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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.864.33678" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cde03d4d-ab5e-4802-9c88-45fc5df82969" ID-PMC="PMC6658571" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-864-147" ID-Pensoft-UUID="A613EC77A14C533E88B2B3A7D8DD90BA" ID-PubMed="31367180" ID-ZooBank="246FA0BE11704DB694C76C24043A9C4C" ModsDocID="1313-2970-864-147" checkinTime="1563472576350" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Li, Quan, Li, Xue-You, Jackson, Stephen M., Li, Fei, Jiang, Ming, Zhao, Wei, Song, Wen-Yu &amp; Jiang, Xue-Long" docDate="2019" docId="7EF40B460C5F401BAA93FDB109E0D376" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 864: 147-160" docOrigin="ZooKeys 864" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.864.33678" docTitle="Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis Li, Li, Jackson, Li, Jiang, Zhao, Song &amp; Jiang, 2019, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="21C9D58C-EDC9-4016-8148-3F81DB51D9D3" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="157" masterDocId="001C612DA6752B7BFFCCFFCDFFFFFFB2" masterDocTitle="Discovery and description of a mysterious Asian flying squirrel (Rodentia, Sciuridae, Biswamoyopterus) from Mount Gaoligong, southwest China" masterLastPageNumber="160" masterPageNumber="147" pageNumber="150" updateTime="1668167574191" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Discovery and description of a mysterious Asian flying squirrel (Rodentia, Sciuridae, Biswamoyopterus) from Mount Gaoligong, southwest China</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Li, Quan</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Li, Xue-You</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Jackson, Stephen M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Li, Fei</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Jiang, Ming</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Zhao, Wei</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Song, Wen-Yu</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Jiang, Xue-Long</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>864</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>147</mods:start>
<mods:end>160</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.864.33678</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.864.33678</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-864-147</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">246FA0BE11704DB694C76C24043A9C4C</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">A613EC77A14C533E88B2B3A7D8DD90BA</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="158725024" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:21C9D58C-EDC9-4016-8148-3F81DB51D9D3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7EF40B460C5F401BAA93FDB109E0D376" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="157" pageId="3" pageNumber="150">
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="150" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="150">
<taxonomicName LSID="7ef40b46-0c5f-401b-aa93-fdb109e0d376" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis" order="Rodentia" pageId="3" pageNumber="150" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="3" pageNumber="150">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="150" type="common name">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="150">Common name.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="150">Mount Gaoligong Flying Squirrel. Chinese common name &quot;高黎贡比氏鼯鼠&quot;.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="151" pageId="3" pageNumber="150" type="holotype">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="150">Holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="151" pageId="3" pageNumber="150">
Specimen KIZ: 034924 (field number bs1628), an adult male, skull, dried skin, baculum, and remaining body part in alcohol deposited in the Kunming
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="151" start="start">Natural</pageBreakToken>
History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science (KIZ).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="151" type="type locality">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Type locality.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
Baihualin village [
<geoCoordinate degrees="25.298167" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="25.298166">25.298167N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="98.784683" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.78468">98.784683E</geoCoordinate>
], Lujiang township, Longyang County, Baoshan City, Yunnan, China. The locality is located on the eastern slope of the southern Mount Gaoligong.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="151" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
The specific name is derived from Mount Gaoligong, the type locality of the new species and -
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">ensis</emphasis>
, Latin for belonging to.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="152" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="152" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. can be distinguished from the other two described species of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus" order="Rodentia" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Biswamoyopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the following combination of traits: 1) The ear tufts at the base of the posterior margins of ears are bicolored, basally white and terminal black. The scrotum is dark brown which strongly contrasts with the yellowish-white abdominal pelage. 2) The muzzle is very short, and the zygomatic arch is distinctly expanding outward, making the outline of the skull short and wide. The outer margin of the nasal bone, the orbital margin of the frontal bone, and the post-orbital margin of the frontal bone are almost parallel to the midline of skull on the
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="152" start="start">dorsal</pageBreakToken>
view. The central point of the posterior margin of the palatal bones lies in front of the posterior margin of M3. 3) M1 and M2 are sub-square in outline, and as large as P4. The hypoconid of P4-M2 are very developed, strongly pointed towards posterior buccal side.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="153" pageId="5" pageNumber="152" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="152">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="152">
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is a large flying squirrel (head and body length: 440 mm, tail length: 520 mm, and body mass: 1370 g) with a very developed uropatagium that extends approximately one-third of the proximal tail length in fresh specimen (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Skins of the three known Biswamoyopterus species A, B (ZSI 20705, holotype) Biswamoyopterus biswasi C, D (KIZ 034924, holotype) Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis sp. nov. E, F (NUoL FES. MM. 12.163, holotype) Biswamoyopterus laoensis. The images E, F were derived from Sanamxay et al. (2013)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.864.33678.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/318847" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). The back and upper surface of patagium are predominantly reddish brown, while the back between the shoulder and uropatagium is speckled with numerous white-tip furs that are absent from the head, shoulder, plagiopatagium, outer edge of uropatagium, limbs, and tail (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Skins of the three known Biswamoyopterus species A, B (ZSI 20705, holotype) Biswamoyopterus biswasi C, D (KIZ 034924, holotype) Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis sp. nov. E, F (NUoL FES. MM. 12.163, holotype) Biswamoyopterus laoensis. The images E, F were derived from Sanamxay et al. (2013)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.864.33678.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/318847" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Similar to the shoulder, the head is reddish brown, but showing some yellowish grey in the crown. The ear is naked, with two bunches of long hairs (i.e., ear tufts) at the ear base, the anterior tufts are black, and the posterior tufts are basally white and terminal black. The back of each manus is reddish brown and the digits are black, while the whole pes and digits are black. The tail is cylindrical, the part beyond the uropatagium is black, and the part within the uropatagium is the same colour as the uropatagium. Throat, belly, and ventral surface of patagium are yellowish white. However, the scrotum is dark brown which strongly contrasts with the abdominal pelage.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.864.33678.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/318847" pageId="5" pageNumber="152" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="152">
Figure 4. Skins of the three known
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">Biswamoyopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">A, B</emphasis>
(ZSI 20705, holotype)
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus biswasi" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">Biswamoyopterus biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">C, D</emphasis>
(KIZ 034924, holotype)
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">E, F</emphasis>
(NUoL FES.MM.12.163, holotype)
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus laoensis" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">Biswamoyopterus laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The images
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">E, F</emphasis>
were derived from
<bibRefCitation author="Sanamxay, D" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="12" pageNumber="159" pagination="471 - 481" refId="B10" title="Rediscovery of Biswamoyopterus (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae: Pteromyini) in Asia, with the description of a new species from Lao PDR." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3686.4.5" volume="3686" year="2013">Sanamxay et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="152">
Skull is large with a short muzzle and an expanded outward zygomatic arch, making the outline of skull short and wide (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Skulls, left maxillary (above) and left mandibular (below) tooth rows of the three known Biswamoyopterus species. A (ZSI 20705, holotype) Biswamoyopterus biswasi B (KIZ 034924, holotype) Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis sp. nov. C (NUoL FES. MM. 12.163, holotype) Biswamoyopterus laoensis. The images of C were derived from Sanamxay et al. (2013)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.864.33678.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/318848" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). The frontal depression is deep and postorbital processes are large and well developed. The outer margin of the nasal bone, the orbital margin of the frontal bone, and the post-orbital margin of the frontal bone are almost parallel to the midline of skull on the dorsal view. The auditory bullae are relatively large, with a honeycomb pattern of complex septae. The interpremaxillary foramen is well opened, which is not common in most flying squirrel genera. The mandible is generally similar to that of other flying squirrels. The coronoid process is less developed, only slightly higher than condylar process when the mandible is placed on a plane.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.864.33678.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/318848" pageId="5" pageNumber="152" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="152">
Figure 5. Skulls, left maxillary (above) and left mandibular (below) tooth rows of the three known
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">Biswamoyopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">A</emphasis>
(ZSI 20705, holotype)
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus biswasi" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">Biswamoyopterus biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">B</emphasis>
(KIZ 034924, holotype)
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">C</emphasis>
(NUoL FES.MM.12.163, holotype)
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus laoensis" order="Rodentia" pageId="5" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">Biswamoyopterus laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The images of
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">C</emphasis>
were derived from
<bibRefCitation author="Sanamxay, D" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="12" pageNumber="159" pagination="471 - 481" refId="B10" title="Rediscovery of Biswamoyopterus (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae: Pteromyini) in Asia, with the description of a new species from Lao PDR." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3686.4.5" volume="3686" year="2013">Sanamxay et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="152">The anterior surface of incisors is pale yellow. Cheek teeth are strongly cuspidate brachyodont, with slightly pitted enamel.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="152">Maxillary teeth: P3 is strong and unicuspid. Parastyle is prominent on P4 and dwindle on the following molars in an anterior to posterior gradient. Paracone is prominent on P4, M1, M2, and M3. Metacone is prominent on P4, M1, and M2, and indistinct on M3. Between protocone and metacone, at the exit of the middle valley of P4, M1, M2, and M3, there are two mesostyles form a projecting gutter. Protocone is prominent on P4, M1, M2, and M3. Hypocone is small, separated from protocone by a notch, distinct on M1 and M2, small on P4, and absent on M3. The anteroloph and posteroloph are indistinct on P4 and M3; distinct on M1 and M2, but they do not develop into a ridge as high as the protoloph and metaloph. A protoloph connecting the protocone with the paracone on M1, M2, and M3, and notched on P4. A metaloph connecting the protocone with the metacone on M2, interrupted by one big or two small metaconules on P4 and M1, and absent on M3.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="153">
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="153" start="start">Mandibular</pageBreakToken>
teeth: Four main cusps (protoconid, hypoconid, metaconid, and entoconid) are all distinct on P4, M1, M2, and M3. Mesoconid is present on the buccal side of P4, M1, M2, and M3, the notch between mesoconid and hypoconid is distinct, seems to be formed by the intense wear and tear. Mesostylid is small and fused with metaconid on P4 and M1, indistinct on M2 and M3.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="156" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" type="comparisons">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="153">Comparison.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="154" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">
Body size,
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gaoligongensis" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">B. gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is similar to
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. biswasi" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">B. biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but clearly smaller than
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. laoensis" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">B. laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Table 1). Pelage colour becomes dark gradually from
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. biswasi" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">B. biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gaoligongensis" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">B. gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. and to
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. laoensis" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">B. laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The back,
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. biswasi" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">B. biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morocco-red speckled with white,
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gaoligongensis" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">B. gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is reddish brown speckled with white, and
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. laoensis" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">B. laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is dark reddish brown speckled with white. The belly,
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. biswasi" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">B. biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is white,
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gaoligongensis" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">B. gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is yellowish-white, and
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. laoensis" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">B. laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is pale orange. The tail beyond uropatagium,
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. biswasi" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">B. biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is pale smoky grey, with a dark tip, both
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gaoligongensis" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">B. gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. and
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. laoensis" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">B. laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are black (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Skins of the three known Biswamoyopterus species A, B (ZSI 20705, holotype) Biswamoyopterus biswasi C, D (KIZ 034924, holotype) Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis sp. nov. E, F (NUoL FES. MM. 12.163, holotype) Biswamoyopterus laoensis. The images E, F were derived from Sanamxay et al. (2013)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.864.33678.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/318847" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). The ear tufts,
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. biswasi" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">B. biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are white,
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gaoligongensis" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">B. gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="154" start="start">sp</pageBreakToken>
. nov. are bicolour (the anterior tufts are black, and the posterior tufts are basally white and terminal black), and
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. laoensis" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">B. laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are black (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Ear tufts of the three Biswamoyopterus species, the red arrow indicates the anterior tufts, and the yellow arrow indicates the posterior tufts A (ZSI 20705, holotype) Biswamoyopterus biswasi B (KIZ 034924, holotype) Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis sp. nov. C (NUoL FES. MM. 12.163, holotype) Biswamoyopterus laoensis. The image C was derived from Sanamxay et al. (2013)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.864.33678.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/318849" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="B71303A81CEEE7A999D1489C87A352D8" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B71303A81CEEE7A999D1489C87A352D8" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
Table 1. Body Mass (in grams), external and skull measurements (in mm) of four specimens of genus
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Biswamoyopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<table pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Measurements</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. biswasi" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">B. biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ZSI 20705)
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gaoligongensis" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">B. gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (KIZ 034924)
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gaoligongensis" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">B. gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (KIZ 035622)
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. laoensis" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">B. laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NUoL FES.MM.12.163)
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Body Mass</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">1370.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">1800.0</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Head and body length</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">405.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">440.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">455.0</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Tail length</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">605.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">520.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">620.0</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Hind feet length</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">78.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">75.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">74.5</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Ear length</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">46.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">47.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">46.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">52.0</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Occipitonasal length (ONL)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">72.40</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">69.75</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">71.11</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">74.39</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Condylobasal length (CBL)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">70.10</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">66.37</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">67.73</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">70.99</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Mastoid breadth (MB)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">30.72</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">33.50</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">30.79</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Zygomatic breadth (ZB)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">47.50</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">48.41</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">48.30</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">47.72</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Zygomatic height (ZH)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">4.61</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">4.58</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">4.86</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Breadth of braincase (BB)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">33.86</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">34.46</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">32.84</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Braincase height (BH)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">22.90</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">24.15</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">22.55</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Rostrum breadth (RB)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">19.61</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">19.62</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">17.04</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Nasal length (NL)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">20.90</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">19.35</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">20.70</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">22.57</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Maximum width of nasals (MWN)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">13.15</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">12.51</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">13.37</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Interorbital breadth (IOB)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">19.00</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">15.75</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">16.38</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">14.06</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Postorbital breadth (POB)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">18.87</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">20.55</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">17.19</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Length of the incisive foramina (LIF)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">6.40</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">5.65</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">5.86</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">5.85</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Length of bony palate (LBP)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">20.08</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">22.01</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">23.83</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Post palatal length (PPL)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">28.72</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">29.68</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">28.77</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Length of auditory bulla (LAB)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">15.50</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">14.68</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">14.57</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">17.33</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Width of auditory bullae across the external auditory meati (WAAM)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">35.88</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">36.76</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">35.96</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Inter bullae gap (IBG)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">6.52</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">6.76</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">5.01</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Maxillary tooth row length (MYTL)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">15.50</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">15.92</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">16.23</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">16.33</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Greatest palatal breadth (GPB)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">18.26</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">18.61</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">19.37</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Width of the bony palate at the first upper molar (WPFM)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">8.58</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">8.03</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">8.05</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Mandibular tooth row length (MRTL)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">15.24</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">15.41</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">15.33</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Mandible length (ML)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">44.44</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">46.53</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">45.36</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Mandible height (MH)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">27.10</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">27.37</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">29.78</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Palate length (PL)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">34.70</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">32.60</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">32.87</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Diastema length (DL)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">15.70</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">13.70</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">15.03</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Orbit breadth (OB)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">24.60</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">26.17</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">26.50</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">Frontal length (FL)</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">28.60</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">27.66</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">30.63</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rowspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.864.33678.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/318849" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
Figure 6. Ear tufts of the three
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Biswamoyopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, the red arrow indicates the anterior tufts, and the yellow arrow indicates the posterior tufts
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">A</emphasis>
(ZSI 20705, holotype)
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus biswasi" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Biswamoyopterus biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">B</emphasis>
(KIZ 034924, holotype)
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">C</emphasis>
(NUoL FES.MM.12.163, holotype)
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus laoensis" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Biswamoyopterus laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The image
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">C</emphasis>
was derived from
<bibRefCitation author="Sanamxay, D" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="12" pageNumber="159" pagination="471 - 481" refId="B10" title="Rediscovery of Biswamoyopterus (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae: Pteromyini) in Asia, with the description of a new species from Lao PDR." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3686.4.5" volume="3686" year="2013">Sanamxay et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="156" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">
The muzzle of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gaoligongensis" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">B. gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is very short,
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. biswasi" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">B. biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is intermediate, and
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. laoensis" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">B. laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is much longer (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Skulls, left maxillary (above) and left mandibular (below) tooth rows of the three known Biswamoyopterus species. A (ZSI 20705, holotype) Biswamoyopterus biswasi B (KIZ 034924, holotype) Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis sp. nov. C (NUoL FES. MM. 12.163, holotype) Biswamoyopterus laoensis. The images of C were derived from Sanamxay et al. (2013)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.864.33678.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/318848" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
, Table 1). As a result, the outline of skull of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gaoligongensis" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">B. gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is short and wide,
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. biswasi" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">B. biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is relatively short, and
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. laoensis" pageId="7" pageNumber="154" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="154">B. laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="155" start="start">long</pageBreakToken>
. On the dorsal view of skull, the outer margin of the nasal bone, the orbital margin of the frontal bone, and the post orbital margin of the frontal bone of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gaoligongensis" pageId="8" pageNumber="155" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="155">B. gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. are almost parallel to the midline of skull, while
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. biswasi" pageId="8" pageNumber="155" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="155">B. biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
slanted, and
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. laoensis" pageId="8" pageNumber="155" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="155">B. laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
slanted even more. The postorbital processes of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gaoligongensis" pageId="8" pageNumber="155" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="155">B. gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. and
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. biswasi" pageId="8" pageNumber="155" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="155">B. biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are clearly larger than
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. laoensis" pageId="8" pageNumber="155" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="155">B. laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The preglenoid process of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gaoligongensis" pageId="8" pageNumber="155" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="155">B. gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. and
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. laoensis" pageId="8" pageNumber="155" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="155">B. laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are almost flat, whereas that of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. biswasi" pageId="8" pageNumber="155" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="155">B. biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
obviously protruding forward (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. The posterior margin of the palatal bones relative to the posterior margin of M 3 (dotted line) and shape of the preglenoid process (arrow) of the three Biswamoyopterus species A (ZSI 20705, holotype) Biswamoyopterus biswasi B (KIZ 034924, holotype) Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis sp. nov., C (NUoL FES. MM. 12.163, holotype) Biswamoyopterus laoensis. The image C was derived from Sanamxay et al. (2013)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.864.33678.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/318850" pageId="8" pageNumber="155">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). The sutures of frontal and squamosal bone of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gaoligongensis" pageId="8" pageNumber="155" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="155">B. gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. are bulging, while
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. biswasi" pageId="8" pageNumber="155" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="155">B. biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. laoensis" pageId="8" pageNumber="155" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="155">B. laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are almost flat. The auditory bullae of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gaoligongensis" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="156" start="start">B</pageBreakToken>
. gaoligongensis
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. and
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. biswasi" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">B. biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are distinctly smaller than those of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. laoensis" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">B. laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The posterior margin of the palatal bones of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gaoligongensis" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">B. gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. and
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. biswasi" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">B. biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is concave forward, while
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. laoensis" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">B. laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is flat. The central point of the posterior margin of the palatal bones of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gaoligongensis" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">B. gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. lies in front of the posterior margin of M3,
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. biswasi" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">B. biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
just meet, and
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. laoensis" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">B. laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lies behind (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. The posterior margin of the palatal bones relative to the posterior margin of M 3 (dotted line) and shape of the preglenoid process (arrow) of the three Biswamoyopterus species A (ZSI 20705, holotype) Biswamoyopterus biswasi B (KIZ 034924, holotype) Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis sp. nov., C (NUoL FES. MM. 12.163, holotype) Biswamoyopterus laoensis. The image C was derived from Sanamxay et al. (2013)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.864.33678.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/318850" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.864.33678.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/318850" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="156">
Figure 7. The posterior margin of the palatal bones relative to the posterior margin of M3 (dotted line) and shape of the preglenoid process (arrow) of the three
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">Biswamoyopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">A</emphasis>
(ZSI 20705, holotype)
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus biswasi" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">Biswamoyopterus biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">B</emphasis>
(KIZ 034924, holotype)
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov.,
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">C</emphasis>
(NUoL FES.MM.12.163, holotype)
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus laoensis" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">Biswamoyopterus laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The image
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">C</emphasis>
was derived from
<bibRefCitation author="Sanamxay, D" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="12" pageNumber="159" pagination="471 - 481" refId="B10" title="Rediscovery of Biswamoyopterus (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae: Pteromyini) in Asia, with the description of a new species from Lao PDR." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3686.4.5" volume="3686" year="2013">Sanamxay et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="156">
The metacone and hypocone of M1 and M2 of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gaoligongensis" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">B. gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. are most developed among three species, followed by
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. laoensis" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">B. laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, again
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. biswasi" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">B. biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As a result, M1 and M2 of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gaoligongensis" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">B. gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. are almost equal to P4, while those of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. laoensis" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">B. laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. biswasi" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">B. biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are smaller than P4. In addition, the outline of M1 and M2 of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gaoligongensis" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">B. gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is sub-square,
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. laoensis" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">B. laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sub-rectangle, and
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. biswasi" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">B. biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sub-triangular. The hypoconid of
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. gaoligongensis" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">B. gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is strongest among three species, followed by
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. biswasi" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" rank="species" species="biswasi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">B. biswasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, again
<taxonomicName lsidName="B. laoensis" pageId="9" pageNumber="156" rank="species" species="laoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">B. laoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Skulls, left maxillary (above) and left mandibular (below) tooth rows of the three known Biswamoyopterus species. A (ZSI 20705, holotype) Biswamoyopterus biswasi B (KIZ 034924, holotype) Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis sp. nov. C (NUoL FES. MM. 12.163, holotype) Biswamoyopterus laoensis. The images of C were derived from Sanamxay et al. (2013)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.864.33678.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/318848" pageId="9" pageNumber="156">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="157" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="157">
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="157" start="start">Distribution</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="157">
Apart from the locality of the holotype, there are two more localities in Yunnan, China, where the
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. was photographed. These include Linjiapu (
<geoCoordinate degrees="25.28693" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="25.28693">25.28693N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="98.70102" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.70102">98.70102E</geoCoordinate>
), 10 km west of the type locality; and Banchang (
<geoCoordinate degrees="25.145876" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="25.145876">25.145876N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="98.796026" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.79603">98.796026E</geoCoordinate>
), 9 km south of the type locality (
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Known localities of three species of Biswamoyopterus." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.864.33678.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/318844" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). Although these three localities cover the east and west slopes of Mount Gaoligong (the watershed of the Irrawaddy River and the Nu River [Salween River]), they are all restricted in a small area of southern Mount Gaoligong.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="157" type="natural history">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Natural history.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="157">
Little is known about the natural history of
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. The holotype was collected from evergreen broad-leaved forest at an altitude of 2,000 meters above sea level. A set of photos taken in Linjiapu showed a
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. resting on the branches of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Daphniphyllaceae" genus="Daphniphyllum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Daphniphyllum" order="Saxifragales" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Daphniphyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Petaurista" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Petaurista yunanensis" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yunanensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Petaurista yunanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. elegans" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" rank="species" species="elegans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">P. elegans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Hylopetes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hylopetes alboniger" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alboniger">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Hylopetes alboniger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were also collected in the same habitat where the holotype was collected.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="157" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="157">
The limited available information suggests that
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. has a relatively low abundance. Because low-altitude forests inhabited by
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Biswamoyopterus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="157" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaoligongensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="157">Biswamoyopterus gaoligongensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. are close to human settlements, they are vulnerable to human activities. The currently known threats are agricultural reclamation and poaching.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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