1235 lines
170 KiB
XML
1235 lines
170 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="0D5CA05CA76D37E16FF2308CF3C76609">The evolution of an ancient tapeworm lineage in its catfish hosts: vicariance, dispersal and diversification in Gangesiinae (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="39438A9FEE7E2259BC569BE3C486CB60">Marick, Jit</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4944ECD3A27853A8A7133C00FBB9BBE0">Brabec, Jan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="760CE08F4711C12F11CF8CB68C5CA2D5">Choudhury, Anindo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="70B5F5BF6D7CE4F5DA319E3F43A33DBD">Scholz, Tomáš</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EF9A077CFDD53BD21A59252BFF019A88">Ash, Anirban</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B039E1DC7D8A7C8A2E5A6B54AF335ED9">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E30169B91156A36A5EB550E2BBEB50E5">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6E0638C2D2C707F3FEB6A1CEA84BD84E">2023-03-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="4739CF1553744D3195097F578B3CBB4B">198</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="40F2B2AC79B2044BD686BAE0B150496C" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac098</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="862DC000FFBBFFFB0DD7FC0EFA89F8E4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7972998" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7972998" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:862DC000FFBBFFFB0DD7FC0EFA89F8E4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/862DC000FFBBFFFB0DD7FC0EFA89F8E4" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="529" pageId="14" pageNumber="523">
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<subSubSection id="469E229DFFBBFFE60DD7FC0EFAAFFC09" box="[911,1323,923,948]" pageId="14" pageNumber="523" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFBBFFE60DD7FC0EFAAFFC09" blockId="14.[911,1323,923,948]" box="[911,1323,923,948]" pageId="14" pageNumber="523">
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<heading id="5573C67AFFBBFFE60DD7FC0EFAAFFC09" box="[911,1323,923,948]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="523" reason="2">
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<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFBBFFE60DD7FC0EFC5AFC0E" baselines="942,942" box="[911,990,923,948]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Genus" pageId="14" pageNumber="523">GENUS</smallCapsWord>
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<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBBFFE60DBEFC09FAAFFC09" ID-CoL="8MR62" ID-ENA="100398" authority="WOODLAND, 1924" authorityName="Woodland" authorityYear="1924" box="[998,1323,923,948]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="14" pageNumber="523" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
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<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFBBFFE60DBEFC09FBDEFC0E" baselines="941,942" box="[998,1114,924,947]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Gangesia" pageId="14" pageNumber="523">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBBFFE60DBEFC09FBDEFC0E" box="[998,1114,924,947]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="523">GANGESIA</emphasis>
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||
</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFBBFFE60A39FC0EFB62FC0E" baselines="942,942" box="[1121,1254,923,948]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Woodland" pageId="14" pageNumber="523">WOODLAND</smallCapsWord>
|
||
, 1924
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="469E229DFFBBFFE60D71FC71FB64F9C3" pageId="14" pageNumber="523" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFBBFFE60D71FC71FB64F9C3" blockId="14.[809,1425,996,1662]" pageId="14" pageNumber="523">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBBFFE60D71FC71FC2DFC44" box="[809,937,996,1017]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="523">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBBFFE60DEFFC71FB0AFC47" authorityName="La Rue" authorityYear="1911" box="[951,1166,996,1018]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="14" pageNumber="523" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Proteocephalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBBFFE60AC3FC71FAB2FC47" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[1179,1334,996,1018]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="14" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Scolex with four uniloculate suckers, sucker generally with several rows of hooklets on anterior rim, rarely without hooklets. Rostellum-like organ eversible, spherical in shape, longer than, or as long as, suckers, usually armed with one, two or several circles of hooks, rarely without hooks; hooks may differ in shape and size between rows. Retractor muscles prominent, forming a wide band around rostellum-like organ. Testes medullary, in single field. Cirrus-sac pre-equatorial. Genital pore irregularly alternating. Ovary medullary, bilobed. Vagina posterior or anterior to cirrus-sac; near genital atrium vaginal sphincter present. Vitelline follicles medullary, some follicles paramuscular (between muscle fibres of inner longitudinal musculature to cortex); lateral band of vitelline follicles occupies almost total length of proglottids. Uterus medullary, with development of
|
||
<typeStatus id="D13FCFB4FFBBFFE60D13F999FC05F99C" box="[843,897,1548,1569]" pageId="14" pageNumber="523">type</typeStatus>
|
||
1 of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFBBFFE60D90F999FAA4F99C" author="de Chambrier A & Zehnder MP & Vaucher C & Mariaux J" box="[968,1312,1548,1570]" pageId="14" pageNumber="523" pagination="159 - 171" refId="ref13406" refString="de Chambrier A, Zehnder MP, Vaucher C, Mariaux J. 2004. The evolution of the Proteocephalidea (Platyhelminthes, Eucestoda) based on an enlarged molecular phylogeny, with comments on their uterine development. Systematic Parasitology 57: 159 - 171." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
de Chambrier
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBBFFE60ADCF999FB41F99C" box="[1156,1221,1548,1569]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="523">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Ventral osmoregulatory canals median (internal) to vitelline follicles. Parasites of catfishes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBBFFE60AFAF9DCFABDF9E2" box="[1186,1337,1609,1631]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Siluriformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in the Indomalayan and Palaearctic regions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="469E229DFFBBFFE60D71F92AFA0BF969" box="[809,1423,1726,1748]" pageId="14" pageNumber="523" type="type_taxon">
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFBBFFE60D71F92AFA0BF969" blockId="14.[809,1423,1726,1748]" box="[809,1423,1726,1748]" pageId="14" pageNumber="523">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBBFFE60D71F92AFC3EF969" box="[809,954,1727,1748]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="523">Type-species:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBBFFE60D9DF92AFA0FF969" authority="(Southwell, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Southwell" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[965,1419,1726,1748]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="14" pageNumber="523" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bengalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBBFFE60D9DF92AFB3DF96E" box="[965,1209,1726,1748]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="523">Gangesia bengalensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Southwell, 1913)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="469E229DFFBBFFFB0D71F96BFA89F8E4" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="528" pageId="14" pageNumber="523" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFBBFFE70D71F96BFE2AFB1F" blockId="14.[809,1425,1789,1903]" lastBlockId="15.[163,779,1096,1187]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="524" pageId="14" pageNumber="523">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBBFFE60D71F96BFCE0F8AE" box="[809,868,1790,1811]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="523">Note:</emphasis>
|
||
Even though the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBBFFE60AF1F968FAB3F8AE" ID-CoL="8MPMY" ID-ENA="109203" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[1193,1335,1789,1811]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="14" pageNumber="523" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been revealed to be monophyletic, a morphology-based key to all genera previously placed in this subfamily is provided to facilitate identification of its species, as the previous key of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFBAFFE70F00FBDDFD91FBE0" author="Ash A & Scholz T & de Chambrier A & Brabec J & Oros M & Kar PK & Chavan SP & Mariaux J" box="[344,533,1096,1118]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" pagination="464228" refId="ref13173" refString="Ash A, Scholz T, de Chambrier A, Brabec J, Oros M, Kar PK, Chavan SP, Mariaux J. 2012. Revision of Gangesia (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea) in the Indomalayan region morphology, molecules and surface ultrastructure. PLoS One 7: e 464211 - e 464228." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Ash
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70FD4FBDDFE42FBE0" box="[396,454,1096,1117]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
primarily focused on the presence or absence of rostellar hooks and did not include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70EA5FB18FE2CFB1F" authorityName="Scholz & de Chambrier" authorityYear="2012" box="[253,424,1165,1186]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Pangasiocestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70EA5FB18FE2CFB1F" box="[253,424,1165,1186]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Pangasiocestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="469E229DFFBAFFE70F38FF4BFB62FF4A" box="[352,1254,222,247]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFBAFFE70F38FF4BFB62FF4A" blockId="15.[187,1419,222,1021]" box="[352,1254,222,247]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">
|
||
KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE SUBFAMILY
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70DD4FF4BFB62FF4A" authority="MOLA, 1929" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[908,1254,222,247]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">GANGESIINAE MOLA, 1929</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="469E229DFFBAFFE70EE3FE92FA0DFC41" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" type="key">
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFBAFFE70EE3FE92FA0DFC41" blockId="15.[187,1419,222,1021]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">
|
||
<keyLead id="B575D223FFBAFFE70EE3FE92FA0EFEA1" box="[187,1418,263,285]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">
|
||
<keyStep id="B57069B3FFBAFFE70EE3FE92FA0EFEA1" box="[187,1418,263,285]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">
|
||
<key id="7A152627FFBAFFE70EE3FE92FA0EFEA1" box="[187,1418,263,285]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">1a. Common genital atrium present ..................................................................................................................... 2</key>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
<keyLead id="B575D223FFBAFFE70EE3FEB3FA0DFEE7" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">
|
||
1b. Common genital atrium absent (i.e. male and female genital pores open separately). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70A82FEB3FAC3FE81" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[1242,1351,294,316]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Siluridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="76933186FFBAFFE70B0AFEB3FA00FE86" box="[1362,1412,294,315]" name="Iraq" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Iraq</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="76933186FFBAFFE70EBDFED1FEB6FEE7" box="[229,306,324,346]" name="Russia" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
................................................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70A61FED0FA0DFEE7" authority="Akhmerov, 1969" authorityName="Akhmerov" authorityYear="1969" box="[1081,1417,324,346]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Postgangesia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70A61FED0FB48FEE7" box="[1081,1228,325,346]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Postgangesia</emphasis>
|
||
Akhmerov, 1969
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
<keyStep id="B57069B3FFBAFFE70EE3FEF6FA0EFE69" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">
|
||
<keyLead id="B575D223FFBAFFE70EE3FEF6FA0EFE2A" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">
|
||
2a.
|
||
<typeStatus id="D13FCFB4FFBAFFE70EBCFEF6FEA5FEC5" box="[228,289,355,376]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
2 uterine development (
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70C36FEF1FD30FEC4" box="[622,692,356,377]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFBAFFE70C99FEF6FB92FEC5" author="de Chambrier A & Zehnder MP & Vaucher C & Mariaux J" box="[705,1046,355,377]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" pagination="159 - 171" refId="ref13406" refString="de Chambrier A, Zehnder MP, Vaucher C, Mariaux J. 2004. The evolution of the Proteocephalidea (Platyhelminthes, Eucestoda) based on an enlarged molecular phylogeny, with comments on their uterine development. Systematic Parasitology 57: 159 - 171." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
de Chambrier
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70DDAFEF1FC41FEC5" box="[898,965,355,377]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); vagina always anterior to cirrus-sac .......................................................................................................................................................... 3
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
<keyLead id="B575D223FFBAFFE70EE3FE35FA0EFE69" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">
|
||
2b.
|
||
<typeStatus id="D13FCFB4FFBAFFE70EBCFE34FE9BFE0B" box="[228,287,417,438]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
1 uterine development (
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70C08FE34FD16FE0B" box="[592,658,417,438]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFBAFFE70CE5FE35FC73FE08" author="de Chambrier A & Zehnder MP & Vaucher C & Mariaux J" box="[701,1015,416,438]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" pagination="159 - 171" refId="ref13406" refString="de Chambrier A, Zehnder MP, Vaucher C, Mariaux J. 2004. The evolution of the Proteocephalidea (Platyhelminthes, Eucestoda) based on an enlarged molecular phylogeny, with comments on their uterine development. Systematic Parasitology 57: 159 - 171." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
de Chambrier
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70D28FE34FC29FE08" box="[880,941,416,438]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); vagina anterior or posterior to cirrus-sac .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="B57069B3FFBAFFE70EE3FE4BFA0DFD31" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">
|
||
<keyLead id="B575D223FFBAFFE70EE3FE4BFA0DFD8D" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">
|
||
3a. Apical depression present on the apex of the scolex; scolex contains longitudinal muscle bundles; lateral band of vitelline follicles formed by several rows; testes similar in size. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70AC4FE69FA82FDAF" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[1180,1286,508,530]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bagridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70B4EFE68FAFFFDAF" baseAuthorityName="Hamilton" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[1302,1403,509,530]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Rita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rita">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70B4EFE68FAFFFDAF" box="[1302,1403,509,530]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Rita rita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="76933186FFBAFFE70EBCFD8EFEA5FD8C" box="[228,289,539,561]" name="India" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
........................................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70DB6FD8EFA0DFD8D" authority="de Chambrier et al., 2011" authorityName="de Chambrier" authorityYear="2011" box="[1006,1417,539,561]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Ritacestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70DB6FD8EFBE7FD8D" box="[1006,1123,539,560]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Ritacestus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFBAFFE70A31FD8EFA0DFD8D" author="de Chambrier A & Scholz T & Ash A & Kar PK" box="[1129,1417,539,561]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" pagination="279 - 288" refId="ref13578" refString="de Chambrier A, Scholz T, Ash A, Kar PK. 2011. Ritacestus gen. n. (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea) and redescription of R. ritaii comb. n., a parasite of Rita rita (Siluriformes) in India. Folia Parasitologica 58: 279 - 288." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
de Chambrier
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70B56FD89FAC2FD8D" box="[1294,1350,539,561]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
<keyLead id="B575D223FFBAFFE70EE3FDACFA0DFD31" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">
|
||
3b. Scolex without apical depression and longitudinal muscle bundles; lateral band of vitelline follicles formed by a single row; testes of different sizes. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70D8CFDCDFBECFDD3" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[980,1128,600,622]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pangasiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pangasiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70A25FDCCFAFDFDD0" authorityName="Bocourt" authorityYear="1866" box="[1149,1401,600,622]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pangasiidae" genus="Pangasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="larnaudii">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70A25FDCCFAFDFDD0" box="[1149,1401,600,622]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Pangasius larnaudii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="76933186FFBAFFE70EBDFDE2FEDCFD30" box="[229,344,631,653]" name="Cambodia" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.............................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70DD6FDE2FA0DFD31" authority="Scholz & de Chambrier, 2012" authorityName="Scholz & de Chambrier" authorityYear="2012" box="[910,1417,631,653]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Pangasiocestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70DD6FDE2FBBDFD31" box="[910,1081,631,652]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Pangasiocestus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFBAFFE70A67FDE2FA0DFD31" author="Scholz T & de Chambrier A" box="[1087,1417,631,653]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" pagination="648 - 653" refId="ref15088" refString="Scholz T, de Chambrier A. 2012. A new genus and species of proteocephalidean tapeworm (Cestoda) from Pangasius larnaudii (Siluriformes: Pangasiidae) in Southeast Asia. Journal of Parasitology 98: 648 - 653." type="journal article" year="2012">Scholz & de Chambrier, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="B57069B3FFBAFFE70EE3FD03FA0DFD55" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">
|
||
<keyLead id="B575D223FFBAFFE70EE3FD03FA0EFD16" box="[187,1418,661,683]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">4a.Lateral band of vitelline follicles occupies almost entire length of proglottids; proglottids anapolytic ....... 5</keyLead>
|
||
<keyLead id="B575D223FFBAFFE70EE3FD21FA0DFD55" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">
|
||
4b. Lateral band of vitelline follicles restricted to region between genital pore and anterior margin of ovary; proglottids apolytic. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70FB5FD46FDF4FD54" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[493,624,723,745]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Schilbeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Schilbeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70C27FD46FCC1FD55" baseAuthorityName="Hamilton" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[639,837,723,744]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Schilbeidae" genus="Clupisoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="garua">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70C27FD46FCC1FD55" box="[639,837,723,744]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Clupisoma garua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="76933186FFBAFFE70D01FD46FC12FD54" box="[857,918,723,745]" name="India" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
..................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70ADDFD46FA0DFD55" authority="Nybelin, 1942" authorityName="Nybelin" authorityYear="1942" box="[1157,1417,723,745]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Vermaia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70ADDFD46FB61FD55" box="[1157,1253,723,744]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Vermaia</emphasis>
|
||
Nybelin, 1942
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="B57069B3FFBAFFE70EE3FD64FA0DFCF9" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">
|
||
<keyLead id="B575D223FFBAFFE70EE3FD64FA0EFCBA" box="[187,1418,753,775]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">5a. Testes in single field; rostellum-like organ spherical..................................................................................... 6</keyLead>
|
||
<keyLead id="B575D223FFBAFFE70EE3FC85FA0DFCF9" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">
|
||
5b. Testes in two fields; rostellum-like organ disc-like or flattened. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70A4CFC85FB55FC9B" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[1044,1233,784,806]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Malapteruridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Malapteruridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70ABCFC85FECAFCF9" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1789" class="Actinopterygii" family="Malapteruridae" genus="Malapterurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="electricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70ABCFC85FECAFCF9" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Malapterurus electricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Africa ..................................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70A16FCBAFA0DFCF9" authority="Nybelin, 1942" authorityName="Nybelin" authorityYear="1942" box="[1102,1417,815,837]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Electrotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70A16FCBAFB61FCF9" box="[1102,1253,815,836]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Electrotaenia</emphasis>
|
||
Nybelin, 1942
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="B57069B3FFBAFFE70EE3FCD8FA0DFC41" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">
|
||
<keyLead id="B575D223FFBAFFE70EE3FCD8FA0DFC1D" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">
|
||
6a. Ventral osmoregulatory canals median (internal) to vitelline follicles; rostellum-like organ longer than, or as long as, suckers; strong retractor muscles form a wide band. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70DB4FCF9FBD2FC3F" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[1004,1110,876,898]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Siluridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70A39FCF9FB4DFC3F" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[1121,1225,876,898]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bagridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70B59FCF9FA02FC3F" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[1281,1414,876,898]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Schilbeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Schilbeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Southern and eastern Asia .....................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70A3DFC1EFA0DFC1D" authority="Woodland, 1924" authorityName="Woodland" authorityYear="1924" box="[1125,1417,907,929]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70A3DFC1EFB4BFC1D" box="[1125,1231,907,928]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Gangesia</emphasis>
|
||
Woodland, 1924
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
<keyLead id="B575D223FFBAFFE70EE3FC3CFA0DFC41" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">
|
||
6b. Ventral osmoregulatory canal lateral (external) to vitelline follicles; rostellum-like organ distinctly smaller than suckers; retractor muscles present only on lateral sides of rostellum-like organ. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70AE5FC5DFAA2FC63" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[1213,1318,968,990]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Siluridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70B6DFC5DFEAEFC41" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" genus="Silurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glanis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70B6DFC5DFEAEFC41" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Silurus glanis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70F3AFC72FE61FC41" authorityName="Nikolskii & Soin" authorityYear="1948" box="[354,485,999,1020]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" genus="Silurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="soldatovi">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70F3AFC72FE61FC41" box="[354,485,999,1020]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">S. soldatoƲi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Europe,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="76933186FFBAFFE70C01FC72FD1BFC40" box="[601,671,999,1021]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
? .............................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70A0EFC72FA0DFC41" authority="Nybelin, 1942" authorityName="Nybelin" authorityYear="1942" box="[1110,1417,999,1021]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Silurotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70A0EFC72FB60FC41" box="[1110,1252,999,1020]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Silurotaenia</emphasis>
|
||
Nybelin, 1942
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFBAFFE70F51FB4AFD21FB4A" blockId="15.[265,677,1247,1272]" box="[265,677,1247,1272]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFBAFFE70F51FB4AFEE3FB4A" baselines="1266,1266" box="[265,359,1247,1272]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Species" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">SPECIES</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFBAFFE70F36FB76FD8CFB4A" baselines="1266" box="[366,520,1251,1271]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="composition" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">COMPOSITION</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFBAFFE70C57FB76FDA8FB4A" baselines="1266" box="[527,556,1251,1271]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="of" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">OF</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70C6CFB76FD21FB4A" authorityName="Woodland" authorityYear="1924" box="[564,677,1251,1271]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFBAFFE70C6CFB76FD21FB4A" baselines="1266" box="[564,677,1251,1271]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="gangesia" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70C6CFB76FD21FB4A" box="[564,677,1251,1271]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">GANGESIA</emphasis>
|
||
</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFBAFFE70EFBFA92FB26FA89" blockId="15.[163,779,1287,1892]" lastBlockId="15.[827,1444,1096,1884]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFBAFFE70EFBFA92FEFDFAA0" author="Ash A & de Chambrier A & Shimazu T & Ermolenko A & Scholz T" box="[163,377,1287,1309]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" pagination="13 - 33" refId="ref13229" refString="Ash A, de Chambrier A, Shimazu T, Ermolenko A, Scholz T. 2015. An annotated list of the species of Gangesia Woodland, 1924 (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea), parasites of catfishes in Asia, with new synonyms and a key to their identification. Systematic Parasitology 91: 13 - 33." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Ash
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70E86FA9DFE9BFAA1" box="[222,287,1287,1309]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymized numerous poorly described, insufficiently differentiated species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70EFBFAD0FE95FAE7" authorityName="Woodland" authorityYear="1924" box="[163,273,1349,1370]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70EFBFAD0FE95FAE7" box="[163,273,1349,1370]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Gangesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Indomalayan region. Since then,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFBAFFE70EFBFAF6FE43FAC4" author="Jasrotia D & Kaur H" box="[163,455,1379,1401]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" pagination="888 - 898" refId="ref14366" refString="Jasrotia D, Kaur H. 2017. Molecular analysis of a novel species, Gangesia punjabensis (family: Proteocephalidae, subfamily: Gangesiinae) infecting an Indian freshwater cat fish, Wallago attu evidencing species complex. Journal of Parasitic Diseases 41: 888 - 898." type="journal article" year="2017">Jasrotia & Kaur (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70C0AFAF1FE31FA2A" authority="Jasrotia & Kaur, 2017" authorityName="Jasrotia & Kaur" authorityYear="2017" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="punjabensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70C0AFAF1FDE1FAC4" box="[594,613,1380,1401]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">G</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70C2FFAF6FC8EFAC5" box="[631,778,1379,1400]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">punjabensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFBAFFE70EFBFA17FE31FA2A" author="Jasrotia D & Kaur H" box="[163,437,1410,1432]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" pagination="888 - 898" refId="ref14366" refString="Jasrotia D, Kaur H. 2017. Molecular analysis of a novel species, Gangesia punjabensis (family: Proteocephalidae, subfamily: Gangesiinae) infecting an Indian freshwater cat fish, Wallago attu evidencing species complex. Journal of Parasitic Diseases 41: 888 - 898." type="journal article" year="2017">Jasrotia & Kaur, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70C59FA17FD1AFA25" baseAuthorityName="Bloch & Schneider" baseAuthorityYear="1801" box="[513,670,1410,1432]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" genus="Wallago" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="attu">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70C59FA17FD1AFA25" box="[513,670,1410,1432]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Wallago attu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="76933186FFBAFFE70C92FA17FC8EFA25" box="[714,778,1410,1432]" name="India" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
based on alleged molecular support (GenBank accession number KY018599). However, the sequence KY018599 of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFBAFFE70F65FA4BFDC3FA4E" author="Jasrotia D & Kaur H" box="[317,583,1502,1524]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" pagination="888 - 898" refId="ref14366" refString="Jasrotia D, Kaur H. 2017. Molecular analysis of a novel species, Gangesia punjabensis (family: Proteocephalidae, subfamily: Gangesiinae) infecting an Indian freshwater cat fish, Wallago attu evidencing species complex. Journal of Parasitic Diseases 41: 888 - 898." type="journal article" year="2017">Jasrotia & Kaur (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
includes obvious errors, because it includes the primer regions (containing errors) used by the authors for PCR amplification and sequencing. This error questioned the quality of the sequence. Moreover, if we exclude the primer regions from KY018599, there are only two single cytosine insertions left, both situated close to the 5ʹ and 3ʹ ends of the sequence, i.e. positions of likely lower sequencing quality. Otherwise, the KY018599
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70CEBF946FD55F955" box="[691,721,1747,1768]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">lsr</emphasis>
|
||
DNA fragment is identical with the remaining four representatives of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70F11F884FDD5F89B" baseAuthorityName="Southwell" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[329,593,1809,1830]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bengalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70F11F884FDD5F89B" box="[329,593,1809,1830]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Gangesia bengalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(from an identical host species) in the GenBank database. In its morphology,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70F6FF8DBFE67F8DE" authorityName="Jasrotia & Kaur" authorityYear="2017" box="[311,483,1870,1891]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="punjabensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70F6FF8DBFE67F8DE" box="[311,483,1870,1891]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">G. punjabensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares all taxonomically important characters with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70A24FBDDFAA1FBE0" baseAuthorityName="Southwell" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[1148,1317,1096,1117]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bengalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70A24FBDDFAA1FBE0" box="[1148,1317,1096,1117]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">G. bengalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, including rostellar hook number (47–54), number of rows of rostellar hooks (two), number of rows of hooklets on sucker (five to eight), relative size of the cirrus-sac (about one-quarter of width of proglottids) (see:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFBAFFE70B04FB57FC19FB4B" author="Ash A & Scholz T & de Chambrier A & Brabec J & Oros M & Kar PK & Chavan SP & Mariaux J" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" pagination="464228" refId="ref13173" refString="Ash A, Scholz T, de Chambrier A, Brabec J, Oros M, Kar PK, Chavan SP, Mariaux J. 2012. Revision of Gangesia (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea) in the Indomalayan region morphology, molecules and surface ultrastructure. PLoS One 7: e 464211 - e 464228." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Ash
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70BD7FB56FCDCFB4B" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 1A–E, 2 and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFBAFFE70A37FB74FAE8FB4B" author="Jasrotia D & Kaur H" box="[1135,1388,1249,1271]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" pagination="888 - 898" refId="ref14366" refString="Jasrotia D, Kaur H. 2017. Molecular analysis of a novel species, Gangesia punjabensis (family: Proteocephalidae, subfamily: Gangesiinae) infecting an Indian freshwater cat fish, Wallago attu evidencing species complex. Journal of Parasitic Diseases 41: 888 - 898." type="journal article" year="2017">Jasrotia & Kaur, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 1, 2A–B, 3). Therefore, we consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70A87FA95FA09FAA8" authorityName="Jasrotia & Kaur" authorityYear="2017" box="[1247,1421,1280,1301]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="punjabensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70A87FA95FA09FAA8" box="[1247,1421,1280,1301]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">G. punjabensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a new synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70DA1FA8AFB1EFA8E" baseAuthorityName="Southwell" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[1017,1178,1310,1332]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bengalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70DA1FA8AFB1EFA8E" box="[1017,1178,1310,1332]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">G. bengalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFBAFFF80D0BFAA8FE9FFEE8" blockId="15.[827,1444,1096,1884]" lastBlockId="16.[145,762,197,1905]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="525" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">
|
||
Later on,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFBAFFE70D92FAA8FB47FAEF" author="Jasrotia D & Kaur H & Aggarwal S" box="[970,1219,1341,1363]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" pagination="1172 - 1186" refId="ref14415" refString="Jasrotia D, Kaur H, Aggarwal S. 2019. Morphological and molecular characterization of Gangesia harikeensis n. sp. (Proteocephalidae; Gangesiinae) infecting freshwater catfish, Wallago attu Bloch & Schneider (1801) from Harike wetland in Punjab (India). International Journal of Scientific Research and ReVieae 7: 1172 - 1186." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Jasrotia
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70A6CFAABFBF4FAEF" box="[1076,1136,1341,1363]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2019)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described another new species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70DB9FAC9FBCFFACC" authorityName="Woodland" authorityYear="1924" box="[993,1099,1372,1393]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70DB9FAC9FBCFFACC" box="[993,1099,1372,1393]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Gangesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70AE9FAC9FBB7FA32" authority="Jasrotia et al., 2019" authorityName="Jasrotia" authorityYear="2019" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="harikeensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70AE9FAC9FA27FACC" box="[1201,1443,1372,1393]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Gangesia harikeensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFBAFFE70D63FAEFFBB7FA32" author="Jasrotia D & Kaur H & Aggarwal S" box="[827,1075,1402,1424]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" pagination="1172 - 1186" refId="ref14415" refString="Jasrotia D, Kaur H, Aggarwal S. 2019. Morphological and molecular characterization of Gangesia harikeensis n. sp. (Proteocephalidae; Gangesiinae) infecting freshwater catfish, Wallago attu Bloch & Schneider (1801) from Harike wetland in Punjab (India). International Journal of Scientific Research and ReVieae 7: 1172 - 1186." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Jasrotia
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70DF1FAEEFC63FA32" box="[937,999,1402,1424]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on
|
||
<specimenCount id="1882BA9FFFBAFFE70AE3FAEEFAEAFA2D" box="[1211,1390,1402,1424]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
collected from the same fish host,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70AF1FA0CFC75FA70" authority="Bloch & Schneider, 1801" authorityName="Bloch & Schneider" authorityYear="1801" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" genus="Wallago" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="attu">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70AF1FA0CFAB9FA12" box="[1193,1341,1433,1455]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Wallago attu</emphasis>
|
||
Bloch & Schneider, 1801
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="CC40BFF4FFBAFFE70A42FA2DFBE9FA73" box="[1050,1133,1464,1486]" country="India" name="Punjab" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Punjab</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="76933186FFBAFFE70A20FA2DFB31FA73" box="[1144,1205,1464,1486]" name="India" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
with molecular data (GenBank accession no. MK127923). As in the case of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70BD3FA42FC40F9B7" authorityName="Jasrotia & Kaur" authorityYear="2017" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="punjabensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70BD3FA42FC40F9B7" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">G. punjabensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, their molecular analysis is questionable; the node at which the species is placed has no support value and the analysis also placed it as a sister-taxon to the clade consisting of all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70A8DF9C4FA27F9DA" box="[1237,1443,1617,1639]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70A8DF9C4FAC6F9DB" box="[1237,1346,1617,1638]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">Gangesia</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
We have also found discrepancies between the data provided in the text and those taken from illustrations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFBAFFE70D1BF938FBA7F97F" author="Jasrotia D & Kaur H & Aggarwal S" box="[835,1059,1709,1731]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" pagination="1172 - 1186" refId="ref14415" refString="Jasrotia D, Kaur H, Aggarwal S. 2019. Morphological and molecular characterization of Gangesia harikeensis n. sp. (Proteocephalidae; Gangesiinae) infecting freshwater catfish, Wallago attu Bloch & Schneider (1801) from Harike wetland in Punjab (India). International Journal of Scientific Research and ReVieae 7: 1172 - 1186." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Jasrotia
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70DFFF938FC64F97F" box="[935,992,1709,1730]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs 1, 2), such as measurements of the width of the rostellar-like organ, sucker width and length of the blade of rostellar hooks. Although the specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFBAFFE70D8FF89CFBFFF8A3" box="[983,1147,1801,1822]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="harikeensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70D8FF89CFBFFF8A3" box="[983,1147,1801,1822]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">G. harikeensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were strongly contracted and deformed (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFBAFFE70A4CF8B2FB72F880" author="Jasrotia D & Kaur H & Aggarwal S" box="[1044,1270,1831,1853]" pageId="15" pageNumber="524" pagination="1172 - 1186" refId="ref14415" refString="Jasrotia D, Kaur H, Aggarwal S. 2019. Morphological and molecular characterization of Gangesia harikeensis n. sp. (Proteocephalidae; Gangesiinae) infecting freshwater catfish, Wallago attu Bloch & Schneider (1801) from Harike wetland in Punjab (India). International Journal of Scientific Research and ReVieae 7: 1172 - 1186." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Jasrotia
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFBAFFE70A21F8BDFB35F881" box="[1145,1201,1831,1853]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="524">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 2), the important taxonomic characters, such as the length of the scolex, presence of double rows of rostellar hooks, number of testes, relative size of cirrus-sac and the host species, make it indistinguishable from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80C09FE96FD76FEAA" baseAuthorityName="Southwell" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[593,754,258,280]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bengalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80C09FE96FD76FEAA" box="[593,754,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">G. bengalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Therefore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80F56FEB4FE34FE8B" box="[270,432,289,311]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="harikeensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80F56FEB4FEA5FE8B" box="[270,289,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">G</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80F76FEB4FE34FE8B" box="[302,432,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">harikeensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also synonymized with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80CB8FEB4FE90FEE8" baseAuthorityName="Southwell" baseAuthorityYear="1913" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bengalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80CB8FEB4FD77FE8B" box="[736,755,289,310]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">G</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80EC9FED5FE90FEE8" box="[145,276,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">bengalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFA5FFF80EF1FECBFDA1FD35" blockId="16.[145,762,197,1905]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">
|
||
Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80F1FFECAFE5CFEC9" box="[327,472,351,372]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80F1FFECAFE35FEC9" box="[327,433,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">Gangesia</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected by M. Oros and T. Scholz from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80F18FEE8FD7DFE2E" authority="Nikolskii & Soin" authorityName="Nikolskii & Soin" authorityYear="1948" box="[320,761,381,403]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" genus="Silurus" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="soldatovi">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80F18FEE8FE1CFE2F" box="[320,408,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">Silurus</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80F9AFEE8FDA8FE2F" box="[450,556,381,402]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">soldatoƲi</emphasis>
|
||
Nikolskii & Soin
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="76933186FFA5FFF80EF7FE09FF71FE0F" box="[175,245,412,434]" name="China" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA5FFF80F5CFE09FE30FE0F" author="Ash A & de Chambrier A & Shimazu T & Ermolenko A & Scholz T" box="[260,436,412,434]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" pagination="13 - 33" refId="ref13229" refString="Ash A, de Chambrier A, Shimazu T, Ermolenko A, Scholz T. 2015. An annotated list of the species of Gangesia Woodland, 1924 (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea), parasites of catfishes in Asia, with new synonyms and a key to their identification. Systematic Parasitology 91: 13 - 33." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Ash
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80F6FFE09FEF4FE0C" box="[311,368,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in 2009 and 2015, provided to the present authors (MHNG-PLAT 67056), form a distinct group based on
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80FEAFE4CFE66FE53" box="[434,482,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">COI</emphasis>
|
||
and concatenated data (
|
||
<figureCitation id="96BF6D93FFA5FFF80EC1FE6DFF64FDB0" box="[153,224,504,526]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="8.[147,229,1763,1785]" captionTargetBox="[244,1330,198,1732]" captionTargetId="graphics-27@8.[244,1061,205,1725]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenetic interrelationships of basal groups of Onchoproteocephalidea with focus on the subfamilies Gangesiinae and Acanthotaeniinae based on the maximum likelihood analysis of the single gene lsrDNA (above) and COI (below) datasets. Nodal values depict SH-like approximated likelihood ratio test values (SH-aLRT) (10 000 replicates) followed by standard bootstrap values (1 000 replicates). Only values above 50 are shown.The subfamilies Acanthotaeniinae (green) and Gangesiinae (blue), along with the outgroups (grey), are set in colour." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7981600" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7981600/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="96BF6D93FFA5FFF80EB5FE6DFF7FFDB0" box="[237,251,504,525]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="9.[163,245,998,1020]" captionTargetBox="[163,1442,197,968]" captionTargetId="graphics-85@9.[163,1276,203,959]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic interrelationships of basal groups of Onchoproteocephalidea with focus on the subfamilies Gangesiinae and Acanthotaeniinae based on the maximum likelihood analysis of concatenated lsrDNA + COI data. Nodal values depict SH-like approximated likelihood ratio test values (SH-aLRT) (10 000 replicates) followed by standard bootstrap values (1000 replicates). Only values above 50 are shown.The subfamilies Acanthotaeniinae (green) and Gangesiinae (blue), along with the outgroups (grey), are set in colour." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7981602" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7981602/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">2</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supporting Information,
|
||
<figureCitation id="96BF6D93FFA5FFF80C72FE6DFDFEFDB0" box="[554,634,504,526]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="8.[147,229,1763,1785]" captionTargetBox="[244,1330,198,1732]" captionTargetId="graphics-27@8.[244,1061,205,1725]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenetic interrelationships of basal groups of Onchoproteocephalidea with focus on the subfamilies Gangesiinae and Acanthotaeniinae based on the maximum likelihood analysis of the single gene lsrDNA (above) and COI (below) datasets. Nodal values depict SH-like approximated likelihood ratio test values (SH-aLRT) (10 000 replicates) followed by standard bootstrap values (1 000 replicates). Only values above 50 are shown.The subfamilies Acanthotaeniinae (green) and Gangesiinae (blue), along with the outgroups (grey), are set in colour." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7981600" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7981600/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">Fig. S1</figureCitation>
|
||
) and probably represent a distinct and undescribed species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80EC9FDA0FF7FFDF7" authorityName="Woodland" authorityYear="1924" box="[145,251,565,586]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80EC9FDA0FF7FFDF7" box="[145,251,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">Gangesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Unfortunately, these specimens do not have mature and gravid proglottids, which are necessary for formal description of a new species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFA5FFF80EF1FD04FF53FA7E" blockId="16.[145,762,197,1905]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">
|
||
As stated previously, the new species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80C86FD04FE0BFD78" authorityName="Marick & Brabec & Choudhury & Scholz & Ash" authorityYear="2023" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mukutmanipurensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80C86FD04FE0BFD78" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">G. mukutmanipurensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unique among species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80EC9FD5AFF7FFD59" authorityName="Woodland" authorityYear="1924" box="[145,251,719,740]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80EC9FD5AFF7FFD59" box="[145,251,719,740]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">Gangesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in lacking hooks on the rostellum-like organ and hooklets on the anterior rim of the suckers. This peculiarity of its scolex morphology is arguably a case of secondary loss of structures. These reversals appear to be rare among cestodes but have been documented in at least two genera of cyclophyllidean cestodes, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80EAFFC12FD93FC21" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[247,535,902,924]" class="Cestoda" family="Taeniidae" genus="Taenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80EAFFC12FECFFC21" box="[247,331,903,924]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">Taenia</emphasis>
|
||
Linnaeus, 1758
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80C03FC13FECDFC06" authority="Weinland, 1858" authorityName="Weinland" authorityYear="1858" class="Cestoda" family="Hymenolepididae" genus="Hymenolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80C03FC13FD7DFC26" box="[603,761,902,923]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">Hymenolepis</emphasis>
|
||
Weinland, 1858
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where rostellar hooks are absent in the adults of some species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA5FFF80F96FC57FDCEFC64" author="Slais J" box="[462,586,962,986]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" pagination="395 - 480" refId="ref15519" refString="Slais J. 1973. Functional morphology of cestode larvae. AdVances in Parasitology 11: 395 - 480." type="journal article" year="1973">Šlais, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The presence of different rostellar
|
||
<typeStatus id="D13FCFB4FFA5FFF80F23FC76FE3CFC45" box="[379,440,995,1016]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">types</typeStatus>
|
||
(armed rostellum, rudimentary unarmed rostellum) or the lack of a rostellum in multispecies lineages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80F96FBB5FD1EFB8B" authorityName="Ariola" authorityYear="1899" box="[462,666,1056,1078]" class="Cestoda" family="Hymenolepididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Hymenolepididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
confirm that rostellar morphology is not a reliable indicator of relationships or taxonomy (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA5FFF80FB0FBC8FD77FBCF" author="Haukisalmi V & Hardman LM & Foronda P & Feliu C & Laakkonen J & Niemimaa J & Lehtonen JT & Henttonen H" box="[488,755,1117,1139]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" pagination="631 - 641" refId="ref14267" refString="Haukisalmi V, Hardman LM, Foronda P, Feliu C, Laakkonen J, Niemimaa J, Lehtonen JT, Henttonen H. 2010. Systematic relationships of hymenolepidid cestodes of rodents and shrews inferred from sequences of 28 S ribosomal RNA. Zoologica Scripta 39: 631 - 641." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Haukisalmi
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80C2EFBCBFD2BFBCF" box="[630,687,1117,1139]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA5FFF80EC9FBE9FECBFB2C" author="Neov B & Vasileva GP & Radoslavov G & Hristov P & Littlewood DTJ & Georgiev BB" box="[145,335,1148,1169]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" pagination="73 - 88" refId="ref14866" refString="Neov B, Vasileva GP, Radoslavov G, Hristov P, Littlewood DTJ, Georgiev BB. 2019. Phylogeny of hymenolepidid cestodes (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) from mammalian hosts based on partial 28 S rDNA, with focus on parasites from shrews. Parasitology Research 118: 73 - 88." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Neov
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80E8AFBE9FE8FFB2C" box="[210,267,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA5FFF80F3DFBE9FDABFB2C" author="Neov B & Vasileva GP & Radoslavov G & Hristov P & Littlewood DTJ & Georgiev BB" box="[357,559,1148,1169]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" pagination="73 - 88" refId="ref14866" refString="Neov B, Vasileva GP, Radoslavov G, Hristov P, Littlewood DTJ, Georgiev BB. 2019. Phylogeny of hymenolepidid cestodes (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) from mammalian hosts based on partial 28 S rDNA, with focus on parasites from shrews. Parasitology Research 118: 73 - 88." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Neov
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80FFFFBE9FE64FB2C" box="[423,480,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2019)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed that partial or entire reduction of the rostellar apparatus is an apomorphic condition that arose separately in all lineages of hymenolepidids. Similarly, multigene analyses of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80F3CFB62FE36FAB1" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[356,434,1271,1292]" class="Cestoda" family="Taeniidae" genus="Taenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80F3CFB62FE36FAB1" box="[356,434,1271,1292]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">Taenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have demonstrated that the absence of rostellar hooks in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80FBCFA83FD7CFA97" authority="Goeze, 1782" authorityName="Goeze" authorityYear="1782" box="[484,760,1301,1323]" class="Cestoda" family="Taeniidae" genus="Taenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="saginata">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80FBCFA83FE71FA96" box="[484,501,1302,1323]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80C5BFA83FDE3FA96" box="[515,615,1302,1323]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">saginata</emphasis>
|
||
Goeze, 1782
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80E9AFAA1FD80FAF4" authority="Eom & Rim, 1993" authorityName="Eom & Rim" authorityYear="1993" box="[194,516,1332,1354]" class="Cestoda" family="Taeniidae" genus="Taenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyclophyllidea" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="asiatica">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80E9AFAA1FF57FAF4" box="[194,211,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80E86FAA1FEB3FAF4" box="[222,311,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">asiatica</emphasis>
|
||
Eom & Rim, 1993
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a case of secondary loss (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA5FFF80E92FAC6FE1CFADA" author="Knapp J & Nakao M & Yanagida T & Okamoto M & Saarma U & Lavikainen A & Ito A" box="[202,408,1362,1384]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" pagination="628 - 638" refId="ref14622" refString="Knapp J, Nakao M, Yanagida T, Okamoto M, Saarma U, Lavikainen A, Ito A. 2011. Phylogenetic relationships within Echinococcus and Taenia tapeworms (Cestoda: Taeniidae): an inference from nuclear protein-coding genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and EVolution 61: 628 - 638." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Knapp
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80F45FAC6FED0FADA" box="[285,340,1362,1384]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA5FFF80FFCFAC7FDEBFADA" author="Nakao M & Lavikainen A & Iwaki T & Haukisalmi V & Konyaev S & Oku Y & Okamoto M & Ito A" box="[420,623,1362,1384]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" pagination="427 - 437" refId="ref14800" refString="Nakao M, Lavikainen A, Iwaki T, Haukisalmi V, Konyaev S, Oku Y, Okamoto M, Ito A. 2013. Molecular phylogeny of the genus Taenia (Cestoda: Taeniidae): proposals for the resurrection of Hydatigera Lamarck, 1816 and the creation of a new genus Versteria. International Journal for Parasitology 43: 427 - 437." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Nakao
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80FADFAC6FDA8FADA" box="[501,556,1362,1384]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Host associations in different biogeographical regions may play a crucial role for such evolutionary processes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA5FFF80CF8FA05FF4CFA79" author="Hoberg EP" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" pagination="30" refId="ref14339" refString="Hoberg EP. 2006. Phylogeny of Taenia: species definitions and origins of human parasites. Parasitology International 55: S 23 - S 30." type="journal article" year="2006">Hoberg, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFA5FFF80EF1FA58FC6DFE8B" blockId="16.[145,762,197,1905]" lastBlockId="16.[809,1426,197,1015]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">
|
||
Life-history strategies of parasites are often specific to a particular phase/stage of their life cycle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA5FFF80CC4FA79FEABF9A2" author="Kuris AM & Lafferty KD" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" pagination="9 - 26" refId="ref14709" refString="Kuris AM, Lafferty KD. 2000. Parasite-host modelling meets reality: adaptive peaks and their ecological attributes. In: Poulin R, Morand S, Skorping A, eds. EVolutionary biology of host - parasite relationships: theory meets reality. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 9 - 26." type="book chapter" year="2000">Kuris & Lafferty, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA5FFF80F64F99FFE4EF9A2" author="Poulin R" box="[316,458,1546,1568]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref14959" refString="Poulin R. 2011. The many roads to parasitism: a tale of convergence. AdVances in Parasitology 74: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="2011">Poulin, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Interaction of larval helminths with their intermediate hosts can be markedly different from that of adult worms and their definitive hosts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA5FFF80E82F9F3FEE2F9C6" author="Poulin R" box="[218,358,1638,1660]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref14959" refString="Poulin R. 2011. The many roads to parasitism: a tale of convergence. AdVances in Parasitology 74: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="2011">Poulin, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Little is known about the life cycle of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80F73F910FE18F926" authorityName="Woodland" authorityYear="1924" box="[299,412,1669,1691]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">Gangesia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, except for two experimental studies of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA5FFF80F54F931FE43F904" author="Demshin NI" box="[268,455,1699,1722]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" pagination="1777 - 1782" refId="ref14099" refString="Demshin NI. 1985. [Postembryonic development of the cestode Gangesia parasiluri (Proteocephalata, Proteocephalidae), a parasite of the Amur catfish (Parasilurus asotus).] Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 64: 1777 - 1782 [in Russian]." type="journal article" year="1985">Demshin (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA5FFF80C5DF931FD3BF904" author="Shimazu T" box="[517,703,1700,1722]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" pagination="37 - 45" refId="ref15483" refString="Shimazu T. 1999. Redescription and life cycle of Gangesia parasiluri (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae), a parasite of the Far Eastern catfish Silurus asotus. Folia Parasitologica 46: 37 - 45." type="journal article" year="1999">Shimazu (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
that confirmed planktonic copepods and prey fish as the first and second intermediate (or paratenic) hosts, respectively. Procercoids are formed in copepods, which are ingested by prey fish and grow to plerocercoids, which are infective to the final (definitive) hosts in which the worms mature. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80FC3F8C9FD0CF8CD" authorityName="Yamaguti" authorityYear="1934" box="[411,648,1883,1905]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="parasiluri">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80FC3F8C9FD0CF8CD" box="[411,648,1883,1905]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">Gangesia parasiluri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, hooklets appear on the rostellum-like organ in procercoids and are also present in plerocercoids, but then disappear and are replaced by newly formed hooks in adults (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA5FFF80D69FEB4FC5EFE8B" author="Shimazu T" box="[817,986,289,311]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" pagination="37 - 45" refId="ref15483" refString="Shimazu T. 1999. Redescription and life cycle of Gangesia parasiluri (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae), a parasite of the Far Eastern catfish Silurus asotus. Folia Parasitologica 46: 37 - 45." type="journal article" year="1999">Shimazu, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFA5FFF80D19FED5FC3AFC4A" blockId="16.[809,1426,197,1015]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">
|
||
It is generally accepted that the scolex, being the attachment organ, is often adapted to the particular morphology and physiology of the host intestine, and that ‘mucosal topography’ is a ‘critical resource’ for enteric helminths (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA5FFF80A4EFE2EFB4BFE72" author="Hayunga EG" box="[1046,1231,442,464]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" pagination="865 - 873" refId="ref14319" refString="Hayunga EG. 1991. Morphological adaptations of intestinal helminths. Journal of Parasitology 77: 865 - 873." type="journal article" year="1991">Hayunga, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is also presumed that highly host-specific helminths are especially adapted to the architecture of their preferred intestinal sites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA5FFF80DB2FD82FB18FD96" author="Hayunga EG" box="[1002,1180,534,556]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" pagination="865 - 873" refId="ref14319" refString="Hayunga EG. 1991. Morphological adaptations of intestinal helminths. Journal of Parasitology 77: 865 - 873." type="journal article" year="1991">Hayunga, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Evidence from certain Tetraphyllidea-like cestodes – the group from which proteocephalids may have evolved – suggests that compatibility between scolex morphology and attachment site, along with gut physiology, may determine host specificity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA5FFF80A70FD3AFB51FD78" author="Williams HH" box="[1064,1237,687,709]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" pagination="514 - 516" refId="ref15653" refString="Williams HH. 1960. The intestine in members of the genus Raja and host-specificity in the Tetraphyllidea. Nature 188: 514 - 516." type="journal article" year="1960">Williams, 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA5FFF80ABBFD3AFA9FFD78" author="Williams HH" box="[1251,1307,687,709]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" pagination="227 - 285" refId="ref15679" refString="Williams HH. 1966. The ecology, functional morphology and taxonomy of Echeneibothrium Beneden, 1849 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea), a revision of the genus and comments on Discobothrium Beneden, 1870, Pseudanthobothrium Baer, 1956, and Phormobothrium Alexander, 1963. Parasitology 56: 227 - 285." type="journal article" year="1966">1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA5FFF80B71FD3AFAEBFD78" author="Williams HH" box="[1321,1391,687,709]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" pagination="231 - 307" refId="ref15733" refString="Williams HH. 1968 a. The taxonomy, ecology and host-specificity of some Phyllobothriidae (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea), a critical revision of Phyllobothrium Beneden, 1849 and comments on some allied genera. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 253: 231 - 307." type="journal article" year="1968">1968a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA5FFF80D71FD5BFBC7FD5E" author="Randhawa HS & Burt MDB" box="[809,1091,718,740]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" pagination="436 - 461" refId="ref14984" refString="Randhawa HS, Burt MDB. 2008. Determinants of host specificity and comments on attachment site specificity of tetraphyllidean cestodes infecting rajid skates from the Northwest Atlantic. Journal of Parasitology 94: 436 - 461." type="journal article" year="2008">Randhawa & Burt, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In addition, features of the strobila, specifically the shape of the proglottids, may also closely match the intestinal architecture (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA5FFF80B15FC99FC15FC82" author="Joy JE & Triest WE & Walker EM" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" pagination="69 - 74" refId="ref14476" refString="Joy JE, Triest WE, Walker EM. 2009. Adaptation of Haplobothrium globuliforme (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea) to the intestinal architecture of the bowfin (Amia calVa L). Journal of Parasitology 95: 69 - 74." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Joy
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80B25FC99FCCCFC82" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The evolutionary loss of hooks from the scolex of the new species cannot be readily explained at this time, but it is reasonable to propose that the uniqueness of the scolex in this new taxon may be an adaptive evolutionary change related to the internal gut morphology and physiology of its fish host,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80B67FC56FC33FC4A" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1794" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" genus="Ompok" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bimaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80B67FC56FC33FC4A" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">Ompok bimaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFA5FFF80D07FBA0FA15FB37" blockId="16.[809,1425,1077,1163]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">
|
||
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|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFA5FFF80A72FBC2FB76FBD6" baselines="1126" box="[1066,1266,1111,1131]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="proteocephalid" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">PROTEOCEPHALID</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFA5FFF80AA1FBC2FAECFBD6" baselines="1126" box="[1273,1384,1111,1131]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="lineages" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">LINEAGES</smallCapsWord>
|
||
(‘
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFA5FFF80D6FFBE7FC5CFB36" baselines="1157,1157,1157" box="[823,984,1138,1163]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="Gangesiinae'" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">GANGESIINAE’</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80D87FBE3FBEEFB37" box="[991,1130,1142,1162]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFA5FFF80D87FBE3FBAEFB37" baselines="1157" box="[991,1066,1142,1162]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="sensu" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">SENSU</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFA5FFF80A69FBE3FBEEFB37" baselines="1157" box="[1073,1130,1142,1162]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="lato" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">LATO</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFA5FFF80A22FBE3FB17FB37" baselines="1157" box="[1146,1171,1142,1162]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="in" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">IN</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFA5FFF80AC1FBE3FB59FB37" baselines="1157" box="[1177,1245,1142,1162]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="their" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">THEIR</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFA5FFF80ABCFBE3FAC5FB37" baselines="1157" box="[1252,1345,1142,1162]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="catfish" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">CATFISH</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFA5FFF80B11FBE3FA15FB37" baselines="1157" box="[1353,1425,1142,1162]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="hosts" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">HOSTS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFA5FFF90D71FB0FFE5AF931" blockId="16.[809,1426,1178,1906]" lastBlockId="17.[163,780,1195,1891]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="526" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">
|
||
Previous studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA5FFF80A58FB0FFB3CFB0D" author="Ash A & Scholz T & de Chambrier A & Brabec J & Oros M & Kar PK & Chavan SP & Mariaux J" box="[1024,1208,1178,1200]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" pagination="464228" refId="ref13173" refString="Ash A, Scholz T, de Chambrier A, Brabec J, Oros M, Kar PK, Chavan SP, Mariaux J. 2012. Revision of Gangesia (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea) in the Indomalayan region morphology, molecules and surface ultrastructure. PLoS One 7: e 464211 - e 464228." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Ash
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80A6EFB0EFBEEFB12" box="[1078,1130,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA5FFF80A90FB0FFA84FB0D" author="Ash A & de Chambrier A & Shimazu T & Ermolenko A & Scholz T" box="[1224,1280,1178,1200]" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" pagination="13 - 33" refId="ref13229" refString="Ash A, de Chambrier A, Shimazu T, Ermolenko A, Scholz T. 2015. An annotated list of the species of Gangesia Woodland, 1924 (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea), parasites of catfishes in Asia, with new synonyms and a key to their identification. Systematic Parasitology 91: 13 - 33." type="journal article" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) have clarified the taxonomy, host associations and contemporary distribution of several early branching lineages of proteocephalid tapeworms conventionally placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80D83FA80FBF0FA96" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[987,1140,1301,1323]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="16" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a group of tapeworms occupying the freshwaters of the Indomalayan and contiguous Palaearctic biogeographical regions (
|
||
<figureCitation id="96BF6D93FFA5FFF80B3DFAC7FCB3FA3A" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="17.[164,242,1064,1086]" captionTargetBox="[162,1442,196,1035]" captionTargetId="figure-394@17.[162,1442,196,1035]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 7. Present-day distribution of major lineages (genera) of Gangesiinae, showing varying levels of disjunct distribution in Electrotaenia, Gangesia, Postgangesia and Silurotaenia, and the endemic nature of other genera such as Pangasiocestus, Ritacestus and Vermaia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7981616" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7981616/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). The hosts of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80A3EFAE4FB50FA3B" authorityName="Woodland" authorityYear="1924" box="[1126,1236,1393,1414]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80A3EFAE4FB50FA3B" box="[1126,1236,1393,1414]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">Gangesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include mainly catfishes of the families
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80A3CFA05FB53FA1B" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[1124,1239,1424,1446]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Siluridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80B42FA05FA0FFA1B" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[1306,1419,1424,1446]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bagridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with one species in a schilbeid catfish (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80AB6FA3BFBC3FA5F" authority="Hamilton, 1822" authorityName="Hamilton" authorityYear="1822" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Eutropichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vacha">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80AB6FA3BFCF6FA5F" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">Eutropichthys Ʋacha</emphasis>
|
||
Hamilton, 1822
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80A00FA58FB6BFA5E" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[1112,1263,1485,1507]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Schilbeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Schilbeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The sisterlineages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80DE1FA79FBAEF9BC" authorityName="Woodland" authorityYear="1924" box="[953,1066,1516,1537]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80DE1FA79FBAEF9BC" box="[953,1066,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">Gangesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80A3FFA79FA85F9BC" authorityName="Nybelin" authorityYear="1942" box="[1127,1281,1516,1537]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Silurotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80A3FFA79FA85F9BC" box="[1127,1281,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">Silurotaenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a parasite of a silurid catfish in the Palaearctic region, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80D71F9BCFC43F983" authorityName="Nybelin" authorityYear="1942" box="[809,967,1577,1598]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Electrotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80D71F9BCFC43F983" box="[809,967,1577,1598]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">Electrotaenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a parasite of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80A2DF9BCFC66F9E0" authority="(Gmelin, 1789)" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1789" class="Actinopterygii" family="Malapteruridae" genus="Malapterurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="electricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80A2DF9BCFA14F983" box="[1141,1424,1577,1598]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">Malapterurus electricus</emphasis>
|
||
(Gmelin, 1789)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80DAEF9DDFB3FF9E3" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[1014,1211,1608,1630]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Malapteruridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Malapteruridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in North Africa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="96BF6D93FFA5FFF80D6AF9F3FCFCF9C1" box="[818,888,1638,1660]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="17.[164,242,1064,1086]" captionTargetBox="[162,1442,196,1035]" captionTargetId="figure-394@17.[162,1442,196,1035]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 7. Present-day distribution of major lineages (genera) of Gangesiinae, showing varying levels of disjunct distribution in Electrotaenia, Gangesia, Postgangesia and Silurotaenia, and the endemic nature of other genera such as Pangasiocestus, Ritacestus and Vermaia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7981616" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7981616/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). Representatives of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80AEAF9F3FA0FF9C1" authorityName="Freze" authorityYear="1963" box="[1202,1419,1638,1660]" pageId="16" pageNumber="516" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acanthotaeniinae">Acanthotaeniinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, parasites of varanid lizards and snakes, together with several lineages of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80A74F931FB3EF907" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[1068,1210,1700,1722]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="16" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80A99F931FB64F904" box="[1217,1248,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">s.l.</emphasis>
|
||
, form the basal groups of proteocephalids. Three monotypic genera are currently recognized in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80A30F974FB7CF94A" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[1128,1272,1761,1783]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="16" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all narrowly specific for their siluroid hosts in the Indomalayan region, and whose phylogenetic relationships to the remaining basal groups remain unclear.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA5FFF80B4EF8ABFB91F8CF" authority="(Verma, 1926)" baseAuthorityName="Verma" baseAuthorityYear="1926" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Ritacestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="16" pageNumber="525" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ritaii">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA5FFF80B4EF8ABFCE2F8CC" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">Ritacestus ritaii</emphasis>
|
||
(Verma, 1926)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="76933186FFA5FFF80AC9F8C9FB54F8CF" box="[1169,1232,1884,1906]" name="India" pageId="16" pageNumber="525">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
as a parasite of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA4FFF90EFBFB3EFE76FB7D" authority="(Hamilton, 1822)" baseAuthorityName="Hamilton" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[163,498,1195,1217]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Rita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rita">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA4FFF90EFBFB3EFE95FB7D" box="[163,273,1195,1216]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">Rita rita</emphasis>
|
||
(Hamilton, 1822)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a catfish conventionally placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA4FFF90F14FB5CFE3DFB62" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[332,441,1225,1247]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bagridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but found to be deeply separated from the bagrid clade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA4FFF90C4AFB7DFD7FFB43" author="Kappas I & Vittas S & Pantzartzi CN & Drosopoulou E & Scouras ZG" box="[530,763,1256,1278]" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" pagination="0166988" refId="ref14554" refString="Kappas I, Vittas S, Pantzartzi CN, Drosopoulou E, Scouras ZG. 2016. A time-calibrated mitogenome phylogeny of catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes). PLoS One 11: e 0166988." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Kappas
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA4FFF90C2DFB7CFD36FB40" box="[629,690,1256,1278]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA4FFF90EFBFA92FDD4FAA1" authority="(Verma, 1928)" baseAuthorityName="Verma" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[163,592,1287,1308]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Vermaia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="pseudotropii">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA4FFF90EFBFA92FE25FAA1" box="[163,417,1287,1308]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">Vermaia pseudotropii</emphasis>
|
||
(Verma, 1928)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a parasite of the schilbeid catfish,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA4FFF90FF4FAB0FF67FAE4" authority="(Hamilton, 1822)" baseAuthorityName="Hamilton" baseAuthorityYear="1822" class="Actinopterygii" family="Schilbeidae" genus="Clupisoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="garua">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA4FFF90FF4FAB0FDFAFA86" box="[428,638,1317,1339]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">Clupisoma garua</emphasis>
|
||
(Hamilton, 1822)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="76933186FFA4FFF90F52FAD1FECFFAE7" box="[266,331,1348,1370]" name="India" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA4FFF90F0EFAD0FE7DFAE7" box="[342,505,1349,1370]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">Pangasiocestu</emphasis>
|
||
s is associated with the pangasiid catfish,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA4FFF90F2CFAF6FC82FAC4" authority="Bocourt, 1866" authorityName="Bocourt" authorityYear="1866" box="[372,774,1379,1401]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pangasiidae" genus="Pangasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="larnaudii">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA4FFF90F2CFAF6FDDBFAC5" box="[372,607,1379,1400]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">Pangasius larnaudii</emphasis>
|
||
Bocourt, 1866
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="76933186FFA4FFF90E9DFA14FEC7FA2A" box="[197,323,1409,1431]" name="Cambodia" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In addition, species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA4FFF90C35FA17FC8FFA2A" authorityName="Akhmerov" authorityYear="1969" box="[621,779,1410,1431]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Postgangesia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA4FFF90C35FA17FC8FFA2A" box="[621,779,1410,1431]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">Postgangesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA4FFF90F18FA35FE55FA08" box="[320,465,1440,1461]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" genus="Silurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA4FFF90F18FA35FE1DFA08" box="[320,409,1440,1461]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">Silurus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Palaearctic region. The phylogeny, host associations and contemporary distribution provide the basis for analysing the historical biogeography of these tapeworm lineages in their catfish hosts, although we are currently handicapped by the poor resolution of relationships among the early diverging clades (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA4FFF90F80F9CCFD07F9D3" authorityName="Scholz & de Chambrier" authorityYear="2012" box="[472,643,1625,1646]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Pangasiocestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA4FFF90F80F9CCFD07F9D3" box="[472,643,1625,1646]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">Pangasiocestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA4FFF90CC8F9CCFC81F9D3" box="[656,773,1625,1646]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Ritacestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA4FFF90CC8F9CCFC81F9D3" box="[656,773,1625,1646]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">Ritacestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA4FFF90EFBF9E2FEB2F931" authorityName="Akhmerov" authorityYear="1969" box="[163,310,1655,1676]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Postgangesia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA4FFF90EFBF9E2FEB2F931" box="[163,310,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">Postgangesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA4FFF90F36F9E2FE4AF931" authorityName="Nybelin" authorityYear="1942" box="[366,462,1655,1676]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Vermaia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA4FFF90F36F9E2FE4AF931" box="[366,462,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">Vermaia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5AFB219EFFA4FFF90EFCFBBDFE24FBC4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7981616" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7981616" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7981616/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" startId="17.[164,242,1064,1086]" targetBox="[162,1442,196,1035]" targetPageId="17" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFA4FFF90EFCFBBDFE24FBC4" blockId="17.[162,1443,1064,1145]" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA4FFF90EFCFBBDFE8EFB83" bold="true" box="[164,266,1064,1086]" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Present-day distribution of major lineages (genera) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA4FFF90D64FBBDFC3BFB83" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[828,959,1064,1086]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="17" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, showing varying levels of disjunct distribution in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA4FFF90EE5FBD3FECCFBE1" authorityName="Nybelin" authorityYear="1942" box="[189,328,1094,1116]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Electrotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA4FFF90EE5FBD3FECCFBE1" box="[189,328,1094,1116]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">Electrotaenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA4FFF90F0CFBD3FE31FBE1" authorityName="Woodland" authorityYear="1924" box="[340,437,1094,1116]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA4FFF90F0CFBD3FE31FBE1" box="[340,437,1094,1116]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">Gangesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA4FFF90F99FBD3FDCCFBE1" authorityName="Akhmerov" authorityYear="1969" box="[449,584,1094,1116]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Postgangesia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA4FFF90F99FBD3FDCCFBE1" box="[449,584,1094,1116]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">Postgangesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA4FFF90C23FBD3FD7AFBE1" authorityName="Nybelin" authorityYear="1942" box="[635,766,1094,1116]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Silurotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA4FFF90C23FBD3FD7AFBE1" box="[635,766,1094,1116]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">Silurotaenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the endemic nature of other genera such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA4FFF90B58FBD3FA19FBE1" authorityName="Scholz & de Chambrier" authorityYear="2012" box="[1280,1437,1094,1116]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Pangasiocestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA4FFF90B58FBD3FA19FBE1" box="[1280,1437,1094,1116]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">Pangasiocestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA4FFF90EFAFBF6FE89FBC4" box="[162,269,1123,1145]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Ritacestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA4FFF90EFAFBF6FE89FBC4" box="[162,269,1123,1145]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">Ritacestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA4FFF90F1AFBF6FE1EFBC4" authorityName="Nybelin" authorityYear="1942" box="[322,410,1123,1145]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Vermaia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA4FFF90F1AFBF6FE1EFBC4" box="[322,410,1123,1145]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">Vermaia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFA4FFF90EE3F900FACAFB62" blockId="17.[163,780,1195,1891]" lastBlockId="17.[827,1443,1195,1891]" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">
|
||
Despite the poor resolution of the phylogenetic relationships among groups occupying the base of the proteocephalid tree, their widespread and largely exclusive association with catfishes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA4FFF90C02F964FC83F8BA" box="[602,775,1777,1799]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Actinopterygii</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA4FFF90EFBF885FEB6F89B" box="[163,306,1808,1830]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Siluriformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
) suggest that a discussion of the historical biogeography of catfishes, particularly the siluroids, which host all of the known basal lineages in question (conventional
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA4FFF90D87FB3EFBF6FB7C" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[991,1138,1195,1217]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="17" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), may provide insight into the origins of these host–parasite associations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFA4FFFA0D0BFB7DFE91F8D4" blockId="17.[827,1443,1195,1891]" lastBlockId="18.[145,762,1354,1897]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="527" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">
|
||
Using phylogenetic and biogeographical analyses based on five nuclear genes and two separate timecalibration methods based on the fossil evidence,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA4FFF90D63FAD1FB82FAE4" author="Chen W-J & Lavoue S & Mayden RL" box="[827,1030,1348,1370]" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" pagination="2218 - 2239" refId="ref13921" refString="Chen W-J, Lavoue S, Mayden RL. 2013. Evolutionary origin and early biogeography of otophysan fishes (Ostariophysi: Teleostei). EVolution 67: 2218 - 2239." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Chen
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA4FFF90D26FAD0FC33FAE4" box="[894,951,1348,1370]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
generated chronograms that placed siluriform origins, respectively, at 97 Mya or 117 Mya and the origin of siluroids at 79 Mya or 86 Mya. The chronogram from a molecular clock analysis by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA4FFF90D63FA2AFBA0FA69" author="Kappas I & Vittas S & Pantzartzi CN & Drosopoulou E & Scouras ZG" box="[827,1060,1470,1492]" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" pagination="0166988" refId="ref14554" refString="Kappas I, Vittas S, Pantzartzi CN, Drosopoulou E, Scouras ZG. 2016. A time-calibrated mitogenome phylogeny of catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes). PLoS One 11: e 0166988." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Kappas
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA4FFF90DC2FA2AFC50FA6E" box="[922,980,1470,1492]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2016)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
places the origin of the catfishes (order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA4FFF90DDEFA48FB91FA4E" box="[902,1045,1501,1523]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Siluriformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in the early Cretaceous (133 Mya) and the divergence of the well-supported Siluroidei at 97 Mya. Both studies support the hypothesis of Gondwanan siluriform origins approximately when Africa and South America were completing their final separation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="96BF6D93FFA4FFF90D92F9E3FB89F931" box="[970,1037,1654,1676]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[145,226,1106,1128]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,193,1077]" captionTargetId="figure-340@18.[145,1425,193,1077]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 8. Palaeogeographic map of the Late Aptian, 115 Mya (C. Scotese, Palaeoatlas, v.3), showing the origin of the Siluriformes (catfishes) in South America with subsequent dispersal to Africa or an origin in Gondwana when Africa and South America were still united, followed by vicariance.The presence of siluriforms in India during this time is questionable. Siluriforms are absent from Eurasia at this time (see text for discussion). The ‘?’ mark on the catfish in Africa indicates the uncertainty about the Gangesiinae in catfishes on that landmass at the time. The ‘?’ mark on the Indian landmass (IND) indicates that it is uncertain if catfishes were present on that landmass at the time. Abbreviations: AUS, Australian region; INM, Indomalayan region; PAL, Palaearctic region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7981618" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7981618/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). The analysis of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA4FFF90ABAF9E3FA27F931" author="Dai W & Zou M & Yang L & Du K & Chen W & Shen Y & Mayden RL & He S" box="[1250,1443,1654,1676]" pageId="17" pageNumber="526" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref14051" refString="Dai W, Zou M, Yang L, Du K, Chen W, Shen Y, Mayden RL, He S. 2018. Phylogenomic perspective on the relationships and evolutionary history of the major otocephalan lineages. Scientific Reports 8: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Dai
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA4FFF90B4DF9E2FAD4F936" box="[1301,1360,1654,1676]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="526">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
has the siluriforms originating at 86–74 Mya, close in age to the oldest fossil records of catfishes in South America. More importantly for our study, these calibrated reconstructions suggest that siluroids originated at least 43–24 Mya after the final separation of Gondwana and Laurasia (~140 Mya) and shortly after, or approximately with, the separation of Africa and South America (~110–100 Mya;
|
||
<figureCitation id="96BF6D93FFA7FFFA0FAEFADFFDB7FAE2" box="[502,563,1354,1376]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[145,226,1106,1128]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,193,1077]" captionTargetId="figure-340@18.[145,1425,193,1077]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 8. Palaeogeographic map of the Late Aptian, 115 Mya (C. Scotese, Palaeoatlas, v.3), showing the origin of the Siluriformes (catfishes) in South America with subsequent dispersal to Africa or an origin in Gondwana when Africa and South America were still united, followed by vicariance.The presence of siluriforms in India during this time is questionable. Siluriforms are absent from Eurasia at this time (see text for discussion). The ‘?’ mark on the catfish in Africa indicates the uncertainty about the Gangesiinae in catfishes on that landmass at the time. The ‘?’ mark on the Indian landmass (IND) indicates that it is uncertain if catfishes were present on that landmass at the time. Abbreviations: AUS, Australian region; INM, Indomalayan region; PAL, Palaearctic region." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7981618" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7981618/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="527">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). This also means that Siluroidei diverged after
|
||
<collectingCountry id="76933186FFA7FFFA0FA3FAFDFDBEFAC3" box="[507,570,1384,1406]" name="India" pageId="18" pageNumber="527">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
separated from both Africa and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="76933186FFA7FFFA0F1AFA12FE2AFA20" box="[322,430,1415,1437]" name="Australia" pageId="18" pageNumber="527">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and began its long journey in isolation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA7FFFA0F5BFA33FE4BFA06" author="Smith AG & Smith DG & Funnell BM" box="[259,463,1446,1468]" pageId="18" pageNumber="527" refId="ref15539" refString="Smith AG, Smith DG, Funnell BM. 1994. Atlas of Mesozoic and Cenozoic coastlines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 99." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Smith
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA7FFFA0F09FA33FE0EFA06" box="[337,394,1446,1467]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="527">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA7FFFA0F84FA33FD6EFA06" author="Scotese CR & Wright N" box="[476,746,1446,1468]" pageId="18" pageNumber="527" refId="ref15440" refString="Scotese CR, Wright N. 2018. PALEOMAP paleodigital eleVation models (PaleoDEMS) for the Phanerozoic PALEOMAP Project. https: // www. earthbyte. org / paleodemresource-scotese-and-wright- 2018 /. (Accessed on 8 th September 2022)." type="url" year="2018">Scotese & Wright, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), before finally docking on to the Eurasian landmass in the Eocene, between 50 and 45 Mya (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA7FFFA0C0BFA76FD77FA44" author="Scotese CR" box="[595,755,1507,1529]" pageId="18" pageNumber="527" refId="ref15399" refString="Scotese CR. 2016. PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for GPlates and the PaleoData Plotter Program, PALEOMAP Project. Available at: https: // www. earthbyte. org / paleomap-paleoatlas-forgplates. (Accessed on 8 th September 2022)." type="url" year="2016">Scotese, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA7FFFA0EC9F997FE1BF9AA" author="Scotese CR & Wright N" box="[145,415,1538,1560]" pageId="18" pageNumber="527" refId="ref15440" refString="Scotese CR, Wright N. 2018. PALEOMAP paleodigital eleVation models (PaleoDEMS) for the Phanerozoic PALEOMAP Project. https: // www. earthbyte. org / paleodemresource-scotese-and-wright- 2018 /. (Accessed on 8 th September 2022)." type="url" year="2018">Scotese & Wright, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Meanwhile Siluroidei diversified into the ‘Big Asia’ and ‘Big Africa’ clades in Africa and Laurasia during the Late Cretaceous (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA7FFFA0CDDF9D5FF75F9C9" author="Kappas I & Vittas S & Pantzartzi CN & Drosopoulou E & Scouras ZG" pageId="18" pageNumber="527" pagination="0166988" refId="ref14554" refString="Kappas I, Vittas S, Pantzartzi CN, Drosopoulou E, Scouras ZG. 2016. A time-calibrated mitogenome phylogeny of catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes). PLoS One 11: e 0166988." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Kappas
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA7FFFA0CBDF9D5FF2AF9CE" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="527">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with a remarkable radiation in the Cenozoic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA7FFFA0EC1F9E9FE98F92F" author="Diogo R" box="[153,284,1660,1682]" pageId="18" pageNumber="527" pagination="331 - 351" refId="ref14142" refString="Diogo R. 2004. Phylogeny, origin and biogeography of catfishes: support for a Pangean origin of ' modern teleosts' and reexamination of some Mesozoic Pangean connections between the Gondwanan and Laurasian supercontinents. Animal Biology 54: 331 - 351." type="journal article" year="2004">Diogo, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA7FFFA0F7FF9E8FE79F92F" author="Kappas I & Vittas S & Pantzartzi CN & Drosopoulou E & Scouras ZG" box="[295,509,1660,1682]" pageId="18" pageNumber="527" pagination="0166988" refId="ref14554" refString="Kappas I, Vittas S, Pantzartzi CN, Drosopoulou E, Scouras ZG. 2016. A time-calibrated mitogenome phylogeny of catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes). PLoS One 11: e 0166988." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Kappas
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA7FFFA0FDCF9E8FE3EF92C" box="[388,442,1660,1682]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="527">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The presence of Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) freshwater siluriform fossils in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="76933186FFA7FFFA0E87F92FFE99F96D" box="[223,285,1722,1744]" name="India" pageId="18" pageNumber="527">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA7FFFA0F75F92FFDAFF972" author="Cione AL & Prasad GVR" box="[301,555,1722,1744]" pageId="18" pageNumber="527" pagination="190 - 193" refId="ref14016" refString="Cione AL, Prasad GVR. 2002. The oldest known catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes) from Asia (India, Late Cretaceous). Journal of Paleontology 76: 190 - 193." type="journal article" year="2002">Cione & Prasad, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) – also the oldest catfish fossil in Asia – indicates that
|
||
<collectingCountry id="76933186FFA7FFFA0C14F94DFD0FF953" box="[588,651,1752,1774]" name="India" pageId="18" pageNumber="527">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
did have freshwater catfishes during its long isolation, but the limited and fragmentary nature of the fossils do not allow a robust analysis of its affinities with other siluriforms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5AFB219EFFA7FFFA0EC9FBC7FD2DFAA5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7981618" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7981618" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7981618/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="527" startId="18.[145,226,1106,1128]" targetBox="[145,1425,193,1077]" targetPageId="18" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFA7FFFA0EC9FBC7FD2DFAA5" blockId="18.[145,1426,1106,1304]" pageId="18" pageNumber="527">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA7FFFA0EC9FBC7FF79FBDA" bold="true" box="[145,253,1106,1128]" pageId="18" pageNumber="527">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Palaeogeographic map of the Late Aptian, 115 Mya (C. Scotese, Palaeoatlas, v.3), showing the origin of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA7FFFA0EC9FBE5FE91FB3B" box="[145,277,1136,1158]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Siluriformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(catfishes) in South America with subsequent dispersal to Africa or an origin in Gondwana when Africa and South America were still united, followed by vicariance. The presence of siluriforms in India during this time is questionable. Siluriforms are absent from Eurasia at this time (see text for discussion). The ‘?’ mark on the catfish in Africa indicates the uncertainty about the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA7FFFA0F27FB5DFD86FB63" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[383,514,1224,1246]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="18" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in catfishes on that landmass at the time. The ‘?’ mark on the Indian landmass (IND) indicates that it is uncertain if catfishes were present on that landmass at the time. Abbreviations: AUS, Australian region; INM, Indomalayan region; PAL, Palaearctic region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFA7FFFB0D19FADFFD82F902" blockId="18.[809,1425,1354,1897]" lastBlockId="19.[163,779,1338,1881]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="528" pageId="18" pageNumber="527">
|
||
When considered together, the phylogeny and host associations of gangesiine tapeworms and the evolutionary history of siluroids suggest one or more possible scenarios for the origins of their associations. The deepest node in the phylogeny of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA7FFFA0D10FA76FB9EFA44" authorityName="La Rue" authorityYear="1911" box="[840,1050,1507,1529]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="18" pageNumber="527" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="family">Proteocephalidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a polytomy comprising several branches of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA7FFFA0A56F997FB2BF9A5" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[1038,1199,1538,1560]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="18" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA7FFFA0A9FF997FB68F9AA" box="[1223,1260,1538,1559]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="527">s.l.</emphasis>
|
||
) along with proteocephalids (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA7FFFA0A53F9B5FB77F98B" authorityName="Freze" authorityYear="1963" box="[1035,1267,1568,1590]" pageId="18" pageNumber="516" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acanthotaeniinae">Acanthotaeniinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in varanid lizards and snakes. The oldest possible host association in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA7FFFA0D9AF9CBFBDEF9C9" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[962,1114,1630,1652]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="18" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
would have been that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA7FFFA0D71F9E8FC68F92F" baseAuthorityName="Verma" baseAuthorityYear="1926" box="[809,1004,1661,1682]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Ritacestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="18" pageNumber="527" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ritaii">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA7FFFA0D71F9E8FC68F92F" box="[809,1004,1661,1682]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="527">Ritacestus ritaii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA7FFFA0A6CF9E8FB18F92F" baseAuthorityName="Hamilton" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[1076,1180,1661,1682]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Rita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rita">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA7FFFA0A6CF9E8FB18F92F" box="[1076,1180,1661,1682]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="527">Rita rita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a catfish belonging to an early branching (~97 Myr) lineage of siluroids (but see discussion in the next section). The other associations are probably much younger. The host of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA7FFFA0D71F96DFC08F8B0" authorityName="Nybelin" authorityYear="1942" box="[809,908,1784,1805]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Vermaia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="18" pageNumber="527" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA7FFFA0D71F96DFC08F8B0" box="[809,908,1784,1805]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="527">Vermaia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA7FFFA0DC2F962FBE2F8B0" baseAuthorityName="Hamilton" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[922,1126,1783,1805]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Schilbeidae" genus="Clupisoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="garua">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA7FFFA0DC2F962FBE2F8B0" box="[922,1126,1783,1805]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="527">Clupisoma garua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is part of the large Afro- Asian catfish family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA7FFFA0A68F883FB45F891" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[1072,1217,1814,1836]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Schilbeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Schilbeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, estimated to be 50–55 Myr old. Even allowing for the wider distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA7FFFA0D24F8C1FBA9F8D4" authorityName="Scholz & de Chambrier" authorityYear="2012" box="[892,1069,1876,1897]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Pangasiocestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="18" pageNumber="527" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA7FFFA0D24F8C1FBA9F8D4" box="[892,1069,1876,1897]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="527">Pangasiocestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA7FFFA0A0CF8C6FA08F8D4" authority="Bleeker, 1858" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[1108,1420,1875,1897]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pangasiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="527" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pangasiidae Bleeker, 1858</taxonomicName>
|
||
, this association is also not older than ~40–45 Myr, the age of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0F46FACCFE29FAD2" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[286,429,1369,1391]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pangasiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pangasiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0C57FACFFD18FAD3" authorityName="Bocourt" authorityYear="1866" box="[527,668,1369,1391]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pangasiidae" genus="Pangasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="larnaudii">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0C57FACFFD18FAD3" box="[527,668,1369,1391]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">P. larnaudii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the host of the monotypic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0F35FAEDFEE2FA16" authority="Scholz & de Chambrier, 2012" authorityName="Scholz & de Chambrier" authorityYear="2012" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Pangasiocestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="romani">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0F35FAEDFDFEFA30" box="[365,634,1400,1421]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Pangasiocestus romani</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA6FFFB0CD9FAEDFEE2FA16" author="Scholz T & de Chambrier A" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" pagination="648 - 653" refId="ref15088" refString="Scholz T, de Chambrier A. 2012. A new genus and species of proteocephalidean tapeworm (Cestoda) from Pangasius larnaudii (Siluriformes: Pangasiidae) in Southeast Asia. Journal of Parasitology 98: 648 - 653." type="journal article" year="2012">Scholz & de Chambrier, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0F25FA02FDC8FA11" box="[381,588,1431,1452]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Postgangesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0F25FA02FD91FA11" box="[381,533,1431,1452]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Postgangesia</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are parasites of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0EFBFA20FF79FA77" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[163,253,1461,1482]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" genus="Silurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0EFBFA20FF79FA77" box="[163,253,1461,1482]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Silurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
catfishes, a relatively recently evolved lineage (~23 Myr,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA6FFFB0F04FA41FDC6FA57" author="Kappas I & Vittas S & Pantzartzi CN & Drosopoulou E & Scouras ZG" box="[348,578,1492,1514]" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" pagination="0166988" refId="ref14554" refString="Kappas I, Vittas S, Pantzartzi CN, Drosopoulou E, Scouras ZG. 2016. A time-calibrated mitogenome phylogeny of catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes). PLoS One 11: e 0166988." type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Kappas
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0FE6FA41FE7EFA54" box="[446,506,1492,1513]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The remaining gangesiines (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0F67FA67FE59F9BA" authorityName="Nybelin" authorityYear="1942" box="[319,477,1522,1543]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Electrotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0F67FA67FE59F9BA" box="[319,477,1522,1543]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Electrotaenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0FA2FA67FD0AF9BA" authority="Gangesi" authorityName="Nybelin" authorityYear="1942" box="[506,654,1522,1543]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Silurotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0FA2FA67FD0AF9BA" box="[506,654,1522,1543]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Silurotaenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0CF4FA66FF35F99A" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Gangesi a</emphasis>
|
||
) form a clade that is also part of this unresolved basal polytomy.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0F3AF9A5FDF9F9F8" baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1789" box="[354,637,1584,1605]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Malapteruridae" genus="Malapterurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="electricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0F3AF9A5FDF9F9F8" box="[354,637,1584,1605]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Malapterurus electricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the host of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0EFBF9DBFEC1F9DE" authorityName="Nybelin" authorityYear="1942" box="[163,325,1614,1635]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Electrotaenia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0EFBF9DBFEC1F9DE" box="[163,325,1614,1635]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Electrotaenia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is an old lineage of catfishes (divergence at ~60 Mya). Therefore, several lineages of hosts were already present in Eurasia when
|
||
<collectingCountry id="76933186FFA6FFFB0C93F919FC8EF91F" box="[715,778,1676,1698]" name="India" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
finally merged with it (
|
||
<figureCitation id="96BF6D93FFA6FFFB0FECF93FFE72F902" box="[436,502,1706,1728]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[161,240,1091,1113]" captionTargetBox="[161,1441,195,1061]" captionTargetId="figure-328@19.[161,1441,195,1061]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Palaeogeographic map of the Middle Eocene, 40 Mya (C. Scotese, Palaeoatlas, v.3). Siluroid hosts of some major lineages of Gangesiinae are already present: Malapterurus in Africa, and Rita and Pangasius in Asia. Families of other siluroid hosts of Gangesiinae, such as Schilbeidae and Bagridae, have also originated by this time. Silurus is yet to appear. Gangesiinae have originated in the Indomalayan region by this time but are absent in Europe and Africa. Their presence in siluroids outside the Indomalayan region during this time is uncertain. Rectangular boxes with ‘x’ marks inside them indicate the absence of gangesiine tapeworms in catfish hosts. The ‘?’ mark on catfishes indicates that the presence of Gangesiinae in these hosts is uncertain. Sigmoid marks indicate the presence of Gangesiinae in catfish hosts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7981620" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7981620/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5AFB219EFFA6FFFB0EF9FBD6FA9DFAB4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7981620" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7981620" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7981620/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" startId="19.[161,240,1091,1113]" targetBox="[161,1441,195,1061]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFA6FFFB0EF9FBD6FA9DFAB4" blockId="19.[161,1444,1091,1289]" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0EF9FBD6FE8EFBE5" bold="true" box="[161,266,1091,1113]" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Palaeogeographic map of the Middle Eocene, 40 Mya (C. Scotese, Palaeoatlas, v.3). Siluroid hosts of some major lineages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0F43FBF5FE24FBCB" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[283,416,1120,1142]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="19" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are already present:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0CDEFBF5FC9DFBCB" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1803" box="[646,793,1120,1142]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Malapteruridae" genus="Malapterurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0CDEFBF5FC9DFBCB" box="[646,793,1120,1142]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Malapterurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Africa, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0DE2FBF5FC6CFBCB" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1853" box="[954,1000,1120,1142]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Rita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0DE2FBF5FC6CFBCB" box="[954,1000,1120,1142]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Rita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0A47FBF5FB06FBCB" box="[1055,1154,1120,1142]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Pangasiu</emphasis>
|
||
s in Asia. Families of other siluroid hosts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0F16FBE8FE55FB2E" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[334,465,1149,1171]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="19" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0C68FBE8FD2CFB2E" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[560,680,1149,1171]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Schilbeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Schilbeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0C84FBE8FCB9FB2E" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[732,829,1149,1171]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bagridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have also originated by this time.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0AF1FBE8FB73FB2E" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1193,1271,1149,1171]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" genus="Silurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0AF1FBE8FB73FB2E" box="[1193,1271,1149,1171]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Silurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is yet to appear.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0EF9FB0EFEA0FB0C" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[161,292,1179,1201]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="19" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have originated in the Indomalayan region by this time but are absent in Europe and Africa. Their presence in siluroids outside the Indomalayan region during this time is uncertain. Rectangular boxes with ‘x’ marks inside them indicate the absence of gangesiine tapeworms in catfish hosts. The ‘?’ mark on catfishes indicates that the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0EF9FB66FEA7FAB4" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[161,291,1267,1289]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="19" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in these hosts is uncertain. Sigmoid marks indicate the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0DB4FB66FBEAFAB4" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[1004,1134,1267,1289]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="19" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in catfish hosts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFA6FFFB0EE3F95CFA89F8E4" blockId="19.[163,779,1338,1881]" lastBlockId="19.[827,1444,1338,1881]" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">
|
||
The evolution of the remaining gangesiines, i.e. species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0F08F97DFE45F940" authorityName="Woodland" authorityYear="1924" box="[336,449,1768,1789]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0F08F97DFE45F940" box="[336,449,1768,1789]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Gangesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, involves radiation in catfish hosts, including several silurids (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0CFBF893FF50F886" authorityName="Bloch & Schneider" authorityYear="1801" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" genus="Wallago" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="attu">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0CFBF893FF50F886" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Wallago attu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0EB4F8B0FE5AF887" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[236,478,1829,1850]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" genus="Ompok" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bimaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0EB4F8B0FE5AF887" box="[236,478,1829,1850]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Ompok bimaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0C45F8B0FD48F886" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[541,716,1829,1851]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" genus="Silurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="asotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0C45F8B0FD48F886" box="[541,716,1829,1851]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Silurus asotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and bagrids (
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0F57F8D6FC8EF8E5" box="[271,778,1859,1881]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0F57F8D6FD9BF8E5" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[271,543,1859,1880]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Tachysurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fulvidraco">Tachysurus fulƲidraco</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0C74F8D1FC8EF8E5" baseAuthorityName="Sykes" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[556,778,1859,1881]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Sperata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seenghala">Sperata seenghala</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0D28FAAEFB86FAF2" box="[880,1026,1338,1360]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Mystus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0D28FAAEFC42FAED" box="[880,966,1339,1360]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Mystus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0A41FAAFFB03FAED" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[1049,1159,1338,1360]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bagridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
evolved ~62 Mya, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0D63FACCFBC4FAD3" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[827,1088,1369,1390]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Tachysurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fulvidraco">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0D63FACCFBC4FAD3" box="[827,1088,1369,1390]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Tachysurus fulƲidraco</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(syn.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0ADDFACCFA1EFAD3" baseAuthorityName="Richardson" baseAuthorityYear="1846" box="[1157,1434,1369,1390]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Pelteobagrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fulvidraco">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0ADDFACCFA1EFAD3" box="[1157,1434,1369,1390]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Pelteobagrus fulƲidraco</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) originating around the same time (~22 Mya) as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0D63FA03FC11FA16" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[827,917,1430,1451]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" genus="Silurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0D63FA03FC11FA16" box="[827,917,1430,1451]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Silurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The age of other bagrid hosts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0B75FA02FA18FA11" authorityName="Woodland" authorityYear="1924" box="[1325,1436,1431,1452]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0B75FA02FA18FA11" box="[1325,1436,1431,1452]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Gangesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0DFBFA20FBC4FA77" baseAuthorityName="Sykes" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[931,1088,1461,1482]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Sperata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seenghala">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0DFBFA20FBC4FA77" box="[931,1088,1461,1482]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">S. seenghala</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the host of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0ABFFA20FA04FA76" box="[1255,1408,1461,1483]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="macrones">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0ABFFA20FA04FA76" box="[1255,1408,1461,1483]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">G. macrones</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="76933186FFA6FFFB0D63FA46FCF9FA54" box="[827,893,1491,1513]" name="India" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
), remains unknown but, given the position of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0D63FA67FC4EF9B5" box="[827,970,1522,1544]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="macrones">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0D63FA67FC4EF9B5" box="[827,970,1522,1544]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">G. macrones</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the tree, we can infer that it too was part of a Neogene radiation of these tapeworms. The origin of the hookless
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0A67F9A5FA27F9F9" authorityName="Marick & Brabec & Choudhury & Scholz & Ash" authorityYear="2023" box="[1087,1443,1583,1605]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mukutmanipurensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0A67F9A5FA27F9F9" box="[1087,1443,1583,1605]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Gangesia mukutmanipurensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the silurid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0D87F9DBFB48F9DE" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1794" box="[991,1228,1614,1635]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" genus="Ompok" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bimaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0D87F9DBFB48F9DE" box="[991,1228,1614,1635]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Ompok bimaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also firmly embedded in the radiation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0ACAF9F8FA81F93F" authorityName="Woodland" authorityYear="1924" box="[1170,1285,1645,1666]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0ACAF9F8FA81F93F" box="[1170,1285,1645,1666]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Gangesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in catfishes of the Indomalayan region during this geological period. Whether
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0A53F93FFB27F97D" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[1035,1187,1706,1728]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="19" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
evolved early in the evolutionary history of siluroid catfishes will depend on the position of lineages that are associated with evolutionarily older siluroid lineages, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0B31F892FA18F8A1" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1853" box="[1385,1436,1799,1820]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Rita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0B31F892FA18F8A1" box="[1385,1436,1799,1820]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Rita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0D63F8B0FC60F887" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1803" box="[827,996,1829,1850]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Malapteruridae" genus="Malapterurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0D63F8B0FC60F887" box="[827,996,1829,1850]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Malapterurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0A7DF8B0FB27F887" box="[1061,1187,1829,1850]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pangasiidae" genus="Pangasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0A7DF8B0FB27F887" box="[1061,1187,1829,1850]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Pangasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, relative to those in younger catfish clades, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA6FFFB0AF5F8D6FA81F8E5" authorityName="C.Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1197,1285,1859,1880]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" genus="Silurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA6FFFB0AF5F8D6FA81F8E5" box="[1197,1285,1859,1880]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="528">Silurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5AFB219EFFA1FFFC0EC9FBA1FB7EFB02" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7981622" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7981622" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7981622/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="529" startId="20.[145,224,1076,1098]" targetBox="[145,1425,195,1046]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFA1FFFC0EC9FBA1FB7EFB02" blockId="20.[145,1429,1076,1215]" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA1FFFC0EC9FBA1FE8DFBF4" bold="true" box="[145,265,1076,1098]" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Palaeogeographic map of the Early Miocene, 20 Mya (C. Scotese, Palaeoatlas, v.3).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0AD8FBA1FB66FBF7" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[1152,1250,1076,1098]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Siluridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have originated. Dashed arrows show the major dispersal routes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0CFDFBC4FCADFBDA" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[677,809,1105,1127]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="20" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Range expansion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0A5DFBC4FBE2FBDA" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[1029,1126,1105,1127]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Siluridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
into northern Africa allowed host-shifting into
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0F0EFBFAFD87FB38" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[342,515,1135,1157]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Malapteruridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Malapteruridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Dispersal and diversification of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0D33FBFAFC77FB38" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[875,1011,1135,1157]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="20" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, especially
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0A28FBFAFB50FB38" authorityName="Woodland" authorityYear="1924" box="[1136,1236,1135,1157]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="20" pageNumber="529" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA1FFFC0A28FBFAFB50FB38" box="[1136,1236,1135,1157]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">Gangesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, continued in the Indomalayan region and extended to north-east Asia. The rectangular box with an ‘x’ mark inside it indicates the absence of gangesiine tapeworms in catfish hosts. Sigmoid marks indicate the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0D95FB3CFBCBFB02" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[973,1103,1193,1215]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="20" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in catfish hosts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="469E229DFFA1FFFD0EFAFB7AFE56FD15" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="530" pageId="20" pageNumber="529" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFA1FFFC0EFAFB7AFDFDFA9A" blockId="20.[162,744,1263,1319]" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFA1FFFC0EFAFB7AFF41FABA" baselines="1282,1282" box="[162,197,1263,1288]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="title" normString="An" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">AN</smallCapsWord>
|
||
‘
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFA1FFFC0E88FB66FF7AFABA" baselines="1282" box="[208,254,1267,1287]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="out" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">OUT</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFA1FFFC0F5DFB66FEA6FABA" baselines="1282" box="[261,290,1267,1287]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="of" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">OF</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFA1FFFC0F71FB66FE3AFAB5" baselines="1282,1282" box="[297,446,1263,1288]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="indomalaya'" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">INDOMALAYA’</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFA1FFFC0F9DFB66FE67FABA" baselines="1282" box="[453,483,1267,1287]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="or" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">OR</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFA1FFFC0FB3FB66FD8EFABA" baselines="1282" box="[491,522,1267,1287]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="an" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">AN</smallCapsWord>
|
||
‘
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFA1FFFC0C4DFB66FDCFFABA" baselines="1282" box="[533,587,1267,1287]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="into" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">INTO</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFA1FFFC0C0AFB66FD6CFAB5" baselines="1282,1282" box="[594,744,1263,1288]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="indomalaya'" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">INDOMALAYA’</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFA1FFFC0F48FA87FE1FFA9B" baselines="1313" box="[272,411,1298,1318]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="hypothesis" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">HYPOTHESIS</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFA1FFFC0FFBFA87FE4BFA9B" baselines="1313" box="[419,463,1298,1318]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="for" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">FOR</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0F8EFA87FDEAFA9B" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[470,622,1298,1318]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="20" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="08DDE7CAFFA1FFFC0F8EFA87FDEAFA9B" baselines="1313" box="[470,622,1298,1318]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="10" normCase="lower" normString="gangesiinae" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">GANGESIINAE</smallCapsWord>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
?
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFA1FFFC0EC9FAA2FBC2F9A6" blockId="20.[145,761,1335,1908]" lastBlockId="20.[809,1425,1265,1900]" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">
|
||
The current polytomy of several gangesiine lineages at the base of the phylogenetic tree limits our reconstructions of the historical biogeography (assuming that this is not a ‘hard’ polytomy) of these tapeworms. Nevertheless, several of these deep lineages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0EF7FA45FEC0FA5B" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[175,324,1488,1510]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="20" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0F0DFA45FD8DFA58" authorityName="Scholz & de Chambrier" authorityYear="2012" box="[341,521,1488,1509]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Pangasiocestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="20" pageNumber="529" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA1FFFC0F0DFA45FD8DFA58" box="[341,521,1488,1509]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">Pangasiocestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0C1EFA45FD45FA58" box="[582,705,1488,1509]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Ritacestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="20" pageNumber="529" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA1FFFC0C1EFA45FD45FA58" box="[582,705,1488,1509]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">Ritacestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are associated with the Indomalayan region, and the diversification of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0F13F998FE5BF99E" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[331,479,1549,1571]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="20" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0C78F99BFD0BF99E" authorityName="Woodland" authorityYear="1924" box="[544,655,1550,1571]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="20" pageNumber="529" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA1FFFC0C78F99BFD0BF99E" box="[544,655,1550,1571]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">Gangesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) also involves this region. The siluroid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0C41F9B9FD12F9FC" box="[537,662,1580,1601]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pangasiidae" genus="Pangasius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA1FFFC0C41F9B9FD12F9FC" box="[537,662,1580,1601]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">Pangasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, host of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0EC9F9DEFEC6F9DD" authorityName="Scholz & de Chambrier" authorityYear="2012" box="[145,322,1611,1632]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Pangasiocestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="20" pageNumber="529" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA1FFFC0EC9F9DEFEC6F9DD" box="[145,322,1611,1632]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">Pangasiocestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is endemic to South and South-East Asia (the Indomalayan region).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0C4CF9FFFDF9F9C2" baseAuthorityName="Hamilton" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[532,637,1642,1663]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Rita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rita">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA1FFFC0C4CF9FFFDF9F9C2" box="[532,637,1642,1663]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">Rita rita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a species of an early branching siluroid lineage (and host of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0EC9F932FE89F901" box="[145,269,1703,1724]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Ritacestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="20" pageNumber="529" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA1FFFC0EC9F932FE89F901" box="[145,269,1703,1724]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">Ritacestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), is widely distributed across the Indian subcontinent and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="76933186FFA1FFFC0F36F953FE40F966" box="[366,452,1734,1755]" name="Myanmar" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">Burma</collectingCountry>
|
||
. All other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0C9DF953FD7DF966" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1853" box="[709,761,1734,1755]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Rita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA1FFFC0C9DF953FD7DF966" box="[709,761,1734,1755]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">Rita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are also restricted to South Asia. Despite its old evolutionary age,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0F28F896FE21F8A5" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1853" box="[368,421,1795,1816]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Rita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA1FFFC0F28F896FE21F8A5" box="[368,421,1795,1816]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">Rita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
probably did not evolve by drift vicariance when
|
||
<collectingCountry id="76933186FFA1FFFC0FFAF8B4FE67F88A" box="[418,483,1825,1847]" name="India" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
separated from Africa because it is not consistent with the geological history of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="76933186FFA1FFFC0EB0F8CBFEAFF8C9" box="[232,299,1886,1908]" name="India" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
. By the time
|
||
<collectingCountry id="76933186FFA1FFFC0F95F8CBFD89F8C9" box="[461,525,1886,1908]" name="India" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
became contiguous with Eurasia, the predominant siluroid host groups had already originated and diversified in Africa and Eurasia, and access from the east and west would have allowed siluroids from these regions to extensively colonize the freshwaters of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="76933186FFA1FFFC0A9CFAFEFA83FA3C" box="[1220,1287,1387,1409]" name="India" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It is likely that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0D3BFA1EFC4EFA1D" baseAuthorityName="Hamilton" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[867,970,1419,1440]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Rita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rita">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA1FFFC0D3BFA1EFC4EFA1D" box="[867,970,1419,1440]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">Rita rita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
formed an early part of that colonization, although its nearest relatives among catfishes remain unknown.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0A4EFA5DFBC8FA60" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1853" box="[1046,1100,1480,1501]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" genus="Rita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA1FFFC0A4EFA5DFBC8FA60" box="[1046,1100,1480,1501]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">Rita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been conventionally placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0DC3FA73FB8CFA41" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[923,1032,1510,1532]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bagridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the mitogenome analysis refutes that classification.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E3B7116FFA1FFFD0D19F9B6FE56FD15" blockId="20.[809,1425,1265,1900]" lastBlockId="21.[163,780,197,680]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="530" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">
|
||
An integrative approach to the question of gangesiine origins leads us to consider an ‘Out of Indomalaya’ dispersalist hypothesis. Given the age of the remaining host groups of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0AFCF9EAFABCF928" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[1188,1336,1663,1685]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="20" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, i.e. between 62 Mya (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0D81F90BFBC0F909" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[985,1092,1694,1716]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Bagridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bagridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and 24 Mya (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0AB0F90BFAD2F909" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[1256,1366,1694,1716]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Siluridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), one may hypothesize that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0A74F928FB38F96E" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[1068,1212,1725,1747]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="20" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA1FFFC0A94F928FB69F96F" box="[1228,1261,1725,1746]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">s.l.</emphasis>
|
||
, i.e. including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0D71F949FC5FF94C" authorityName="Scholz & de Chambrier" authorityYear="2012" box="[809,987,1756,1777]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Pangasiocestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="20" pageNumber="529" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA1FFFC0D71F949FC5FF94C" box="[809,987,1756,1777]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">Pangasiocestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0DB2F949FBE0F94C" box="[1002,1124,1756,1777]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Ritacestus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="20" pageNumber="529" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA1FFFC0DB2F949FBE0F94C" box="[1002,1124,1756,1777]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">Ritacestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA1FFFC0AFAF949FA81F94C" authorityName="Nybelin" authorityYear="1942" box="[1186,1285,1756,1777]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Vermaia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="20" pageNumber="529" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA1FFFC0AFAF949FA81F94C" box="[1186,1285,1756,1777]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">Vermaia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) originated in the Indomalayan region during the Palaeogene of the Cenozoic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="96BF6D93FFA1FFFC0DA7F88DFBC3F893" box="[1023,1095,1816,1838]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[161,240,1091,1113]" captionTargetBox="[161,1441,195,1061]" captionTargetId="figure-328@19.[161,1441,195,1061]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Palaeogeographic map of the Middle Eocene, 40 Mya (C. Scotese, Palaeoatlas, v.3). Siluroid hosts of some major lineages of Gangesiinae are already present: Malapterurus in Africa, and Rita and Pangasius in Asia. Families of other siluroid hosts of Gangesiinae, such as Schilbeidae and Bagridae, have also originated by this time. Silurus is yet to appear. Gangesiinae have originated in the Indomalayan region by this time but are absent in Europe and Africa. Their presence in siluroids outside the Indomalayan region during this time is uncertain. Rectangular boxes with ‘x’ marks inside them indicate the absence of gangesiine tapeworms in catfish hosts. The ‘?’ mark on catfishes indicates that the presence of Gangesiinae in these hosts is uncertain. Sigmoid marks indicate the presence of Gangesiinae in catfish hosts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7981620" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7981620/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
), thereafter dispersing to Europe and subsequently Africa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="96BF6D93FFA1FFFC0AF6F8A2FB79F8F1" box="[1198,1277,1847,1869]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="20.[145,224,1076,1098]" captionTargetBox="[145,1425,195,1046]" captionTargetId="figure-408@20.[145,1425,195,1046]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 10. Palaeogeographic map of the Early Miocene, 20 Mya (C. Scotese, Palaeoatlas, v.3). Siluridae have originated. Dashed arrows show the major dispersal routes of Gangesiinae. Range expansion of Siluridae into northern Africa allowed host-shifting into Malapteruridae. Dispersal and diversification of Gangesiinae, especially Gangesia, continued in the Indomalayan region and extended to north-east Asia. The rectangular box with an ‘x’ mark inside it indicates the absence of gangesiine tapeworms in catfish hosts. Sigmoid marks indicate the presence of Gangesiinae in catfish hosts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7981622" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7981622/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="529">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
), with range expansion and areas of diversification in South and South-East Asia (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA0FFFD0FEAFF53FDC1FF66" box="[434,581,198,219]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="21" pageNumber="530" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="macrones">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA0FFFD0FEAFF53FDC1FF66" box="[434,581,198,219]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="530">G. macrones</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA0FFFD0C0EFF53FEA4FF44" authority=", G. Vachai" authorityName="G. Vachai" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="21" pageNumber="530" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bengalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA0FFFD0C0EFF53FC80FF67" box="[598,772,197,219]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="530">G. bengalensis</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA0FFFD0EFBFF71FEA4FF44" box="[163,288,228,250]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="530">G. Ʋachai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA0FFFD0F33FF71FD18FF47" authorityName="Marick & Brabec & Choudhury & Scholz & Ash" authorityYear="2023" box="[363,668,228,250]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="21" pageNumber="530" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="mukutmanipurensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA0FFFD0F33FF71FEFAFF44" box="[363,382,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="530">G</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA0FFFD0FCDFF70FD18FF47" box="[405,668,228,250]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="530">mukutmanipurensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and in north-east Asia (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA0FFFD0F36FE96FD8DFEAA" authorityName="Roitman & Freze" authorityYear="1964" box="[366,521,258,280]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="21" pageNumber="530" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="oligonchis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA0FFFD0F36FE96FD8DFEAA" box="[366,521,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="530">G. oligonchis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA0FFFD0C40FE96FD37FEAA" authorityName="Yamaguti" authorityYear="1934" box="[536,691,258,280]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="21" pageNumber="530" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="parasiluri">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA0FFFD0C40FE96FD37FEAA" box="[536,691,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="530">G. parasiluri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA0FFFD0CAAFE96FE9BFE8B" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" genus="Gangesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="21" pageNumber="530" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="polyonchis">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA0FFFD0CAAFE96FE9BFE8B" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="530">G. polyonchis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). That
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA0FFFD0F20FEB4FD88FE8A" authorityName="Mola" authorityYear="1929" box="[376,524,289,311]" class="Cestoda" family="Proteocephalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Onchoproteocephalidea" pageId="21" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Gangesiinae">Gangesiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not a group with deep Gondwanan origins is also supported by the absence of these tapeworms in sub-Saharan Africa, despite schilbeids and bagrids being present there, and in South America. The earliest branching catfish groups,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA0FFFD0F68FE2FFE5DFE6D" authorityName="C.H.Eigenmann" authorityYear="1890" box="[304,473,442,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Diplomystidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="530" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Diplomystidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C9840A95FFA0FFFD0C4CFE2FFD26FE6D" box="[532,674,442,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="530" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Loricariidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
of South America, are not hosts of gangesiines or any other early branching proteocephalids. Despite the remarkable diversity of proteocephalids in South American catfishes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A150CE7FFA0FFFD0F43FDA0FDCCFDF6" author="de Chambrier A & Waeschenbach A & Fisseha M & Scholz T & Mariaux J" box="[283,584,565,587]" pageId="21" pageNumber="530" pagination="25 - 59" refId="ref13633" refString="de Chambrier A, Waeschenbach A, Fisseha M, Scholz T, Mariaux J. 2015. A large 28 S rDNA-based phylogeny confirms the limitations of established morphological characters for classification of proteocephalidean tapeworms (Platyhelminthes, Cestoda). ZooKeys 500: 25 - 59." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
de Chambrier
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF0AD04FFA0FFFD0F9EFDA3FE7EFDF7" box="[454,506,565,587]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="530">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2017), the foregoing discussion suggests that the Indomalayan region is the original homeland of these early diverging groups of proteocephalids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |