611 lines
74 KiB
XML
611 lines
74 KiB
XML
<document id="5298111275D390C2C75978E373CC8767" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.171153" ID-GBIF-Dataset="33181367-eefc-4e3a-90f2-ca6390420139" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="171153" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459718880902" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="O’Hara, James E." docDate="2005" docId="7E6C879C333A9466FE97FC5625D0FDB4" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00938.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 938" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Phryxe pecosensis Townsend 1926" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="36" masterDocId="8255FFE4331B9445FF9FFF972675FFC2" masterDocTitle="A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia" masterLastPageNumber="46" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="34" updateTime="1698208646016" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="3CA6637B25AEAE33F5CE2126C7E33FE1">
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<mods:title id="1760F3CEFE817BC0481B9CE099BE5F42">A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0A449C242D7597CA66D02020E4CA953E">O’Hara, James E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="656CF1C298D30AC23F370FE190EB14C7">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="242B14EF25311370D8862A3A383ADC5F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="54D43CA5C784C3E0D245B1699708AEF0">
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<mods:date id="989598C62CEB6BCBA31A5DFB1F1FB846">2005</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="1A368F3F721D9779A08F4F4AB63B3BD9" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="B937214B66A76BC6EC0B8D54F709D507">938</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="689AFEE7311786DBF38E3AF94B894856">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="D6F04E94C3EDE862F807C6156006CC80">46</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="73B93F1503A6925A74862713CA215F10">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="EAE09344C9BB0729F4975B12CD4F1E9E" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.171153</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="245B53ED01D2E6D9CFBE9ADE2A4606E9" type="GBIF-Dataset">33181367-eefc-4e3a-90f2-ca6390420139</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="52258721A82D237BE32EBD3AC023CE2F" type="ISSN">11755326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5FC6F37465040914B4B224515F1F51CF" type="Zenodo-Dep">171153</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="7E6C879C333A9466FE97FC5625D0FDB4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6265522" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119335188" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6265522" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E6C879C333A9466FE97FC5625D0FDB4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6C879C333A9466FE97FC5625D0FDB4" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<subSubSection id="BEDF6501333A9464FE97FC5624E8FBA1" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A333A9464FE97FC56255FFC19" blockId="33.[264,810,961,987]" box="[264,810,961,987]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<heading id="AD3281E6333A9464FE97FC56255FFC19" bold="true" box="[264,810,961,987]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" reason="1">
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||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FE97FC56255FFC19" bold="true" box="[264,810,961,987]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FE97FC5624B2FC19" ID-CoL="4GX3D" authority="Townsend, 1926" authorityName="Townsend" authorityYear="1926" box="[264,711,961,987]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phryxe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pecosensis">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FE97FC562791FC19" bold="true" box="[264,484,961,987]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Phryxe pecosensis</emphasis>
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||
(
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||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FE6BFC5624CAFC19" author="Townsend" box="[500,703,961,987]" pageId="33" pageNumber="46" refString="Townsend, C. H. T. (1926) New holarctic Muscoidea (Diptera). Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 14, 24 - 41." type="journal article" year="1926">Townsend, 1926</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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<figureCitation id="6EFE2A0F333A9464FD4AFC56255FFC19" box="[725,810,961,987]" captionStart="FIGURES 49 – 50. 49" captionStartId="33.[264,383,862,886]" captionTargetBox="[297,1306,289,833]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[264,1323,280,844]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 49 – 50. 49. Habitus images. Phryxe pecosensis. 50. Smidtia fumiferanae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171162/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Fig. 49</figureCitation>
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</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F67A368A333A9464FE97FB9B24E8FBA1" blockId="33.[264,1323,1036,1860]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FE97FB9B27BBFBE6" bold="true" box="[264,462,1036,1060]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Host records ex.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FE43FB9B25C2FBE1" authority="Prentice 1955" authorityName="Prentice" authorityYear="1955" box="[476,951,1036,1060]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conflictana">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FE43FB9B257AFBE6" bold="true" box="[476,783,1036,1060]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FE43FB9B2573FBE6" bold="true" box="[476,774,1036,1060]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Choristoneura conflictana</emphasis>
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:
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</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FC82FB9B25C2FBE1" author="Prentice" box="[797,951,1036,1059]" pageId="33" pageNumber="44" refString="Prentice, R. M. (1955) The life history and some aspects of the ecology of the large aspen tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana (Wlkr.) (n. comb.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Entomologist, 87, 461 - 473." type="journal article" year="1955">Prentice 1955</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(SK, MB);
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<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FBD3FB9B228CFBE1" author="Schaffner" box="[1100,1273,1036,1059]" pageId="33" pageNumber="45" refString="Schaffner, J. V., Jr. (1959) Microlepidoptera and their parasites reared from field collections in the northeastern United States. United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 767, iv + 97 pp." type="book" year="1959">Schaffner 1959</bibRefCitation>
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, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FEA7FBBA247CFB86" box="[312,521,1069,1092]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conflictana">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FEA7FBBA247CFB86" box="[312,521,1069,1092]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Archips conflictana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(northeastern
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<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A333A9464FD3AFBBB254CFB81" box="[677,825,1068,1091]" name="United States of America" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">United States</collectingCountry>
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); †
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<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FCC9FBBB2590FB81" author="Arnaud" box="[854,997,1068,1091]" pageId="33" pageNumber="39" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">Arnaud 1978</bibRefCitation>
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(SK, MB, ME); †
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<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FB37FBBB2718FBA1" author="Huber" pageId="33" pageNumber="42" refString="Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. & McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220." type="journal article" year="1996">
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Huber
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FB6BFBBA235EFB86" box="[1268,1323,1069,1092]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
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1996
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</bibRefCitation>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A333A9464FEE4FBDB27ACFBA1" box="[379,473,1100,1123]" name="United States of America" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">America</collectingCountry>
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north of
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<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A333A9464FDA4FBDB24E4FBA1" box="[571,657,1100,1123]" name="Mexico" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="BEDF6501333A9467FE97FBFB25C7FE91" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="F67A368A333A9464FE97FBFB25D1FA61" blockId="33.[264,1323,1036,1860]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FE97FBFB27BDFB46" bold="true" box="[264,456,1132,1156]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Host records ex.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FE4CFBFB25B5FB41" authority="Johannsen 1913" authorityName="Johannsen" authorityYear="1913" box="[467,960,1132,1156]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FE4CFBFB2576FB46" bold="true" box="[467,771,1132,1156]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FE4CFBFB248FFB46" bold="true" box="[467,762,1132,1156]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Choristoneura fumiferana</emphasis>
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||
:
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</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FC91FBFB25B5FB41" author="Johannsen" box="[782,960,1132,1155]" pageId="33" pageNumber="43" refString="Johannsen, O. A. (1913) Spruce bud worm and spruce leaf miners. Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin, 210, 13 - 36 + 3 pls." type="journal article" year="1913">Johannsen 1913</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, as
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FC70FBFA22DEFB46" box="[1007,1195,1133,1156]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Exorista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FC70FBFA22DEFB46" box="[1007,1195,1133,1156]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Exorista vulgaris</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
ex.
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||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FB7EFBFA27D8FB66" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Tortrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
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||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FB7EFBFA27D8FB66" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Tortrix fumiferana</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(ME);
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||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FD9CFB1B24FEFB61" author="Tothill" box="[515,651,1164,1187]" pageId="33" pageNumber="46" refString="Tothill, J. D. (1913) Tachinidae and some Canadian hosts. Canadian Entomologist, 45, 69 - 75." type="journal article" year="1913">Tothill 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FD25FB1A2500FB66" box="[698,885,1165,1188]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Exorista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FD25FB1A2500FB66" box="[698,885,1165,1188]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Exorista vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
ex.
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||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FC35FB1A2207FB66" box="[938,1138,1165,1188]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Tortrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FC35FB1A2207FB66" box="[938,1138,1165,1188]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Tortrix fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(QC); †
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||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FB50FB1B27A0FB01" author="Winn" pageId="33" pageNumber="46" refString="Winn, A. F. & Beaulieu, G. (1915) A preliminary list of the insects of the province of Quebec. Part II - Diptera (two-winged flies). Supplement to Report of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants, 7, 108 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Winn & Beaulieu 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
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||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FE63FB3A24C6FB06" box="[508,691,1197,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Exorista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FE63FB3A24C6FB06" box="[508,691,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Exorista vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
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||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FD7FFB3A25D1FB06" box="[736,932,1197,1220]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Tortrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FD7FFB3A25D1FB06" box="[736,932,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Tortrix fumiferana</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(QC);
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||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FC70FB3B2375FB01" author="Wilkes" box="[1007,1280,1196,1219]" pageId="33" pageNumber="46" refString="Wilkes, A. & Anderson, M. (1947) Notes on recovery of the introduced spruce budworm parasite, Phytodietus fumiferanae Rohw. in eastern Canada. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario [for] 1946, 77, 40 - 44." type="journal article" year="1947">Wilkes & Anderson 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FEA7FB5A2472FB26" box="[312,519,1229,1252]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FEA7FB5A2472FB26" box="[312,519,1229,1252]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Archips fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ON, QC);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FD16FB5B2557FB21" author="Daviault" box="[649,802,1228,1251]" pageId="33" pageNumber="41" refString="Daviault, L. (1950) Les parasites de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'epinette (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) dans la province de Quebec. Report of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants, 31, 41 - 45." type="journal article" year="1950">Daviault 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(QC);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FCEFFB5B223DFB21" author="Dowden" box="[880,1096,1228,1252]" pageId="33" pageNumber="41" refString="Dowden, P. B., Carolin, V. M. & Dirks, C. O. (1951) Natural control factors affecting the spruce budworm in the Adirondacks during 1946 - 1948. Journal of Economic Entomology, 43 (1950), 774 - 783." type="journal article" year="1951">
|
||
Dowden
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FC4DFB5A227DFB26" box="[978,1032,1229,1252]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1951
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FBE4FB5A2715FAC6" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FBE4FB5A2715FAC6" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Archips fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NY);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FE30FB7B24EFFAC1" author="Jaynes" box="[431,666,1260,1283]" pageId="33" pageNumber="43" refString="Jaynes, H. A. & Drooz, A. T. (1952) The importance of parasites in the spruce budworm infestations in New York and Maine. Journal of Economic Entomology, 45, 1057 - 1061." type="journal article" year="1952">Jaynes & Drooz 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(NY, ME);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FC83FB7B25C9FAC1" author="Raizenne" box="[796,956,1260,1283]" pageId="33" pageNumber="44" refString="Raizenne, H. (1952) Forest Lepidoptera of southern Ontario and their parasites received and reared at the Ottawa Forest Insect Survey Laboratory from 1937 to 1948. Canada Department of Agriculture, Science Service, Division of Forest Biology, Ottawa, v + 277 pp." type="book" year="1952">Raizenne 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(ON);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FB93FB7B2294FAC1" author="Dowden" box="[1036,1249,1260,1284]" pageId="33" pageNumber="41" refString="Dowden, P. B., Jaynes, H. A. & Carolin, V. M. (1953) The role of birds in a spruce budworm outbreak in Maine. Journal of Economic Entomology, 46, 307 - 312." type="journal article" year="1953">
|
||
Dowden
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FBF1FB7A22D0FAC6" box="[1134,1189,1261,1284]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1953
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(ME);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FEA7FA9B27CDFAE1" author="Miller" box="[312,440,1292,1315]" pageId="33" pageNumber="43" refString="Miller, C. A. (1955) A technique for assessing spruce budworm larval mortality caused by parasites. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 33, 5 - 17." type="journal article" year="1955">Miller 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(NB);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FD98FA9B257EFAE1" author="McGugan" box="[519,779,1292,1315]" pageId="33" pageNumber="43" refString="McGugan, B. M. & Blais, J. R. (1959) Spruce budworm parasite studies in northwestern Ontario. Canadian Entomologist, 91, 758 - 783." type="journal article" year="1959">McGugan & Blais 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(ON);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FCC4FA9B2277FAE1" author="Schaffner" box="[859,1026,1292,1315]" pageId="33" pageNumber="45" refString="Schaffner, J. V., Jr. (1959) Microlepidoptera and their parasites reared from field collections in the northeastern United States. United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 767, iv + 97 pp." type="book" year="1959">Schaffner 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FBB2FA9A22ADFAE6" box="[1069,1240,1293,1316]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phryxe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FBB2FA9A22ADFAE6" box="[1069,1240,1293,1316]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Phryxe vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A333A9464FE14FABB246BFA81" box="[395,542,1324,1347]" name="United States of America" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FDAEFABB24D1FA81" author="Blais" box="[561,676,1324,1347]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Blais, J. R. (1960) Spruce budworm parasite investigations in the Lower St. Lawrence and Gaspe regions of Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 92, 384 - 396." type="journal article" year="1960">Blais 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(QC);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FD6EFABB227EFA81" author="MacDonald" box="[753,1035,1324,1347]" pageId="33" pageNumber="43" refString="MacDonald, D. R. & Webb, F. E. (1963) Insecticides and the spruce budworm. In: Morris, R. F. (Ed.), The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 31, 288 - 310 + figs. 39.1 - 39.6." type="journal article" year="1963">MacDonald & Webb 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(NB); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FBFCFABB2291FA81" author="Miller" box="[1123,1252,1324,1347]" pageId="33" pageNumber="43" refString="Miller, C. A. (1963) Parasites and the spruce budworm. In: Morris, R. F. (Ed.), The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 31, 228 - 244 + figs. 34.1 - 34.7." type="journal article" year="1963">Miller 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(NB);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FEA7FADB27DEFAA1" author="Blais" box="[312,427,1356,1379]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Blais, J. R. (1965) Parasite studies in two residual spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem. )) outbreaks in Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 97, 129 - 136." type="journal article" year="1965">Blais 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(QC); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FD9DFADB24E1FAA1" author="Arnaud" box="[514,660,1356,1379]" pageId="33" pageNumber="39" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">Arnaud 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FD22FADA2512FAA6" box="[701,871,1357,1380]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phryxe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FD22FADA2512FAA6" box="[701,871,1357,1380]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Phryxe vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MA, QC, ME); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FBB2FADB235FFAA1" author="Tilles" box="[1069,1322,1356,1379]" pageId="33" pageNumber="45" refString="Tilles, D. A. & Woodley, N. E. (1984) Spruce budworm parasites in Maine: a reference manual for collection and identification of common species. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Cooperative State Research Service, Agriculture Handbook, 616, 35 pp." type="book" year="1984">Tilles & Woodley 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(ME);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FEE0FAFB2435FA41" author="Hebert" box="[383,576,1388,1412]" pageId="33" pageNumber="42" refString="Hebert, C., Cloutier, C., Regniere, J. & Perry, D. F. (1989) Seasonal biology of Winthemia fumiferanae Toth. (Diptera: Tachinidae), a larval-pupal parasitoid of the spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 2384 - 2391." type="journal article" year="1989">
|
||
Hébert
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FE50FAFA2471FA46" box="[463,516,1389,1412]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(QC);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FD14FAFB2530FA41" author="Huber" box="[651,837,1388,1412]" pageId="33" pageNumber="42" refString="Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. & McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Huber
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FD4BFAFA257FFA46" box="[724,778,1389,1412]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(NB); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FC04FAFB222FFA41" author="Huber" box="[923,1114,1388,1412]" pageId="33" pageNumber="42" refString="Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. & McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Huber
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FC79FAFA2269FA46" box="[998,1052,1389,1412]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FB1EFAFA235FFA46" box="[1153,1322,1389,1412]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phryxe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FB1EFAFA235FFA46" box="[1153,1322,1389,1412]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Phryxe vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A333A9464FEA0FA1B27E8FA61" box="[319,413,1420,1443]" name="United States of America" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
north of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A333A9464FE60FA1B2420FA61" box="[511,597,1420,1443]" name="Mexico" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FDF7FA1B252AFA61" author="Cappuccino" box="[616,863,1420,1444]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Cappuccino, N., Houle, M. - J. & Stein, J. (1999) The influence of understory nectar resources on parasitism of the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana in the field. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 1, 33 - 36." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Cappuccino
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FD72FA1A2556FA66" box="[749,803,1421,1444]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(QC).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A333A9464FE97FA3B2476F981" blockId="33.[264,1323,1036,1860]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FE97FA3B254AFA06" bold="true" box="[264,831,1452,1476]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Host records ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FE56FA3B2498FA06" box="[457,749,1452,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FE56FA3B2498FA06" bold="true" box="[457,749,1452,1476]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Choristoneura fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and/or
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FCD8FA3B237DFA01" authority="Brown 1941" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1941" box="[839,1288,1452,1476]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FCD8FA3B220FFA06" bold="true" box="[839,1146,1452,1476]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FCD8FA3B221AFA06" bold="true" box="[839,1135,1452,1476]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FB1EFA3B237DFA01" author="Brown" box="[1153,1288,1452,1475]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Brown, A. W. A. (1941) Foliage insects of spruce in Canada. Canada Department of Agriculture Publication, 712 (Technical Bulletin 31), 1 - 29." type="journal article" year="1941">Brown 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FEA7FA5A279BFA26" box="[312,494,1485,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Zenillia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FEA7FA5A279BFA26" box="[312,494,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Zenillia vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FDB8FA5A250AFA21" authority="(Canada)" baseAuthorityName="Canada" box="[551,895,1484,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cacoecia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FDB8FA5A2578FA26" box="[551,781,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Cacoecia fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A333A9464FCBEFA5B2502FA21" box="[801,887,1484,1507]" name="Canada" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FC11FA5B226EFA21" author="Sellers" box="[910,1051,1484,1507]" pageId="33" pageNumber="45" refString="Sellers, W. F. (1943) The Nearctic species of parasitic flies belonging to Zenillia and allied genera. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 93 [= No. 3157], 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1943">Sellers 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FBC8FA5A235FFA26" box="[1111,1322,1485,1508]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FBC8FA5A235FFA26" box="[1111,1322,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Archips fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A333A9464FE15FA7B279EF9C1" box="[394,491,1516,1539]" name="United States of America" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FD9DFA7B2490F9C1" author="Dowden" box="[514,741,1516,1540]" pageId="33" pageNumber="41" refString="Dowden, P. B., Buchanan, W. D. & Carolin, V. M. (1948) Natural-control factors affecting the spruce budworm. Journal of Economic Entomology, 41, 457 - 464." type="journal article" year="1948">
|
||
Dowden
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FDF7FA7A24D6F9C6" box="[616,675,1517,1540]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1948
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FCBFFA7A2587F9C6" box="[800,1010,1517,1540]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FCBFFA7A2587F9C6" box="[800,1010,1517,1540]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Archips fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A333A9464FBCFFA7B22C4F9C1" box="[1104,1201,1516,1539]" name="United States of America" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FB4DFA7B2705F9E1" author="Zwolfer" pageId="33" pageNumber="46" refString="Zwolfer, H. (1961) A comparative analysis of the parasite complexes of the European fir budworm, Choristoneura murinana (Hub.) and the North American spruce budworm, C. fumiferana (Clem.). Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Bulletin, 1, 162 pp." type="book" year="1961">Zwolfer 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FE3FF99A2441F9E6" box="[416,564,1549,1572]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FE3FF99A2441F9E6" box="[416,564,1549,1572]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A333A9464FD17F99B249CF9E1" box="[648,745,1548,1571]" name="United States of America" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FC9AF99B25E0F9E1" author="Arnaud" box="[773,917,1548,1571]" pageId="33" pageNumber="39" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">Arnaud 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FC59F99A222FF9E6" box="[966,1114,1549,1572]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FC59F99A222FF9E6" box="[966,1114,1549,1572]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC, OR, ON, QC, NB, NF, ME, NY).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A333A9464FE97F9DB227FF941" blockId="33.[264,1323,1036,1860]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FE97F9DB270BF946" bold="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Host records ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FE52F9DB2487F9A6" box="[461,754,1612,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FE52F9DB2487F9A6" bold="true" box="[461,754,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Choristoneura fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FC9DF9DB2258F9A6" box="[770,1069,1612,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FC9DF9DB2258F9A6" bold="true" box="[770,1069,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and/or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FB14F9DB2701F946" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FB14F9DB2701F946" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Choristoneura pinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
†
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FE0FF9FB2471F941" author="Ross" box="[400,516,1644,1667]" pageId="33" pageNumber="44" refString="Ross, D. A. (1952) Key to the puparia of the dipterous parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. Canadian Entomologist, 84, 108 - 112." type="journal article" year="1952">Ross 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, ex. spruce and/or jack pine budworm (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A333A9464FC37F9FB258BF941" box="[936,1022,1644,1667]" name="Canada" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A333A9464FE97F91B235EF961" blockId="33.[264,1323,1036,1860]" box="[264,1323,1676,1700]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FE97F91B27CAF966" bold="true" box="[264,447,1676,1700]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Host records ex.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FE59F91B25D3F961" authority="McKnight 1974" authorityName="McKnight" authorityYear="1974" box="[454,934,1676,1700]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FE59F91B2482F966" bold="true" box="[454,759,1676,1700]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FE59F91B249BF966" bold="true" box="[454,750,1676,1700]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FD62F91B25D3F961" author="McKnight" box="[765,934,1676,1699]" pageId="33" pageNumber="43" refString="McKnight, M. E. (1974) Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm in Colorado. Environmental Entomology, 3, 186 - 187." type="journal article" year="1974">McKnight 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CO);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FC6EF91B229DF961" author="Harris" box="[1009,1256,1676,1699]" pageId="33" pageNumber="42" refString="Harris, J. W. E. & Dawson, A. F. (1979) Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in British Columbia 1977 - 78. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 76, 30 - 38." type="journal article" year="1979">Harris & Dawson 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(BC).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A333A9464FE97F93B235EF921" blockId="33.[264,1323,1036,1860]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FE97F93B2509F906" bold="true" box="[264,892,1708,1732]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Host records probably ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FDD9F93B2509F906" authority="Wilkes et al. 1949" authorityName="Wilkes et al." authorityYear="1949" box="[582,892,1708,1732]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FDD9F93B2507F906" bold="true" box="[582,882,1708,1732]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Wilkes
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FC43F93A2263F906" box="[988,1046,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1949, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FB0DF93A235FF906" box="[1170,1322,1709,1732]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FB0DF93A235FF906" box="[1170,1322,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FEE4F95B240EF921" author="Carolin" box="[379,635,1740,1763]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Carolin, V. M. & Coulter, W. K. (1959) The occurrence of insect parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology, 52, 550 - 555." type="journal article" year="1959">Carolin & Coulter 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FD33F95A2535F926" box="[684,832,1741,1764]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FD33F95A2535F926" box="[684,832,1741,1764]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(OR); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FC09F95B2256F921" author="Coppel" box="[918,1059,1740,1763]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1960) Key to adults of dipterous parasites of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53, 94 - 97." type="journal article" year="1960">Coppel 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FBCBF95A229DF926" box="[1108,1256,1741,1764]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FBCBF95A229DF926" box="[1108,1256,1741,1764]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BC).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A333A9464FE97F97B2202F881" blockId="33.[264,1323,1036,1860]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FE97F97B24CEF8C6" bold="true" box="[264,699,1772,1796]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Host records ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D09333A9464FE53F97B24CEF8C6" authority="Benjamin & Drooz 1954" authorityName="Benjamin & Drooz" authorityYear="1954" box="[460,699,1772,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FE53F97B24C7F8C6" bold="true" box="[460,690,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Choristoneura pinus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FD5CF97B25A4F8C1" author="Benjamin" box="[707,977,1772,1795]" pageId="33" pageNumber="40" refString="Benjamin, D. M. & Drooz, A. T. (1954) Parasites affecting the jack-pine budworm in Michigan. Journal of Economic Entomology, 47, 588 - 591." type="journal article" year="1954">Benjamin & Drooz 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(MI);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FB82F97B235FF8C1" author="Drooz" box="[1053,1322,1772,1795]" pageId="33" pageNumber="41" refString="Drooz, A. T. & Benjamin, D. M. (1956) Parasites from two jack-pine budworm outbreaks on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Journal of Economic Entomology, 49, 412 - 413." type="journal article" year="1956">Drooz & Benjamin 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(MI);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FEE5F89B24F1F8E1" author="Kulman" box="[378,644,1804,1827]" pageId="33" pageNumber="43" refString="Kulman, H. M. & Hodson, A. C. (1961) Parasites of the jack-pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus, with special reference to parasitism at particular stand locations. Journal of Economic Entomology, 54, 221 - 224." type="journal article" year="1961">Kulman & Hodson 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(MN);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FD46F89B2590F8E1" author="Dixon" box="[729,997,1804,1827]" pageId="33" pageNumber="41" refString="Dixon, J. C. & Benjamin, D. M. (1963) Natural control factors associated with the jack-pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus. Journal of Economic Entomology, 56, 266 - 270." type="journal article" year="1963">Dixon & Benjamin 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(WI);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FBAEF89B229CF8E1" author="Allen" box="[1073,1257,1804,1828]" pageId="33" pageNumber="39" refString="Allen, D. C., Knight, F. B., Foltz, J. L. & Mattson, W. J. (1969) Influence of parasites on two populations of Choristoneura pinus (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Michigan. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62, 1469 - 1475." type="journal article" year="1969">
|
||
Allen
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FBEBF89A22D9F8E6" box="[1140,1196,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1969
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(MI); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FEDCF8BB27A4F881" author="Arnaud" box="[323,465,1836,1859]" pageId="33" pageNumber="39" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">Arnaud 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(MN, WI, MI); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B333A9464FD15F8BB253DF881" author="Huber" box="[650,840,1836,1860]" pageId="33" pageNumber="42" refString="Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. & McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Huber
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA98333A9464FD48F8BA2578F886" box="[727,781,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A333A9464FCC9F8BB25C1F881" box="[854,948,1836,1859]" name="United States of America" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
north of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A333A9464FB89F8BB2219F881" box="[1046,1132,1836,1859]" name="Mexico" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A33399467FE97FE8C25C7FE91" blockId="34.[264,1321,283,339]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FE97FE8C27CBFEF1" bold="true" box="[264,446,283,307]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Host records ex.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933399467FE5AFE8B25F9FEF1" authority="Raizenne 1952" authorityName="Raizenne" authorityYear="1952" box="[453,908,283,308]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosaceana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FE5AFE8B2491FEF1" bold="true" box="[453,740,283,308]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FE5AFE8B24AEFEF6" bold="true" box="[453,731,284,308]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Choristoneura rosaceana</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FD75FE8B25F9FEF1" author="Raizenne" box="[746,908,284,307]" pageId="34" pageNumber="44" refString="Raizenne, H. (1952) Forest Lepidoptera of southern Ontario and their parasites received and reared at the Ottawa Forest Insect Survey Laboratory from 1937 to 1948. Canada Department of Agriculture, Science Service, Division of Forest Biology, Ottawa, v + 277 pp." type="book" year="1952">Raizenne 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933399467FC23FE8B22F7FEF1" box="[956,1154,284,307]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosaceana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FC23FE8B22F7FEF1" box="[956,1154,284,307]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Archips rosaceana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ON); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FB48FE8B2718FE91" author="Arnaud" pageId="34" pageNumber="39" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">Arnaud 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(ON); †
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FE5AFEAB24F7FE91" author="Huber" box="[453,642,316,339]" pageId="34" pageNumber="42" refString="Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. & McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Huber
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FD8EFEAB2432FE91" box="[529,583,316,339]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33399467FD0FFEAB249BFE91" box="[656,750,316,339]" name="United States of America" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
north of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33399467FCCFFEAB25D2FE91" box="[848,935,316,339]" name="Mexico" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BEDF650133399466FE97FE1225D0FDB4" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A33399467FE97FE1225F6FD75" blockId="34.[264,1325,389,1895]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933399467FE97FE122795FE5C" ID-CoL="4GX3D" box="[264,480,389,414]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phryxe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pecosensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FE97FE122795FE5C" box="[264,480,389,414]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Phryxe pecosensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ranges from Alaska to Newfoundland, and south to California and New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33399467FE97FE3A2714FE05" box="[264,353,429,455]" name="Mexico" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the West and Virginia in the East. It is a dark coloured species about 4.0–7.5mm long. The adult and puparium resemble those of the related
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933399467FC5FFE4222B2FE2C" ID-CoL="735DZ" box="[960,1223,469,494]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Madremyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saundersii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FC5FFE4222B2FE2C" box="[960,1223,469,494]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Madremyia saundersii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the puparia of the two species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6EFE2A0F33399467FDF6FE6A2489FDD5" box="[617,764,509,535]" captionStart="FIGURES 22 – 27" captionStartId="9.[264,370,1759,1780]" captionTargetBox="[267,1315,283,1729]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[264,1323,278,1736]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 22 – 27. Tachinid puparia. a, posterior view of posterior spiracular discs (scale bar = 0.1 mm); b, posterior view of posterior spiracular discs and surrounding region; c, lateral view of posterior half of puparium. 22. Cyzenis incrassata. 23. Hyphantrophaga blanda. 24. Madremyia saundersii. 25. Phryxe pecosensis. 26. Nilea erecta. 27. Hyphantrophaga virilis." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171157/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Figs. 24–25</figureCitation>
|
||
) are not always easily distinguished.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933399467FB48FE6A27F3FDFC" ID-CoL="4GX3D" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phryxe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pecosensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FB48FE6A27F3FDFC" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Phryxe pecosensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was included in a key to the puparia of dipterous parasitoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933399467FBE0FDB2235FFDFC" ID-CoL="925CM" box="[1151,1322,549,574]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FBE0FDB2235FFDFC" box="[1151,1322,549,574]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Choristoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FE18FDDA2461FDA5" author="Ross" box="[391,532,589,615]" pageId="34" pageNumber="44" refString="Ross, D. A. (1952) Key to the puparia of the dipterous parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. Canadian Entomologist, 84, 108 - 112." type="journal article" year="1952">Ross (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and in a key to the adults of dipterous parasitoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933399467FBE4FDDA235EFDA4" ID-CoL="5YCYL" box="[1147,1323,589,614]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FBE4FDDA235EFDA4" box="[1147,1323,589,614]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">C. occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933399467FEA8FDE227ABFD4C" ID-CoL="5YD8Z" box="[311,478,629,654]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FEA8FDE227ABFD4C" box="[311,478,629,654]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in British
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33399467FDECFDE22493FD4D" box="[627,742,629,655]" name="United States of America" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Columbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FC82FDE225BAFD4D" author="Coppel" box="[797,975,629,655]" pageId="34" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1960) Key to adults of dipterous parasites of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53, 94 - 97." type="journal article" year="1960">Coppel (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The egg, larval instars and puparium were described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FDC3FD0A250AFD75" author="Maw" box="[604,895,669,695]" pageId="34" pageNumber="43" refString="Maw, M. G. & Coppel, H. C. (1953) Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). II. Phryxe pecosensis (Tns.) (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 31, 392 - 403." type="journal article" year="1953">Maw and Coppel (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A33399467FEA7FD522578FC0D" blockId="34.[264,1325,389,1895]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933399467FEA7FD522420FD1D" ID-CoL="4GX62" authority="Fallen" authorityName="Fallen" box="[312,597,709,735]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phryxe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FEA7FD522784FD1C" box="[312,497,709,734]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Phryxe vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
(Fallén)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a widely distributed Holarctic species that is very similar in appearance to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933399467FE2BFD7A2425FCC4" ID-CoL="4GX3D" box="[436,592,749,774]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phryxe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pecosensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FE2BFD7A2425FCC4" box="[436,592,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">P. pecosensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This similarity has resulted in frequent misidentifications of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933399467FE97FC8227D1FCEC" ID-CoL="4GX3D" box="[264,420,789,814]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phryxe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pecosensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FE97FC8227D1FCEC" box="[264,420,789,814]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">P. pecosensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933399467FE51FC822439FCEC" ID-CoL="4GX62" box="[462,588,789,814]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phryxe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FE51FC822439FCEC" box="[462,588,789,814]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">P. vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the literature.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FC83FC8225B6FCED" author="Sellers" box="[796,963,789,815]" pageId="34" pageNumber="45" refString="Sellers, W. F. (1943) The Nearctic species of parasitic flies belonging to Zenillia and allied genera. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 93 [= No. 3157], 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1943">Sellers (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided useful characters by which to separate the species, but the differences between the species are so subtle that misidentifications continue to occur.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FD21FCF22510FCBD" author="Sellers" box="[702,869,869,895]" pageId="34" pageNumber="45" refString="Sellers, W. F. (1943) The Nearctic species of parasitic flies belonging to Zenillia and allied genera. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 93 [= No. 3157], 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1943">Sellers (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered host records of
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FB33FCF22352FCBC" box="[1196,1319,869,894]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">P. v u l g a r i s</emphasis>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933399467FECFFC1A278FFC64" ID-CoL="5YD8Z" box="[336,506,909,934]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FECFFC1A278FFC64" box="[336,506,909,934]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933399467FDA4FC1A2550FC64" box="[571,805,909,934]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FDA4FC1A2550FC64" box="[571,805,909,934]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Archips fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) to be based on misidentifications of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933399467FA8AFC1A27F0FC0C" ID-CoL="4GX3D" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phryxe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pecosensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FA8AFC1A27F0FC0C" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">P. pecosensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and I agree with his assessment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A33399467FEA7FC4A2558FA3D" blockId="34.[264,1325,389,1895]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933399467FEA7FC4A247AFC34" ID-CoL="4GX3D" box="[312,527,989,1014]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phryxe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pecosensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FEA7FC4A247AFC34" box="[312,527,989,1014]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Phryxe pecosensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an eryciine tachinid that develops mature eggs within the female reproductive system. In a study of the biology of this species,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FB9DFB92235EFBDD" author="Maw" box="[1026,1323,1029,1055]" pageId="34" pageNumber="43" refString="Maw, M. G. & Coppel, H. C. (1953) Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). II. Phryxe pecosensis (Tns.) (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 31, 392 - 403." type="journal article" year="1953">Maw and Coppel (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that eggs are deposited directly on the host. The first instar usually emerges soon after egg deposition, exiting through the ventral surface of the egg and burrowing into the host.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FED6FBEA241AFB55" author="Maw" box="[329,623,1149,1175]" pageId="34" pageNumber="43" refString="Maw, M. G. & Coppel, H. C. (1953) Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). II. Phryxe pecosensis (Tns.) (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 31, 392 - 403." type="journal article" year="1953">Maw and Coppel (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed a maximum deposition of
|
||
<specimenCount id="E0C3FD0333399467FBB8FBEA22F6FB55" box="[1063,1155,1149,1175]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="egg">32 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
in the laboratory but found many more eggs in the reproductive systems of dissected females, so females probably deposit close to
|
||
<specimenCount id="E0C3FD0333399467FD03FB5A2573FB25" box="[668,774,1229,1255]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="egg">100 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
under natural conditions. Females have a preoviposition period of about 10 days and adults live up to about 50 days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FBF0FB622732FAF5" author="Maw" pageId="34" pageNumber="43" refString="Maw, M. G. & Coppel, H. C. (1953) Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). II. Phryxe pecosensis (Tns.) (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 31, 392 - 403." type="journal article" year="1953">Maw & Coppel 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933399467FEC3FA8A2440FAF4" ID-CoL="4GX3D" box="[348,565,1309,1334]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phryxe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pecosensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FEC3FA8A2440FAF4" box="[348,565,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Phryxe pecosensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
attacks late instar larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933399467FC19FA8A2244FAF4" ID-CoL="925CM" box="[902,1073,1309,1334]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FC19FA8A2244FAF4" box="[902,1073,1309,1334]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Choristoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species and emerges from the sixth instar or pupa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FDEDFAD22510FA9D" author="Dowden" box="[626,869,1349,1375]" pageId="34" pageNumber="41" refString="Dowden, P. B., Buchanan, W. D. & Carolin, V. M. (1948) Natural-control factors affecting the spruce budworm. Journal of Economic Entomology, 41, 457 - 464." type="journal article" year="1948">
|
||
Dowden
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FD7FFAD22568FA9C" box="[736,797,1349,1374]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1948
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FCECFAD222E0FA9D" author="Carolin" box="[883,1173,1349,1375]" pageId="34" pageNumber="40" refString="Carolin, V. M. & Coulter, W. K. (1959) The occurrence of insect parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology, 52, 550 - 555." type="journal article" year="1959">Carolin & Coulter 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FB3CFAD22733FA45" author="Allen" pageId="34" pageNumber="39" refString="Allen, D. C., Knight, F. B., Foltz, J. L. & Mattson, W. J. (1969) Influence of parasites on two populations of Choristoneura pinus (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Michigan. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62, 1469 - 1475." type="journal article" year="1969">
|
||
Allen
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FB72FAD2235FFA9C" box="[1261,1322,1349,1374]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1969
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FECAFAFA2463FA45" author="McKnight" box="[341,534,1389,1415]" pageId="34" pageNumber="43" refString="McKnight, M. E. (1974) Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm in Colorado. Environmental Entomology, 3, 186 - 187." type="journal article" year="1974">McKnight 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The fully mature maggot leaves the host to pupariate elsewhere (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FE8FFA0227D3FA6D" author="Sellers" box="[272,422,1429,1455]" pageId="34" pageNumber="45" refString="Sellers, W. F. (1943) The Nearctic species of parasitic flies belonging to Zenillia and allied genera. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 93 [= No. 3157], 1 - 108." type="journal article" year="1943">Sellers 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FE2DFA0224DBFA6D" author="Maw" box="[434,686,1429,1455]" pageId="34" pageNumber="43" refString="Maw, M. G. & Coppel, H. C. (1953) Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). II. Phryxe pecosensis (Tns.) (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 31, 392 - 403." type="journal article" year="1953">Maw & Coppel 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Adults are active from May to October, there are two or more generations per year, and the parasitoid overwinters as a larva in an alternate host (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FE8FFA72242EFA3D" author="Schaffner" box="[272,603,1509,1535]" pageId="34" pageNumber="45" refString="Schaffner, J. V., Jr. & Griswold, C. L. (1934) Macrolepidoptera and their parasites reared from field collections in the northeastern part of the United States. United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 188, 1 - 160." type="journal article" year="1934">Schaffner & Griswold 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FDF8FA722555FA3D" author="Schaffner" box="[615,800,1509,1535]" pageId="34" pageNumber="45" refString="Schaffner, J. V., Jr. (1959) Microlepidoptera and their parasites reared from field collections in the northeastern United States. United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 767, iv + 97 pp." type="book" year="1959">Schaffner 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A33399466FEA7F99A251EFE14" blockId="34.[264,1325,389,1895]" lastBlockId="35.[264,1323,284,630]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933399467FEA7F99A247AF9E4" ID-CoL="4GX3D" box="[312,527,1549,1574]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phryxe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pecosensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FEA7F99A247AF9E4" box="[312,527,1549,1574]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Phryxe pecosensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a commonly recorded parasitoid of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933399467FC4AF99A22F5F9E4" ID-CoL="925CM" box="[981,1152,1549,1574]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FC4AF99A22F5F9E4" box="[981,1152,1549,1574]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Choristoneura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species that is generally responsible for low levels of parasitism but occasionally has been found at higher levels. Parasitism of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933399467FDCBF9CA24C3F9B4" ID-CoL="5YCYW" box="[596,694,1629,1654]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FDCBF9CA24C3F9B4" box="[596,694,1629,1654]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">C. pinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was reported as low (less than 3% parasitism of late larvae) in Michigan by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FD85F9122517F95D" author="Benjamin" box="[538,866,1669,1695]" pageId="34" pageNumber="40" refString="Benjamin, D. M. & Drooz, A. T. (1954) Parasites affecting the jack-pine budworm in Michigan. Journal of Economic Entomology, 47, 588 - 591." type="journal article" year="1954">Benjamin and Drooz (1954)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FC04F9122207F95D" box="[923,1138,1669,1695]" pageId="34" pageNumber="39" refString="Allen, D. C., Knight, F. B., Foltz, J. L. & Mattson, W. J. (1969) Influence of parasites on two populations of Choristoneura pinus (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Michigan. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62, 1469 - 1475." type="journal article">
|
||
Allen
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FC7CF9122268F95C" box="[995,1053,1669,1694]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1969)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and in Wisconsin by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FEC8F93A24D3F905" author="Dixon" box="[343,678,1709,1735]" pageId="34" pageNumber="41" refString="Dixon, J. C. & Benjamin, D. M. (1963) Natural control factors associated with the jack-pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus. Journal of Economic Entomology, 56, 266 - 270." type="journal article" year="1963">Dixon and Benjamin (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In Quebec,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FCA4F93A2583F905" author="Daviault" box="[827,1014,1709,1735]" pageId="34" pageNumber="41" refString="Daviault, L. (1950) Les parasites de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'epinette (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) dans la province de Quebec. Report of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants, 31, 41 - 45." type="journal article" year="1950">Daviault (1950)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported spruce budworm parasitism as high as 7.4% in larvae and 1% in pupae, whereas
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FC6DF94222F1F92D" author="Blais" box="[1010,1156,1749,1775]" pageId="34" pageNumber="40" refString="Blais, J. R. (1960) Spruce budworm parasite investigations in the Lower St. Lawrence and Gaspe regions of Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 92, 384 - 396." type="journal article" year="1960">Blais (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported relative parasitism as high as 15%. In New York,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FCB9F96A2254F8D5" box="[806,1057,1789,1815]" pageId="34" pageNumber="41" refString="Dowden, P. B., Carolin, V. M. & Dirks, C. O. (1951) Natural control factors affecting the spruce budworm in the Adirondacks during 1946 - 1948. Journal of Economic Entomology, 43 (1950), 774 - 783." type="journal article">
|
||
Dowden
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833399467FC0FF96A25BEF8D4" box="[912,971,1789,1814]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1951)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported parasitism of spruce budworm larvae as high as 18% and of pupae as high as 6%.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33399467FBCBF8B22723F8A5" author="Jaynes" pageId="34" pageNumber="43" refString="Jaynes, H. A. & Drooz, A. T. (1952) The importance of parasites in the spruce budworm infestations in New York and Maine. Journal of Economic Entomology, 45, 1057 - 1061." type="journal article" year="1952">Jaynes and Drooz (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found up to 24% parasitism of mature larvae of spruce budworm in New York and up to 12% parasitism of budworm larvae in Maine.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FCF8FE8B22D5FEF4" author="Tilles" box="[871,1184,284,310]" pageId="35" pageNumber="45" refString="Tilles, D. A. & Woodley, N. E. (1984) Spruce budworm parasites in Maine: a reference manual for collection and identification of common species. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Cooperative State Research Service, Agriculture Handbook, 616, 35 pp." type="book" year="1984">Tilles and Woodley (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FA8AFE8B27F3FE9F" ID-CoL="4GX3D" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phryxe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pecosensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FA8AFE8B27F3FE9F" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">P. pecosensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as one of five tachinids in their manual of spruce budworm parasitoids in Maine. Parasitism in the West has been reported as low. Wilkes
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FB86FEFB222DFE47" box="[1049,1112,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1949) ranked
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FA8AFEFB27F3FE6F" ID-CoL="4GX3D" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phryxe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pecosensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FA8AFEFB27F3FE6F" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">P. pecosensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fifteen among the 15 dominant dipterous and hymenopterous parasitoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FA8FFE0327E0FE17" ID-CoL="5YCYL" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FA8FFE0327E0FE17" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">C. occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FE59FE2B241FFE17" box="[454,618,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FE59FE2B241FFE17" box="[454,618,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in British
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33389466FD6FFE2B251DFE14" box="[752,872,444,470]" name="United States of America" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Columbia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A33389466FEA7FE7325D0FDB4" blockId="35.[264,1323,284,630]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
The hosts from which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FDDCFE7324ABFE3F" ID-CoL="4GX3D" box="[579,734,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Phryxe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pecosensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833389466FDDCFE7324ABFE3F" box="[579,734,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">P. pecosensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been reported are many and varied: a species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FEB6FD9B24E2FDE4" ID-CoL="GZJ" authority="(Hymenoptera)" baseAuthorityName="Hymenoptera" box="[297,663,524,550]" class="Insecta" family="Tenthredinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera)</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a species each in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FCEAFD9B2592FDE4" ID-CoL="DGC" box="[885,999,524,550]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Danaidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FC6BFD9B22F6FDE4" ID-CoL="6254D" box="[1012,1155,524,550]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FB0FFD9B2286FDE4" ID-CoL="625MK" box="[1168,1267,524,550]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pieridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FE97FDA327E5FD8C" ID-CoL="FYX" box="[264,400,564,590]" class="Insecta" family="Saturniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Saturniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FDCFFDA324B7FD8C" ID-CoL="FG2" box="[592,706,564,590]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, several species in each of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FB99FDA322EBFD8C" ID-CoL="6247J" box="[1030,1182,564,590]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Geometridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FB46FDA32749FDB4" ID-CoL="DD9" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and about ten species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933389466FDF7FDCB25D4FDB4" ID-CoL="HBJ" authority="Arnaud 1978" authorityName="Arnaud" authorityYear="1978" box="[616,929,604,630]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Tortricidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33389466FD67FDCB25EDFDB4" author="Arnaud" box="[760,920,604,630]" pageId="35" pageNumber="39" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">Arnaud 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |