1205 lines
148 KiB
XML
1205 lines
148 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6329427" ID-GBIF-Dataset="13fb9a90-13d5-4ae9-83a6-76dd07b21dcc" ID-GBIF-Taxon="193873884" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6329427" approvalRequired="1" approvalRequired_for_document="1" checkinTime="1646400744153" checkinUser="diego" docAuthor="Ranil, R. H. G., Prohens, J., Aubriot, X., Niran, H. M. L., Plazas, M., Fonseka, R. M., Vilanova, S., Fonseka, H. H., Gramazio, P. & Knapp, S." docDate="2016" docId="861C87F5550CFFB6FFF5F9B1C0F867D4" docLanguage="en" docName="GenetResourCropEvol.64.1707-1722.pdf" docOrigin="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 64 (7)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-016-0467-z" docTitle="Solanum insanum L." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="1717" masterDocId="7A25FF8D5508FFBDFF88FFC4C25A672D" masterDocTitle="Solanum insanum L. (subgenus Leptostemonum Bitter, Solanaceae), the neglected wild progenitor of eggplant (S. melongena L.): a review of taxonomy, characteristics and uses aimed at its enhancement for improved eggplant breeding" masterLastPageNumber="1722" masterPageNumber="1707" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" updateTime="1646744596210" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Solanum insanum L. (subgenus Leptostemonum Bitter, Solanaceae), the neglected wild progenitor of eggplant (S. melongena L.): a review of taxonomy, characteristics and uses aimed at its enhancement for improved eggplant breeding</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Ranil, R. H. G.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Prohens, J.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Aubriot, X.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Niran, H. M. L.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Plazas, M.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Fonseka, R. M.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Vilanova, S.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Fonseka, H. H.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Gramazio, P.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Knapp, S.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2016-11-22</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>64</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number>7</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>1707</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>1722</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location>
|
||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-016-0467-z</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1007/s10722-016-0467-z</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">13fb9a90-13d5-4ae9-83a6-76dd07b21dcc</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6327533</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6329427" ID-GBIF-Taxon="193873884" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6329427" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:861C87F5550CFFB6FFF5F9B1C0F867D4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/861C87F5550CFFB6FFF5F9B1C0F867D4" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="1717" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[125,559,1652,1676]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[125,700,1652,1775]" box="[125,559,1652,1676]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">
|
||
<heading box="[125,559,1652,1676]" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">
|
||
<treatmentCitation box="[125,555,1652,1676]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="L." authorityName="L." box="[125,350,1652,1676]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[125,317,1653,1676]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">Solanum insanum</emphasis>
|
||
L.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Mant. 1:46, 1767
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[125,700,1652,1775]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3698002301" collectionCode="LINN" country="India" determinerName="Hepper & Jaeger" location="Surat" municipality="Surat" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" specimenCode="248.9" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Gujarat" typeStatus="lectotype">
|
||
Type.
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[638,696,1652,1675]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[125,209,1686,1709]" country="India" name="Gujarat" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">Gujarat</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingMunicipality box="[222,281,1686,1709]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">Surat</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
, Collector unknown (
|
||
<typeStatus box="[518,620,1686,1709]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hepper FN & Jaeger PML" box="[234,510,1719,1742]" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bull" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" pagination="387 - 391" part="40" refId="ref10445" refString="Hepper FN, Jaeger PML (1985) The typification of six Linnaean names in solanum. Kew Bull 40: 387 - 391" title="The typification of six Linnaean names in solanum" type="journal article" year="1985">
|
||
<determinerName box="[234,312,1719,1742]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">Hepper</determinerName>
|
||
and
|
||
<determinerName box="[377,445,1719,1742]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">Jaeger</determinerName>
|
||
<originalDetermination box="[457,510,1719,1742]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">1985</originalDetermination>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pg. 389:
|
||
<collectionCode box="[636,699,1719,1742]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15182" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15182" name="Linnean Society of London" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" type="Herbarium">LINN</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode box="[125,194,1752,1775]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">248.9</specimenCode>
|
||
!).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="1714" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[760,1335,786,1772]" box="[790,919,786,809]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[790,892,786,809]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[125,158,1567,1587]" captionTargetId="figure-314@5.[132,691,828,1536]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 1 Morphology of Solanum insanum. A Branch with prickles and mature leaves. B Hermaphroditic flower. C Mature fruit with prickly calyx. Drawn in the field from a weedy plant in Anradhapura district, North Central province, Sri Lanka. Illustration by I. Peabotuwage" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6327539" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6327539/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">Figures 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[906,919,786,809]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[760,793,1275,1295]" captionTargetBox="[133,691,828,1536]" captionTargetId="figure-314@5.[132,691,828,1536]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2 Morphology of Solanum insanum. A Flower from wild c population in Sri Lanka (abandoned field in Anradhapura district, North Central province). B Flower from Sri Lankan accession INS2 cultivated in Spain. C Flower from accession INS3 of unknown origin cultivated in Spain. D Longitudinal section of the flower (X10) of accession INS2. E Fruit without prickly calyx (cultivated Sri Lankan accession in Spain) (accession INS2). F The fruit with prickly calyx (Sri Lankan accession INS1 cultivated in Spain). G The fruit without prickly calyx from a wild population in Sri Lanka (forest boundary in Matale district, Central province). H Longitudinal section of a fruit of accession INS1. I Microscopic view of seeds. J Stem with sharp and slightly curved prickles of accession INS1. K Prostrate form of plant from a home garden. L Adaxial surface of leaf with dark purple prickles (K, L both Anradhapura district, North Central province, Sri Lanka). (Color figure online)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6327537" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6327537/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">2</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[760,1335,786,1772]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Lam., Tabl. Encycl." authorityName="Lam., Tabl. Encycl." box="[790,1151,819,843]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undatum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[790,915,820,843]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">S. undatum</emphasis>
|
||
Lam., Tabl. Encycl.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
2: 22. 1794;
|
||
<treatmentCitation author="" journal="Ind." page="701" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" score="0.03378121803055019" volume="13" year="1826">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canescens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">S. canescens</emphasis>
|
||
Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
13: 701. 1826
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dunal, Prodr." authorityName="Dunal, Prodr." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cumingii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">S. cumingii</emphasis>
|
||
Dunal, Prodr.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 363. 1852;
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dunal, Prodr." authorityName="Dunal, Prodr." box="[837,1204,919,942]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melanocarpum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[837,1033,919,942]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">S. melanocarpum</emphasis>
|
||
Dunal, Prodr.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 355 (1852), nom. superfl. illeg.;
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dunal, Prodr." authorityName="Dunal, Prodr." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="album" variety="gaudichaudii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">S. album</emphasis>
|
||
Lour. var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[944,1085,986,1009]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">gaudichaudii</emphasis>
|
||
Dunal, Prodr.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 361. 1852;
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dunal, Prodr." authorityName="Dunal, Prodr." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="cyanocarphium" variety="obtusangulum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1064,1256,1019,1042]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">S. cyanocarphium</emphasis>
|
||
Blume var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[809,960,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">obtusangulum</emphasis>
|
||
Dunal, Prodr.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 362. 1852;
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dunal, Prodr." authorityName="Dunal, Prodr." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="indicum" variety="pubescens">
|
||
<emphasis box="[972,1091,1085,1108]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">S. indicum</emphasis>
|
||
Nees var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1225,1334,1085,1108]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">pubescens</emphasis>
|
||
Dunal, Prodr.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 310. 1852;
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dunal, Prodr." authorityName="Dunal, Prodr." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schoenbrunnense">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">S. schoenbrunnense</emphasis>
|
||
Dunal, Prodr.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 365. 1852;
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dunal, Prodr." authorityName="Dunal, Prodr." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="trongum" variety="tongdongense">
|
||
<emphasis box="[954,1072,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">S. trongum</emphasis>
|
||
Poir. var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1186,1334,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">tongdongense</emphasis>
|
||
Dunal, Prodr.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 361. 1852;
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dunal, Prodr." authorityName="Dunal, Prodr." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="undatum" variety="aurantiacum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">S. undatum</emphasis>
|
||
Lam. var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[973,1109,1251,1274]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">aurantiacum</emphasis>
|
||
Dunal, Prodr.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 359. 1852;
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Dunal, Prodr." authorityName="Dunal, Prodr." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="undatum" variety="violaceum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1101,1222,1284,1307]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">S. undatum</emphasis>
|
||
Lam. var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[760,870,1318,1341]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">violaceum</emphasis>
|
||
Dunal, Prodr.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 359. 1852;
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[885,1031,1351,1374]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[885,1031,1351,1374]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1073,1213,1351,1374]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="melongena" variety="insanum">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1123,1213,1351,1374]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) Prain, Bengal Pl. 746 (1903).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[760,1335,786,1772]" lastBlockId="7.[125,700,159,1378]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="1714" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711">
|
||
Erect or prostrate branched shrub,
|
||
<quantity box="[1218,1330,1417,1440]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" unit="m" value="1.0" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1.5 m</quantity>
|
||
, prickly. Young stems terete, occasionally purplish, moderately stellate-pubescent to glabrescent with minute simple hairs, prickly, the stellate trichomes porrect, translucent, stalked, thestalks to
|
||
<quantity box="[1192,1275,1550,1573]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, the rays 6–12,
|
||
<quantity box="[932,1062,1583,1606]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" unit="mm" value="0.3" valueMax="0.4" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, the midpoints ca. same length as the rays or to
|
||
<quantity box="[1119,1185,1616,1639]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
, the prickles
|
||
<quantity box="[760,849,1649,1672]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="3.0">3–8 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity box="[940,1050,1649,1672]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" unit="mm" value="2.75" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide at base, straight, flattened, yellow–orange or purple, glabrous, spaced
|
||
<quantity box="[760,863,1716,1739]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="1711" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="2.0">2–10 mm</quantity>
|
||
apart; bark of older stems glabrescent, gray to brown. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves not geminate. Leaves simple, the blades
|
||
<quantity box="[1158,1273,828,851]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.25" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712" unit="cm" value="7.25" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="2.5">2.5–12 cm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity box="[760,861,862,885]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.65" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712" unit="cm" value="4.65" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="1.3">1.3–8 cm</quantity>
|
||
wide, ca. 1.5X longer than wide, ovate, chartaceous, with 2–20 prickles on both surfaces, the prickles green or purple; adaxial and abaxial surfaces moderately stellate-pubescent with porrect, sessile or stalked trichomes, the stalks to 0.2, the rays 5–8,
|
||
<quantity box="[760,869,1028,1051]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712" unit="mm" value="0.65" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.3">0.3–1 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, the midpoints ca. same length as the rays; major veins 3–5 pairs, sometimes purplish near the petiole, the finer venation usually visible abaxially but not adaxially; base truncate, sometimes obtuse; margins lobed, the lobes 2–3 on each side,
|
||
<quantity box="[1213,1335,1160,1183]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712" unit="cm" value="0.85" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1.2 cm</quantity>
|
||
long, broadly deltate, apically rounded, the sinuses extending 1/4–1/3 of the distance to the midvein; apex rounded to acute; petiole
|
||
<quantity box="[410,512,1720,1743]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="1713" unit="cm" value="1.85" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="0.7">0.7–3 cm</quantity>
|
||
long, 1/4–1/3 of the leaf blade length, 2–3 mmm in diameter, moderately stellate-pubescent to glabrescent, with 0–5 prickles. Inflorescences apparently terminal or lateral,
|
||
<quantity box="[855,976,1753,1776]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="1713" unit="cm" value="3.0" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="2.5">2.5–3.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
long, unbranched, with 1–3 flowers, 1 flower open at any one time; axes moderately stellate-pubescent to glabrescent, unarmed; peduncle
|
||
<quantity box="[236,340,226,249]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="13.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="0.0">0–13 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; pedicels
|
||
<quantity box="[529,630,226,249]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" unit="cm" value="0.9" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1 cm</quantity>
|
||
long, erect, articulated at the base, moderately stellatepubescent to glabrescent, unarmed; pedicel scars spaced
|
||
<quantity box="[227,317,325,348]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
|
||
apart. Flowers 5(-6)-merous, heterostylous and the plants andromonoecious, with the lowermost flower long-styled and hermaphrodite, the distal flowers short-styled and staminate. Calyx
|
||
<quantity box="[125,226,458,481]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" unit="cm" value="0.75" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1 cm</quantity>
|
||
long, moderately stellate–pubescent, with 0–15 prickles, thelobes
|
||
<quantity box="[377,467,491,514]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" unit="mm" value="5.0" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="4.0">4–6 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, deltate, apically acute. Corolla
|
||
<quantity box="[281,403,525,548]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" unit="cm" value="2.1" valueMax="2.6" valueMin="1.6">1.6–2.6 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, mauve, almost rotate, lobed for ca. 1/4 of the way to the base, the lobes
|
||
<quantity box="[202,305,591,614]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" unit="mm" value="8.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="7.0">7–10 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity box="[401,517,591,614]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, broadly deltate, spreading, sparsely stellate-pubescent abaxially, thetrichomes porrect, sessileor stalked, thestalks to
|
||
<quantity box="[163,249,691,714]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, the rays 4–8,
|
||
<quantity box="[447,577,691,714]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" unit="mm" value="0.44999999999999996" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, the midpoints ca. same length as the rays. Stamens equal, with the filament tube ca.
|
||
<quantity box="[443,526,757,780]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, the free portion of the filaments ca.
|
||
<quantity box="[470,533,790,813]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; anthers
|
||
<quantity box="[125,234,823,846]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.25" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" unit="mm" value="5.25" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="4.5">4.5–6 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, connivent, tapering, poricidal at the tips. Ovary stellate-pubescent in the upper 1/4; style
|
||
<quantity box="[125,246,890,913]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" unit="cm" value="0.6" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.5">0.5–0.7 cm</quantity>
|
||
long in long-styled flowers (
|
||
<quantity box="[576,700,890,913]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" unit="cm" value="0.25" valueMax="0.3" valueMin="0.2">0.2–0.3 cm</quantity>
|
||
long in short-styled flowers), broad and straight, moderately stellate-pubescent in the lower 1/2. Fruit a spherical berry, 1–2 per infructescence,
|
||
<quantity box="[571,672,989,1012]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" unit="cm" value="2.25" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5–3 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, the pericarp smooth, dark green with pale green and cream markings when young, yellow at maturity, glabrous; fruiting pedicels
|
||
<quantity box="[517,638,1089,1112]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" unit="cm" value="1.85" valueMax="2.2" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2.2 cm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity box="[125,234,1122,1145]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5–3 mm</quantity>
|
||
indiameter at base, woody, pendulous, with 0–5 prickles; fruiting calyx lobes expanding to
|
||
<quantity box="[125,228,1189,1212]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" unit="mm" value="12.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="9.0">9–15 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, 1/4–1/3 the length of the mature fruit, reflexed, with 2–30 prickles. Seeds ca. 50–150 per berry,
|
||
<quantity box="[199,309,1255,1278]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" unit="mm" value="2.7" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.4">2.4–3 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity box="[387,516,1255,1278]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="2.2" valueMin="1.8">1.8–2.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, flattenedreniform, orange–brown, the surfaces minutely pitted, thetestal cells with straight lateral walls. Chromosome number: n = 12 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Meyer RS & Karol KG & Little DP & Nee MH & Litt A" box="[314,506,1355,1378]" journalOrPublisher="Mol Phylogenet Evol" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" pagination="685 - 701" part="63" refId="ref11283" refString="Meyer RS, Karol KG, Little DP, Nee MH, Litt A (2012) Phylogeographic relationships among Asian eggplants and new perspectives on eggplant domestication. Mol Phylogenet Evol 63: 685 - 701" title="Phylogeographic relationships among Asian eggplants and new perspectives on eggplant domestication" type="journal article" year="2012">Meyer et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="5ACA666B550DFFB8FFF5FF60C17A679A" box="[125,800,163,183]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5ACA666B550DFFB8FFF5FF60C17A679A" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712" startId="5.[125,180,164,183]" targetBox="[125,1328,207,728]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[125,800,163,183]" box="[125,800,163,183]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[125,198,163,183]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">Table 2</emphasis>
|
||
Some medicinal uses of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[443,543,163,183]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[443,543,163,183]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in selected Asian countries
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">
|
||
<table box="[125,1328,207,728]" gridcols="3" gridrows="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">
|
||
<tr box="[125,1328,207,227]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">
|
||
<th box="[125,227,207,227]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">Country</th>
|
||
<th box="[249,922,207,227]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">Uses</th>
|
||
<th box="[944,1328,207,227]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">Source</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[125,1328,257,277]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">
|
||
<th box="[125,227,257,277]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">China</th>
|
||
<td box="[249,922,257,277]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">Ingested to relieve liver problems</td>
|
||
<td box="[944,1328,257,277]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Meyer RS & Bamshad M & Fuller DQ & Litt A" box="[944,1125,257,277]" journalOrPublisher="Econ Bot" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712" pagination="137 - 152" part="68" refId="ref11320" refString="Meyer RS, Bamshad M, Fuller DQ, Litt A (2014) Comparing medicinal uses of eggplant and related Solanaceae in China, India and the Philippines suggests the independent development of uses, cultural diffusions, and recent species substitutions. Econ Bot 68: 137 - 152" title="Comparing medicinal uses of eggplant and related Solanaceae in China, India and the Philippines suggests the independent development of uses, cultural diffusions, and recent species substitutions" type="journal article" year="2014">Meyer et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[125,1328,291,338]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">
|
||
<th box="[125,227,291,338]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">India</th>
|
||
<td box="[249,922,291,338]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">Seeds used to treat toothache; unspecified plant parts are consumed to relieve cough; topically applied to relieve skin problems</td>
|
||
<td box="[944,1328,291,338]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Meyer RS & Bamshad M & Fuller DQ & Litt A" box="[944,1125,291,311]" journalOrPublisher="Econ Bot" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712" pagination="137 - 152" part="68" refId="ref11320" refString="Meyer RS, Bamshad M, Fuller DQ, Litt A (2014) Comparing medicinal uses of eggplant and related Solanaceae in China, India and the Philippines suggests the independent development of uses, cultural diffusions, and recent species substitutions. Econ Bot 68: 137 - 152" title="Comparing medicinal uses of eggplant and related Solanaceae in China, India and the Philippines suggests the independent development of uses, cultural diffusions, and recent species substitutions" type="journal article" year="2014">Meyer et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[125,1328,352,425]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[249,922,352,425]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">Fruits stimulate the intrahepatic metabolism of cholesterol; leaves used in treatment of cholera, bronchitis and asthma; roots used to cure dyspepsia, fever, skin ailments, vomiting, ulcer and poisonous infections</td>
|
||
<td box="[944,1328,352,425]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sivarajan VV & Balachandran I" box="[944,1272,352,372]" journalOrPublisher="Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712" refId="ref12424" refString="Sivarajan VV, Balachandran I (1994) Ayurvedic drugs and their plant sources. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi" title="Ayurvedic drugs and their plant sources" type="book" year="1994">Sivarajan and Balachandran (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Elias J & Rajesh MG & Anish NP & Ragitha EV & Jayan N" journalOrPublisher="Res J Pharmacogn Phytochem" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712" pagination="364 - 376" part="2" refId="ref10125" refString="Elias J, Rajesh MG, Anish NP, Ragitha EV, Jayan N (2010) Pharmacognostic standaridation of Solanum melongena var. insanum Linn. Res J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2: 364 - 376" title="Pharmacognostic standaridation of Solanum melongena var. insanum Linn" type="journal article" year="2010">Elias et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[125,1328,439,485]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[249,922,439,485]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">Ingredient of Ayurvedic medicine ‘‘dasamula’’; cure for asthma, bronchitis, and cough; fruits used locally for toothache</td>
|
||
<td box="[944,1328,439,485]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">Chorley and Bharatan 3 (herbarium specimen with barcode BM000013803)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[125,1328,499,546]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">
|
||
<th box="[125,227,499,546]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">Philippines</th>
|
||
<td box="[249,922,499,546]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">Leaves used in poultices are said to be mitigating and resolvent; seeds employed as a sedative, sometimes used to cure toothache</td>
|
||
<td box="[944,1328,499,546]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown WH" box="[944,1074,499,519]" journalOrPublisher="Bureau of Forestry, Manila" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712" refId="ref9697" refString="Brown WH (1920) Minor products of Philippine forests. Bureau of Forestry, Manila" title="Minor products of Philippine forests" type="book" year="1920">Brown (1920)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[125,1328,560,607]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">
|
||
<th box="[125,227,560,607]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">Sri Lanka</th>
|
||
<td box="[249,922,560,607]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">Root used for various lung ailments, diarrhea, cough and rheumatism; leaves and stems made into a congee for convalescing patients</td>
|
||
<td box="[944,1328,560,607]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jayaweera DMA" box="[944,1107,560,580]" journalOrPublisher="National Science Council of Sri Lanka, Colombo" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712" part="vol 5" refId="ref10619" refString="Jayaweera DMA (1982) Medicinal plants (indigenous and exotic) used in Ceylon, vol 5. National Science Council of Sri Lanka, Colombo" title="Medicinal plants (indigenous and exotic) used in Ceylon" type="book" year="1982">Jayaweera (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[125,1328,621,667]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[249,922,621,667]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">Treatment for edema, body aches and pain, heart diseases, asthma, piles, fever, facial paralysis and sciatica</td>
|
||
<td box="[944,1328,621,667]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">http://www.instituteofayurveda.org</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[125,1328,681,728]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td box="[249,922,681,728]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">Roots used for various lung ailments, diarrhoea, coughs and rheumatism; leaves and stems used to prepare congee for convalescing patients</td>
|
||
<td box="[944,1328,681,728]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">Pers. obs.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6327537" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6327537" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6327537/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712" startId="5.[760,793,1275,1295]" targetBox="[133,691,828,1536]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[760,1355,1275,1721]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[760,815,1275,1295]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">Fig. 2</emphasis>
|
||
Morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[976,1137,1276,1296]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[976,1137,1276,1296]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">Solanum insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1150,1166,1275,1295]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">A</emphasis>
|
||
Flower from wild
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1337,1355,1277,1296]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">c</emphasis>
|
||
population in Sri Lanka (abandoned field in Anradhapura district, North Central province).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1079,1094,1329,1348]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">B</emphasis>
|
||
Flower from Sri Lankan accession INS2 cultivated in Spain.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1099,1115,1355,1375]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">C</emphasis>
|
||
Flower from accession INS3 of unknown origin cultivated in Spain.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1192,1208,1382,1401]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">D</emphasis>
|
||
Longitudinal section of the flower (X10) of accession INS2.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1193,1208,1409,1428]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">E</emphasis>
|
||
Fruit without prickly calyx (cultivated Sri Lankan accession in Spain) (accession INS2).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[932,946,1462,1481]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">F</emphasis>
|
||
The fruit with prickly calyx (Sri Lankan accession INS1 cultivated in Spain).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1090,1108,1488,1508]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">G</emphasis>
|
||
The fruit without prickly calyx from a wild population in Sri Lanka (forest boundary in Matale district, Central province).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1079,1097,1542,1561]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">H</emphasis>
|
||
Longitudinal section of a fruit of accession INS1.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[989,998,1568,1587]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">I</emphasis>
|
||
Microscopic view of seeds.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1268,1279,1568,1587]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">J</emphasis>
|
||
Stem with sharp and slightly curved prickles of accession INS1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6327539" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6327539" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6327539/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712" startId="5.[125,158,1567,1587]" targetBox="[133,691,828,1536]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[125,701,1567,1694]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[125,180,1567,1587]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">Fig. 1</emphasis>
|
||
Morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[357,527,1568,1588]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[357,527,1568,1588]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">Solanum insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[548,564,1567,1587]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">A</emphasis>
|
||
Branch with prickles and mature leaves.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[375,390,1595,1614]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">B</emphasis>
|
||
Hermaphroditic flower.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[612,628,1594,1614]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">C</emphasis>
|
||
Mature fruit with prickly calyx. Drawn in the field from a weedy plant in Anradhapura district, North Central province, Sri Lanka. Illustration by I. Peabotuwage
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[760,1355,1275,1721]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[760,778,1621,1640]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">K</emphasis>
|
||
Prostrate form of plant from a home garden. L Adaxial surface of leaf with
|
||
<emphasis box="[888,1084,1647,1667]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">dark purple prickles</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1103,1121,1648,1667]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">K</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1137,1152,1648,1667]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1712">L</emphasis>
|
||
both Anradhapura district, North Central province, Sri Lanka). (Color figure online)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[125,254,1421,1444]" box="[125,254,1421,1444]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">Distribution</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[125,700,1488,1776]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[132,225,1488,1511]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[125,158,1002,1022]" captionTargetBox="[132,1326,158,972]" captionTargetId="figure-320@8.[132,1326,158,972]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 3 Geographical distribution of Solanum insanum L. Apparent large gaps in the distribution of this very common species are due to a variety of factors. Among them are (1) our not having seen many local herbaria in India or Myanmar, (2) the lack of specificity in localities in many early collections from India (see Endersby 2008), and (3) possible collecting deficit, especially in Myanmar and Sumatra" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6327543" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6327543/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[242,432,1488,1511]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[242,432,1488,1511]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">Solanum insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs throughout south and southeast Asia, from eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[494,584,1521,1544]" name="Pakistan" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
extending southwestwards to the Indian Ocean islands of
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Madagascar" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[241,345,1587,1610]" name="Mauritius" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
(where itmay have been taken by people) and eastwards to the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[440,563,1620,1643]" name="Philippines" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Bean (2012 onwards) reports
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[309,425,1654,1677]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[309,425,1654,1677]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as naturalized in Queensland; this is certainly an introduction.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[125,700,1488,1776]" lastBlockId="7.[760,1335,159,315]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[155,349,1720,1743]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[155,349,1720,1743]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">Solanum insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been cited as occurring in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[125,255,1753,1776]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(https://training.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/ taxonomydetail.aspx?id=462492), but no specimens or references are cited. We have seen no herbarium specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[915,1035,226,249]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[915,1035,226,249]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1109,1242,226,249]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but the related species
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[937,1068,259,282]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[937,1068,259,282]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">S. incanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1285,1330,259,282]" name="Iran" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[760,890,292,315]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and western
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1034,1124,292,315]" name="Pakistan" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
in desert areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[760,977,359,382]" box="[760,977,359,382]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">Habitat and ecology</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[760,1334,425,813]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[760,957,425,448]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[760,957,425,448]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">Solanum insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an annual or perennial weed usually growing in open fields and disturbed habitats around villages and other human-impacted areas. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[760,871,525,548]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
, we have observed it cultivated in home gardens in all climatic zones as well as in shifting cultivation (slash and burn cultivation) in the drier parts of the island (
|
||
<quantity box="[959,1058,624,647]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" unit="m" value="300.0" valueMax="600.0" valueMin="0.0">0–600 m</quantity>
|
||
) where it grows on a wide range of geographical, climatic and soil conditions and thrives well even in infertile soils. This suggests that material of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[889,1009,724,747]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[889,1009,724,747]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might be useful for eggplant breeding for adaptation to drought and other abiotic environmental stresses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="1716" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[760,1290,857,913]" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">
|
||
Comparison of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[927,1044,857,880]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">S. insanum</taxonomicName>
|
||
with closely related
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">S. melongena</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[931,1051,890,913]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incanum">S. incanum</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[760,1335,956,1776]" lastBlockId="8.[125,700,1144,1765]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="1715" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[760,956,957,980]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[760,956,957,980]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">Solanum insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very variable morphologically both across its range and within populations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp S & Vorontsova MS & Prohens J" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" pagination="e 57039" part="8" refId="ref10855" refString="Knapp S, Vorontsova MS, Prohens J (2013) Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group. PLoS ONE 8: e 57039" title="Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group" type="journal article" year="2013">Knapp et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hepper FN" box="[905,1065,1023,1046]" editor="Dassanayake MD" journalOrPublisher="Amerind Publishing Company Private Limited, New Delhi" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" pagination="365 - 409" part="vol 6" refId="ref10406" refString="Hepper FN (1987) Solanaceae. In: Dassanayake MD (ed) A revised handbook of the flora of Ceylon, vol 6. Amerind Publishing Company Private Limited, New Delhi, pp 365 - 409" title="Solanaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="A revised handbook of the flora of Ceylon" year="1987">Hepper (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
treated
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1159,1279,1023,1046]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1159,1279,1023,1046]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a variety of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[867,1010,1056,1079]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[867,1010,1056,1079]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in his treatment of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1214,1334,1056,1079]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the
|
||
<emphasis box="[827,998,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">
|
||
Flora of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[922,998,1089,1112]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">Ceylon</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
where he indicated that ‘‘many forms of this variable species are apparent, even in a single wild population’’. In fact, many intermediate forms between
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[941,1093,1189,1212]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[941,1093,1189,1212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1161,1286,1189,1212]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1161,1286,1189,1212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are present in Southeast Asia, indicating that gene flow exists between both species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Davidar P & Snow AA & Rajkumar M & Pasquet R & Daunay M-C & Mutegi E" box="[1098,1326,1255,1278]" journalOrPublisher="Am J Bot" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" pagination="128 - 138" part="102" refId="ref9935" refString="Davidar P, Snow AA, Rajkumar M, Pasquet R, Daunay M-C, Mutegi E (2015) The potential for crop to wild hybridization in eggplant (Solanum melongena; Solanaceae) in southern India. Am J Bot 102: 128 - 138" title="The potential for crop to wild hybridization in eggplant (Solanum melongena; Solanaceae) in southern India" type="journal article" year="2015">Davidar et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mutegi E & Snow AA & Rajkumar M & Pasquet R & Ponniah H & Daunay M-C & Davidar P" box="[760,965,1288,1311]" journalOrPublisher="Am J Bot" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" pagination="139 - 147" part="102" refId="ref11482" refString="Mutegi E, Snow AA, Rajkumar M, Pasquet R, Ponniah H, Daunay M-C, Davidar P (2015) Genetic diversity and population structure of wild / weedy eggplant (Solanum insanum, Solanaceae) in southern India: implication for conservation. Am J Bot 102: 139 - 147" title="Genetic diversity and population structure of wild / weedy eggplant (Solanum insanum, Solanaceae) in southern India: implication for conservation" type="journal article" year="2015">Mutegi et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Considerable variation has also been described both between and within populations in central and southern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1027,1082,1355,1378]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Deb DB" box="[1099,1209,1355,1378]" editor="Hawkes JG & Lester RN & Skelding AD" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press and Linnean Society of London, London" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" pagination="87 - 112" refId="ref9982" refString="Deb DB (1979) Solanaceae in India. In: Hawkes JG, Lester RN, Skelding AD (eds) The biology and taxonomy of the Solanaceae. Academic Press and Linnean Society of London, London, pp 87 - 112" title="Solanaceae in India" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The biology and taxonomy of the Solanaceae" year="1979">Deb 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Karihaloo JL & Rai M" journalOrPublisher="Plant Genet Resour Newsl" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" pagination="24 - 26" part="103" refId="ref10646" refString="Karihaloo JL, Rai M (1995) Significance of morphological variability in Solanum insanum L. (sensu lato). Plant Genet Resour Newsl 103: 24 - 26" title="Significance of morphological variability in Solanum insanum L. (sensu lato)" type="journal article" year="1995">Karihaloo and Rai 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Davidar P & Snow AA & Rajkumar M & Pasquet R & Daunay M-C & Mutegi E" box="[913,1113,1388,1411]" journalOrPublisher="Am J Bot" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" pagination="128 - 138" part="102" refId="ref9935" refString="Davidar P, Snow AA, Rajkumar M, Pasquet R, Daunay M-C, Mutegi E (2015) The potential for crop to wild hybridization in eggplant (Solanum melongena; Solanaceae) in southern India. Am J Bot 102: 128 - 138" title="The potential for crop to wild hybridization in eggplant (Solanum melongena; Solanaceae) in southern India" type="journal article" year="2015">Davidar et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mutegi E & Snow AA & Rajkumar M & Pasquet R & Ponniah H & Daunay M-C & Davidar P" box="[1126,1318,1388,1411]" journalOrPublisher="Am J Bot" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" pagination="139 - 147" part="102" refId="ref11482" refString="Mutegi E, Snow AA, Rajkumar M, Pasquet R, Ponniah H, Daunay M-C, Davidar P (2015) Genetic diversity and population structure of wild / weedy eggplant (Solanum insanum, Solanaceae) in southern India: implication for conservation. Am J Bot 102: 139 - 147" title="Genetic diversity and population structure of wild / weedy eggplant (Solanum insanum, Solanaceae) in southern India: implication for conservation" type="journal article" year="2015">Mutegi et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). All members of the eggplant clade are morphologically very similar (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp S & Vorontsova MS & Prohens J" box="[975,1180,1454,1477]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" pagination="e 57039" part="8" refId="ref10855" refString="Knapp S, Vorontsova MS, Prohens J (2013) Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group. PLoS ONE 8: e 57039" title="Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group" type="journal article" year="2013">Knapp et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Deb D" box="[1207,1334,1454,1477]" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" pagination="138 - 139" part="38" refId="ref10026" refString="Deb D (1989) Solanum melongena, Solanum incanum versus Solanum insanum (Solanaceae). Taxon 38: 138 - 139" title="Solanum melongena, Solanum incanum versus Solanum insanum (Solanaceae)" type="journal article" year="1989">Deb (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used prominent morphological traits to investigate the species boundaries of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[993,1109,1521,1544]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[993,1109,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1121,1264,1521,1544]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1121,1264,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">S. incanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lester RN & Hasan SMZ" box="[916,1189,1554,1577]" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" pagination="521 - 523" part="39" refId="ref10965" refString="Lester RN, Hasan SMZ (1990) The distinction between Solanum incanum L. and Solanum insanum L. (Solanaceae). Taxon 39: 521 - 523" title="The distinction between Solanum incanum L. and Solanum insanum L. (Solanaceae)" type="journal article" year="1990">Lester and Hasan (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
compared
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[911,1034,1587,1610]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[911,1034,1587,1610]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">S. incanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; both these authors distinguished the taxa as different, although later authors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lester RN & Hasan SMZ" box="[767,1030,1654,1677]" editor="Hawkes JG & Lester RN & Skelding AD" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press and Linnean Society of London, London" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" pagination="369 - 387" refId="ref10995" refString="Lester RN, Hasan SMZ (1991) Origin and domestication of the brinjal eggplant, Solanum melongena, from Solanum incanum, in Africa and Asia. In: Hawkes JG, Lester RN, Skelding AD (eds) Solanaceae I: the biology and taxonomy of the Solanaceae. Academic Press and Linnean Society of London, London, pp 369 - 387" title="Origin and domestication of the brinjal eggplant, Solanum melongena, from Solanum incanum, in Africa and Asia" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Solanaceae I: the biology and taxonomy of the Solanaceae" year="1991">Lester and Hasan 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Daunay MC & Hazra P" box="[1050,1325,1654,1677]" editor="Hazra P & Peter KV" journalOrPublisher="Studium Press, Houston" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" pagination="257 - 322" refId="ref9902" refString="Daunay MC, Hazra P (2012) Eggplant. In: Hazra P, Peter KV (eds) Handbook of vegetables. Studium Press, Houston, pp 257 - 322" title="Eggplant" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Handbook of vegetables" year="2012">Daunay and Hazra 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) used a series of informal group names under the species names ‘‘
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[937,1058,1720,1743]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[937,1058,1720,1743]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">S. incanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’’ and ‘‘
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1144,1290,1720,1743]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1144,1290,1720,1743]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="1714">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’’ to encompass the variation and partial overlap in character states amongst these plants. As shown using molecular tools,
|
||
<emphasis box="[316,608,1178,1201]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[316,442,1178,1201]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">S. insanum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[459,608,1178,1201]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">S. melongena</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">S. incanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are indeed closely related, but distinct (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Meyer RS & Karol KG & Little DP & Nee MH & Litt A" box="[132,327,1244,1267]" journalOrPublisher="Mol Phylogenet Evol" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" pagination="685 - 701" part="63" refId="ref11283" refString="Meyer RS, Karol KG, Little DP, Nee MH, Litt A (2012) Phylogeographic relationships among Asian eggplants and new perspectives on eggplant domestication. Mol Phylogenet Evol 63: 685 - 701" title="Phylogeographic relationships among Asian eggplants and new perspectives on eggplant domestication" type="journal article" year="2012">Meyer et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Meyer RS & Whitaker BD & Littler DP & Wu SB & Kennelly EJ & Long CL & Litt A" box="[342,395,1244,1267]" journalOrPublisher="Phytochemistry" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" pagination="194 - 206" part="115" refId="ref11371" refString="Meyer RS, Whitaker BD, Littler DP, Wu SB, Kennelly EJ, Long CL, Litt A (2015) Parallel reduction in phenolic constituents resulting from the domestication of eggplant. Phytochemistry 115: 194 - 206" title="Parallel reduction in phenolic constituents resulting from the domestication of eggplant" type="journal article" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp S & Vorontsova MS & Prohens J" box="[411,606,1244,1267]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" pagination="e 57039" part="8" refId="ref10855" refString="Knapp S, Vorontsova MS, Prohens J (2013) Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group. PLoS ONE 8: e 57039" title="Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group" type="journal article" year="2013">Knapp et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mutegi E & Snow AA & Rajkumar M & Pasquet R & Ponniah H & Daunay M-C & Davidar P" journalOrPublisher="Am J Bot" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" pagination="139 - 147" part="102" refId="ref11482" refString="Mutegi E, Snow AA, Rajkumar M, Pasquet R, Ponniah H, Daunay M-C, Davidar P (2015) Genetic diversity and population structure of wild / weedy eggplant (Solanum insanum, Solanaceae) in southern India: implication for conservation. Am J Bot 102: 139 - 147" title="Genetic diversity and population structure of wild / weedy eggplant (Solanum insanum, Solanaceae) in southern India: implication for conservation" type="journal article" year="2015">Mutegi et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Aubriot X & Singh P & Knapp S" box="[253,457,1277,1300]" journalOrPublisher="Bot J Linn Soc" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" pagination="1 - 27" part="180" refId="ref9357" refString="Aubriot X, Singh P, Knapp S (2016) Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of '' spiny solanums' ' (the Leptostemonum Clade: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic. Bot J Linn Soc 180: 1 - 27. doi: 10.1111 / boj. 12412" title="Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of '' spiny solanums' ' (the Leptostemonum Clade: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic" type="journal article" year="2016">Aubriot et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6327543" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6327543" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6327543/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" startId="8.[125,158,1002,1022]" targetBox="[132,1326,158,972]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[125,700,1002,1102]" lastBlockId="8.[760,1335,1003,1076]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[125,180,1002,1022]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">Fig. 3</emphasis>
|
||
Geographical distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="L. Apparent" authorityName="L. Apparent" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[491,663,1003,1023]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">Solanum insanum</emphasis>
|
||
L. Apparent
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
large gaps in the distribution of this very common species are due to a variety of factors. Among them are (1) our not having seen many local herbaria in India or Myanmar, (2) the lack of specificity in localities in many early collections from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[760,807,1029,1049]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Endersby JJ" box="[858,997,1029,1049]" journalOrPublisher="J Biosci" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" pagination="163 - 169" part="33" refId="ref10161" refString="Endersby JJ (2008) Joseph Hooker; a philosophical botanist. J Biosci 33: 163 - 169" title="Joseph Hooker; a philosophical botanist" type="journal article" year="2008">Endersby 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and (3) possible collecting deficit, especially in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[881,969,1056,1075]" name="Myanmar" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Sumatra
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[125,700,1144,1765]" lastBlockId="8.[760,1335,1144,1765]" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[155,345,1310,1333]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[155,345,1310,1333]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">Solanum insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is morphologically similar to the mostly African species
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[384,506,1344,1367]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[384,506,1344,1367]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">S. incanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(distributed from northern Africa to
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[355,448,1377,1400]" name="Pakistan" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vorontsova MS & Knapp S" journalOrPublisher="Syst Bot Monogr" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" pagination="1 - 436" part="99" refId="ref12700" refString="Vorontsova MS, Knapp S (2016) A revision of the '' spiny solanums' ', Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae) in Africa and Madagascar. Syst Bot Monogr 99: 1 - 436" title="A revision of the '' spiny solanums' ', Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae) in Africa and Madagascar" type="journal article" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but can be distinguished from it in its sparser pubescence, less robust and usually straighter prickles, larger flowers, and distribution in Asia (see
|
||
<tableCitation box="[125,207,1509,1532]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[125,180,164,183]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1 Morphological differences of typical (prickly) S. insanum and its relatives, S. melongena and S. incanum based on field observations of plants grown in Valencia and from Knapp et al. (2013) and Vorontsova and Knapp (2016)" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5ACA666B550BFFBEFFF5FF60C60667FF" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" tableUuid="5ACA666B550BFFBEFFF5FF60C60667FF">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vorontsova MS & Knapp S" box="[233,572,1509,1532]" journalOrPublisher="Syst Bot Monogr" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" pagination="1 - 436" part="99" refId="ref12700" refString="Vorontsova MS, Knapp S (2016) A revision of the '' spiny solanums' ', Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae) in Africa and Madagascar. Syst Bot Monogr 99: 1 - 436" title="A revision of the '' spiny solanums' ', Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae) in Africa and Madagascar" type="journal article" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although poorly prepared specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[515,605,1543,1566]" name="Pakistan" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
can be difficult to identify.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[350,543,1576,1599]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[350,543,1576,1599]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">Solanum insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has erect and prostrate forms throughout its range, while
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[582,699,1609,1632]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[582,699,1609,1632]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">S. incanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is always an erect shrublet or shrub. The two species are possibly sympatric in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[402,492,1675,1698]" name="Pakistan" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(although we have seen no evidence of this), but
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[466,588,1709,1732]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[466,588,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">S. incanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in drier habitats and further to the west than
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[575,692,1742,1765]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[575,692,1742,1765]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[999,1129,1144,1167]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[999,1129,1144,1167]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">S. incanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is from western
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[760,853,1177,1200]" name="Pakistan" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[863,993,1177,1200]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1044,1087,1177,1200]" name="Iran" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
across the Middle East and northern Africa. Citations of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1147,1269,1211,1234]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1147,1269,1211,1234]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from these areas are almost certainly references to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">S. incanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(or to the cultivated eggplant itself). Confusion over the distributional limits of these taxa comes in part from the treatment in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1077,1223,1344,1367]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">Flora Iranica</emphasis>
|
||
(covering western
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[853,946,1377,1400]" name="Pakistan" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[959,1089,1377,1400]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1148,1194,1377,1400]" name="Iran" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
; Schönbeck-Temesy 1972) where the correct name,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1205,1328,1410,1433]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1205,1328,1410,1433]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">S. incanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was used, but the distribution of the species was said to include what we know recognize as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1164,1284,1476,1499]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1164,1284,1476,1499]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. All specimens cited by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schonbeck-Temesy E" box="[975,1265,1509,1533]" editor="Rechinger KH" journalOrPublisher="Akademische Druck-und Verlagsanstalt, Graz" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" pagination="1 - 82" refId="ref12394" refString="Schonbeck-Temesy E (1972) Solanaceae. In: Rechinger KH (ed) Flora Iranica, vol 100. Akademische Druck-und Verlagsanstalt, Graz, pp 1 - 82" title="Solanaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Flora Iranica, vol 100" year="1972">Schönbeck-Temesy (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">S. incanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[760,1335,1144,1765]" lastBlockId="9.[125,700,159,1776]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="1716" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">
|
||
As a cultivated plant,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1021,1164,1576,1599]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1021,1164,1576,1599]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows morphological differences to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1019,1145,1609,1632]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1019,1145,1609,1632]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="1715">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
associated with domestication and subsequent evolution with human populations. These include fewer prickles on all plant parts, larger, often fasciated flowers with supernumerary parts, larger fruits, and spongy fruit mesocarp (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp S & Vorontsova MS & Prohens J" box="[132,320,159,182]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="e 57039" part="8" refId="ref10855" refString="Knapp S, Vorontsova MS, Prohens J (2013) Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group. PLoS ONE 8: e 57039" title="Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group" type="journal article" year="2013">Knapp et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see also
|
||
<tableCitation box="[421,504,159,182]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[125,180,164,183]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1 Morphological differences of typical (prickly) S. insanum and its relatives, S. melongena and S. incanum based on field observations of plants grown in Valencia and from Knapp et al. (2013) and Vorontsova and Knapp (2016)" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5ACA666B550BFFBEFFF5FF60C60667FF" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" tableUuid="5ACA666B550BFFBEFFF5FF60C60667FF">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Some landraces, however, can approach
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[375,490,193,216]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[375,490,193,216]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in fruit size or stem prickliness. Also, some modern F1 hybrids have been created by seed companies in southeastern Asia that mimic fruits of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[306,427,292,315]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[306,427,292,315]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in fruit size, shape and colour, although they generallyhave noprickles on the calyx.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mutegi E & Snow AA & Rajkumar M & Pasquet R & Ponniah H & Daunay M-C & Davidar P" box="[199,420,359,382]" journalOrPublisher="Am J Bot" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="139 - 147" part="102" refId="ref11482" refString="Mutegi E, Snow AA, Rajkumar M, Pasquet R, Ponniah H, Daunay M-C, Davidar P (2015) Genetic diversity and population structure of wild / weedy eggplant (Solanum insanum, Solanaceae) in southern India: implication for conservation. Am J Bot 102: 139 - 147" title="Genetic diversity and population structure of wild / weedy eggplant (Solanum insanum, Solanaceae) in southern India: implication for conservation" type="journal article" year="2015">Mutegi et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported outcrossing rate among the wild/weedy populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[574,699,392,415]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[574,699,392,415]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ranged from 5–33%, indicating a variable mixedmating system. In addition
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Davidar P & Snow AA & Rajkumar M & Pasquet R & Daunay M-C & Mutegi E" box="[451,699,458,481]" journalOrPublisher="Am J Bot" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="128 - 138" part="102" refId="ref9935" refString="Davidar P, Snow AA, Rajkumar M, Pasquet R, Daunay M-C, Mutegi E (2015) The potential for crop to wild hybridization in eggplant (Solanum melongena; Solanaceae) in southern India. Am J Bot 102: 128 - 138" title="The potential for crop to wild hybridization in eggplant (Solanum melongena; Solanaceae) in southern India" type="journal article" year="2015">Davidar et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that the exserted stigmas of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[541,659,492,515]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[541,659,492,515]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are likely to promote outcrossing and the most effective pollinators appeared to be bees, potentially increasing the diversity of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[323,450,591,614]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[323,450,591,614]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in wild populations. Because
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[221,364,624,647]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[221,364,624,647]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[416,533,624,647]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[416,533,624,647]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are interfertile, and intermediate individuals can be observed,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp S & Vorontsova MS & Prohens J" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="e 57039" part="8" refId="ref10855" refString="Knapp S, Vorontsova MS, Prohens J (2013) Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group. PLoS ONE 8: e 57039" title="Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group" type="journal article" year="2013">Knapp et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested a set of criteria useful for ascribing these intermediates to an individual species category. Assignment of a species name to an accessionwould bebasedonthenumber of characters shared (see Table
|
||
<quantity box="[246,289,823,846]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp S & Vorontsova MS & Prohens J" box="[298,493,823,846]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="e 57039" part="8" refId="ref10855" refString="Knapp S, Vorontsova MS, Prohens J (2013) Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group. PLoS ONE 8: e 57039" title="Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group" type="journal article" year="2013">Knapp et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Samuels J" box="[517,699,823,846]" journalOrPublisher="Mol Phylogenet Evol" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="297 - 299" part="67" refId="ref12176" refString="Samuels J (2013 a) Taxonomic notes on several wild relatives of Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae): comments on Meyer et al. (2012). Mol Phylogenet Evol 67: 297 - 299" title="Taxonomic notes on several wild relatives of Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae): comments on Meyer et al. (2012)" type="journal article" year="2013">Samuels (2013a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
disagreed with the distinction of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[498,619,857,880]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[498,619,857,880]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but offered no new evidence beyond that published previously (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Samuels J" box="[362,526,923,946]" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bull" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="401 - 411" part="67" refId="ref12094" refString="Samuels J (2012 a) Solanum incanum (Solanaceae): taxonomic relationships between S. incanum, S. campylacanthum, S. panduriforme and S. lichtensteinii. Kew Bull 67: 401 - 411" title="Solanum incanum (Solanaceae): taxonomic relationships between S. incanum, S. campylacanthum, S. panduriforme and S. lichtensteinii" type="journal article" year="2012">Samuels 2012a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) using morphological analysis of a limited number of accessions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[125,700,159,1776]" lastBlockId="9.[760,1335,159,780]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">
|
||
The existence of intermediate hybrids between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[273,420,1023,1046]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[273,420,1023,1046]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the basis for the wide variety of taxonomic treatments of these taxa in the past, through strict application of the Biological Species Concept (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mayr E" box="[320,441,1122,1145]" journalOrPublisher="Columbia University Press, New York" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" refId="ref11197" refString="Mayr E (1942) Systematics and the origin of species. Columbia University Press, New York" title="Systematics and the origin of species" type="book" year="1942">Mayr 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The eggplant clade is relatively young, with a medianminimumage estimate of 3.4 (2.7–4.1) mya (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sarkinen T & Bohs L & Olmstead RG & Knapp S" box="[377,607,1188,1212]" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evol Biol" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="214" part="13" publicationUrl="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/214" refId="ref12337" refString="Sarkinen T, Bohs L, Olmstead RG, Knapp S (2013) A phylogenetic framework for evolutionary study of the nightshades (Solanaceae): a dated 1000 - tip tree. BMC Evol Biol 13: 214. http: // www. biomedcentral. com / 1471 - 2148 / 13 / 214" title="A phylogenetic framework for evolutionary study of the nightshades (Solanaceae): a dated 1000 - tip tree" type="journal article" year="2013">Särkinen et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which suggests considerable gene flow, even amongst wild species, will be recoverable using more in-depth molecular methods. It is clear in both plants and animals that ongoing hybridization between closely related species is common in nature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mallet J" box="[555,691,1355,1378]" journalOrPublisher="Trends Ecol Evol" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="229 - 237" part="20" refId="ref11126" refString="Mallet J (2005) Hybridization as an invasion of the genome. Trends Ecol Evol 20: 229 - 237" title="Hybridization as an invasion of the genome" type="journal article" year="2005">Mallet 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rieseberg L" box="[125,289,1388,1411]" journalOrPublisher="Curr Biol" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="119 - R 122" part="19" refId="ref11943" refString="Rieseberg L (2009) Evolution: replacing genes and traits through hybridization. Curr Biol 19: R 119 - R 122" title="Evolution: replacing genes and traits through hybridization" type="journal article" year="2009">Rieseberg 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Recent phylogenomic studies in both plants (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Blanca J & Canizares J & Cordero L & Pascual L & Diez MJ & Nuez F" box="[268,478,1421,1444]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="e 48198" part="7" refId="ref9543" refString="Blanca J, Canizares J, Cordero L, Pascual L, Diez MJ, Nuez F (2012) Variation revealed by SNP genotyping and morphology provides insight into the origin of the tomato. PLoS ONE 7 (10): e 48198" title="Variation revealed by SNP genotyping and morphology provides insight into the origin of the tomato" type="journal article" year="2012">Blanca et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bock DG & Kane NC & Ebert DP & Rieseberg LH" box="[499,691,1421,1444]" journalOrPublisher="New Phytol" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="1021 - 1030" part="201" refId="ref9588" refString="Bock DG, Kane NC, Ebert DP, Rieseberg LH (2013) Genome skimming reveals the origin of the Jerusalem Artichoke tuber crop species: neither from Jerusalem nor an artichoke. New Phytol 201: 1021 - 1030" title="Genome skimming reveals the origin of the Jerusalem Artichoke tuber crop species: neither from Jerusalem nor an artichoke" type="journal article" year="2013">Bock et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Causse M & Desplat N & Pascual L & Le Paslier M-C & Sauvage C & Bauchet G & Berard A & Bounon R & Tchoumakov M & Brunel D & Bouchet J-P" box="[125,321,1454,1477]" journalOrPublisher="BMC Genom" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="791" part="14" refId="ref9782" refString="Causse M, Desplat N, Pascual L, Le Paslier M-C, Sauvage C, Bauchet G, Berard A, Bounon R, Tchoumakov M, Brunel D, Bouchet J-P (2013) Whole genome resequencing in tomato reveals variation associated with introgression and breeding events. BMC Genom 14: 791" title="Whole genome resequencing in tomato reveals variation associated with introgression and breeding events" type="journal article" year="2013">Causse et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pease JB & Haak DC & Hahn MW & Moyle LC" box="[337,518,1454,1477]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS Biol" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="e 1002379" part="14" refId="ref11716" refString="Pease JB, Haak DC, Hahn MW, Moyle LC (2016) Phylogenomics reveals three sources of adaptive variation during a rapid radiation. PLoS Biol 14 (2): e 1002379. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 1002379" title="Phylogenomics reveals three sources of adaptive variation during a rapid radiation" type="journal article" year="2016">Pease et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Novikova PY & Hohmann N & Nizhynska V & Tsuchimatsu T & Ali J & Muir G & Guggisberg A & Paape T & Schmid K & Fedorenko OM & Holm S & Sall T & Schlotterer C & Marhold K & Widmer A & Sese J & Shimuzu KK & Weigel D & Kramer U & Koch MA & Nordborg M" journalOrPublisher="Nat Genet" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" refId="ref11624" refString="Novikova PY, Hohmann N, Nizhynska V, Tsuchimatsu T, Ali J, Muir G, Guggisberg A, Paape T, Schmid K, Fedorenko OM, Holm S, Sall T, Schlotterer C, Marhold K, Widmer A, Sese J, Shimuzu KK, Weigel D, Kramer U, Koch MA, Nordborg M (2016) Sequencing of the genus Arabidopsis indentifies a complex history of nonbifurcating speciation and abundant rans-specific polymorphism. Nat Genet. doi: 10.1038 / ng. 3617" title="Sequencing of the genus Arabidopsis indentifies a complex history of nonbifurcating speciation and abundant rans-specific polymorphism" type="book" year="2016">Novikova et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and animals (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fontaine MC & Pease JB & Steele A & Waterhouse RM & Neafsey DE & Sarakhov IV & Jiang X & Hall AB & Catterucia F & Kakani E & Mitchell SN & Wu Y-C & Smith HA & Love ER & Lawniczak MK & Slotman MA & Emrich SJ & Hahn MW & Besansky NJ" box="[395,611,1488,1511]" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="1258524 - 1 - 1258524 - 6" part="347" refId="ref10213" refString="Fontaine MC, Pease JB, Steele A, Waterhouse RM, Neafsey DE, Sarakhov IV, Jiang X, Hall AB, Catterucia F, Kakani E, Mitchell SN, Wu Y-C, Smith HA, Love ER, Lawniczak MK, Slotman MA, Emrich SJ, Hahn MW, Besansky NJ (2015) Extensive introgression in a malaria vector complex revealed by phylogenomics. Science 347 (6217): 1258524 - 1 - 1258524 - 6. doi: 10.1126 / science. 1258524" title="Extensive introgression in a malaria vector complex revealed by phylogenomics" type="journal article" year="2015">Fontaine et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Martin SH & Dasmahaptra KK & Nadeau NJ & Salazar C & Walters JR & Simpson F & Blaxter M & Manica A & Mallet J & Jiggins CD" journalOrPublisher="Genome Res" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="1817 - 1828" part="23" refId="ref11147" refString="Martin SH, Dasmahaptra KK, Nadeau NJ, Salazar C, Walters JR, Simpson F, Blaxter M, Manica A, Mallet J, Jiggins CD (2013) Genome-wide evidence for speciation with gene flow in Heliconius butterflies. Genome Res 23: 1817 - 1828" title="Genome-wide evidence for speciation with gene flow in Heliconius butterflies" type="journal article" year="2013">Martin et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kryvokhyzha D" box="[256,463,1521,1544]" journalOrPublisher="MSc Dissertation, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" refId="ref10934" refString="Kryvokhyzha D (2014) Whole genome resequencing of Heliconius butterflies revolutionizes our view of the level of admixture between species. MSc Dissertation, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden" title="Whole genome resequencing of Heliconius butterflies revolutionizes our view of the level of admixture between species" type="book" year="2014">Kryvokhyzha 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), suggest that speciation with substantial gene flow is more common than previously thoughtand that the degree of introgression can be much higher than expected, especially in rapid, recent radiations (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pease JB & Haak DC & Hahn MW & Moyle LC" box="[387,584,1654,1677]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS Biol" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="e 1002379" part="14" refId="ref11716" refString="Pease JB, Haak DC, Hahn MW, Moyle LC (2016) Phylogenomics reveals three sources of adaptive variation during a rapid radiation. PLoS Biol 14 (2): e 1002379. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 1002379" title="Phylogenomics reveals three sources of adaptive variation during a rapid radiation" type="journal article" year="2016">Pease et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We can expectthistobe evenmoretrueindomesticatesthat are not geographically separated from their wild progenitors. Despite evidenceof introgression that sometimes may cause difficulties in assigning a species name to individual plants, we considerit importanttorecognize domesticated species such as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1076,1220,226,249]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1076,1220,226,249]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as distinct from their wild progenitors (here
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1117,1234,259,282]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1117,1234,259,282]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) because domesticated plants are experiencing a completely different selection regime in commensal association with human populations than are their wild relatives.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[760,1335,159,780]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">
|
||
In their discussion on the typification of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Hepper and Jaeger (1985)" authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1213,1327,392,415]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hepper FN & Jaeger PML" box="[760,1028,425,448]" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bull" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="387 - 391" part="40" refId="ref10445" refString="Hepper FN, Jaeger PML (1985) The typification of six Linnaean names in solanum. Kew Bull 40: 387 - 391" title="The typification of six Linnaean names in solanum" type="journal article" year="1985">Hepper and Jaeger (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clearly explain that Linnaeus described
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[872,992,458,481]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[872,992,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as distinct from his earlier
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by indicating its prickly stems (and calyx) and thus, indicated that he considered
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[1154,1267,525,548]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1154,1267,525,548]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a new speciesandnotareplacementnamefor
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1161,1300,558,581]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1161,1300,558,581]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[760,873,591,614]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sanctum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[760,873,591,614]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. sanctum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was for
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[963,1078,591,614]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[963,1078,591,614]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. incanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the same publication,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Linnaeus C" box="[760,917,624,647]" journalOrPublisher="Laurent Salvius, Stockholm" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" refId="ref11096" refString="Linnaeus C (1762 a) Species plantarum, 2 nd edn. Laurent Salvius, Stockholm" title="Species plantarum, 2 nd edn" type="book" year="1762">Linnaeus 1762</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Some authors have suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was a misprint for
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1045,1161,658,681]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1045,1161,658,681]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. incanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hepper FN & Jaeger PML" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bull" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="387 - 391" part="40" refId="ref10445" refString="Hepper FN, Jaeger PML (1985) The typification of six Linnaean names in solanum. Kew Bull 40: 387 - 391" title="The typification of six Linnaean names in solanum" type="journal article" year="1985">Hepper and Jaeger 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Samuels J" box="[903,1052,691,714]" editor="Prohens J" journalOrPublisher="Corvinus University of Budapest, Kecskemet, Hungary" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="126 - 139" refId="ref12288" refString="Samuels J (2016) Solanum insanum L. (Solanaceae): Linnaean species or introgressed hybrid? In: Prohens J (eds) Proceedings of the XVIth EUCARPIA Capsicum and eggplant meeting. Corvinus University of Budapest, Kecskemet, Hungary, pp 126 - 139" title="Solanum insanum L. (Solanaceae): Linnaean species or introgressed hybrid?" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Proceedings of the XVIth EUCARPIA Capsicum and eggplant meeting" year="2016">Samuels 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); it is unfortunate the two names are so similar but they are not considered confusable (R. Brummitt, pers. comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[760,856,824,847]" box="[760,856,824,847]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">
|
||
<emphasis box="[760,856,824,847]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">Cytology</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[760,1335,890,1511]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">
|
||
Hybrids between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[958,1079,890,913]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[958,1079,890,913]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1141,1290,890,913]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1141,1290,890,913]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are fully fertile (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Swaminathan MS" box="[892,1098,923,946]" journalOrPublisher="M. Sc. Dissertation, I. A. R. I. New Delhi, India" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" refId="ref12515" refString="Swaminathan MS (1949). Cytotaxonomic study in the genus Solanum. M. Sc. Dissertation, I. A. R. I. New Delhi, India" title="Cytotaxonomic study in the genus Solanum" type="book" year="1949">Swaminathan 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mittal SP" box="[1111,1235,923,946]" journalOrPublisher="M. Sc. Dissertation, I. A. R. I. New Delhi" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" refId="ref11412" refString="Mittal SP (1950). Studies in non-tuberous species and hybrid of Solanum. M. Sc. Dissertation, I. A. R. I. New Delhi" title="Studies in non-tuberous species and hybrid of Solanum" type="book" year="1950">Mittal 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bhaduri PN" journalOrPublisher="Indian J Genet Plant Breed" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="75 - 81" part="11" refId="ref9451" refString="Bhaduri PN (1951) Inter-relationship of non-tuberiferous species of Solanum with some consideration of the origin of brinjal (S. melongena L.). Indian J Genet Plant Breed 11: 75 - 81" title="Inter-relationship of non-tuberiferous species of Solanum with some consideration of the origin of brinjal (S. melongena L.)" type="journal article" year="1951">Bhaduri 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rao BL" box="[830,935,956,979]" journalOrPublisher="M. Sc. Dissertation, University of Madras, India" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" refId="ref11915" refString="Rao BL (1956). Cytomorphological studies on certain interspecific hybrid of non-tuberous Solanum species. M. Sc. Dissertation, University of Madras, India" title="Cytomorphological studies on certain interspecific hybrid of non-tuberous Solanum species" type="book" year="1956">Rao 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kashyap V & Kumar VV & Collonnier C & Fusari F & Haicour R & Rotino GL & Sihachakr D & Rajan MV" box="[953,1173,956,979]" journalOrPublisher="Sci Hortic" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="1 - 25" part="97" refId="ref10713" refString="Kashyap V, Kumar VV, Collonnier C, Fusari F, Haicour R, Rotino GL, Sihachakr D, Rajan MV (2003) Biotechnology of eggplant. Sci Hortic 97: 1 - 25" title="Biotechnology of eggplant" type="journal article" year="2003">Kashyap et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which is not surprising given that both species are diploid (2n = 24 for
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[799,945,1023,1046]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[799,945,1023,1046]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The direct cytological assessment of two accessions of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[1015,1139,1056,1079]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1015,1139,1056,1079]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with contrasting phenotypes was conducted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rai UK" box="[1095,1214,1089,1112]" journalOrPublisher="Caryologia" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="299 - 316" part="12" refId="ref11892" refString="Rai UK (1959) Cytogenetic studies on Solanum melongena L. I. Chromosome morphology. Caryologia 12: 299 - 316" title="Cytogenetic studies on Solanum melongena L. I. Chromosome morphology" type="journal article" year="1959">Rai (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. He evaluated one accession with big leaves and few thorns, which was diploid and had 12 chromosomes, and another one with small leaves and dense thorns, which had a small ‘fragment’ in addition to normal diploid complement.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kirti PB & Rao BGS" box="[909,1144,1255,1278]" journalOrPublisher="Genetica" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="127 - 131" part="59" refId="ref10795" refString="Kirti PB, Rao BGS (1982) Cytological studies on F 1 hybrids of Solanum integrifolium with S. melongena and S. melongena var. insanum. Genetica 59: 127 - 131" title="Cytological studies on F 1 hybrids of Solanum integrifolium with S. melongena and S. melongena var. insanum" type="journal article" year="1982">Kirti and Rao (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also reported 12 chromosomes in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[952,1074,1289,1312]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[952,1074,1289,1312]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2n = 24) and studied chromosome associations and frequencies of associated chromosome arms in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[1053,1172,1355,1378]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1053,1172,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its hybrid with
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Poir." authorityName="Poir." box="[818,1052,1388,1411]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="integrifolium">
|
||
<emphasis box="[818,988,1388,1411]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. integrifolium</emphasis>
|
||
Poir.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1086,1249,1388,1411]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aethiopicum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1086,1249,1388,1411]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. aethiopicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L., the Scarlet eggplant, an African species cultivated for its leaves and fruits that is not a member of the Eggplant clade s.s.; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vorontsova MS & Stern S & Bohs L & Knapp S" box="[914,1159,1488,1511]" journalOrPublisher="Bot J Linn Soc" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" pagination="176 - 193" part="173" refId="ref12736" refString="Vorontsova MS, Stern S, Bohs L, Knapp S (2013) African spiny solanum (subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae): a thorny phylogenetic tangle. Bot J Linn Soc 173: 176 - 193" title="African spiny solanum (subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae): a thorny phylogenetic tangle" type="journal article" year="2013">Vorontsova et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="1717" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[760,1192,1587,1611]" box="[760,1192,1587,1611]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[760,1192,1587,1611]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">Economic botany and phytochemistry</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[760,1092,1654,1677]" box="[760,1092,1654,1677]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">Food value and medicinal uses</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[760,1334,1720,1776]" lastBlockId="10.[125,700,159,1776]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="1717" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">
|
||
Eggplant (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[879,1029,1720,1743]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[879,1029,1720,1743]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1716">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) has long been used in a variety of medicinal and culinary preparations across many different Asian ethnolinguistic groups (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Meyer RS & Bamshad M & Fuller DQ & Litt A" journalOrPublisher="Econ Bot" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" pagination="137 - 152" part="68" refId="ref11320" refString="Meyer RS, Bamshad M, Fuller DQ, Litt A (2014) Comparing medicinal uses of eggplant and related Solanaceae in China, India and the Philippines suggests the independent development of uses, cultural diffusions, and recent species substitutions. Econ Bot 68: 137 - 152" title="Comparing medicinal uses of eggplant and related Solanaceae in China, India and the Philippines suggests the independent development of uses, cultural diffusions, and recent species substitutions" type="journal article" year="2014">Meyer et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Because of the close similarity and taxonomic confusions between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[486,611,226,249]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[486,611,226,249]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Knapp et al. 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Knapp" baseAuthorityYear="2013" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp S & Vorontsova MS & Prohens J" box="[257,451,259,282]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" pagination="e 57039" part="8" refId="ref10855" refString="Knapp S, Vorontsova MS, Prohens J (2013) Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group. PLoS ONE 8: e 57039" title="Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group" type="journal article" year="2013">Knapp et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is often difficult to separate the information on medicinal uses and food value of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[240,368,326,349]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[240,368,326,349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[456,610,326,349]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[456,610,326,349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the literature. For example,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jayaweera DMA" box="[392,585,359,382]" journalOrPublisher="National Science Council of Sri Lanka, Colombo" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" part="vol 5" refId="ref10619" refString="Jayaweera DMA (1982) Medicinal plants (indigenous and exotic) used in Ceylon, vol 5. National Science Council of Sri Lanka, Colombo" title="Medicinal plants (indigenous and exotic) used in Ceylon" type="book" year="1982">Jayaweera (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
has given the medicinal properties of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Burm." authorityName="Burm." box="[417,700,392,415]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="surattense">
|
||
<emphasis box="[417,625,392,415]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">Solanum surattense</emphasis>
|
||
Burm.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
f. (=
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[174,333,425,448]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="virginianum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[174,333,425,448]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. virginianum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.), but both his description and botanical illustration are of the local Sri Lankan form of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[154,271,492,515]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[154,271,492,515]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Our observations in local communities in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[164,280,525,548]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
indicate that people have a clear knowledge of the differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[570,692,558,581]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[570,692,558,581]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, known as ‘‘
|
||
<emphasis box="[256,352,591,614]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">Ela batu</emphasis>
|
||
’’, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[434,582,591,614]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[434,582,591,614]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
known as ‘‘
|
||
<emphasis box="[139,189,624,647]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">Batu</emphasis>
|
||
’’.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp S & Vorontsova MS & Prohens J" box="[219,428,624,647]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" pagination="e 57039" part="8" refId="ref10855" refString="Knapp S, Vorontsova MS, Prohens J (2013) Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group. PLoS ONE 8: e 57039" title="Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group" type="journal article" year="2013">Knapp et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[125,189,657,680]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[203,328,658,681]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[203,328,658,681]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is considered distinct from the cultivated
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[238,382,691,714]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[238,382,691,714]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by local people.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Meyer RS & Bamshad M & Fuller DQ & Litt A" journalOrPublisher="Econ Bot" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" pagination="137 - 152" part="68" refId="ref11320" refString="Meyer RS, Bamshad M, Fuller DQ, Litt A (2014) Comparing medicinal uses of eggplant and related Solanaceae in China, India and the Philippines suggests the independent development of uses, cultural diffusions, and recent species substitutions. Econ Bot 68: 137 - 152" title="Comparing medicinal uses of eggplant and related Solanaceae in China, India and the Philippines suggests the independent development of uses, cultural diffusions, and recent species substitutions" type="journal article" year="2014">Meyer et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
compared medicinal attributes of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[557,699,724,747]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[557,699,724,747]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[170,287,757,780]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[170,287,757,780]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[321,387,757,780]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[398,453,757,780]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[544,667,757,780]" name="Philippines" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In all three areas the species were clearly distinguished, but had similar medicinal uses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[125,700,159,1776]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">
|
||
In Asia,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[254,375,857,880]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[254,375,857,880]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is consumed as a vegetable, mainly as a component of curries, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Meyer RS & Bamshad M & Fuller DQ & Litt A" journalOrPublisher="Econ Bot" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" pagination="137 - 152" part="68" refId="ref11320" refString="Meyer RS, Bamshad M, Fuller DQ, Litt A (2014) Comparing medicinal uses of eggplant and related Solanaceae in China, India and the Philippines suggests the independent development of uses, cultural diffusions, and recent species substitutions. Econ Bot 68: 137 - 152" title="Comparing medicinal uses of eggplant and related Solanaceae in China, India and the Philippines suggests the independent development of uses, cultural diffusions, and recent species substitutions" type="journal article" year="2014">Meyer et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found its consumption was always associated with medicinal properties. In some areas,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[581,699,957,980]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[581,699,957,980]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
use differs markedly from use of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[472,615,990,1013]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[472,615,990,1013]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, further supporting their distinction.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Meyer RS & Bamshad M & Fuller DQ & Litt A" box="[426,631,1023,1046]" journalOrPublisher="Econ Bot" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" pagination="137 - 152" part="68" refId="ref11320" refString="Meyer RS, Bamshad M, Fuller DQ, Litt A (2014) Comparing medicinal uses of eggplant and related Solanaceae in China, India and the Philippines suggests the independent development of uses, cultural diffusions, and recent species substitutions. Econ Bot 68: 137 - 152" title="Comparing medicinal uses of eggplant and related Solanaceae in China, India and the Philippines suggests the independent development of uses, cultural diffusions, and recent species substitutions" type="journal article" year="2014">Meyer et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that in the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[244,364,1056,1079]" name="Philippines" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
it is recommended to avoid
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
consumption when pregnant; however, domesticated eggplants were associated with improved foetal development, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[503,648,1156,1179]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[503,648,1156,1179]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
root was used to promote uterine stabilization after miscarriage. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[302,414,1222,1245]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
, people recommend consumption of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[276,401,1255,1278]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[276,401,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fruits (as a curry) when suffering from colds; conversely
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[485,631,1289,1312]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[485,631,1289,1312]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not recommended for treatment of the common cold.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[125,323,1355,1378]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[125,323,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">Solanum insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is important medicinally across Asia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Brown WH" box="[193,332,1388,1411]" journalOrPublisher="Bureau of Forestry, Manila" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" refId="ref9697" refString="Brown WH (1920) Minor products of Philippine forests. Bureau of Forestry, Manila" title="Minor products of Philippine forests" type="book" year="1920">Brown 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jayaweera DMA" box="[352,528,1388,1411]" journalOrPublisher="National Science Council of Sri Lanka, Colombo" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" part="vol 5" refId="ref10619" refString="Jayaweera DMA (1982) Medicinal plants (indigenous and exotic) used in Ceylon, vol 5. National Science Council of Sri Lanka, Colombo" title="Medicinal plants (indigenous and exotic) used in Ceylon" type="book" year="1982">Jayaweera 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sivarajan VV & Balachandran I" journalOrPublisher="Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" refId="ref12424" refString="Sivarajan VV, Balachandran I (1994) Ayurvedic drugs and their plant sources. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi" title="Ayurvedic drugs and their plant sources" type="book" year="1994">Sivarajan and Balachandran 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Elias J & Rajesh MG & Anish NP & Ragitha EV & Jayan N" box="[355,542,1421,1444]" journalOrPublisher="Res J Pharmacogn Phytochem" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" pagination="364 - 376" part="2" refId="ref10125" refString="Elias J, Rajesh MG, Anish NP, Ragitha EV, Jayan N (2010) Pharmacognostic standaridation of Solanum melongena var. insanum Linn. Res J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2: 364 - 376" title="Pharmacognostic standaridation of Solanum melongena var. insanum Linn" type="journal article" year="2010">Elias et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Meyer RS & Bamshad M & Fuller DQ & Litt A" journalOrPublisher="Econ Bot" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" pagination="137 - 152" part="68" refId="ref11320" refString="Meyer RS, Bamshad M, Fuller DQ, Litt A (2014) Comparing medicinal uses of eggplant and related Solanaceae in China, India and the Philippines suggests the independent development of uses, cultural diffusions, and recent species substitutions. Econ Bot 68: 137 - 152" title="Comparing medicinal uses of eggplant and related Solanaceae in China, India and the Philippines suggests the independent development of uses, cultural diffusions, and recent species substitutions" type="journal article" year="2014">Meyer et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hul S & Dy Phon P" box="[195,449,1454,1477]" editor="Aubreville A & Leroy JF & Morat P" journalOrPublisher="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France & Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" pagination="1 - 93" refId="ref10491" refString="Hul S, Dy Phon P (2014) Solanaceae. In: Aubreville A, Leroy JF, Morat P (eds.). Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France & Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, pp 1 - 93" title="Solanaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam" year="2014">Hul and Dy Phon 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[497,618,1455,1478]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="incanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[497,618,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. incanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); some medicinal uses of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[350,478,1488,1511]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[350,478,1488,1511]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in selected Asian countries are summarized in
|
||
<tableCitation box="[441,524,1521,1544]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="5.[125,180,164,183]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 2 Some medicinal uses of S. insanum in selected Asian countries" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5ACA666B550DFFB8FFF5FF60C17A679A" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" tableUuid="5ACA666B550DFFB8FFF5FF60C17A679A">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
. Further collection and documentation of such information and knowledge from different Asian ethnolinguistic groups will support the advancement of future pharmacological studies related to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[458,576,1654,1677]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[458,576,1654,1677]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as helping to promote its use for the breeding of eggplants with improved bioactive properties beneficial for human health (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Plazas M & Andujar I & Vilanova S & Hurtado M & Gramazio P & Herraiz FJ & Prohens J" box="[370,560,1753,1776]" journalOrPublisher="Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" pagination="26 - 35" part="41" refId="ref11761" refString="Plazas M, Andujar I, Vilanova S, Hurtado M, Gramazio P, Herraiz FJ, Prohens J (2013) Breeding for chlorogenic acid content in eggplant: interest and prospects. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 41: 26 - 35" title="Breeding for chlorogenic acid content in eggplant: interest and prospects" type="journal article" year="2013">Plazas et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="1718" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[760,1296,159,215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">
|
||
<emphasis box="[760,1296,159,182]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">Pharmacognostical and phytochemical properties</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[760,905,192,215]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[788,905,192,215]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">S. insanum</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[760,1335,258,1775]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">
|
||
The pharmacognostical and phytochemical properties of cultivated eggplants are well known (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sulaiman JA & Shree R" journalOrPublisher="Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" pagination="28 - 37" part="4" refId="ref12483" refString="Sulaiman JA, Shree R (2012) Pharmacognostical and phytochemical comparison of roots of Solanum species used in Ayurvedic formulations. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res 4: 28 - 37" title="Pharmacognostical and phytochemical comparison of roots of Solanum species used in Ayurvedic formulations" type="journal article" year="2012">Sulaiman and Shree 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wu SB & Meyer RS & Whitaker BD & Litt A & Kennelly EJ" box="[895,1052,325,348]" journalOrPublisher="J Chromatogr A" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" pagination="154 - 172" part="1314" refId="ref12825" refString="Wu SB, Meyer RS, Whitaker BD, Litt A, Kennelly EJ (2013) A new liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based strategy to integrate chemistry, morphology, and evolution of eggplant (Solanum) species. J Chromatogr A 1314: 154 - 172" title="A new liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based strategy to integrate chemistry, morphology, and evolution of eggplant (Solanum) species" type="journal article" year="2013">Wu et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Komlaga G & Sam GH & Dickson RA & Mensah MLK & Fleischer TC" box="[1067,1284,325,348]" journalOrPublisher="J Pharm Sci Res" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" pagination="1 - 4" part="6" refId="ref10896" refString="Komlaga G, Sam GH, Dickson RA, Mensah MLK, Fleischer TC (2014) Pharmacognostic studies and antioxidant properties of the leaves of Solanum macrocarpon. J Pharm Sci Res 6: 1 - 4" title="Pharmacognostic studies and antioxidant properties of the leaves of Solanum macrocarpon" type="journal article" year="2014">Komlaga et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but there is much less information from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[1150,1267,358,381]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1150,1267,358,381]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Elias J & Rajesh MG & Anish NP & Ragitha EV & Jayan N" journalOrPublisher="Res J Pharmacogn Phytochem" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" pagination="364 - 376" part="2" refId="ref10125" refString="Elias J, Rajesh MG, Anish NP, Ragitha EV, Jayan N (2010) Pharmacognostic standaridation of Solanum melongena var. insanum Linn. Res J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2: 364 - 376" title="Pharmacognostic standaridation of Solanum melongena var. insanum Linn" type="journal article" year="2010">Elias et al. (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
assessed extracts of root, fruits and leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[789,906,424,447]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[789,906,424,447]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[952,1241,424,447]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="melongena" variety="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[952,1096,424,447]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1151,1241,424,447]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) used in Ayurvedic preparations and showed that the methanolic extract of root contained the highest number of phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, coumarins, alkaloids, tannins, anthroquinines, phenols, resins, glycosides/reducing sugar, proteins and carbohydrates.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bhakyaraj R" box="[835,1021,623,646]" journalOrPublisher="PhD. Dissertation, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappall, India" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" refId="ref9488" refString="Bhakyaraj R (2010) In-vitro culture, hairy root induction, solasodine production and pharmacological studies on Solanum melongena var. insanum. PhD. Dissertation, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappall, India" title="In-vitro culture, hairy root induction, solasodine production and pharmacological studies on Solanum melongena var. insanum" type="book" year="2010">Bhakyaraj (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that the production of solasodine from field grown plants and in vitro raised callus and hairy roots of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[1139,1263,690,713]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1139,1263,690,713]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an efficient way to generate an alternative source of supply of solasodine, a glycoalkaloid used as a precursor in the production of complex steroidal compounds such as contraceptive pills (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Roddick JG" editor="D'Arcy WG" journalOrPublisher="Columbia University Press, NewYork" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" pagination="201 - 222" refId="ref11966" refString="Roddick JG (1986) Steroidal alkaloids of the Solanaceae. In: D'Arcy WG (ed) Biology and taxonomy of the Solanaceae. Columbia University Press, NewYork, pp 201 - 222" title="Steroidal alkaloids of the Solanaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Biology and taxonomy of the Solanaceae" year="1986">Roddick 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sulaiman JA & Shree R" box="[845,1164,856,879]" journalOrPublisher="Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" pagination="28 - 37" part="4" refId="ref12483" refString="Sulaiman JA, Shree R (2012) Pharmacognostical and phytochemical comparison of roots of Solanum species used in Ayurvedic formulations. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res 4: 28 - 37" title="Pharmacognostical and phytochemical comparison of roots of Solanum species used in Ayurvedic formulations" type="journal article" year="2012">Sulaiman and Shree (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
compared the pharmacognostical and phytochemical properties of root of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[837,953,923,946]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[837,953,923,946]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with four other
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1124,1305,922,946]" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1124,1217,923,946]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">Solanum</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had the highest total flavonoid content of the species they used.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[760,1335,258,1775]" lastBlockId="11.[125,700,159,249]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="1718" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">
|
||
The fruit metabolites of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[1046,1161,1022,1045]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1046,1161,1022,1045]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wu SB & Meyer RS & Whitaker BD & Litt A & Kennelly EJ" box="[760,953,1055,1078]" journalOrPublisher="J Chromatogr A" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" pagination="154 - 172" part="1314" refId="ref12825" refString="Wu SB, Meyer RS, Whitaker BD, Litt A, Kennelly EJ (2013) A new liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based strategy to integrate chemistry, morphology, and evolution of eggplant (Solanum) species. J Chromatogr A 1314: 154 - 172" title="A new liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based strategy to integrate chemistry, morphology, and evolution of eggplant (Solanum) species" type="journal article" year="2013">Wu et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as part of the development of a
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[760,853,1089,1112]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[760,853,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">Solanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-specific metabolic database using LC–TOF-MS. They reported 34 metabolites from the phenylpropanoid, flavonoid/anthocyanin, complex alkaloids and shikimate and aromatic acids pathways in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Of these, 31 were present in both
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[1218,1334,1221,1244]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1218,1334,1221,1244]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[805,956,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[805,952,1255,1278]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">S. melongena</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but three (the flavonoid glucosides kaempferol-3-
|
||
<emphasis box="[913,932,1288,1311]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">O</emphasis>
|
||
-rutinoside-7-
|
||
<emphasis box="[1078,1097,1288,1311]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">O</emphasis>
|
||
-glucoside, naringenin-7-
|
||
<emphasis box="[850,869,1321,1344]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">O</emphasis>
|
||
-glucoside, and the flavonone eriodictyol) were present in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[962,1090,1354,1377]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[962,1090,1354,1377]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but absent from
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">S. melongena</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Meyer RS & Whitaker BD & Littler DP & Wu SB & Kennelly EJ & Long CL & Litt A" box="[896,1119,1387,1410]" journalOrPublisher="Phytochemistry" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" pagination="194 - 206" part="115" refId="ref11371" refString="Meyer RS, Whitaker BD, Littler DP, Wu SB, Kennelly EJ, Long CL, Litt A (2015) Parallel reduction in phenolic constituents resulting from the domestication of eggplant. Phytochemistry 115: 194 - 206" title="Parallel reduction in phenolic constituents resulting from the domestication of eggplant" type="journal article" year="2015">Meyer et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also found that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had higher total levels of phenolic metabolites than did
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[902,1045,1454,1477]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[902,1045,1454,1477]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and that for eight of these, including the most abundant phenolic compound 5-
|
||
<emphasis box="[1306,1325,1487,1510]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">O</emphasis>
|
||
- (E)-caffeoylquinic acid, these differences were significant.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wu SB & Meyer RS & Whitaker BD & Litt A & Kennelly EJ" box="[827,1006,1553,1576]" journalOrPublisher="J Chromatogr A" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" pagination="154 - 172" part="1314" refId="ref12825" refString="Wu SB, Meyer RS, Whitaker BD, Litt A, Kennelly EJ (2013) A new liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based strategy to integrate chemistry, morphology, and evolution of eggplant (Solanum) species. J Chromatogr A 1314: 154 - 172" title="A new liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based strategy to integrate chemistry, morphology, and evolution of eggplant (Solanum) species" type="journal article" year="2013">Wu et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that the differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[856,972,1587,1610]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[856,972,1587,1610]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1024,1168,1587,1610]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1024,1168,1587,1610]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were related to domestication and subsequent human selection for chemical properties. Some of the compounds present in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" box="[788,906,1686,1709]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[788,906,1686,1709]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, like 5-
|
||
<emphasis box="[991,1010,1686,1709]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717">O</emphasis>
|
||
-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid, have bioactive properties of interest for human health (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Plazas M & Andujar I & Vilanova S & Hurtado M & Gramazio P & Herraiz FJ & Prohens J" box="[767,980,1752,1775]" journalOrPublisher="Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca" pageId="10" pageNumber="1717" pagination="26 - 35" part="41" refId="ref11761" refString="Plazas M, Andujar I, Vilanova S, Hurtado M, Gramazio P, Herraiz FJ, Prohens J (2013) Breeding for chlorogenic acid content in eggplant: interest and prospects. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 41: 26 - 35" title="Breeding for chlorogenic acid content in eggplant: interest and prospects" type="journal article" year="2013">Plazas et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, further studies on pharmacognostical and phytochemical properties of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Hepper and Jaeger" authorityYear="1985" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="11" pageNumber="1718" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="insanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="1718">S. insanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are needed to assess its potential role in the improvement of bioactive constituents of eggplant.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |