1339 lines
174 KiB
XML
1339 lines
174 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490" ID-PMC="PMC5624180" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-83-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFA5FFACFF9FFFDFEE6A9A59FF8DC805" ID-PubMed="29033648" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1138093" ModsDocID="1314-2003-83-1" checkinTime="1502745010505" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Pellegrini, Marco O. O. & Faden, Robert B." docDate="2017" docId="7E748D23D7955E6D908C932A562CFD1C" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 83: 1-41" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 83" docPubDate="2017-07-13" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490" docTitle="Siderasis Raf., Fl. Tellur. 3: 67. 1837, emend. M. Pell. & Faden" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="FFA5FFACFF9FFFDFEE6A9A59FF8DC805" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="FFA5FFACFF9FFFDFEE6A9A59FF8DC805" masterDocTitle="Recircumscription and taxonomic revision of Siderasis, with comments on the systematics of subtribe Dichorisandrinae (Commelinaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="41" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1668142017948" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Recircumscription and taxonomic revision of Siderasis, with comments on the systematics of subtribe Dichorisandrinae (Commelinaceae)</mods:title>
|
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</mods:titleInfo>
|
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
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</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Pellegrini, Marco O. O.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Botanica, Rua do Matao 277, CEP 05508 - 900, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil & Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leao 915, CEP 22460 - 030, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil & Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, Department of Botany, MRC 166, P. O. Box 37012, Washington D. C. 20013 - 7012, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
|
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Faden, Robert B.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, Department of Botany, MRC 166, P. O. Box 37012, Washington D. C. 20013 - 7012, USA</mods:affiliation>
|
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2017-07-13</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>83</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
|
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>41</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-83-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFA5FFACFF9FFFDFEE6A9A59FF8DC805</mods:identifier>
|
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1138093</mods:identifier>
|
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</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182225916" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E748D23D7955E6D908C932A562CFD1C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E748D23D7955E6D908C932A562CFD1C" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName LSID="7E748D23-D795-5E6D-908C-932A562CFD1C" authority="Raf., Fl. Tellur. 3: 67. 1837, emend. M. Pell. & Faden" authorityName="Raf., Fl. Tellur. 3: 67. 1837, emend. M. Pell. & Faden" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">Siderasis</pageBreakToken>
|
||
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 3: 67. 1837, emend. M.Pell. & Faden
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hasskarl" authorityYear="1869" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Pyrrheima" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pyrrheima" order="Commelinales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pyrrheima</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hassk., Flora 52: 366. 1869, nom. illeg. Type species (designated here).
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. loddigesii" order="Commelinales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species" species="loddigesii">P. loddigesii</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hassk., nom. illeg. [≡
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. fuscata" order="Commelinales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species" species="fuscata">S. fuscata</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Lodd.) H.E.Moore].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="type species">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Type species.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Raf" authorityYear="1837" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis acaulis" order="Commelinales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acaulis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Siderasis acaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Raf. [≡
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. fuscata" order="Commelinales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species" species="fuscata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. fuscata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Lodd.) H.E.Moore].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Herbs or vines</emphasis>
|
||
, perennial, with a definite base, terrestrial or rupicolous.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Roots</emphasis>
|
||
thin, fibrous, sometimes forming terminal, small, fusiform to oblongoid tubers.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Rhizomes</emphasis>
|
||
present or not, if present short, shallowly to deeply buried in the ground, rarely only covered by leaf litter.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Subterraneous stems</emphasis>
|
||
present or not, when present buried deep in the soil, unbranched, produced directly from the short rhizome; internodes moderately elongate to elongate.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Aerial stems</emphasis>
|
||
with determinate or indeterminate growth, elongated or short to inconspicuous, densely branched or unbranched, when densely branched primary shoot determinate or not, when present secondary shoots determinate; internodes inconspicuous to weakly elongate, or elongate; flagelliform-shoots (ramets) present or not, if present produced after the fertile period, forming a new rosette at the apex, axillary, unbranched, internodes elongate.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Leaves</emphasis>
|
||
spirally-alternate or distichously-alternate, congested at the apex of the stems forming a rosette or evenly distributed along the secondary branches, sessile to subpetiolate or petiolate, sheathing at the base, ptyxis involute; blades membranous to chartaceous or succulent, base symmetric or slightly to completely asymmetric, margins slightly revolute to flat, apex curved or straight.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Synflorescence</emphasis>
|
||
composed of a solitary main florescence or with 1-7 coflorescences.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Main florescence (inflorescence)</emphasis>
|
||
a thyrse, terminal or apparently so, rarely axillary, a many-branched, pedunculate thyrse, with alternate cincinni or reduced to a solitary pedunculate cincinnus; basal bract sessile or amplexicaulous or sheathing; cincinni bracts sessile or amplexicaulous; cincinni pedunculate, 1-many-flowered; bracteoles present or not.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Flowers</emphasis>
|
||
bisexual or staminate, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, chasmogamous, flat, pedicellate or sessile; pedicels erect during pre-anthesis and anthesis, erect or deflexed post-anthesis, generally elongating in fruit; sepals 3, unequal, free, membranous or fleshy, persistent and accrescent in fruit, the uppermost external, broader than the others, sometimes also shorter than the others; petals 3, deliquescent, free, margins entire to irregularly lacerated, glabrous, rarely ciliated with non-moniliform hairs, apex entire to irregularly lacerated, subequal, the lowermost either broader or longer than the others; stamens 6, equal or unequal, straight or curved upwards, filaments free, glabrous, straight or sigmoid, anthers dorsifixed, extrorsely rimose, anther sacs semicircular, divergent, pollen white, connectives expanded, quadrangular to rectangular; ovary sessile, globose to broadly oblongoid to ellipsoid in outline, trigonous with obtuse to round angles in cross-section, densely hirsute or lanate or velutine, 3-locular, locules equal, 3-6-ovulate, ovules hemianatropous, biseriate to partially uniseriate; style terminal, straight or curved upwards; stigma annular-truncate or annular-capitate, marginally papillate leaving the stylar canal evident, papillae unicellular.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Capsules</emphasis>
|
||
loculicidal, thick-walled, 3-valved, globose or subglobose to broadly ellipsoid to broadly oblongoid to oblongoid
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">in</pageBreakToken>
|
||
outline, trigonous with obtuse to round angles in cross-section, smooth to sparsely reticulate, apiculate due to persistent style base.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Seeds</emphasis>
|
||
(1-)3-6 per locule, arillate, obconic to ellipsoid, dorsiventrally compressed, ventrally slightly flattened or with a mild ridge, testa foveolate or rugose; hilum C-shaped, in a shallow depression; embryotega semidorsal or semilateral, relatively inconspicuous, without a prominent apicule; aril cream-colored to hyaline, slightly to completely translucent, thick or inconspicuous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was named in allusion to the peculiar red to bright-red hairs that cover almost the entire plant, but especially the leaves. However, only
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. fuscata" order="Commelinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="fuscata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. fuscata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses the aforementioned hairs, and all of the remaining species possess leaf blades covered by hyaline to light brown, rarely rusty hairs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="habitat">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Habitat, distribution and ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is endemic to the Atlantic Forest domain in coastal Brazil, occurring in the states of Bahia,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
|
||
Santo, and Rio de Janeiro (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Distribution map of Siderasis Raf. emend. M. Pell. & Faden. Blue circles - S. albofasciata; Blue triangles - S. almeidae; Red circles - S. fuscata; Red triangles - S. medusoides; Blue square - S. spectabilis; Red Square - S. zorzanellii; BA - state of Bahia; ES - estate of Espirito Santo; RJ - estate of Rio de Janeiro." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144845" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). More specifically,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is restricted to the Central Corridor of the Atlantic Forest, growing in remnants of semideciduous forests associated with inselbergs, between 90-1350 m above sea level. The genus is composed exclusively by microendemic species distributed in very small and fragmented subpopulations, susceptible to deforestation and illegal collection of specimens for ornamental purposes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="biogeography">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Biogeography.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Since most phylogenies for
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Commelinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="family">Commelinaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
corroborate the paraphyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Faden & D.R.Hunt" authorityYear="1991" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Dichorisandrinae">Dichorisandrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2666727" author="Evans, TM" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="668 - 691" refId="B11" refString="Evans, TM, Faden, RB, Simpson, MG, Sytsma, KJ, 2000. Phylogenetic relationships in the Commelinaceae: I. A cladistic analysis of morphological data. Systematic Botany 25: 668 - 691, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2666727" title="Phylogenetic relationships in the Commelinaceae: I. A cladistic analysis of morphological data." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2666727" volume="25" year="2000">Evans et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Evans, TM" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="270 - 292" refId="B12" refString="Evans, TM, Sytsma, KJ, Faden, RB, Givnish, TJ, 2003. Phylogenetic relationships in the Commelinaceae: II. A cladistic analysis of rbcL sequences and morphology. Systematic Botany 28: 270 - 292" title="Phylogenetic relationships in the Commelinaceae: II. A cladistic analysis of rbcL sequences and morphology." volume="28" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hardy, CR" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="B21" refString="Hardy, CR, 2001. Systematics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and an undescribed genus in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York." title="Systematics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and an undescribed genus in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York." year="2001">Hardy 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20062201.40" author="Wade, DW" journalOrPublisher="Aliso" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="520 - 526" refId="B42" refString="Wade, DW, Evans, TM, Faden, RB, 2006. Subtribal relationships in tribe Tradescantieae (Commelinaceae) based on molecular and morphological data. Aliso 22 (1): 520 - 526, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20062201.40" title="Subtribal relationships in tribe Tradescantieae (Commelinaceae) based on molecular and morphological data." url="https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20062201.40" volume="22" year="2006">Wade et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zuiderveen, GH" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" publicationUrl="http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/honorsprojects/65" refId="B45" refString="Zuiderveen, GH, Evans, TM, Faden, RB, 2011. A phylogenetic analysis of the African plant genus Palisota (family Commelinaceae) based on chloroplast DNA sequences. Grand Valley State University, Honors Projects: Paper 65. http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/honorsprojects/65" title="A phylogenetic analysis of the African plant genus Palisota (family Commelinaceae) based on chloroplast DNA sequences. Grand Valley State University, Honors Projects: Paper 65." url="http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/honorsprojects/65" year="2011">Zuiderveen et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X677991" author="Hertweck, KL" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="105 - 116" refId="B24" refString="Hertweck, KL, Pires, JC, 2014. Systematics and evolution of inflorescence structure in the Tradescantia alliance (Commelinaceae). Systematic Botany 39 (1): 105 - 116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X677991" title="Systematics and evolution of inflorescence structure in the Tradescantia alliance (Commelinaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X677991" volume="39" year="2014">Hertweck and Pires 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Pellegrini et al., in prep.), we can hypothesize on the independent diversification of these lineages from a biogeographical point of view. The clade composed by
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lemaire" authorityYear="1859" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Cochliostema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cochliostema" order="Commelinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cochliostema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ule" authorityYear="1913" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Geogenanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Geogenanthus" order="Commelinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Geogenanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="R.B.Faden & C.R.Hardy" authorityYear="2004" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Plowmanianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Plowmanianthus" order="Commelinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Plowmanianthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is consistently recovered as the second lineage to diverge in tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="R.B.Faden & C.R.Hardy" authorityYear="2004" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Commelinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="tribe" tribe="Tradescantieae">Tradescantieae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, following the diversion of subtribe
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Faden & D.R.Hunt" authorityYear="1991" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Streptoliriinae">Streptoliriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Evans, TM" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="270 - 292" refId="B12" refString="Evans, TM, Sytsma, KJ, Faden, RB, Givnish, TJ, 2003. Phylogenetic relationships in the Commelinaceae: II. A cladistic analysis of rbcL sequences and morphology. Systematic Botany 28: 270 - 292" title="Phylogenetic relationships in the Commelinaceae: II. A cladistic analysis of rbcL sequences and morphology." volume="28" year="2003">Evans et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20062201.40" author="Wade, DW" journalOrPublisher="Aliso" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="520 - 526" refId="B42" refString="Wade, DW, Evans, TM, Faden, RB, 2006. Subtribal relationships in tribe Tradescantieae (Commelinaceae) based on molecular and morphological data. Aliso 22 (1): 520 - 526, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20062201.40" title="Subtribal relationships in tribe Tradescantieae (Commelinaceae) based on molecular and morphological data." url="https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20062201.40" volume="22" year="2006">Wade et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zuiderveen, GH" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" publicationUrl="http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/honorsprojects/65" refId="B45" refString="Zuiderveen, GH, Evans, TM, Faden, RB, 2011. A phylogenetic analysis of the African plant genus Palisota (family Commelinaceae) based on chloroplast DNA sequences. Grand Valley State University, Honors Projects: Paper 65. http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/honorsprojects/65" title="A phylogenetic analysis of the African plant genus Palisota (family Commelinaceae) based on chloroplast DNA sequences. Grand Valley State University, Honors Projects: Paper 65." url="http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/honorsprojects/65" year="2011">Zuiderveen et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X677991" author="Hertweck, KL" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="105 - 116" refId="B24" refString="Hertweck, KL, Pires, JC, 2014. Systematics and evolution of inflorescence structure in the Tradescantia alliance (Commelinaceae). Systematic Botany 39 (1): 105 - 116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X677991" title="Systematics and evolution of inflorescence structure in the Tradescantia alliance (Commelinaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X677991" volume="39" year="2014">Hertweck and Pires 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Pellegrini et al., in prep.). The ancestor of this lineage probably originated in the Amazon Basin, and posteriorly diversified in the Guyana Shield, northern Andes, and Central America reaching Costa Rica (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hardy, CR" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="B21" refString="Hardy, CR, 2001. Systematics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and an undescribed genus in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York." title="Systematics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and an undescribed genus in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York." year="2001">Hardy 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404774195511" author="Hardy, CR" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="316 - 333" refId="B22" refString="Hardy, CR, Faden, RB, 2004. Plowmanianthus, a new genus of Commelinaceae with five new species from Tropical America. Systematic Botany 29 (2): 316 - 333, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404774195511" title="Plowmanianthus, a new genus of Commelinaceae with five new species from Tropical America." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404774195511" volume="29" year="2004">Hardy and Faden 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On the other hand, the clade composed by
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is recovered as the third lineage to diverge in
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Commelinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="tribe" tribe="Tradescantieae">Tradescantieae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Evans, TM" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="270 - 292" refId="B12" refString="Evans, TM, Sytsma, KJ, Faden, RB, Givnish, TJ, 2003. Phylogenetic relationships in the Commelinaceae: II. A cladistic analysis of rbcL sequences and morphology. Systematic Botany 28: 270 - 292" title="Phylogenetic relationships in the Commelinaceae: II. A cladistic analysis of rbcL sequences and morphology." volume="28" year="2003">Evans et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20062201.40" author="Wade, DW" journalOrPublisher="Aliso" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="520 - 526" refId="B42" refString="Wade, DW, Evans, TM, Faden, RB, 2006. Subtribal relationships in tribe Tradescantieae (Commelinaceae) based on molecular and morphological data. Aliso 22 (1): 520 - 526, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20062201.40" title="Subtribal relationships in tribe Tradescantieae (Commelinaceae) based on molecular and morphological data." url="https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20062201.40" volume="22" year="2006">Wade et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zuiderveen, GH" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, Cambridge" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" publicationUrl="http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/honorsprojects/65" refId="B45" refString="Zuiderveen, GH, Evans, TM, Faden, RB, 2011. A phylogenetic analysis of the African plant genus Palisota (family Commelinaceae) based on chloroplast DNA sequences. Grand Valley State University, Honors Projects: Paper 65. http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/honorsprojects/65" title="A phylogenetic analysis of the African plant genus Palisota (family Commelinaceae) based on chloroplast DNA sequences. Grand Valley State University, Honors Projects: Paper 65." url="http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/honorsprojects/65" year="2011">Zuiderveen et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X677991" author="Hertweck, KL" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="105 - 116" refId="B24" refString="Hertweck, KL, Pires, JC, 2014. Systematics and evolution of inflorescence structure in the Tradescantia alliance (Commelinaceae). Systematic Botany 39 (1): 105 - 116, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X677991" title="Systematics and evolution of inflorescence structure in the Tradescantia alliance (Commelinaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X677991" volume="39" year="2014">Hertweck and Pires 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Pellegrini et al., in prep.). The ancestor of this clade probably originated and diversified in the Atlantic Forest domain, since it is the center of diversity of both genera. Subsequently, the ancestors of various
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lineages might have dispersed, more than once, diversifying in the Amazon Basin through gallery forests in the Cerrado domain.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="growth form and leaf morphology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Growth form and leaf morphology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses two clearly differentiated growth patterns: (1) rosette herbs, generally with very short internodes, and spirally-alternate, symmetrical leaves (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Growth forms in Dichorisandrinae s. s. A-D Siderasis Raf. emend. M. Pell. & Faden: A rosette habit of S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B rosette habit with flagelliform-shoots of S. albofasciata M. Pell. C habit of an immature, still prostrate, individual of S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D habit of a mature individual of S. zorzanellii spirally ascending a tree. E-F Dichorisandra hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke: E intertwined habit F decumbent stem apex, bearing flowers and fruits. Photographs A-B, E-F by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C-D by J. P. F. Zorzanelli." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144847" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3A-B</figureCitation>
|
||
); (2) climbing vines, with elongated internodes, and distichously-alternate, asymmetrical leaves (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Growth forms in Dichorisandrinae s. s. A-D Siderasis Raf. emend. M. Pell. & Faden: A rosette habit of S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B rosette habit with flagelliform-shoots of S. albofasciata M. Pell. C habit of an immature, still prostrate, individual of S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D habit of a mature individual of S. zorzanellii spirally ascending a tree. E-F Dichorisandra hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke: E intertwined habit F decumbent stem apex, bearing flowers and fruits. Photographs A-B, E-F by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C-D by J. P. F. Zorzanelli." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144847" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3C-D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The rosette habit has hitherto been the only one recognized in the genus.
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03531-3_12" author="Faden, RB" editor="Kubitzki, K" journalOrPublisher="4. Springer Verlag. Berlin" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="109 - 128" refId="B16" refString="Faden, RB, 1998. Commelinaceae. In: Kubitzki, K, Ed., The families and genera of vascular plants, vol. 4. Springer Verlag. Berlin: 109 - 128, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03531-3_12" title="Commelinaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03531-3_12" volumeTitle="The families and genera of vascular plants, vol." year="1998">Faden (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned the existence of a climbing species in the genus, but due to the synoptic nature of that publication, no further remarks were made on the subject. The climbing habit is relatively uncommon in the family, but found in the closely related
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the plants tend to lean on nearby trees and shrubs, later producing
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">pendant</pageBreakToken>
|
||
branches, or even growing completely intertwined with more robust shrubs (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Growth forms in Dichorisandrinae s. s. A-D Siderasis Raf. emend. M. Pell. & Faden: A rosette habit of S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B rosette habit with flagelliform-shoots of S. albofasciata M. Pell. C habit of an immature, still prostrate, individual of S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D habit of a mature individual of S. zorzanellii spirally ascending a tree. E-F Dichorisandra hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke: E intertwined habit F decumbent stem apex, bearing flowers and fruits. Photographs A-B, E-F by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C-D by J. P. F. Zorzanelli." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144847" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">3E-F</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the primary branch grows at the base of a tree (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Growth forms in Dichorisandrinae s. s. A-D Siderasis Raf. emend. M. Pell. & Faden: A rosette habit of S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B rosette habit with flagelliform-shoots of S. albofasciata M. Pell. C habit of an immature, still prostrate, individual of S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D habit of a mature individual of S. zorzanellii spirally ascending a tree. E-F Dichorisandra hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke: E intertwined habit F decumbent stem apex, bearing flowers and fruits. Photographs A-B, E-F by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C-D by J. P. F. Zorzanelli." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144847" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">3C</figureCitation>
|
||
), posteriorly spirally ascending around the trunk, and finally producing the flowering secondary branches (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Growth forms in Dichorisandrinae s. s. A-D Siderasis Raf. emend. M. Pell. & Faden: A rosette habit of S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B rosette habit with flagelliform-shoots of S. albofasciata M. Pell. C habit of an immature, still prostrate, individual of S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D habit of a mature individual of S. zorzanellii spirally ascending a tree. E-F Dichorisandra hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke: E intertwined habit F decumbent stem apex, bearing flowers and fruits. Photographs A-B, E-F by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C-D by J. P. F. Zorzanelli." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144847" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">3D</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the remaining genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Faden & D.R.Hunt" authorityYear="1991" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Dichorisandrinae">Dichorisandrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, growth form is stable, with almost no variation within each genus. In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lemaire" authorityYear="1859" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Cochliostema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cochliostema" order="Commelinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cochliostema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the plants tend to be tank-forming rosette herbs, but creeping individuals are also known in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. velutinum" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="velutinum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">C</pageBreakToken>
|
||
. velutinum
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Read (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hardy, CR" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="B21" refString="Hardy, CR, 2001. Systematics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and an undescribed genus in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York." title="Systematics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and an undescribed genus in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York." year="2001">Hardy 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ule" authorityYear="1913" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Geogenanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Geogenanthus" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Geogenanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the plants always possess a dracaenoid habit, with leaves congested at the apex (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hardy, CR" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="B21" refString="Hardy, CR, 2001. Systematics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and an undescribed genus in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York." title="Systematics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and an undescribed genus in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York." year="2001">Hardy 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="R.B.Faden & C.R.Hardy" authorityYear="2004" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Plowmanianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Plowmanianthus" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Plowmanianthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the plants are always rosette herbs with very short stems (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404774195511" author="Hardy, CR" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="316 - 333" refId="B22" refString="Hardy, CR, Faden, RB, 2004. Plowmanianthus, a new genus of Commelinaceae with five new species from Tropical America. Systematic Botany 29 (2): 316 - 333, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404774195511" title="Plowmanianthus, a new genus of Commelinaceae with five new species from Tropical America." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404774195511" volume="29" year="2004">Hardy and Faden 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Considerable variation in leaf morphology occurs in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with leaves ranging from: (1) sessile to subpetiolate (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Growth forms in Dichorisandrinae s. s. A-D Siderasis Raf. emend. M. Pell. & Faden: A rosette habit of S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B rosette habit with flagelliform-shoots of S. albofasciata M. Pell. C habit of an immature, still prostrate, individual of S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D habit of a mature individual of S. zorzanellii spirally ascending a tree. E-F Dichorisandra hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke: E intertwined habit F decumbent stem apex, bearing flowers and fruits. Photographs A-B, E-F by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C-D by J. P. F. Zorzanelli." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144847" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3B-D</figureCitation>
|
||
); (2) truly petiolate, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. fuscata" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="fuscata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. fuscata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Growth forms in Dichorisandrinae s. s. A-D Siderasis Raf. emend. M. Pell. & Faden: A rosette habit of S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B rosette habit with flagelliform-shoots of S. albofasciata M. Pell. C habit of an immature, still prostrate, individual of S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D habit of a mature individual of S. zorzanellii spirally ascending a tree. E-F Dichorisandra hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke: E intertwined habit F decumbent stem apex, bearing flowers and fruits. Photographs A-B, E-F by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C-D by J. P. F. Zorzanelli." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144847" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Siderasis fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore. A habit, showing a mature rosette and green leaves B detail of leaf with a silvery blotch along the midvein C detail of the canaliculate petiole, showing the rusty hairs D detail of the bright-red hirsute indumentum E upper view of a fertile rosette, showing many lilac flowers open at the same time F front view of a pale-lilac flower, showing the lacerated petals and completely white androecium and gynoecium G detail of the androecium and the gynoecium H detail of a mature capsule, showing the atro-vinaceous longitudinal stripes I detail of an open capsule, showing the biseriate to partially uniseriate, inconspicuously arillate seeds, with grey foveolate testa. Photographs by M. O. O. Pellegrini." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144854" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">8C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Truly petiolate leaves are extremely rare in
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="family">Commelinaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, being recorded only in a handful of species restricted to the peculiar-looking subtribe
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Faden & D.R.Hunt" authorityYear="1991" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Streptoliriinae">Streptoliriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, mostly comprised of vining plants (Pellegrini and Faden, pers. observ.). Phyllotaxy in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can range from distichous to spirally-alternate, the arrangement being correlated to symmetry of the leaf blades.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="inflorescence morphology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Inflorescence morphology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
In all
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(i.e.
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. spectabilis" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="spectabilis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. spectabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. zorzanellii" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="zorzanellii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. zorzanellii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the main florescence is a many-branched, pedunculate, terminal or axillary thyrse with alternate cincinni, each cincinnus being multi-flowered. In the remaining species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(i.e.
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. albofasciata" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="albofasciata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. albofasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. almeidae" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="almeidae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. almeidae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. fuscata" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="fuscata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. fuscata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. medusoides" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="medusoides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. medusoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the main florescence is composed of a thyrse reduced to a solitary cincinnus, as described in
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01267" author="Pellegrini, MOO" journalOrPublisher="Nordic Journal of Botany" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="29 - 37" refId="B32" refString="Pellegrini, MOO, 2017. Siderasis albofasciata sp. nov. (Commelinaceae), endemic to the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil, and the typification of S. fuscata. Nordic Journal of Botany 35 (1): 29 - 37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01267" title="Siderasis albofasciata sp. nov. (Commelinaceae), endemic to the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil, and the typification of S. fuscata." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01267" volume="35" year="2017">Pellegrini (2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Inflorescence architecture in Dichorisandrinae s. s. A diagram of the basic Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden inflorescence type, consisting of a thyrse reduced to a solitary cincinnus B diagram of the basic Dichorisandra inflorescence type (also characteristic of S. spectabilis and S. zorzanellii), consisting of a many-branched thyrse with alternate, many-flowered cincinni C diagram of the basic D. acaulis species group inflorescence type, where the main florescence axis and cincinni axis are greatly reduced, and the pedicels are peculiarly elongated. P = prophyll; pB = peduncle bract on main synflorescence axis; * = aborted or dormant apex of main inflorescence axis (usually not observed); B = cincinnus bract; b = bracteole; f = flower; 1 ° bud = bud terminating cincinnus; 2 ° bud = bud in axil of peduncle bract with potential to develop into a secondary thyrse (coflorescence); Modified from Pellegrini (2017)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144848" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">4A</figureCitation>
|
||
). These reduced thyrsi are arranged into a synflorescence that may contain up to seven coflorescences. The center of the mature
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
rosette may contain several terminal or apparently terminal synflorescences. In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the two climbing species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the main axis of the inflorescence is usually well developed, thus producing a typical looking thyrse (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Inflorescence architecture in Dichorisandrinae s. s. A diagram of the basic Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden inflorescence type, consisting of a thyrse reduced to a solitary cincinnus B diagram of the basic Dichorisandra inflorescence type (also characteristic of S. spectabilis and S. zorzanellii), consisting of a many-branched thyrse with alternate, many-flowered cincinni C diagram of the basic D. acaulis species group inflorescence type, where the main florescence axis and cincinni axis are greatly reduced, and the pedicels are peculiarly elongated. P = prophyll; pB = peduncle bract on main synflorescence axis; * = aborted or dormant apex of main inflorescence axis (usually not observed); B = cincinnus bract; b = bracteole; f = flower; 1 ° bud = bud terminating cincinnus; 2 ° bud = bud in axil of peduncle bract with potential to develop into a secondary thyrse (coflorescence); Modified from Pellegrini (2017)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144848" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">4B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Nevertheless, the inflorescences may also be extremely reduced in some species (i.e.
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. acaulis" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="acaulis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">D. acaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group), due to the shortening of the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="inflorescence’s">inflorescence's</normalizedToken>
|
||
internodes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.245.2.2" author="Pellegrini, MOO" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="107 - 118" refId="B33" refString="Pellegrini, MOO, Almeida, RF, 2016. Rediscovery, identity and typification of Dichorisandra picta (Commelinaceae) and comments on the short-stemmed Dichorisandra species. Phytotaxa 245 (2): 107 - 118, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.245.2.2" title="Rediscovery, identity and typification of Dichorisandra picta (Commelinaceae) and comments on the short-stemmed Dichorisandra species." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.245.2.2" volume="245" year="2016">Pellegrini and Almeida 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The cincinni are also very short (i.e. sessile to subsessile), being enclosed by the leaf sheaths and not obvious at first glance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.245.2.2" author="Pellegrini, MOO" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="107 - 118" refId="B33" refString="Pellegrini, MOO, Almeida, RF, 2016. Rediscovery, identity and typification of Dichorisandra picta (Commelinaceae) and comments on the short-stemmed Dichorisandra species. Phytotaxa 245 (2): 107 - 118, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.245.2.2" title="Rediscovery, identity and typification of Dichorisandra picta (Commelinaceae) and comments on the short-stemmed Dichorisandra species." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.245.2.2" volume="245" year="2016">Pellegrini and Almeida 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The flowers are peculiarly long-pedicellate, giving the impression that all flowers emerge directly from the apex of the stems (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.245.2.2" author="Pellegrini, MOO" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="107 - 118" refId="B33" refString="Pellegrini, MOO, Almeida, RF, 2016. Rediscovery, identity and typification of Dichorisandra picta (Commelinaceae) and comments on the short-stemmed Dichorisandra species. Phytotaxa 245 (2): 107 - 118, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.245.2.2" title="Rediscovery, identity and typification of Dichorisandra picta (Commelinaceae) and comments on the short-stemmed Dichorisandra species." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.245.2.2" volume="245" year="2016">Pellegrini and Almeida 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Inflorescence architecture in Dichorisandrinae s. s. A diagram of the basic Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden inflorescence type, consisting of a thyrse reduced to a solitary cincinnus B diagram of the basic Dichorisandra inflorescence type (also characteristic of S. spectabilis and S. zorzanellii), consisting of a many-branched thyrse with alternate, many-flowered cincinni C diagram of the basic D. acaulis species group inflorescence type, where the main florescence axis and cincinni axis are greatly reduced, and the pedicels are peculiarly elongated. P = prophyll; pB = peduncle bract on main synflorescence axis; * = aborted or dormant apex of main inflorescence axis (usually not observed); B = cincinnus bract; b = bracteole; f = flower; 1 ° bud = bud terminating cincinnus; 2 ° bud = bud in axil of peduncle bract with potential to develop into a secondary thyrse (coflorescence); Modified from Pellegrini (2017)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144848" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">4C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Despite the extreme reduction and superficial similarity, this inflorescence pattern differs from the one found in the rosette species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, since it still is a many-branched thyrse. In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="R.B.Faden & C.R.Hardy" authorityYear="2004" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Plowmanianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Plowmanianthus" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Plowmanianthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the main florescence is also reduced to a solitary cincinnus. Nonetheless, coflorescences only develop after the main florescence has failed to develop or set fruit, and the cincinni from the primary and secondary thyrsi are morphologically distinct (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404774195511" author="Hardy, CR" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="316 - 333" refId="B22" refString="Hardy, CR, Faden, RB, 2004. Plowmanianthus, a new genus of Commelinaceae with five new species from Tropical America. Systematic Botany 29 (2): 316 - 333, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404774195511" title="Plowmanianthus, a new genus of Commelinaceae with five new species from Tropical America." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404774195511" volume="29" year="2004">Hardy and Faden 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ule" authorityYear="1913" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Geogenanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Geogenanthus" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Geogenanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the inflorescences are always born at the base of the plant, near the ground. Aside from that, the main florescence is a pedunculate, fascicle-like thyrse, with (1-)2-4-several alternate cincinni (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hardy, CR" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="B21" refString="Hardy, CR, 2001. Systematics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and an undescribed genus in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York." title="Systematics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and an undescribed genus in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York." year="2001">Hardy 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Finally, in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lemaire" authorityYear="1859" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Cochliostema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cochliostema" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cochliostema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the main florescence is a many-branched, pedunculate, axillary thyrse, with alternate to verticillate cincinni, each cincinnus being multi-flowered and subtended by showy and cucullate spathaceous bracts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb02348.x" author="Hardy, CR" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="131 - 157" refId="B20" refString="Hardy, CR, Stevenson, DW, 2000. Development of the gametophytes, flower, and floral vasculature in Cochliostema odoratissimum (Commelinaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 134: 131 - 157, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb02348.x" title="Development of the gametophytes, flower, and floral vasculature in Cochliostema odoratissimum (Commelinaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb02348.x" volume="134" year="2000">Hardy and Stevenson 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hardy, CR" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="B21" refString="Hardy, CR, 2001. Systematics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and an undescribed genus in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York." title="Systematics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and an undescribed genus in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York." year="2001">Hardy 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="floral symmetry">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Floral symmetry.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Two distinct floral patterns can be observed in different species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: (1) flowers are always bisexual, actinomorphic, having 6 equal stamens arranged cyclically around the ovary, with straight filaments (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Floral morphology of subtribe Dichorisandrinae s. l. A-C Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden: A S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B S. albofasciata M. Pell. C S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D-L Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: D D. acaulis Cogn. E D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke F D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan G D. paranaensis D. Maia et al. H D. nana Aona & M. C. E. Amaral I D. incurva Mart. J D. penduliflora Kunth K D. sagittata Aona & M. C. E. Amaral L D. radicalis Nees & Mart. M Cochliostema odoratissimum Lem. N Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brueckn. O Plowmanianthus panamensis Faden & C. R. Hardy. Photographs A-B, D-G, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C by J. P. F. Zorzanelli, H by V. Bittrich, I by G. H. Shimizu, K by J. L. Costa-Lima, L by M. A. N. Coelho, M by R. Moran, N by D. Scherberich, and O by C. R. Hardy." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1A-B</figureCitation>
|
||
); (2) flowers bisexual or staminate, zygomorphic, having 6 unequal stamens curved upwards, with sigmoid filaments (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Floral morphology of subtribe Dichorisandrinae s. l. A-C Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden: A S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B S. albofasciata M. Pell. C S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D-L Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: D D. acaulis Cogn. E D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke F D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan G D. paranaensis D. Maia et al. H D. nana Aona & M. C. E. Amaral I D. incurva Mart. J D. penduliflora Kunth K D. sagittata Aona & M. C. E. Amaral L D. radicalis Nees & Mart. M Cochliostema odoratissimum Lem. N Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brueckn. O Plowmanianthus panamensis Faden & C. R. Hardy. Photographs A-B, D-G, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C by J. P. F. Zorzanelli, H by V. Bittrich, I by G. H. Shimizu, K by J. L. Costa-Lima, L by M. A. N. Coelho, M by R. Moran, N by D. Scherberich, and O by C. R. Hardy." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">1C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore, in the zygomorphic staminate flowers, the lower antepetalous stamen is longer, and is arranged and curved in the same way as the
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">style</pageBreakToken>
|
||
in bisexual flowers. The first flower morph is very similar to that found in the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. acaulis" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species" species="acaulis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D. acaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.245.2.2" author="Pellegrini, MOO" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="107 - 118" refId="B33" refString="Pellegrini, MOO, Almeida, RF, 2016. Rediscovery, identity and typification of Dichorisandra picta (Commelinaceae) and comments on the short-stemmed Dichorisandra species. Phytotaxa 245 (2): 107 - 118, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.245.2.2" title="Rediscovery, identity and typification of Dichorisandra picta (Commelinaceae) and comments on the short-stemmed Dichorisandra species." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.245.2.2" volume="245" year="2016">Pellegrini and Almeida 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Floral morphology of subtribe Dichorisandrinae s. l. A-C Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden: A S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B S. albofasciata M. Pell. C S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D-L Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: D D. acaulis Cogn. E D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke F D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan G D. paranaensis D. Maia et al. H D. nana Aona & M. C. E. Amaral I D. incurva Mart. J D. penduliflora Kunth K D. sagittata Aona & M. C. E. Amaral L D. radicalis Nees & Mart. M Cochliostema odoratissimum Lem. N Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brueckn. O Plowmanianthus panamensis Faden & C. R. Hardy. Photographs A-B, D-G, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C by J. P. F. Zorzanelli, H by V. Bittrich, I by G. H. Shimizu, K by J. L. Costa-Lima, L by M. A. N. Coelho, M by R. Moran, N by D. Scherberich, and O by C. R. Hardy." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1D</figureCitation>
|
||
), while the second is equivalent to that of the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. hexandra" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species" species="hexandra">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D. hexandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. incurva" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species" species="incurva">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D. incurva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Floral morphology of subtribe Dichorisandrinae s. l. A-C Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden: A S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B S. albofasciata M. Pell. C S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D-L Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: D D. acaulis Cogn. E D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke F D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan G D. paranaensis D. Maia et al. H D. nana Aona & M. C. E. Amaral I D. incurva Mart. J D. penduliflora Kunth K D. sagittata Aona & M. C. E. Amaral L D. radicalis Nees & Mart. M Cochliostema odoratissimum Lem. N Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brueckn. O Plowmanianthus panamensis Faden & C. R. Hardy. Photographs A-B, D-G, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C by J. P. F. Zorzanelli, H by V. Bittrich, I by G. H. Shimizu, K by J. L. Costa-Lima, L by M. A. N. Coelho, M by R. Moran, N by D. Scherberich, and O by C. R. Hardy." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1E, I</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, flower symmetry is generally influenced by the positioning of the stamens, rather than by the relationship of stamens and staminodes. Actinomorphic flowers can be found not only in the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. acaulis" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species" species="acaulis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D. acaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Floral morphology of subtribe Dichorisandrinae s. l. A-C Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden: A S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B S. albofasciata M. Pell. C S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D-L Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: D D. acaulis Cogn. E D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke F D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan G D. paranaensis D. Maia et al. H D. nana Aona & M. C. E. Amaral I D. incurva Mart. J D. penduliflora Kunth K D. sagittata Aona & M. C. E. Amaral L D. radicalis Nees & Mart. M Cochliostema odoratissimum Lem. N Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brueckn. O Plowmanianthus panamensis Faden & C. R. Hardy. Photographs A-B, D-G, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C by J. P. F. Zorzanelli, H by V. Bittrich, I by G. H. Shimizu, K by J. L. Costa-Lima, L by M. A. N. Coelho, M by R. Moran, N by D. Scherberich, and O by C. R. Hardy." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1D</figureCitation>
|
||
), but also in a group of still-undescribed species from the Guyana Shield (Faden and Pellegrini, pers. observ.). In all remaining species groups in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the flowers are clearly zygomorphic, either due to the number of stamens, their size and/or position. In the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. thyrsiflora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species" species="thyrsiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D. thyrsiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, the androecium is generally composed of six fertile stamens, four of them curved towards the center of the flower, and the two lower lateral ones curved towards their opposing sides (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Floral morphology of subtribe Dichorisandrinae s. l. A-C Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden: A S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B S. albofasciata M. Pell. C S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D-L Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: D D. acaulis Cogn. E D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke F D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan G D. paranaensis D. Maia et al. H D. nana Aona & M. C. E. Amaral I D. incurva Mart. J D. penduliflora Kunth K D. sagittata Aona & M. C. E. Amaral L D. radicalis Nees & Mart. M Cochliostema odoratissimum Lem. N Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brueckn. O Plowmanianthus panamensis Faden & C. R. Hardy. Photographs A-B, D-G, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C by J. P. F. Zorzanelli, H by V. Bittrich, I by G. H. Shimizu, K by J. L. Costa-Lima, L by M. A. N. Coelho, M by R. Moran, N by D. Scherberich, and O by C. R. Hardy." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1F</figureCitation>
|
||
). An exception can be noticed in
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
D.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="paranaënsis">paranaensis</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
D.Maia et al. (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Floral morphology of subtribe Dichorisandrinae s. l. A-C Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden: A S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B S. albofasciata M. Pell. C S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D-L Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: D D. acaulis Cogn. E D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke F D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan G D. paranaensis D. Maia et al. H D. nana Aona & M. C. E. Amaral I D. incurva Mart. J D. penduliflora Kunth K D. sagittata Aona & M. C. E. Amaral L D. radicalis Nees & Mart. M Cochliostema odoratissimum Lem. N Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brueckn. O Plowmanianthus panamensis Faden & C. R. Hardy. Photographs A-B, D-G, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C by J. P. F. Zorzanelli, H by V. Bittrich, I by G. H. Shimizu, K by J. L. Costa-Lima, L by M. A. N. Coelho, M by R. Moran, N by D. Scherberich, and O by C. R. Hardy." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1G</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. nana" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species" species="nana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D. nana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Aona & M.C.E.Amaral (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Floral morphology of subtribe Dichorisandrinae s. l. A-C Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden: A S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B S. albofasciata M. Pell. C S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D-L Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: D D. acaulis Cogn. E D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke F D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan G D. paranaensis D. Maia et al. H D. nana Aona & M. C. E. Amaral I D. incurva Mart. J D. penduliflora Kunth K D. sagittata Aona & M. C. E. Amaral L D. radicalis Nees & Mart. M Cochliostema odoratissimum Lem. N Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brueckn. O Plowmanianthus panamensis Faden & C. R. Hardy. Photographs A-B, D-G, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C by J. P. F. Zorzanelli, H by V. Bittrich, I by G. H. Shimizu, K by J. L. Costa-Lima, L by M. A. N. Coelho, M by R. Moran, N by D. Scherberich, and O by C. R. Hardy." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">1H</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
D.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="paranaënsis">paranaensis</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the stamens are curved upwards, varying from five fertile stamens with a staminode (present or not) to six fertile stamens, and introrsely rimose anthers. On the other hand, in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. nana" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species" species="nana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">D. nana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the six fertile stamens are curved
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="start">upwards</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, and possess poricidal anthers. In the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. incurva" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="incurva">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. incurva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Floral morphology of subtribe Dichorisandrinae s. l. A-C Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden: A S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B S. albofasciata M. Pell. C S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D-L Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: D D. acaulis Cogn. E D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke F D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan G D. paranaensis D. Maia et al. H D. nana Aona & M. C. E. Amaral I D. incurva Mart. J D. penduliflora Kunth K D. sagittata Aona & M. C. E. Amaral L D. radicalis Nees & Mart. M Cochliostema odoratissimum Lem. N Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brueckn. O Plowmanianthus panamensis Faden & C. R. Hardy. Photographs A-B, D-G, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C by J. P. F. Zorzanelli, H by V. Bittrich, I by G. H. Shimizu, K by J. L. Costa-Lima, L by M. A. N. Coelho, M by R. Moran, N by D. Scherberich, and O by C. R. Hardy." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1I</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. penduliflora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="penduliflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. penduliflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Floral morphology of subtribe Dichorisandrinae s. l. A-C Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden: A S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B S. albofasciata M. Pell. C S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D-L Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: D D. acaulis Cogn. E D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke F D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan G D. paranaensis D. Maia et al. H D. nana Aona & M. C. E. Amaral I D. incurva Mart. J D. penduliflora Kunth K D. sagittata Aona & M. C. E. Amaral L D. radicalis Nees & Mart. M Cochliostema odoratissimum Lem. N Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brueckn. O Plowmanianthus panamensis Faden & C. R. Hardy. Photographs A-B, D-G, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C by J. P. F. Zorzanelli, H by V. Bittrich, I by G. H. Shimizu, K by J. L. Costa-Lima, L by M. A. N. Coelho, M by R. Moran, N by D. Scherberich, and O by C. R. Hardy." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1J</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. leucophthalmos" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="leucophthalmos">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. leucophthalmos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Floral morphology of subtribe Dichorisandrinae s. l. A-C Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden: A S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B S. albofasciata M. Pell. C S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D-L Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: D D. acaulis Cogn. E D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke F D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan G D. paranaensis D. Maia et al. H D. nana Aona & M. C. E. Amaral I D. incurva Mart. J D. penduliflora Kunth K D. sagittata Aona & M. C. E. Amaral L D. radicalis Nees & Mart. M Cochliostema odoratissimum Lem. N Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brueckn. O Plowmanianthus panamensis Faden & C. R. Hardy. Photographs A-B, D-G, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C by J. P. F. Zorzanelli, H by V. Bittrich, I by G. H. Shimizu, K by J. L. Costa-Lima, L by M. A. N. Coelho, M by R. Moran, N by D. Scherberich, and O by C. R. Hardy." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1K</figureCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. radicalis" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="radicalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. radicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Floral morphology of subtribe Dichorisandrinae s. l. A-C Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden: A S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B S. albofasciata M. Pell. C S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D-L Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: D D. acaulis Cogn. E D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke F D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan G D. paranaensis D. Maia et al. H D. nana Aona & M. C. E. Amaral I D. incurva Mart. J D. penduliflora Kunth K D. sagittata Aona & M. C. E. Amaral L D. radicalis Nees & Mart. M Cochliostema odoratissimum Lem. N Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brueckn. O Plowmanianthus panamensis Faden & C. R. Hardy. Photographs A-B, D-G, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C by J. P. F. Zorzanelli, H by V. Bittrich, I by G. H. Shimizu, K by J. L. Costa-Lima, L by M. A. N. Coelho, M by R. Moran, N by D. Scherberich, and O by C. R. Hardy." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1L</figureCitation>
|
||
), the androecium is composed of five stamens (generally with an upper staminode; notice the filiform staminode in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Floral morphology of subtribe Dichorisandrinae s. l. A-C Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden: A S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B S. albofasciata M. Pell. C S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D-L Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: D D. acaulis Cogn. E D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke F D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan G D. paranaensis D. Maia et al. H D. nana Aona & M. C. E. Amaral I D. incurva Mart. J D. penduliflora Kunth K D. sagittata Aona & M. C. E. Amaral L D. radicalis Nees & Mart. M Cochliostema odoratissimum Lem. N Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brueckn. O Plowmanianthus panamensis Faden & C. R. Hardy. Photographs A-B, D-G, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C by J. P. F. Zorzanelli, H by V. Bittrich, I by G. H. Shimizu, K by J. L. Costa-Lima, L by M. A. N. Coelho, M by R. Moran, N by D. Scherberich, and O by C. R. Hardy." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1L</figureCitation>
|
||
), rarely six fertile stamens, curved upwards, and with introrsely rimose anthers. In the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. incurva" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="incurva">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. incurva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. leucophthalmos" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="leucophthalmos">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. leucophthalmos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups, the anthers are always yellow (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Floral morphology of subtribe Dichorisandrinae s. l. A-C Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden: A S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B S. albofasciata M. Pell. C S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D-L Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: D D. acaulis Cogn. E D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke F D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan G D. paranaensis D. Maia et al. H D. nana Aona & M. C. E. Amaral I D. incurva Mart. J D. penduliflora Kunth K D. sagittata Aona & M. C. E. Amaral L D. radicalis Nees & Mart. M Cochliostema odoratissimum Lem. N Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brueckn. O Plowmanianthus panamensis Faden & C. R. Hardy. Photographs A-B, D-G, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C by J. P. F. Zorzanelli, H by V. Bittrich, I by G. H. Shimizu, K by J. L. Costa-Lima, L by M. A. N. Coelho, M by R. Moran, N by D. Scherberich, and O by C. R. Hardy." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1I, K</figureCitation>
|
||
), while in the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. penduliflora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="penduliflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. penduliflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. radicalis" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="radicalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. radicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups, the anthers are white, generally with the anther sacs partially to totally colored in blue, pink or purple (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Floral morphology of subtribe Dichorisandrinae s. l. A-C Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden: A S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B S. albofasciata M. Pell. C S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D-L Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: D D. acaulis Cogn. E D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke F D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan G D. paranaensis D. Maia et al. H D. nana Aona & M. C. E. Amaral I D. incurva Mart. J D. penduliflora Kunth K D. sagittata Aona & M. C. E. Amaral L D. radicalis Nees & Mart. M Cochliostema odoratissimum Lem. N Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brueckn. O Plowmanianthus panamensis Faden & C. R. Hardy. Photographs A-B, D-G, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C by J. P. F. Zorzanelli, H by V. Bittrich, I by G. H. Shimizu, K by J. L. Costa-Lima, L by M. A. N. Coelho, M by R. Moran, N by D. Scherberich, and O by C. R. Hardy." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1J, L</figureCitation>
|
||
). The remaining genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Faden & D.R.Hunt" authorityYear="1991" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Dichorisandrinae">Dichorisandrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess strongly zygomorphic flowers, especially due to the position and/or number of stamens: (1) 5-6 dimorphic, free and fertile stamens in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ule" authorityYear="1913" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Geogenanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Geogenanthus" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Geogenanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hardy, CR" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="B21" refString="Hardy, CR, 2001. Systematics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and an undescribed genus in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York." title="Systematics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and an undescribed genus in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York." year="2001">Hardy 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Floral morphology of subtribe Dichorisandrinae s. l. A-C Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden: A S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B S. albofasciata M. Pell. C S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D-L Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: D D. acaulis Cogn. E D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke F D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan G D. paranaensis D. Maia et al. H D. nana Aona & M. C. E. Amaral I D. incurva Mart. J D. penduliflora Kunth K D. sagittata Aona & M. C. E. Amaral L D. radicalis Nees & Mart. M Cochliostema odoratissimum Lem. N Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brueckn. O Plowmanianthus panamensis Faden & C. R. Hardy. Photographs A-B, D-G, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C by J. P. F. Zorzanelli, H by V. Bittrich, I by G. H. Shimizu, K by J. L. Costa-Lima, L by M. A. N. Coelho, M by R. Moran, N by D. Scherberich, and O by C. R. Hardy." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1N</figureCitation>
|
||
); (2) 3 stamens in the upper side of the flower, fused in a hood-like structure, and 3 lower staminodes (the middle one microscopic) in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lemaire" authorityYear="1859" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Cochliostema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cochliostema" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cochliostema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hardy, CR" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="B21" refString="Hardy, CR, 2001. Systematics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and an undescribed genus in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York." title="Systematics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and an undescribed genus in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York." year="2001">Hardy 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Floral morphology of subtribe Dichorisandrinae s. l. A-C Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden: A S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B S. albofasciata M. Pell. C S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D-L Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: D D. acaulis Cogn. E D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke F D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan G D. paranaensis D. Maia et al. H D. nana Aona & M. C. E. Amaral I D. incurva Mart. J D. penduliflora Kunth K D. sagittata Aona & M. C. E. Amaral L D. radicalis Nees & Mart. M Cochliostema odoratissimum Lem. N Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brueckn. O Plowmanianthus panamensis Faden & C. R. Hardy. Photographs A-B, D-G, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C by J. P. F. Zorzanelli, H by V. Bittrich, I by G. H. Shimizu, K by J. L. Costa-Lima, L by M. A. N. Coelho, M by R. Moran, N by D. Scherberich, and O by C. R. Hardy." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1M</figureCitation>
|
||
); (3) and 3 free to partially fused stamens in the upper side of the flower, and 3 lower staminodes (generally all of them microscopic) in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="R.B.Faden & C.R.Hardy" authorityYear="2004" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Plowmanianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Plowmanianthus" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Plowmanianthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404774195511" author="Hardy, CR" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="316 - 333" refId="B22" refString="Hardy, CR, Faden, RB, 2004. Plowmanianthus, a new genus of Commelinaceae with five new species from Tropical America. Systematic Botany 29 (2): 316 - 333, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404774195511" title="Plowmanianthus, a new genus of Commelinaceae with five new species from Tropical America." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404774195511" volume="29" year="2004">Hardy and Faden 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Floral morphology of subtribe Dichorisandrinae s. l. A-C Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden: A S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B S. albofasciata M. Pell. C S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D-L Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: D D. acaulis Cogn. E D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke F D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan G D. paranaensis D. Maia et al. H D. nana Aona & M. C. E. Amaral I D. incurva Mart. J D. penduliflora Kunth K D. sagittata Aona & M. C. E. Amaral L D. radicalis Nees & Mart. M Cochliostema odoratissimum Lem. N Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brueckn. O Plowmanianthus panamensis Faden & C. R. Hardy. Photographs A-B, D-G, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C by J. P. F. Zorzanelli, H by V. Bittrich, I by G. H. Shimizu, K by J. L. Costa-Lima, L by M. A. N. Coelho, M by R. Moran, N by D. Scherberich, and O by C. R. Hardy." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1O</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="994353" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Floral morphology of subtribe
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Faden & D.R.Hunt" authorityYear="1991" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Dichorisandrinae">Dichorisandrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">s.l.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A-C</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Raf. emend M.Pell. & Faden:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. fuscata" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="fuscata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. fuscata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Lodd.) H.E.Moore
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. albofasciata" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="albofasciata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. albofasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
M.Pell.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. zorzanellii" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="zorzanellii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. zorzanellii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
M.Pell. & Faden.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D-L</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
J.C.Mikan:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. acaulis" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="acaulis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. acaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Cogn.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. hexandra" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="hexandra">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. hexandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Aubl.) C.B.Clarke
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">F</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. thyrsiflora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="thyrsiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. thyrsiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
J.C.Mikan
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">G</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
D.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="paranaënsis">paranaensis</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
D.Maia et al.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. nana" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="nana">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. nana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Aona & M.C.E.Amaral
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">I</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. incurva" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="incurva">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. incurva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Mart.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">J</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. penduliflora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="penduliflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. penduliflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kunth
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">K</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. sagittata" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="sagittata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. sagittata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Aona & M.C.E.Amaral
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. radicalis" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species" species="radicalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D. radicalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Nees & Mart.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lem" authorityYear="1859" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Cochliostema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cochliostema odoratissimum" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="odoratissimum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cochliostema odoratissimum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Lem.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Geogenanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Geogenanthus rhizanthus" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhizanthus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Geogenanthus rhizanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Ule) G.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Brückn">Brueckn</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">O</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Plowmanianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Plowmanianthus panamensis" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="panamensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Plowmanianthus panamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Faden & C.R.Hardy. Photographs
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A-B, D-G, J</emphasis>
|
||
by M.O.O. Pellegrini,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C</emphasis>
|
||
by J.P.F. Zorzanelli,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">H</emphasis>
|
||
by V. Bittrich,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">I</emphasis>
|
||
by G.H. Shimizu,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">K</emphasis>
|
||
by J.L. Costa-Lima,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">L</emphasis>
|
||
by M.A.N. Coelho,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">M</emphasis>
|
||
by R. Moran,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">N</emphasis>
|
||
by D. Scherberich, and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">O</emphasis>
|
||
by C.R. Hardy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="androecium and gynoecium morphology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Androecium and gynoecium morphology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The anthers in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are dorsifixed, with extrorsely rimose dehiscence, two times wider than long, three to four times shorter than the filaments, with semicircular, divergent anthers sacs, and expanded connectives (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Floral morphology of subtribe Dichorisandrinae s. l. A-C Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden: A S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B S. albofasciata M. Pell. C S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D-L Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: D D. acaulis Cogn. E D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke F D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan G D. paranaensis D. Maia et al. H D. nana Aona & M. C. E. Amaral I D. incurva Mart. J D. penduliflora Kunth K D. sagittata Aona & M. C. E. Amaral L D. radicalis Nees & Mart. M Cochliostema odoratissimum Lem. N Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brueckn. O Plowmanianthus panamensis Faden & C. R. Hardy. Photographs A-B, D-G, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C by J. P. F. Zorzanelli, H by V. Bittrich, I by G. H. Shimizu, K by J. L. Costa-Lima, L by M. A. N. Coelho, M by R. Moran, N by D. Scherberich, and O by C. R. Hardy." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1A-C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the anthers are basifixed, with poricidal or introrsely rimose (but functionally poricidal) dehiscence, three to four times longer than wide, and three to four times longer than the filaments, rarely equal to the filaments, with elongate, parallel anther sacs, and inconspicuous connectives (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Aona, LYS" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="B1" refString="Aona, LYS, 2008. Revisao taxonomica e analise cladistica do genero Dichorisandra J.C.Mikan (Commelinaceae). PhD Thesis, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo." title="Revisao taxonomica e analise cladistica do genero Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan (Commelinaceae). PhD Thesis, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo." year="2008">Aona 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Floral morphology of subtribe Dichorisandrinae s. l. A-C Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden: A S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B S. albofasciata M. Pell. C S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D-L Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: D D. acaulis Cogn. E D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke F D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan G D. paranaensis D. Maia et al. H D. nana Aona & M. C. E. Amaral I D. incurva Mart. J D. penduliflora Kunth K D. sagittata Aona & M. C. E. Amaral L D. radicalis Nees & Mart. M Cochliostema odoratissimum Lem. N Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brueckn. O Plowmanianthus panamensis Faden & C. R. Hardy. Photographs A-B, D-G, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C by J. P. F. Zorzanelli, H by V. Bittrich, I by G. H. Shimizu, K by J. L. Costa-Lima, L by M. A. N. Coelho, M by R. Moran, N by D. Scherberich, and O by C. R. Hardy." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1D-L</figureCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lemaire" authorityYear="1859" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Cochliostema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cochliostema" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cochliostema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ule" authorityYear="1913" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Geogenanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Geogenanthus" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Geogenanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="R.B.Faden & C.R.Hardy" authorityYear="2004" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Plowmanianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Plowmanianthus" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Plowmanianthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the anthers vary from dorsifixed to basifixed, with extrorsely rimose dehiscence, as wide as long to two times shorter than the filaments, with semicircular to spirally-coiled, appressed anther sacs, and inconspicuous connectives (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb02348.x" author="Hardy, CR" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="131 - 157" refId="B20" refString="Hardy, CR, Stevenson, DW, 2000. Development of the gametophytes, flower, and floral vasculature in Cochliostema odoratissimum (Commelinaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 134: 131 - 157, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb02348.x" title="Development of the gametophytes, flower, and floral vasculature in Cochliostema odoratissimum (Commelinaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb02348.x" volume="134" year="2000">Hardy and Stevenson 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hardy, CR" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="B21" refString="Hardy, CR, 2001. Systematics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and an undescribed genus in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York." title="Systematics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and an undescribed genus in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York." year="2001">Hardy 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404774195511" author="Hardy, CR" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="316 - 333" refId="B22" refString="Hardy, CR, Faden, RB, 2004. Plowmanianthus, a new genus of Commelinaceae with five new species from Tropical America. Systematic Botany 29 (2): 316 - 333, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404774195511" title="Plowmanianthus, a new genus of Commelinaceae with five new species from Tropical America." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404774195511" volume="29" year="2004">Hardy and Faden 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Floral morphology of subtribe Dichorisandrinae s. l. A-C Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden: A S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B S. albofasciata M. Pell. C S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D-L Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: D D. acaulis Cogn. E D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke F D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan G D. paranaensis D. Maia et al. H D. nana Aona & M. C. E. Amaral I D. incurva Mart. J D. penduliflora Kunth K D. sagittata Aona & M. C. E. Amaral L D. radicalis Nees & Mart. M Cochliostema odoratissimum Lem. N Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brueckn. O Plowmanianthus panamensis Faden & C. R. Hardy. Photographs A-B, D-G, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C by J. P. F. Zorzanelli, H by V. Bittrich, I by G. H. Shimizu, K by J. L. Costa-Lima, L by M. A. N. Coelho, M by R. Moran, N by D. Scherberich, and O by C. R. Hardy." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">1M-O</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The gynoecium is fairly homogeneous in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Faden & D.R.Hunt" authorityYear="1991" lsidName="" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Dichorisandrinae">Dichorisandrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">s.l.</emphasis>
|
||
, with all genera having sessile, 3-locular ovaries, with all locules fertile, ovules hemianatropous, biseriate to partially uniseriate, style terminal, straight or bent at the apex, stigma annular-truncate to annular-capitate, peripherally ciliate with moniliform hairs (i.e.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lemaire" authorityYear="1859" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Cochliostema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cochliostema" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cochliostema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="R.B.Faden & C.R.Hardy" authorityYear="2004" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Plowmanianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Plowmanianthus" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Plowmanianthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or not (i.e.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ule" authorityYear="1913" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Geogenanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Geogenanthus" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Geogenanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the stigmatic papillae are unicellular, and restricted to the margins of the stigma, leaving the stylar canal evident (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086076" author="Owens, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Botany" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="771 - 783" refId="B30" refString="Owens, SJ, Kimmins, FM, 1981. Stigma morphology in Commelinaceae. Annals of Botany 47 (6): 771 - 783, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086076" title="Stigma morphology in Commelinaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086076" volume="47" year="1981">Owens and Kimmins 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On the other hand, in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the stigmatic papillae are multicellular, and evenly distributed on the stigma, completely concealing the stylar canal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086076" author="Owens, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Botany" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="771 - 783" refId="B30" refString="Owens, SJ, Kimmins, FM, 1981. Stigma morphology in Commelinaceae. Annals of Botany 47 (6): 771 - 783, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086076" title="Stigma morphology in Commelinaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086076" volume="47" year="1981">Owens and Kimmins 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="fruit and seed morphology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fruit and seed morphology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The capsules of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be differentiated from capsules of other
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="family">Commelinaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
by their thick and tough walls. In
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="family">Commelinaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
the fruits are commonly (1-)2-3-locular, thin walled, septicidal capsules (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03531-3_12" author="Faden, RB" editor="Kubitzki, K" journalOrPublisher="4. Springer Verlag. Berlin" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="109 - 128" refId="B16" refString="Faden, RB, 1998. Commelinaceae. In: Kubitzki, K, Ed., The families and genera of vascular plants, vol. 4. Springer Verlag. Berlin: 109 - 128, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03531-3_12" title="Commelinaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03531-3_12" volumeTitle="The families and genera of vascular plants, vol." year="1998">Faden 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess 3-locular, 3-valvar capsules, and arillate seeds. The aril in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is generally opaque (rarely hyaline), usually thick (rarely inconspicuous), and colored from white to grayish or bright orange (rarely colorless) (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Aril morphology in Dichorisandrinae s. s. A-B Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: A D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan B D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke. C-D Siderasis Raf. emend. M. Pell. & Faden: C S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore D S. albofasciata M. Pell. Photographs by M. O. O. Pellegrini." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144849" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">5A-B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Whereas the aril in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be hyaline to slightly hyaline, inconspicuous or thick, and cream-colored to colorless (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Aril morphology in Dichorisandrinae s. s. A-B Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: A D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan B D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke. C-D Siderasis Raf. emend. M. Pell. & Faden: C S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore D S. albofasciata M. Pell. Photographs by M. O. O. Pellegrini." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144849" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">5C-D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="11" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
|
||
seeds in both genera are very similar in gross morphology, varying in shape from obconic to ellipsoid to quadrangular; in ornamentation from foveolate to scrobiculate to rugose, with a semilateral to semidorsal embryotega, and with a C-shaped hilum. In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lemaire" authorityYear="1859" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Cochliostema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cochliostema" order="Commelinales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cochliostema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ule" authorityYear="1913" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Geogenanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Geogenanthus" order="Commelinales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Geogenanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="R.B.Faden & C.R.Hardy" authorityYear="2004" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Plowmanianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Plowmanianthus" order="Commelinales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Plowmanianthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the capsules are thin-walled, 3-locular, 3-valvar, and with exarillate seeds. In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lemaire" authorityYear="1859" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Cochliostema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cochliostema" order="Commelinales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cochliostema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the capsules are narrowly cylindrical, and the seeds vary from subcylindrical to narrowly oblongoid, with a smooth testa that becomes sticky when hydrated, semidorsal embryotega, and a linear hilum with curved edges. In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ule" authorityYear="1913" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Geogenanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Geogenanthus" order="Commelinales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Geogenanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="R.B.Faden & C.R.Hardy" authorityYear="2004" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Plowmanianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Plowmanianthus" order="Commelinales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Plowmanianthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the capsules are fusiform to ellipsoid, the seeds range from reniform to ellipsoid, with rugose to foveolate, farinose testa, lateral embryotega, and a C-shaped hilum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hardy, CR" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="B21" refString="Hardy, CR, 2001. Systematics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and an undescribed genus in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York." title="Systematics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and an undescribed genus in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York." year="2001">Hardy 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404774195511" author="Hardy, CR" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="316 - 333" refId="B22" refString="Hardy, CR, Faden, RB, 2004. Plowmanianthus, a new genus of Commelinaceae with five new species from Tropical America. Systematic Botany 29 (2): 316 - 333, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404774195511" title="Plowmanianthus, a new genus of Commelinaceae with five new species from Tropical America." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404774195511" volume="29" year="2004">Hardy and Faden 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
capsule and seed morphology differences may have great taxonomic potential. In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, many of the aforementioned species groups display characteristic capsule and seed morphology, as exemplified in the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. acaulis" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="acaulis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D. acaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.245.2.2" author="Pellegrini, MOO" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="107 - 118" refId="B33" refString="Pellegrini, MOO, Almeida, RF, 2016. Rediscovery, identity and typification of Dichorisandra picta (Commelinaceae) and comments on the short-stemmed Dichorisandra species. Phytotaxa 245 (2): 107 - 118, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.245.2.2" title="Rediscovery, identity and typification of Dichorisandra picta (Commelinaceae) and comments on the short-stemmed Dichorisandra species." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.245.2.2" volume="245" year="2016">Pellegrini and Almeida (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. thyrsiflora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="thyrsiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D. thyrsiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, capsule morphology can easily differentiate most known species, based on shape, coloration, texture and pubescence (Pellegrini, pers. observ.). In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, capsule morphology shows a similar potential, with the fruits of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. zorzanellii" order="Commelinales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="zorzanellii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. zorzanellii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being completely deviant in shape, texture and pubescence from the remaining species. Unfortunately, since the fruits of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. spectabilis" order="Commelinales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="spectabilis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. spectabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are still unknown, it is impossible to know if this change in capsule morphology is correlated to the change in habit from rosette to vining herbs.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis fuscata" order="Commelinales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fuscata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Siderasis fuscata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses unique seed morphology, being the only known species with an inconspicuous and hyaline aril, testa light gray to gray, and foveolate. Field expeditions focused on collecting fruit and seed samples of all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be of great taxonomic value. It is possible that most, if not all, presently accepted species could be differentiated based exclusively on fruit and seed morphology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="reproductive biology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Reproductive biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Little is known regarding the floral biology of subtribe
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Faden & D.R.Hunt" authorityYear="1991" lsidName="" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Dichorisandrinae">Dichorisandrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although this subtribe possesses the greatest range in inflorescence architecture and floral patterns in the family. In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the anthers are always extrorsely rimose, but apart from the floral specialization (i.e. zygomorphic, bisexual
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="12" start="start">or</pageBreakToken>
|
||
staminate flowers, and unequal and sigmoid stamens) in the two climbing species and the petals with margins ciliated with non-moniliform hairs, a character unique in the family, in
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. spectabilis" order="Commelinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="spectabilis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. spectabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the flowers are relatively unspecialized.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses a wide variation in flower morphology and androecium arrangement. Its flowers can range from actinomorphic to zygomorphic, the stamens can vary from (5-)6, sometimes with the upper stamen reduced to a staminode in some species. The filaments can be either straight, slightly sigmoid or slightly twisted depending on their position in the flower, while the anthers can be introrsely rimose and functionally poricidal or truly poricidal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Aona, LYS" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" refId="B1" refString="Aona, LYS, 2008. Revisao taxonomica e analise cladistica do genero Dichorisandra J.C.Mikan (Commelinaceae). PhD Thesis, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo." title="Revisao taxonomica e analise cladistica do genero Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan (Commelinaceae). PhD Thesis, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo." year="2008">Aona 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Floral morphology of subtribe Dichorisandrinae s. l. A-C Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden: A S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B S. albofasciata M. Pell. C S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D-L Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: D D. acaulis Cogn. E D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke F D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan G D. paranaensis D. Maia et al. H D. nana Aona & M. C. E. Amaral I D. incurva Mart. J D. penduliflora Kunth K D. sagittata Aona & M. C. E. Amaral L D. radicalis Nees & Mart. M Cochliostema odoratissimum Lem. N Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brueckn. O Plowmanianthus panamensis Faden & C. R. Hardy. Photographs A-B, D-G, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C by J. P. F. Zorzanelli, H by V. Bittrich, I by G. H. Shimizu, K by J. L. Costa-Lima, L by M. A. N. Coelho, M by R. Moran, N by D. Scherberich, and O by C. R. Hardy." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1D-L</figureCitation>
|
||
). On the other hand, in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lemaire" authorityYear="1859" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Cochliostema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cochliostema" order="Commelinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cochliostema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ule" authorityYear="1913" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Geogenanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Geogenanthus" order="Commelinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Geogenanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="R.B.Faden & C.R.Hardy" authorityYear="2004" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Plowmanianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Plowmanianthus" order="Commelinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Plowmanianthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the flowers are highly specialized, being zygomorphic (in all genera), scented (in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lemaire" authorityYear="1859" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Cochliostema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cochliostema" order="Commelinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cochliostema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), with a high frequency of cleistogamous flowers (in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="R.B.Faden & C.R.Hardy" authorityYear="2004" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Plowmanianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Plowmanianthus" order="Commelinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Plowmanianthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), petals and stigma fringed with moniliform hairs (fringed petals in all genera, stigma fringed exclusively in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lemaire" authorityYear="1859" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Cochliostema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cochliostema" order="Commelinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cochliostema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="R.B.Faden & C.R.Hardy" authorityYear="2004" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Plowmanianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Plowmanianthus" order="Commelinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Plowmanianthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), filaments bearded with moniliform hairs (in all genera), functionally poricidal androecium (in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lemaire" authorityYear="1859" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Cochliostema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cochliostema" order="Commelinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cochliostema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, due to the hood-like structure enclosing the anthers), and curved to spirally-coiled anthers (in all genera) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb02348.x" author="Hardy, CR" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="131 - 157" refId="B20" refString="Hardy, CR, Stevenson, DW, 2000. Development of the gametophytes, flower, and floral vasculature in Cochliostema odoratissimum (Commelinaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 134: 131 - 157, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb02348.x" title="Development of the gametophytes, flower, and floral vasculature in Cochliostema odoratissimum (Commelinaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb02348.x" volume="134" year="2000">Hardy and Stevenson 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hardy, CR" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="B21" refString="Hardy, CR, 2001. Systematics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and an undescribed genus in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York." title="Systematics of Cochliostema, Geogenanthus, and an undescribed genus in the spiderwort family, Commelinaceae. PhD Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York." year="2001">Hardy 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404774195511" author="Hardy, CR" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="316 - 333" refId="B22" refString="Hardy, CR, Faden, RB, 2004. Plowmanianthus, a new genus of Commelinaceae with five new species from Tropical America. Systematic Botany 29 (2): 316 - 333, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404774195511" title="Plowmanianthus, a new genus of Commelinaceae with five new species from Tropical America." url="https://doi.org/10.1600/036364404774195511" volume="29" year="2004">Hardy and Faden 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Floral morphology of subtribe Dichorisandrinae s. l. A-C Siderasis Raf. emend M. Pell. & Faden: A S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B S. albofasciata M. Pell. C S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D-L Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: D D. acaulis Cogn. E D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke F D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan G D. paranaensis D. Maia et al. H D. nana Aona & M. C. E. Amaral I D. incurva Mart. J D. penduliflora Kunth K D. sagittata Aona & M. C. E. Amaral L D. radicalis Nees & Mart. M Cochliostema odoratissimum Lem. N Geogenanthus rhizanthus (Ule) G. Brueckn. O Plowmanianthus panamensis Faden & C. R. Hardy. Photographs A-B, D-G, J by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C by J. P. F. Zorzanelli, H by V. Bittrich, I by G. H. Shimizu, K by J. L. Costa-Lima, L by M. A. N. Coelho, M by R. Moran, N by D. Scherberich, and O by C. R. Hardy." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144842" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1M-O</figureCitation>
|
||
). Only three species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have had their reproductive biology investigated, presenting typical buzz-pollination, performed by bumblebees (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="family">Apidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and/or sweatbees (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1869" class="Insecta" family="Halictidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="family">Halictidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. thyrsiflora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="thyrsiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">D. thyrsiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33061987000200007" author="Boaventura, YMS" journalOrPublisher="Acta Botanica Brasilica" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="189 - 199" refId="B7" refString="Boaventura, YMS, Matthes, LAF, 1987. Aspectos da biologia da reproducao em plantas ornamentais cultivadas no estado de Sao Paulo I: Dichorisandra thyrsiflora J.C.Mikan (Commelinaceae). Acta Botanica Brasilica 1 (2): 189 - 199, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33061987000200007" title="Aspectos da biologia da reproducao em plantas ornamentais cultivadas no estado de Sao Paulo I: Dichorisandra thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan (Commelinaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33061987000200007" volume="1" year="1987">Boaventura and Matthes 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. hexandra" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="hexandra">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">D. hexandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. incurva" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="incurva">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">D. incurva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-014-1131-8" author="Sigrist, MR" journalOrPublisher="Probasco, Philadelphia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="B37" refString="Sigrist, MR, Sazima, M, 2015. Phenology, reproductive biology and diversity of buzzing bees of sympatric Dichorisandra species (Commelinaceae): breeding system and performance of pollinators. Plant Systematics and Evolution 301(3): 1005-1015., DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-014-1131-8" title="Phenology, reproductive biology and diversity of buzzing bees of sympatric Dichorisandra species (Commelinaceae): breeding system and performance of pollinators. Plant Systematics and Evolution 301 (3): 1005 - 1015." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-014-1131-8" year="2015">Sigrist and Sazima 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Information regarding flower visitation in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lemaire" authorityYear="1859" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Cochliostema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cochliostema" order="Commelinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cochliostema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ule" authorityYear="1913" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Geogenanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Geogenanthus" order="Commelinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Geogenanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="R.B.Faden & C.R.Hardy" authorityYear="2004" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Plowmanianthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Plowmanianthus" order="Commelinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Plowmanianthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is completely lacking from the available literature. During our field studies and while observing the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens grown at the greenhouse of Jardim
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Botânico">Botanico</normalizedToken>
|
||
do Rio de Janeiro, the first author has observed flowers of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. albofasciata" order="Commelinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="albofasciata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. albofasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. almeidae" order="Commelinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="almeidae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. almeidae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. fuscata" order="Commelinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="fuscata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">S. fuscata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being visited by stingless honey bees (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="family">Apidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lepeletier" authorityYear="1836" lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="tribe" tribe="Meliponini">Meliponini</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="M. Pell. & Faden" authorityYear="2017" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis medusoides" order="Commelinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="medusoides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Siderasis medusoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not seen in the field, but high-resolution photographs sent by one of the collectors clearly show several small ants walking around the flowers and cincinni (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Siderasis medusoides M. Pell. & Faden. A habit, showing a fertile rosette B detail of the synflorescence, showing the elongated and tangled cincinni C front view of a flower, showing small ants near the flower center D detail of the capsule. Photographs by P. Fiaschi." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144855" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">9C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The bees might either represent pollen robbers or potential pollinators, but the presence of the ants is hard to explain, since nectaries are unknown for
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Commelinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="family">Commelinaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2399808" author="Faden, RB" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="46 - 52" refId="B15" refString="Faden, RB, 1992. Floral attraction and floral hairs in the Commelinaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79 (1): 46 - 52, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2399808" title="Floral attraction and floral hairs in the Commelinaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2399808" volume="79" year="1992">Faden 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03531-3_12" author="Faden, RB" editor="Kubitzki, K" journalOrPublisher="4. Springer Verlag. Berlin" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="109 - 128" refId="B16" refString="Faden, RB, 1998. Commelinaceae. In: Kubitzki, K, Ed., The families and genera of vascular plants, vol. 4. Springer Verlag. Berlin: 109 - 128, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03531-3_12" title="Commelinaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03531-3_12" volumeTitle="The families and genera of vascular plants, vol." year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Further studies on the reproductive biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are clearly needed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Aside from the peculiar floral diversity,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Faden & D.R.Hunt" authorityYear="1991" lsidName="" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Dichorisandrinae">Dichorisandrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">s.l.</emphasis>
|
||
has two genera (out of five) and the majority of species in the family with arillate seeds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01267" author="Pellegrini, MOO" journalOrPublisher="Nordic Journal of Botany" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="29 - 37" refId="B32" refString="Pellegrini, MOO, 2017. Siderasis albofasciata sp. nov. (Commelinaceae), endemic to the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil, and the typification of S. fuscata. Nordic Journal of Botany 35 (1): 29 - 37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01267" title="Siderasis albofasciata sp. nov. (Commelinaceae), endemic to the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil, and the typification of S. fuscata." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01267" volume="35" year="2017">Pellegrini 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nonetheless, no study has ever focused on vector-mediated (i.e. zoo-choric) seed dispersal in the family. In
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the seeds in the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. hexandra" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="hexandra">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">D. hexandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group are most certainly dispersed by birds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2399808" author="Faden, RB" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="46 - 52" refId="B15" refString="Faden, RB, 1992. Floral attraction and floral hairs in the Commelinaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79 (1): 46 - 52, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2399808" title="Floral attraction and floral hairs in the Commelinaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2399808" volume="79" year="1992">Faden 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), due to the plants vining habit (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Growth forms in Dichorisandrinae s. s. A-D Siderasis Raf. emend. M. Pell. & Faden: A rosette habit of S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore B rosette habit with flagelliform-shoots of S. albofasciata M. Pell. C habit of an immature, still prostrate, individual of S. zorzanellii M. Pell. & Faden. D habit of a mature individual of S. zorzanellii spirally ascending a tree. E-F Dichorisandra hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke: E intertwined habit F decumbent stem apex, bearing flowers and fruits. Photographs A-B, E-F by M. O. O. Pellegrini, C-D by J. P. F. Zorzanelli." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144847" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3E</figureCitation>
|
||
), which help in displaying the seeds, covered by an orange to bright orange, thick and opaque aril (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Aril morphology in Dichorisandrinae s. s. A-B Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: A D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan B D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke. C-D Siderasis Raf. emend. M. Pell. & Faden: C S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore D S. albofasciata M. Pell. Photographs by M. O. O. Pellegrini." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144849" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">5B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The seeds in the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. thyrsiflora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="thyrsiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">D. thyrsiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group are covered by a thick and opaque, white to cream-colored aril (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Aril morphology in Dichorisandrinae s. s. A-B Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: A D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan B D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke. C-D Siderasis Raf. emend. M. Pell. & Faden: C S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore D S. albofasciata M. Pell. Photographs by M. O. O. Pellegrini." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144849" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">5A</figureCitation>
|
||
), and are generally easy to see in the field, due to the plants high stature (Pellegrini pers. observ.). Nonetheless, these species lack the characteristic colors that are generally associated with bird pollination/dispersal (i.e. pink, red, orange and yellow;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1749-4" author="Fleming, TH" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" refId="B19" refString="Fleming, TH, Estrada, A, 1993. Frugivory and seed dispersal: Ecological and evolutionary aspects. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1749-4" title="Frugivory and seed dispersal: Ecological and evolutionary aspects." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1749-4" year="1993">Fleming and Estrada 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), always present in the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. hexandra" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="hexandra">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">D. hexandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. The species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. acaulis" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="acaulis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">D. acaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group possess seeds also covered by a thick and opaque,
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="12" pageNumber="13" start="start">white</pageBreakToken>
|
||
aril, lacking the visual attraction associated with bird dispersal, and also lack an elevated display, since they are always shorter than 1 m long (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.245.2.2" author="Pellegrini, MOO" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="107 - 118" refId="B33" refString="Pellegrini, MOO, Almeida, RF, 2016. Rediscovery, identity and typification of Dichorisandra picta (Commelinaceae) and comments on the short-stemmed Dichorisandra species. Phytotaxa 245 (2): 107 - 118, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.245.2.2" title="Rediscovery, identity and typification of Dichorisandra picta (Commelinaceae) and comments on the short-stemmed Dichorisandra species." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.245.2.2" volume="245" year="2016">Pellegrini and Almeida 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These seeds might be dispersed by ants, or by small terrestrial vertebrates (e.g. small rodents), instead of being dispersed by birds, as hypothesized for other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The seeds from the rosette species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have similar morphological and ecological features to the species from the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. acaulis" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="acaulis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. acaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. These species also have small stature and seeds with hyaline and inconspicuous, or cream-colored, slightly translucent, thick arils (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Aril morphology in Dichorisandrinae s. s. A-B Dichorisandra J. C. Mikan: A D. thyrsiflora J. C. Mikan B D. hexandra (Aubl.) C. B. Clarke. C-D Siderasis Raf. emend. M. Pell. & Faden: C S. fuscata (Lodd.) H. E. Moore D S. albofasciata M. Pell. Photographs by M. O. O. Pellegrini." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144849" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">5C-D</figureCitation>
|
||
), being most probably dispersed by animals similar to the ones dispersing the seeds of the species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. acaulis" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="acaulis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. acaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
From a phylogenetic point of view, it seems that vector-mediated seed dispersal has evolved several times in the family: (1) arillate seeds are recorded for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Faden & D.R.Hunt" authorityYear="1991" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Dichorisandrinae">Dichorisandrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hasskarl" authorityYear="1863" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Amischotolype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Amischotolype" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Amischotolype</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hassk.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="C.B.Clarke" authorityYear="1881" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Coleotrype" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coleotrype" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Coleotrype</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
C.B.Clarke and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="D.Y.Hong" authorityYear="1974" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Porandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Porandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Porandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hong in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Faden & D.R.Hunt" authorityYear="1991" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Coleotrypinae">Coleotrypinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01267" author="Pellegrini, MOO" journalOrPublisher="Nordic Journal of Botany" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="29 - 37" refId="B32" refString="Pellegrini, MOO, 2017. Siderasis albofasciata sp. nov. (Commelinaceae), endemic to the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil, and the typification of S. fuscata. Nordic Journal of Botany 35 (1): 29 - 37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01267" title="Siderasis albofasciata sp. nov. (Commelinaceae), endemic to the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil, and the typification of S. fuscata." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01267" volume="35" year="2017">Pellegrini 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ridley" authorityYear="1896" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Spatholirion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spatholirion" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Spatholirion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Ridl. in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Faden & D.R.Hunt" authorityYear="1991" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Streptoliriinae">Streptoliriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Thitimetharoch, T" journalOrPublisher="Probasco, Philadelphia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="B41" refString="Thitimetharoch, T, 2004. Taxonomic studies of the family Commelinaceae in Thailand. PhD thesis, Khon Kaen University, India." title="Taxonomic studies of the family Commelinaceae in Thailand. PhD thesis, Khon Kaen University, India." year="2004">Thitimetharoch 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); (2) appendaged seeds are recorded for at least two separate lineages in tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ridley" authorityYear="1896" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="tribe" tribe="Commelineae">Commelineae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(i.e. some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Commelina" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Commelina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Murdannia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Murdannia" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Murdannia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Royle;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.74.9835" author="Pellegrini, MOO" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="35 - 78" refId="B35" refString="Pellegrini, MOO, Faden, RB, Almeida, RF, 2016. Taxonomic revision of Neotropical Murdannia Royle (Commelinaceae). PhytoKeys 74: 35 - 78, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.74.9835" title="Taxonomic revision of Neotropical Murdannia Royle (Commelinaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.74.9835" volume="74" year="2016">Pellegrini et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); (3) truly fleshy fruits are known only from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Palisota" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Palisota" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Palisota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Rchb.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">ex</emphasis>
|
||
Endl. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03531-3_12" author="Faden, RB" editor="Kubitzki, K" journalOrPublisher="4. Springer Verlag. Berlin" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="109 - 128" refId="B16" refString="Faden, RB, 1998. Commelinaceae. In: Kubitzki, K, Ed., The families and genera of vascular plants, vol. 4. Springer Verlag. Berlin: 109 - 128, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03531-3_12" title="Commelinaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03531-3_12" volumeTitle="The families and genera of vascular plants, vol." year="1998">Faden 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); (4) in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Tradescantia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tradescantia zanonia" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="zanonia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Tradescantia zanonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) Sw. the fleshy sepals cover the indehiscent fruit at post-anthesis, producing a sweet and atro-vinaceous berry-like fruit, dispersed by birds (Pellegrini, obs. pers.); (5) in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Pollia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pollia" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pollia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Thunb. the fruits are dry, crustaceous and indehiscent, and due to their vibrant colors (metallic blue to shiny black) mimic real berries (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2398866" author="Faden, RB" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" pagination="676 - 680" refId="B13" refString="Faden, RB, 1978. Pollia Thunb. (Commelinaceae): The first generic record from the New World. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 65 (2): 676 - 680, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2398866" title="Pollia Thunb. (Commelinaceae): The first generic record from the New World." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2398866" volume="65" year="1978">Faden 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); (6) in some
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Commelina" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Commelina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(i.e. the species originally placed under
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hasskarl" authorityYear="1866" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Phaeosphaerion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Phaeosphaerion" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Phaeosphaerion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hassk. and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pichon" authorityYear="1946" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelinopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Commelinopsis" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Commelinopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Pichon) the fruits are morphologically similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Pollia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pollia" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pollia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, being also crustaceous, but either dehiscent or indehiscent (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2399267" author="Faden, RB" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="121 - 122" refId="B17" refString="Faden, RB, Hunt, DR, 1987. Reunion of Phaeosphaerion and Commelinopsis with Commelina (Commelinaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 74 (1): 121 - 122, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2399267" title="Reunion of Phaeosphaerion and Commelinopsis with Commelina (Commelinaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2399267" volume="74" year="1987">Faden and Hunt 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); (7) and sticky capsules covered by a mixture of hook and minute glandular hairs, in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hasskarl" authorityYear="1864" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Rhopalephora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhopalephora" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Rhopalephora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Hassk. (Pellegrini et al., in prep.). Nonetheless, further investigations are needed to better understand the ecology and evolution of vector-mediated seed dispersal in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hasskarl" authorityYear="1864" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Commelinaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="994361" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144845" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution map of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Raf.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">emend.</emphasis>
|
||
M.Pell. & Faden.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Blue circles</emphasis>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. albofasciata" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="albofasciata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. albofasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Blue triangles</emphasis>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. almeidae" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="almeidae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. almeidae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Red circles</emphasis>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. fuscata" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="fuscata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. fuscata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Red triangles</emphasis>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. medusoides" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="medusoides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. medusoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Blue square</emphasis>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. spectabilis" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="spectabilis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. spectabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Red Square</emphasis>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. zorzanellii" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="zorzanellii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. zorzanellii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">BA</emphasis>
|
||
- state of Bahia;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">ES</emphasis>
|
||
- estate of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Espírito">Espirito</normalizedToken>
|
||
Santo;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">RJ</emphasis>
|
||
- estate of Rio de Janeiro.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="994363" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144847" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Growth forms in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Faden & D.R.Hunt" authorityYear="1991" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Dichorisandrinae">Dichorisandrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">s.s.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A-D</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Raf. emend. M.Pell. & Faden:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
|
||
rosette habit of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. fuscata" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="fuscata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. fuscata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Lodd.) H.E.Moore
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B</emphasis>
|
||
rosette habit with flagelliform-shoots of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. albofasciata" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="albofasciata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. albofasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
M.Pell.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C</emphasis>
|
||
habit of an immature, still prostrate, individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. zorzanellii" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="zorzanellii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. zorzanellii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
M.Pell. & Faden.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D</emphasis>
|
||
habit of a mature individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. zorzanellii" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="zorzanellii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. zorzanellii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spirally ascending a tree.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E-F</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra hexandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="hexandra">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Dichorisandra hexandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Aubl.) C.B.Clarke:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">E</emphasis>
|
||
intertwined habit
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">F</emphasis>
|
||
decumbent stem apex, bearing flowers and fruits. Photographs
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A-B, E-F</emphasis>
|
||
by M.O.O. Pellegrini,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C-D</emphasis>
|
||
by J.P.F. Zorzanelli.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="994365" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144848" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Inflorescence architecture in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Faden & D.R.Hunt" authorityYear="1991" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Dichorisandrinae">Dichorisandrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">s.s.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
|
||
diagram of the basic
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Raf. emend M.Pell. & Faden inflorescence type, consisting of a thyrse reduced to a solitary cincinnus
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B</emphasis>
|
||
diagram of the basic
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
inflorescence type (also characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. spectabilis" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="spectabilis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. spectabilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. zorzanellii" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="zorzanellii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. zorzanellii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), consisting of a many-branched thyrse with alternate, many-flowered cincinni
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C</emphasis>
|
||
diagram of the basic
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. acaulis" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="acaulis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. acaulis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group inflorescence type, where the main florescence axis and cincinni axis are greatly reduced, and the pedicels are peculiarly elongated.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P</emphasis>
|
||
= prophyll;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">pB</emphasis>
|
||
= peduncle bract on main synflorescence axis; * = aborted or dormant apex of main inflorescence axis (usually not observed);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B</emphasis>
|
||
= cincinnus bract;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">b</emphasis>
|
||
= bracteole;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">f</emphasis>
|
||
= flower;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">1°bud</emphasis>
|
||
= bud terminating cincinnus;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2°bud</emphasis>
|
||
= bud in axil of peduncle bract with potential to develop into a secondary thyrse (coflorescence); Modified from
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01267" author="Pellegrini, MOO" journalOrPublisher="Nordic Journal of Botany" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" pagination="29 - 37" refId="B32" refString="Pellegrini, MOO, 2017. Siderasis albofasciata sp. nov. (Commelinaceae), endemic to the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil, and the typification of S. fuscata. Nordic Journal of Botany 35 (1): 29 - 37, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01267" title="Siderasis albofasciata sp. nov. (Commelinaceae), endemic to the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil, and the typification of S. fuscata." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.01267" volume="35" year="2017">Pellegrini (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="994367" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.83.13490.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/144849" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Aril morphology in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Faden & D.R.Hunt" authorityYear="1991" lsidName="" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Dichorisandrinae">Dichorisandrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">s.s.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A-B</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Dichorisandra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dichorisandra" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Dichorisandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
J.C.Mikan:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. thyrsiflora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="thyrsiflora">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. thyrsiflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
J.C.Mikan
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="D. hexandra" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="hexandra">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D. hexandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Aubl.) C.B.Clarke.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C-D</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Siderasis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Siderasis" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Siderasis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Raf. emend. M.Pell. & Faden:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">C</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. fuscata" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="fuscata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. fuscata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Lodd.) H.E.Moore
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">D</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Commelinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. albofasciata" order="Commelinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="albofasciata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. albofasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
M.Pell. Photographs by M.O.O. Pellegrini.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |