431 lines
44 KiB
XML
431 lines
44 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.983.52630" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d3b857f7-25c1-4b21-9d39-4510ab675fca" ID-PMC="PMC7655787" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-983-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="C890C7FD4B2D57A8B1A062305ED42D53" ID-PubMed="33244289" ID-ZooBank="7DED4CE2934C4539945F758930C927F9" ModsDocID="1313-2970-983-1" checkinTime="1604475085656" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Smith, Sarah M., Beaver, Roger A. & Cognato, Anthony I." docDate="2020" docId="822C559CE49B59997390D9EA4D41DEA2" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 983: 1-442" docOrigin="ZooKeys 983" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.983.52630" docTitle="Euwallacea perbrevis" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="C890C7FD4B2D57A8B1A062305ED42D53" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="C890C7FD4B2D57A8B1A062305ED42D53" masterDocTitle="A monograph of the Xyleborini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) of the Indochinese Peninsula (except Malaysia) and China" masterLastPageNumber="442" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668169715782" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A monograph of the Xyleborini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) of the Indochinese Peninsula (except Malaysia) and China</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Smith, Sarah M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5173-3736</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">camptocerus@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Beaver, Roger A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>161 / 2 Mu 5, Soi Wat Pranon, T. Donkaew, A. Maerim, Chiangmai 50180, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cognato, Anthony I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>983</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>442</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.983.52630</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.983.52630</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-983-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">7DED4CE2934C4539945F758930C927F9</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">C890C7FD4B2D57A8B1A062305ED42D53</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="168754758" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:822C559CE49B59997390D9EA4D41DEA2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/822C559CE49B59997390D9EA4D41DEA2" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authority="(Schedl, 1951)" baseAuthorityName="Schedl" baseAuthorityYear="1951" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Euwallacea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euwallacea perbrevis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perbrevis">Euwallacea perbrevis (Schedl, 1951)</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 57" captionStartId="F57" captionText="Figure 57. Dorsal, lateral and declivital view of Euwallacea neptis holotype, 4.2 mm (A, B, I), E. perbrevis, 2.3 - 2.5 mm (C, D, J), E. piceus, 2.2 - 2.6 mm (E, F, K), and E. semiermis lectotype, 2.5 - 2.75 mm (G, H, L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.983.52630.figure57" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/470857" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 57C, D, J</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schedl" authorityYear="1951" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xyleborus perbrevis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perbrevis">Xyleborus perbrevis</taxonomicName>
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Schedl, 1951a: 59.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Schedl" baseAuthorityYear="1951" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Euwallacea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euwallacea perbrevis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perbrevis">Euwallacea perbrevis</taxonomicName>
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(Schedl):
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.22642" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="The Great Basin Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="167 - 185" refId="B487" refString="Wood, SL, 1989. Nomenclatural changes and new species of Scolytidae (Coleoptera), part IV. The Great Basin Naturalist 49: 167 - 185, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.22642" title="Nomenclatural changes and new species of Scolytidae (Coleoptera), part IV." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.22642" volume="49" year="1989">Wood 1989</bibRefCitation>
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: 173 (as a synonym of
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<taxonomicName family="Curculionidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. fornicatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fornicatus">E. fornicatus</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Wood" authorityYear="1975" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xyleborus molestulus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molestulus">Xyleborus molestulus</taxonomicName>
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Wood, 1975b: 400. syn. nov.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holotype</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schedl" authorityYear="1951" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xyleborus perbrevis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perbrevis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xyleborus perbrevis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(NHMW).
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holotype</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Wood" authorityYear="1975" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xyleborus molestulus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molestulus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xyleborus molestulus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(NMNH).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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2.3-2.5 mm long (mean = 2.44 mm; n = 5); 2.46-2.55
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as wide. This species is distinguished by the pronotum basic (type 2) when viewed dorsally, anterior margin appearing rounded; declivity rounded; declivital face convex; protibiae outer margins rounded with 7-10 socketed denticles, denticles small, their sockets small; declivital surface shiny; interstriae bearing sparse small granules; and posterolateral declivital margin costate. This species is part of the
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Eichhoff" baseAuthorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Euwallacea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euwallacea fornicatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fornicatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Euwallacea fornicatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species complex and the most reliable method to ensure accurate identification of these species is through generation of COI barcoding sequences (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixy018" author="Gomez, DF" journalOrPublisher="Insect Systematics and Diversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 11" refId="B176" refString="Gomez, DF, Skelton, J, Steininger, MS, Stouthamer, R, Rugman-Jones, P, Sittichaya, W, Rabaglia, RJ, Hulcr, J, 2018b. Species within the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) complex revealed by morphometric and phylogenetic analyses. Insect Systematics and Diversity 2 (6): 1 - 11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixy018" title="Species within the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) complex revealed by morphometric and phylogenetic analyses." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixy018" volume="2" year="2018 b">Gomez et al. 2018b</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090261" author="Smith, SM" journalOrPublisher="Insects" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 261" refId="B445" refString="Smith, SM, Gomez, DF, Beaver, RA, Hulcr, J, Cognato, AI, 2019b. Reassessment of the species in the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) complex after the rediscovery of the "lost" type specimen. Insects 10: 1 - 261, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090261" title="Reassessment of the species in the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) complex after the rediscovery of the " lost " type specimen." url="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090261" volume="10" year="2019 b">Smith et al. 2019b</bibRefCitation>
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). Specimens of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. perbrevis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="perbrevis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. perbrevis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be morphologically diagnosed through a combination of overlapping elytral and pronotal measurements and number of socketed denticles on the protibiae given in Table
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<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Comparative table of measurements (mm) for the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex from Smith et al. (2019). Measurements for total length, pronotal and elytral width, length / width ratios are measured in dorsal view while pronotal and elytral length are measured in lateral view on a diagonal (Gomez et al. 2018 b)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/1CD5C5BF8281A0B48C672264770859DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="1CD5C5BF8281A0B48C672264770859DC">2</tableCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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This species is nearly identical to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. geminus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="geminus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. geminus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. malloti" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="malloti">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. malloti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and can be separated by the elytral bases rounded and posterolateral declivital costa carinate and never granulate.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="similar species">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Similar species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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This species is part of the
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Eichhoff" baseAuthorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Euwallacea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euwallacea fornicatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fornicatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Euwallacea fornicatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species complex along with
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. fornicatior" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fornicatior">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. fornicatior</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. fornicatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fornicatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. fornicatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. kuroshio" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="kuroshio">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. kuroshio</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from which it is difficult to distinguish. The species is also similar to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. andamanensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="andamanensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. andamanensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. geminus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="geminus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. geminus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. malloti" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="malloti">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. malloti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. neptis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="neptis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. neptis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. semirudis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="semirudis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. semirudis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. testudinatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="testudinatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. testudinatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. velatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="velatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. velatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Smith & Beaver & Cognato" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Wood" baseAuthorityYear="1992" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xylosandrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xylosandrus formosae" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosae">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xylosandrus formosae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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This species occurs in American Samoa, Australia, Brunei, China (Hainan), Fiji, Indonesia (Java), Japan (Okinawa), East & West Malaysia, New Guinea, Palau, Philippines,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Réunion">Reunion</normalizedToken>
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, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Timor Leste, Vietnam, and introduced in the United States (Florida and Hawaii) (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixy018" author="Gomez, DF" journalOrPublisher="Insect Systematics and Diversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 11" refId="B176" refString="Gomez, DF, Skelton, J, Steininger, MS, Stouthamer, R, Rugman-Jones, P, Sittichaya, W, Rabaglia, RJ, Hulcr, J, 2018b. Species within the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) complex revealed by morphometric and phylogenetic analyses. Insect Systematics and Diversity 2 (6): 1 - 11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixy018" title="Species within the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) complex revealed by morphometric and phylogenetic analyses." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixy018" volume="2" year="2018 b">Gomez et al. 2018b</bibRefCitation>
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), Costa Rica and Panama (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1588.1.3" author="Kirkendall, LR" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="53 - 62" refId="B231" refString="Kirkendall, LR, Odegaard, F, 2007. Ongoing invasions of old-growth tropical forests: establishment of three incestuous beetle species in Central America (Curculionidae, Scolytinae). Zootaxa 1588: 53 - 62, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1588.1.3" title="Ongoing invasions of old-growth tropical forests: establishment of three incestuous beetle species in Central America (Curculionidae, Scolytinae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1588.1.3" volume="1588" year="2007">
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Kirkendall and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ødegaard">Odegaard</normalizedToken>
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2007
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</bibRefCitation>
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, reported as
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<taxonomicName lsidName="E. fornicatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fornicatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. fornicatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090261" author="Smith, SM" journalOrPublisher="Insects" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 261" refId="B445" refString="Smith, SM, Gomez, DF, Beaver, RA, Hulcr, J, Cognato, AI, 2019b. Reassessment of the species in the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) complex after the rediscovery of the "lost" type specimen. Insects 10: 1 - 261, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090261" title="Reassessment of the species in the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) complex after the rediscovery of the " lost " type specimen." url="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090261" volume="10" year="2019 b">Smith et al. 2019b</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="host">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Host plants.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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The species is strongly polyphagous and has been recorded from 13 families:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Avicennia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Avicennia" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Avicennia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
|
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<taxonomicName family="Acanthaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Mangifera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Mangifera" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mangifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName family="Anacardiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
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),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" genus="Annona" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Annona" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Annona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Annonaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" genus="Cyathocalyx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyathocalyx" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cyathocalyx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" genus="Xylopia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xylopia" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xylopia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Annonaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Bursera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bursera" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bursera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Protium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Protium" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Protium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Burseraceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Burseraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Terminalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Combretaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Combretaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Aleurites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Aleurites" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Aleurites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Euphorbiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Acacia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Albizia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Albizia" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Albizia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Fringillidae" genus="Erythrina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Erythrina" order="Passeriformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Erythrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bentham" authorityYear="1844" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Lysiloma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lysiloma" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lysiloma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bentham" authorityYear="1844" family="Fabaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Theobroma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Theobroma" order="Malvales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Theobroma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Trichospermum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Trichospermum" order="Malvales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Trichospermum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Malvaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Meliaceae" genus="Cedrela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cedrela" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cedrela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Meliaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Meliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Artocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Artocarpus" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Artocarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Brosimum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Brosimum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brosimum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Moraceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" genus="Myristica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myristica" order="Magnoliales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Myristica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Myristicaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Myristicaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Citrus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Citrus" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Citrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Rutaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Rutaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Casearia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Casearia" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Casearia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Salicaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Litchi" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Litchi" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Litchi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Sapindaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" genus="Camellia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Camellia sinensis" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Camellia sinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Theaceae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="family">Theaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090261" author="Smith, SM" journalOrPublisher="Insects" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 261" refId="B445" refString="Smith, SM, Gomez, DF, Beaver, RA, Hulcr, J, Cognato, AI, 2019b. Reassessment of the species in the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) complex after the rediscovery of the "lost" type specimen. Insects 10: 1 - 261, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090261" title="Reassessment of the species in the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) complex after the rediscovery of the " lost " type specimen." url="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090261" volume="10" year="2019 b">Smith et al. 2019b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wood" authorityYear="1975" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xyleborus molestulus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molestulus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xyleborus molestulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Wood was described from specimens collected in the Panama Canal Zone and western Panama in 1963.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 1359" refId="B483" refString="Wood, SL, 1982. The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 8: 1 - 1359" title="The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph." volume="8" year="1982">Wood (1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 775) later transferred the species to the endemic Neotropical genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hopkins" authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Theoborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theoborus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Theoborus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hopkins, 1915 presumably because of similar morphological features. In 1982 Wood reported
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Eichhoff" authorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Xyleborus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xyleborus fornicatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fornicatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Xyleborus fornicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Canal Zone from specimens collected in 1979. Based on a recent revision of the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. fornicatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fornicatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. fornicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. perbrevis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="perbrevis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. perbrevis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was recognized as the species of the complex occurring in Panama (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixy018" author="Gomez, DF" journalOrPublisher="Insect Systematics and Diversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 11" refId="B176" refString="Gomez, DF, Skelton, J, Steininger, MS, Stouthamer, R, Rugman-Jones, P, Sittichaya, W, Rabaglia, RJ, Hulcr, J, 2018b. Species within the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) complex revealed by morphometric and phylogenetic analyses. Insect Systematics and Diversity 2 (6): 1 - 11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixy018" title="Species within the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) complex revealed by morphometric and phylogenetic analyses." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixy018" volume="2" year="2018 b">Gomez et al. 2018b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090261" author="Smith, SM" journalOrPublisher="Insects" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 261" refId="B445" refString="Smith, SM, Gomez, DF, Beaver, RA, Hulcr, J, Cognato, AI, 2019b. Reassessment of the species in the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) complex after the rediscovery of the "lost" type specimen. Insects 10: 1 - 261, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090261" title="Reassessment of the species in the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) complex after the rediscovery of the " lost " type specimen." url="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090261" volume="10" year="2019 b">Smith et al. 2019b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="X. molestulus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="molestulus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">X. molestulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. perbrevis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="perbrevis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. perbrevis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
holotypes and specimens collected from the Canal Zone (MSUC) are identical.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Schedl" baseAuthorityYear="1951" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Euwallacea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euwallacea perbrevis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perbrevis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Euwallacea perbrevis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was previously thought to be a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. fornicatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fornicatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. fornicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.22642" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="The Great Basin Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="167 - 185" refId="B487" refString="Wood, SL, 1989. Nomenclatural changes and new species of Scolytidae (Coleoptera), part IV. The Great Basin Naturalist 49: 167 - 185, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.22642" title="Nomenclatural changes and new species of Scolytidae (Coleoptera), part IV." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.22642" volume="49" year="1989">Wood 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixy018" author="Gomez, DF" journalOrPublisher="Insect Systematics and Diversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 11" refId="B176" refString="Gomez, DF, Skelton, J, Steininger, MS, Stouthamer, R, Rugman-Jones, P, Sittichaya, W, Rabaglia, RJ, Hulcr, J, 2018b. Species within the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) complex revealed by morphometric and phylogenetic analyses. Insect Systematics and Diversity 2 (6): 1 - 11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixy018" title="Species within the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) complex revealed by morphometric and phylogenetic analyses." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixy018" volume="2" year="2018 b">Gomez et al. 2018b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but a subsequent reanalysis of the complex by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090261" author="Smith, SM" journalOrPublisher="Insects" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 261" refId="B445" refString="Smith, SM, Gomez, DF, Beaver, RA, Hulcr, J, Cognato, AI, 2019b. Reassessment of the species in the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) complex after the rediscovery of the "lost" type specimen. Insects 10: 1 - 261, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090261" title="Reassessment of the species in the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) complex after the rediscovery of the " lost " type specimen." url="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090261" volume="10" year="2019 b">Smith et al. (2019b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed that the species is a distinct lineage. This species is commonly known as the Tea Shot Hole Borer (TSHB) and has been referred to as this, as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. fornicatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fornicatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. fornicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which it was misidentified as in numerous publications before the species complex was reassessed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090261" author="Smith, SM" journalOrPublisher="Insects" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 261" refId="B445" refString="Smith, SM, Gomez, DF, Beaver, RA, Hulcr, J, Cognato, AI, 2019b. Reassessment of the species in the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) complex after the rediscovery of the "lost" type specimen. Insects 10: 1 - 261, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090261" title="Reassessment of the species in the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) complex after the rediscovery of the " lost " type specimen." url="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090261" volume="10" year="2019 b">Smith et al. (2019b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Due to longstanding confusion of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. perbrevis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="perbrevis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. perbrevis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. fornicatior" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fornicatior">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. fornicatior</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. fornicatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fornicatus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. fornicatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is quite difficult to untangle the published accounts of the biology of each species. All three species occur sympatrically on Sri Lanka where most of the natural history studies were undertaken and where
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="E. perbrevis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="perbrevis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. perbrevis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a serious pest of tea plantations. See the discussion on the identity of the tea shot hole borer in
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090261" author="Smith, SM" journalOrPublisher="Insects" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 261" refId="B445" refString="Smith, SM, Gomez, DF, Beaver, RA, Hulcr, J, Cognato, AI, 2019b. Reassessment of the species in the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) complex after the rediscovery of the "lost" type specimen. Insects 10: 1 - 261, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090261" title="Reassessment of the species in the Euwallacea fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) complex after the rediscovery of the " lost " type specimen." url="https://doi.org/10.3390/insects10090261" volume="10" year="2019 b">Smith et al. (2019b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Various aspects of the biology of the species are described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3852/13-066" author="Freeman, S" journalOrPublisher="Mycologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1595 - 1606" refId="B166" refString="Freeman, S, Sharon, M, Maymon, M, Mendel, Z, Protasov, A, Aoki, T, Eskalen, A, O'Donnell, K, 2013. Fusarium euwallaceae sp. nov. -a symbiotic fungus of Euwallacea sp., an invasive ambrosia beetle in Israel and California. Mycologia 105: 1595 - 1606, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3852/13-066" title="Fusarium euwallaceae sp. nov. - a symbiotic fungus of Euwallacea sp., an invasive ambrosia beetle in Israel and California." url="https://doi.org/10.3852/13-066" volume="105" year="2013">Freeman et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |