PU 10787) from the upper John Day beds. The lack of pre- and postprotocristae on M
<quantity id="C7059B265764AC49FD98B692314507FE" box="[575,620,1238,1260]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
YPM 10065, and their presence in
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405764AC49FDA4B6B0314D061B" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[515,612,1268,1289]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15764AC49FDA4B6B0314D061B" box="[515,612,1268,1289]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">T. ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, seem to conflict with this view. However, with acquisition of larger samples, protocristae may prove to be variable features on the molars of these carnivorans. The morphological distance between
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405764AC49FE30B7C33130068E" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[407,537,1413,1436]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subferox">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15764AC49FE30B7C33130068E" box="[407,537,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">T. subferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405764AC49FDF6B7C333B006AA" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15764AC49FDF6B7C333B006AA" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">T. ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is greater than between skulls of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405764AC49FDF6B7E0339606C5" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subferox">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15764AC49FDF6B7E0339606C5" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">T. subferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405764AC49FEA8B78532B106C5" authorityName=": Thorpe" authorityYear="1922" box="[271,408,1472,1495]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altigenis">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15764AC49FEA8B78532B106C5" box="[271,408,1472,1495]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">T. altigenis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, suggesting that substantial time intervened between YPM 10065 and
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405764AC49FF78B7B832170502" authorityName="Eyerman" authorityYear="1896" box="[223,318,1531,1553]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15764AC49FF78B7B832170502" box="[223,318,1531,1553]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">T. ferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35764AC49FFDDB45D30B2026E" blockId="36.[93,620,211,1759]" lastBlockId="36.[667,1194,213,1174]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">
The skull of YPM 10065 is important to the determination of the broader relationships of temnocyonines since the basicranium and auditory bulla are preserved and largely undistorted. The bulla of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405764AC49FE32B4CB313205B7" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[405,539,1678,1701]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subferox">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15764AC49FE32B4CB313205B7" box="[405,539,1678,1701]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">T. subferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represents the most plesiomorphic condition found among temnocyonines. The auditory bulla in North American temnocyonines is known only in
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405764AC49FCF5B2B730FE021A" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[850,983,241,264]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subferox">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15764AC49FCF5B2B730FE021A" box="[850,983,241,264]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">T. subferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(YPM 10065), in
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405764AC49FD3CB35430320236" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[667,795,271,293]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fingeruti">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15764AC49FD3CB35430320236" box="[667,795,271,293]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">T. fingeruti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NM 280/61), and in
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405764AC49FBB3B35430390251" authorityName="Loomis" authorityYear="1936" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15764AC49FBB3B35430390251" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">Mammacyon obtusidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ACM 3441). These bullae are more fully discussed in the section on Basicranial Anatomy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35764AC49FD1FB3C2373701B1" blockId="36.[667,1194,213,1174]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">
No mandible was associated with the skull of
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405764AC49FD1CB3E7301602AB" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[699,831,418,441]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subferox">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15764AC49FD1CB3E7301602AB" box="[699,831,418,441]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">T. subferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(YPM 10065), and no isolated jaws from the John Day beds occlude satisfactorily, but there are two mandibles of North American temnocyonines that correspond in size: (a) LACM 15908, a partial mandible from the Sharps Formation of
<collectingRegion id="C239F8215764AC49FD1BB016304E017A" box="[700,871,594,616]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
; (b) LACM 470, a crushed mandible from Kew Quarry, Sespe Formation, Las Posas Hills,
<collectingRegion id="C239F8215764AC49FC07B0C9373201B1" box="[928,1051,653,675]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">California</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="004236C35764AC49FD1FB0EF37290784" blockId="36.[667,1194,213,1174]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">
The Sharps mandible (LACM 15908) is unlikely to belong to the same species as the
<typeStatus id="DF4688615764AC49FD3CB0A2302801EE" box="[667,769,742,764]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
skull despite the size correspondence: the m2 protoconid and hypoconid are placed in the center of the tooth, not on the labial margin as in
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405764AC49FC00B17A37030041" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1878" box="[935,1066,830,851]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15764AC49FC00B17A37030041" box="[935,1066,830,851]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">Temnocyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The m1 metaconid of the Sharps jaw is reduced, more than expected for an m1 that would occlude with the shearing P4 of the
<typeStatus id="DF4688615764AC49FBE4B1D2378000BE" box="[1091,1193,918,940]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
skull. This jaw likely represents an early member of the
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405764AC49FCF3B19530C000F4" box="[852,1001,977,998]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Mammacyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15764AC49FCF3B19530C000F4" box="[852,1001,977,998]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">Mammacyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lineage. On the other hand, the Kew Quarry jaw includes a tall p3p4 that corresponds to the tall P
<quantity id="C7059B265764AC49FBDBB64F37800733" box="[1148,1193,1035,1057]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
YPM 10065. Here the Kew Quarry mandible is referred to
<emphasis id="3289EAD15764AC49FC99B60230710749" box="[830,856,1094,1115]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">T.</emphasis>
cf.
<taxonomicName id="C7FD4D405764AC49FC2FB60237270749" authorityName="Hunt" authorityYear="2011" box="[904,1038,1092,1115]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Temnocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subferox">
<emphasis id="3289EAD15764AC49FC2FB60237270749" box="[904,1038,1092,1115]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">T. subferox</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pending discovery of associated upper and lower dentitions of the John Day species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>