196 lines
23 KiB
XML
196 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document id="D1797C2131FF0411AB32F5711DB2DAFE" ID-CLB-Dataset="35127" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.450.7452" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a3fc6ee3-7633-4bf5-9be4-f979ef9810c1" ID-PMC="PMC4233402" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-450-1" ID-PubMed="25408617" ID-ZooBank="6EAFB9611C8C4A88BB84CBCE13CDE663" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="1313-2970-450-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 450" ModsDocTitle="A taxonomic monograph of Nearctic Scolytus Geoffroy (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)" checkinTime="1451245189022" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Smith, Sarah M. & Cognato, Anthony I." docDate="2014" docId="7EAD26A25C7969CFF1B9DCADE693076D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 450: 1-182" docOrigin="ZooKeys 450" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.450.7452" docTitle="Scolytus mundus Wood 1968" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="38" masterDocId="FFF8FFEDC228FF81FFA4FFBD8B484705" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic monograph of Nearctic Scolytus Geoffroy (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)" masterLastPageNumber="182" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="38" updateTime="1701374697345" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="4995B3F63F3A1406E68D9ADF03F06570">A taxonomic monograph of Nearctic Scolytus Geoffroy (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="892CDE315E9AB6BD1E643C4E31551DAC">Smith, Sarah M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="47649C9B9958B276353AC12F93D245D0">Cognato, Anthony I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5CDB949A76D0ABB15595532DCE8DE095">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:date id="9406D941358188518E083084DCF80111">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="7BB741E64B9270DB716CE5513941275C">450</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="762E646B99301AF3E484F585BD91B470">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="ABFDDD0BF47003F206E6882448AEAC84" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.450.7452</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="7EAD26A25C7969CFF1B9DCADE693076D" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152056114" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7EAD26A25C7969CFF1B9DCADE693076D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7EAD26A25C7969CFF1B9DCADE693076D" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<subSubSection id="4D613B91573DA658ECD3A858A3395E0E" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="6889C16520A9524197530D2334524082" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<pageBreakToken id="C137BC5AFFB7E95E7504A7168375CF72" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" start="start">Taxon</pageBreakToken>
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classification Animalia Coleoptera Curculionidae
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0088EC33EC94DC25C2CDC4E72EABF709" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="6ED02EE5A0028217DC9108F3082BFA47" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<taxonomicName id="9E92206D88F192935DCD4A547B573797" ID-CoL="4VTLQ" authority="Wood, 1968" authorityName="Wood" authorityYear="1968" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus mundus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mundus">Scolytus mundus Wood, 1968</taxonomicName>
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Fig. 39
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="084DABCC0FE2732D4CA064B1CAE40915" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9C016D0DC8803BAB5DFB37E65AA5B0B1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<taxonomicName id="2FB71F7495AD20C1F12DCC6F384FD9C8" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus mundus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mundus">Scolytus mundus</taxonomicName>
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Wood, 1968: 13.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="50EC595D5E36A67F4B393240D57244AA" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="727C2DB5AC88B658FC80864B50ED2C9C" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8F61E79B7095B3D724B20B2D70D8E18D" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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This species most strongly resembles
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<taxonomicName id="1FEA364A125E33BC4A6D9D398EFBD1B2" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus aztecus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aztecus">Scolytus aztecus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="25FD8A4A755502F089524DD1C2B67454" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus ventralis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">Scolytus ventralis</taxonomicName>
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. Both sexes are differentiated by elytral apices slightly emarginated only at interstria 3, by ventrite 3 covered with abundant erect setae that are greater than length of segment 3. The male can also be differentiated by the apical margin of ventrite 2 armed with a broad median denticle; larger size, the geographic distribution.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DF1140D4F3A601C27204B0CAE0B91AD6" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="description (male)">
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<paragraph id="615CD38DB6295B0BA53FB8A73F36E149" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Description (male).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5A3CAF944F1E658F89CE6C3ED6486A5B" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">4.0-4.5 mm long (mean = 4.35 mm; n = 4); 2.1-2.5 times as long as wide. Color dark brown to black, antennae red brown. Pronotum same color as elytra.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FC978A026E27626AA3241028AB3B814B" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Head. Epistoma weakly emarginated; epistomal process absent; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing convex when viewed laterally, moderately, transversely impressed just above epistoma; strongly, coarsely longitudinally, aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures small, fine; densely, uniformly covered by long, fine, yellow, erect, hair-like setae, setae longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, nearly subquadrate, setose with partial septum, two arcuate sutures visible.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="313D5BDB47EB82763F167D02260CAFEC" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Pronotum as long as wide; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical, anterolateral and lateral margins bearing abundant, erect, long, dark yellow-brown, hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A2E6A4963852D693BCA0BC43A006A3CF" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to subquadrate, smooth apex; elytral apices slightly emarginated at interstria 3; apex weakly emarginated at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing large, coarse punctures. Disc smooth, shining; interstriae weakly impressed, more than twice width of striae, punctures uniseriate, equal in size to those of striae, bearing moderately abundant long, erect, dark yellow-brown, hair-like setae; striae weakly impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron half-length of metanepisternum.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1CF7A07DAEB71D0247D7BF5E06C97F08" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 weakly elevated above base of ventrite 2. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface smooth, shining, finely punctate; punctures small, fine, shallow; covered with abundant erect setae greater than length of segment 3; surface flattened; apical margin armed with broad median denticle; lateral margins of ventrites 2-3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to apical margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 greater than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch and median depression absent.</paragraph>
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<caption id="51EF0FDBC90DD8CEC0156E4298CD218A" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<paragraph id="5E886C0142F86053BD5A8A260052B80B" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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Figure 39.
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<taxonomicName id="9E96A7209DDBCFD2E9DC21AB51CA1D8B" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus mundus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mundus">Scolytus mundus</taxonomicName>
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A dorsal male habitus B lateral male habitus C male frons D male frons oblique E male venter F male venter oblique G dorsal female habitus H lateral female habitus I female frons J female frons oblique K female venter L female venter oblique.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="75735D4B9023AD8C84B729B27A5607D1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="female">
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<paragraph id="E44018AF02D9202E8ED7FD99B9577DAB" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Female.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4ABB79B3B62B4E6607A1435071370E9C" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">3.3-4.6 mm long (mean = 4.0 mm; n = 13); 1.8-2.6 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly emarginated, epistomal process absent, frons convex when viewed laterally, weakly longitudinally aciculate, setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye; weakly transversely impressed between inner apices of eyes. Apical margin of second ventrite armed by small broad tumescence.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2A59A8EF426D6879E0EF313A49652129" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="specimens examined">
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<paragraph id="6946B9F6FCBB3CDEAB83E1454D0540D0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A8D1D5D01AAD9F6A0636E3B3B8F7E820" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">28.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6AA1354A5BF749A37E6048309A515276" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="type material">
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<paragraph id="199488159EF8A11896725A3A424D623D" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4B4EA5B7054D10D4E7C58DDFD4B3E8CF" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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Holotype: male, labeled "11 mi, N Tlaxco, Puebla, Mexico, SL W[ood],
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<taxonomicName id="CF89A55A8D45E2E7949D59D675A6DCE2" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies religiosa" order="Pinales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="religiosa">Abies religiosa</taxonomicName>
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." (USNM). Paratypes: MEXICO: [Puebla]: Tlaxco (Tlaxcala), 11 mi N., 8900 ft, 9.VII.1967, S.L. W[ood], ex.
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<taxonomicName id="C42218FFA2DF0B08F072C7214652C10C" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies religiosa" order="Pinales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="religiosa">Abies religiosa</taxonomicName>
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(USNM-21).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B0CF03D822DA12ABB56A5557A01C09A4" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="non-type material">
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<paragraph id="CCDF5C365834DB601EAE828F24BD5D78" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Non-type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2FB1ADF1D8A9FBBB02903C1267235CC0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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MEXICO: [Distrito Federal]: Desierto de los Leones National Park, III.1951, J.M. Miller, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="D35A94CE4C40614B4A768FD64E780882" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies religiosa" order="Pinales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="religiosa">Abies religiosa</taxonomicName>
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(OSAC-2). Hidalgo: El Chico, 31.IX.[19]77, E. Hernandez V., ex.
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<taxonomicName id="6A992D5A8F47E925F89FFC16A2AAD524" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies religiosa" order="Pinales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="religiosa">Abies religiosa</taxonomicName>
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(CNCI-2). Oaxaca: Valle Nacional, 53 mi S., 10000 ft, 24.V.[19]71, D.E. Bright, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="1CADA772D557211302D4BED938429BB2" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies religiosa" order="Pinales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="religiosa">Abies religiosa</taxonomicName>
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(CNCI-2). Tlaxcala: Villarreal Terrenate, 23.II.[19]78, E. Hernandez, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="BED1693C2FF1735B3DC69199A6E48B65" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies religiosa" order="Pinales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="religiosa">Abies religiosa</taxonomicName>
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(USNM-4, WFBM-5).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E5BE8563C55850756ED9271BD870736D" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="372993FBBEC9354CB81DFFFC0C7C214A" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8DB115AC0CEAC2A8B88C3FEB6345ECB7" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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MEXICO: Distrito Federal, Estado de
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<normalizedToken id="F1B1A5A70E4B1C0CC7AB1662EE16A180" originalValue="México">Mexico</normalizedToken>
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, Hidalgo,
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<normalizedToken id="E3F16B0FCE1EFA802E0FCB417DACC2A9" originalValue="Michoacán">Michoacan</normalizedToken>
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, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla, Tlaxcala (Fig. 40).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="E5A2672F122154C2F92C5E45FA6E5D48" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<paragraph id="49EE1B9DC589A74DD12AA58139491BBB" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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Figure 40.
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<taxonomicName id="12BC48C4283CA400A8264AD68B71B675" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus mundus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mundus">Scolytus mundus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4D7474CB2238EA5ACBBC753655ECF6D0" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus ventralis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">Scolytus ventralis</taxonomicName>
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distribution map.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B492BD6D55DAB81072D2CBCE80A1FE2F" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="hosts">
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<paragraph id="6C56915F54610230C45F6D2D896DACF1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Hosts.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EF2C6CAA39829540E3CAC34E2F190519" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<taxonomicName id="E587BB37B3AAB1FACA480E4B8CA47344" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies religiosa" order="Pinales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="religiosa">Abies religiosa</taxonomicName>
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(Kunth) Schltdl. & Cham. (sacred fir).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DB8109EBA2C8E3EC996FC567B82FBD2F" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="biology">
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<paragraph id="018A09F92EAB0C7A90CBD37CDECEBCB0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3AABAAC655D987AE869BEA7954CCD037" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<taxonomicName id="73000792E3D4AD2CCA226C2CE0F20010" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus mundus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mundus">Scolytus mundus</taxonomicName>
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is a serious pest of
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<taxonomicName id="E0F9433A8CA123DA43030B7B45B7FB08" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies religiosa" order="Pinales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="religiosa">Abies religiosa</taxonomicName>
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in Mexico and its life cycle and habits have been well-studied (see
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<bibRefCitation id="04985A6E73C39E4EDAC0E6B75E5D56BB" author="Cibrian Tovar, D" journalOrPublisher="North American Forestry Commission, FAO, Publication 6" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" title="Insectos forestales de Mexico (Forest insects of Mexico)." year="1995">
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<normalizedToken id="C3080EA7355E2B941D4938E572D2D349" originalValue="Cibrián">Cibrian</normalizedToken>
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Tovar et al. 1995
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="1622E17856B179BBE0E7ECC1B924C852" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus mundus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mundus">Scolytus mundus</taxonomicName>
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attacks the tops of mature trees, trunks of recently cut trees and large logging slash greater than 10.0 cm in diameter (
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<bibRefCitation id="88343DA552FBB704159D7C80E056155D" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="Great Basin Naturalist" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="1 - 15" title="New records and species of Neotropical bark beetles (Scolytidae: Coleoptera), part III." volume="28" year="1968">Wood 1968</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="A198B1CEACC77B6C08A2186614E9D810" author="Cibrian Tovar, D" journalOrPublisher="North American Forestry Commission, FAO, Publication 6" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" title="Insectos forestales de Mexico (Forest insects of Mexico)." year="1995">
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<normalizedToken id="2C1ADFFA3A1E66464DFE2A7D5B0CF601" originalValue="Cibrián">Cibrian</normalizedToken>
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Tovar et al. 1995
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Trees attacked by
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<taxonomicName id="98E549BEA71A32CB4D1A3FCC4C4D0464" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus mundus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mundus">Scolytus mundus</taxonomicName>
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exhibit red foliage at the tree top. If the population density is high, subsequent generations will colonize the tree from the top down. However, attacks rarely occur at the base and so the host tree typically survives (
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<bibRefCitation id="BAA02854D5AC8E29BE0C98360B110BC4" author="Cibrian Tovar, D" journalOrPublisher="North American Forestry Commission, FAO, Publication 6" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" title="Insectos forestales de Mexico (Forest insects of Mexico)." year="1995">
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<normalizedToken id="806BA45B6B25522F1EAFA1E4611D8043" originalValue="Cibrián">Cibrian</normalizedToken>
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Tovar et al. 1995
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="BA596B5E442F6CE5B301CCF4F7FB4289" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus mundus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mundus">Scolytus mundus</taxonomicName>
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has been reported to colonize the same material as
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<taxonomicName id="D19C0C2C8377098A11BD28ED1F19ADB1" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus hermosus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hermosus">Scolytus hermosus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="FCE73EC3F97037F8B314C381792917A3" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="Great Basin Naturalist" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" pagination="1 - 15" title="New records and species of Neotropical bark beetles (Scolytidae: Coleoptera), part III." volume="28" year="1968">Wood 1968</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9942C2C130C8F6C2124FAD7A6B31D824" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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The female initiates the attack by constructing an entrance in bark crevices at branch nodes. The adult galleries are transverse across the grain of the wood, similar in appearance to
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<taxonomicName id="ABCBEFF45F2B277335553552D0F29676" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus ventralis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">Scolytus ventralis</taxonomicName>
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and with a central nuptial chamber (see
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<bibRefCitation id="4FDFDB05BE0A0FE4FD98E23CA57C1CAD" author="Cibrian Tovar, D" journalOrPublisher="North American Forestry Commission, FAO, Publication 6" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" title="Insectos forestales de Mexico (Forest insects of Mexico)." year="1995">
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<normalizedToken id="391D4A422121A1DAE4A8ABC5D514381A" originalValue="Cibrián">Cibrian</normalizedToken>
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Tovar et al. 1995
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, figs 130-131). Eggs are laid in niches excavated on each side of the central nuptial chamber. The larval mines extend parallel to the grain of wood and are first in the cambium and later penetrate into the sapwood. Pupation occurs in the sapwood and there are two generations per year with the first generation occurring from October to May and the second from June to October (
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<bibRefCitation id="F82D2DC175D8FC9019E570C32DDD7730" author="Cibrian Tovar, D" journalOrPublisher="North American Forestry Commission, FAO, Publication 6" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" title="Insectos forestales de Mexico (Forest insects of Mexico)." year="1995">
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<normalizedToken id="14D88933C5057F0A39EB7905E8D2C74E" originalValue="Cibrián">Cibrian</normalizedToken>
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Tovar et al. 1995
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |