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<document id="F3749B5E7ADBFFDA253D0969F15C0EBD" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.171153" ID-GBIF-Dataset="33181367-eefc-4e3a-90f2-ca6390420139" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="171153" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459718880902" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="O’Hara, James E." docDate="2005" docId="7E6C879C33099456FE97FE8B2414FBBC" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00938.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 938" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Ceromasia auricaudata Townsend 1908" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="20" masterDocId="8255FFE4331B9445FF9FFF972675FFC2" masterDocTitle="A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia" masterLastPageNumber="46" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="19" updateTime="1698208646016" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="563939DB910B9C20508A5076892ED37C">A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="96687FCDD993D9BDBA1B7B3603883CA0" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="E03B4B38AAC280DC719C48C7BEB7F025">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="B5DFCE99A716F055BEC3F25D83602D40">O’Hara, James E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="C59FD63E72275B32AE778D59AFEF5DE7">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="D45A2D1877A46347946D4D538521FA1D" type="host">
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<mods:title id="5D7C4397F83D72E4A04DB6C191CBCD8E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="0C104435E41192D4B04D8778038C5260">2005</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="DA5E6D3972F1EF23C44E649CCF45D99C" type="volume">
<mods:number id="364355F4074E80EBD26EFB0C6E6F7068">938</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="62386EF53ACDF54140976902DEC00F7A">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="CCB650B0E8D862BF4EF4F92D597361F7" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.171153</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="7D7C76E0911647BB959EF606DC865BE7" type="GBIF-Dataset">33181367-eefc-4e3a-90f2-ca6390420139</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="8213DCB6770D089B5A6D124C412F3F11" type="ISSN">1175­5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="5545B0122CA0CFD7352071EF13F35D98" type="Zenodo-Dep">171153</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="7E6C879C33099456FE97FE8B2414FBBC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6265498" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119335212" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6265498" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E6C879C33099456FE97FE8B2414FBBC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6C879C33099456FE97FE8B2414FBBC" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<subSubSection id="BEDF650133099457FE97FE8B25CBFE7A" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="F67A368A33099457FE97FE8B2520FEF7" blockId="18.[264,853,283,310]" box="[264,853,283,310]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<heading id="AD3281E633099457FE97FE8B2520FEF7" bold="true" box="[264,853,283,310]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="1">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FE97FE8B2520FEF7" bold="true" box="[264,853,283,310]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FE97FE8B2481FEF7" ID-CoL="T2F6" authority="Townsend, 1908" authorityName="Townsend" authorityYear="1908" box="[264,756,283,310]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auricaudata">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FE97FE8B2456FEF4" bold="true" box="[264,547,284,310]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ceromasia auricaudata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FDB4FE8C2481FEF7" author="Townsend" box="[555,756,283,309]" pageId="18" pageNumber="46" refString="Townsend, C. H. T. (1908) The taxonomy of the muscoidean flies, including descriptions of new genera and species. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 51 (2 [= pub. 1803]), 1 - 138." type="journal article" year="1908">Townsend, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="6EFE2A0F33099457FC9EFE8C2520FEF7" box="[769,853,283,309]" captionStart="FIGURES 37 – 42" captionStartId="15.[264,382,1850,1874]" captionTargetBox="[293,1309,345,1816]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[264,1323,333,1823]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 37 – 42. Habitus images. 37. Actia diffidens. 38. Actia interrupta. 39. Ceromasia auricaudata. 40. Compsilura concinnata. 41. Cyzenis incrassata. 42. Eumea caesar." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171160/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F67A368A33099457FE97FEF625CBFE7A" blockId="18.[264,1323,353,984]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FE97FEF62486FEBB" bold="true" box="[264,755,353,377]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Host records ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FE58FEF6249FFEBB" box="[455,746,353,377]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FE58FEF6249FFEBB" bold="true" box="[455,746,353,377]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Choristoneura fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
†
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FC9AFEF625A9FEBA" author="Dowden" box="[773,988,353,377]" pageId="18" pageNumber="41" refString="Dowden, P. B., Buchanan, W. D. &amp; Carolin, V. M. (1948) Natural-control factors affecting the spruce budworm. Journal of Economic Entomology, 41, 457 - 464." type="journal article" year="1948">
Dowden
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FCF7FEF525EBFEBB" box="[872,926,354,377]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
1948
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FB9BFEF522DEFEBB" box="[1028,1195,354,377]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Masicera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rutila">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FB9BFEF522DEFEBB" box="[1028,1195,354,377]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Masicera rutila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FB46FEF527D8FE5B" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FB46FEF527D8FE5B" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Archips fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(eastern North
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33099457FDC7FE1624CCFE5A" box="[600,697,385,408]" name="United States of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">America</collectingCountry>
);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FD53FE162535FE5A" author="Blais" box="[716,832,385,408]" pageId="18" pageNumber="40" refString="Blais, J. R. (1960) Spruce budworm parasite investigations in the Lower St. Lawrence and Gaspe regions of Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 92, 384 - 396." type="journal article" year="1960">Blais 1960</bibRefCitation>
(QC);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FC11FE16223AFE5A" author="Huber" box="[910,1103,385,409]" pageId="18" pageNumber="42" refString="Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. &amp; McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220." type="journal article" year="1996">
Huber
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FC47FE152265FE5B" box="[984,1040,386,409]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
1996
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FBE6FE152718FE7B" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurifrons">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FBE6FE152718FE7B" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ceromasia aurifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NB) and
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FE40FE3524F5FE7B" box="[479,640,418,441]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auricaudata">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FE40FE3524F5FE7B" box="[479,640,418,441]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. auricaudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(†
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33099457FD06FE36248CFE7A" box="[665,761,417,440]" name="United States of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">America</collectingCountry>
north of
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33099457FCC3FE3625C7FE7A" box="[860,946,417,440]" name="Mexico" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Mexico</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BEDF650133099457FE97FE5627C7FC1A" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
<paragraph id="F67A368A33099457FE97FE5624B2FDFA" blockId="18.[264,1323,353,984]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FE97FE56270BFE3B" bold="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Host records ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FE52FE562487FE1B" box="[461,754,449,473]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FE52FE562487FE1B" bold="true" box="[461,754,449,473]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Choristoneura fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FC9DFE562258FE1B" box="[770,1069,449,473]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FC9DFE562258FE1B" bold="true" box="[770,1069,449,473]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and/or
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FB14FE562701FE3B" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinus">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FB14FE562701FE3B" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Choristoneura pinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
†
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FE0CFE76247FFE3A" author="Ross" box="[403,522,481,504]" pageId="18" pageNumber="44" refString="Ross, D. A. (1952) Key to the puparia of the dipterous parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. Canadian Entomologist, 84, 108 - 112." type="journal article" year="1952">Ross 1952</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FDA7FE75256DFE3B" box="[568,792,482,505]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurifrons">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FDA7FE75256DFE3B" box="[568,792,482,505]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ceromasia aurifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FCCDFE752582FE3B" box="[850,1015,482,505]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auricaudata">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FCCDFE752582FE3B" box="[850,1015,482,505]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. auricaudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex. spruce and/or jack pine budworm (
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33099457FE33FD962477FDDA" box="[428,514,513,536]" name="Canada" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Canada</collectingCountry>
); †
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FD80FD9624C5FDDA" author="Arnaud" box="[543,688,513,536]" pageId="18" pageNumber="39" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">Arnaud 1978</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FD48FD952269FDDA" authority="(Canada)" baseAuthorityName="Canada" box="[727,1052,513,537]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurifrons">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FD48FD9525C1FDDB" box="[727,948,514,537]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ceromasia aurifrons</emphasis>
(
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33099457FC5DFD962260FDDA" box="[962,1045,513,536]" name="Canada" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Canada</collectingCountry>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FBCFFD952284FDDB" box="[1104,1265,514,537]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auricaudata">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FBCFFD952284FDDB" box="[1104,1265,514,537]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. auricaudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BC, OR, CO, ON, QC) ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FDB3FDB524B5FDFB" box="[556,704,546,569]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FDB3FDB524B5FDFB" box="[556,704,546,569]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F67A368A33099457FE97FDD624B0FD5A" blockId="18.[264,1323,353,984]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FE97FDD627CAFD9B" bold="true" box="[264,447,577,601]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Host records ex.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FE5AFDD625D3FD9A" authority="McKnight 1974" authorityName="McKnight" authorityYear="1974" box="[453,934,577,601]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FE5AFDD62482FD9B" bold="true" box="[453,759,577,601]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FE5AFDD6249BFD9B" bold="true" box="[453,750,577,601]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FD62FDD625D3FD9A" author="McKnight" box="[765,934,577,600]" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" refString="McKnight, M. E. (1974) Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm in Colorado. Environmental Entomology, 3, 186 - 187." type="journal article" year="1974">McKnight 1974</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(CO);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FC6EFDD6229DFD9A" author="Harris" box="[1009,1256,577,600]" pageId="18" pageNumber="42" refString="Harris, J. W. E. &amp; Dawson, A. F. (1979) Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in British Columbia 1977 - 78. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 76, 30 - 38." type="journal article" year="1979">Harris &amp; Dawson 1979</bibRefCitation>
(BC);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FEA7FDF627B0FDBA" author="Schmid" box="[312,453,609,632]" pageId="18" pageNumber="45" refString="Schmid, J. M. (1981) Distribution of western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) insect parasites in the crowns of host trees. Canadian Entomologist, 113, 1101 - 1106." type="journal article" year="1981">Schmid 1981</bibRefCitation>
(NM);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FD88FDF62575FDBA" author="Torgersen" box="[535,768,609,633]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="18" pageNumber="45" refString="Torgersen, T. R., Campbell, R. W., Srivastava, N. &amp; Beckwith, R. C. (1984) Role of parasites in the population dynamics of the western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the Northwest. Environmental Entomology, 13, 568 - 573." type="journal article" year="1984">
Torgersen
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FD17FDF524CBFDBB" box="[648,702,610,633]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
, 1984
</bibRefCitation>
(WA, OR, ID, MT); †
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FC73FDF62292FDBA" author="Harris" box="[1004,1255,609,632]" pageId="18" pageNumber="42" refString="Harris, J. W. E. &amp; Dawson, A. F. (1985) Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm in British Columbia. In: Sanders, C. J., Stark, R. W., Mullins, E. J. &amp; Murphy, J. (Eds.), Recent advances in spruce budworms research. Proceedings of the CANUSA spruce budworms research symposium. Bangor, Maine, September 16 - 20, 1984. Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa, p. 102." type="journal volume" year="1985">Harris &amp; Dawson 1985</bibRefCitation>
(BC); †
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FEDDFD16279FFD5A" author="Torgersen" box="[322,490,641,664]" pageId="18" pageNumber="45" refString="Torgersen, T. R. (1985) Parasitoids and western budworm dynamics. In Sanders, C. J., Stark, R. W., Mullins, E. J. &amp; Murphy, J. (Eds.), Recent advances in spruce budworms research. Proceedings of the CANUSA spruce budworms research symposium. Bangor, Maine, September 16 - 20, 1984. Canadian Forestry Service, Ottawa, pp. 104 - 105." type="journal article" year="1985">Torgersen 1985</bibRefCitation>
(WA, OR, ID, MT).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F67A368A33099457FE97FD362443FC5A" blockId="18.[264,1323,353,984]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FE97FD362447FD7B" bold="true" box="[264,562,673,697]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Host records probably ex.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FDA5FD362589FD7A" authority="Tothill 1913" authorityName="Tothill" authorityYear="1913" box="[570,1020,673,697]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FDA5FD362518FD7B" bold="true" box="[570,877,673,697]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FDA5FD362511FD7B" bold="true" box="[570,868,673,697]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FCEAFD362589FD7A" author="Tothill" box="[885,1020,673,696]" pageId="18" pageNumber="46" refString="Tothill, J. D. (1913) Tachinidae and some Canadian hosts. Canadian Entomologist, 45, 69 - 75." type="journal article" year="1913">Tothill 1913</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FBB9FD3522BBFD7B" box="[1062,1230,674,697]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Masicera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rutila">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FBB9FD3522BBFD7B" box="[1062,1230,674,697]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Masicera rutila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FB62FD3527A9FD1B" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Tortrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FB62FD3527A9FD1B" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tortrix fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BC);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FDB2FD5624CCFD1A" author="Wilkes" box="[557,697,705,728]" pageId="18" pageNumber="46" refString="Wilkes, A. (1946) The introduction of insect parasites of the spruce budworm, Archips fumiferana Clem., into eastern Canada. Canadian Entomologist, 78, 82 - 86." type="journal article" year="1946">Wilkes 1946</bibRefCitation>
, ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FD6EFD5525B4FD1B" box="[753,961,706,729]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FD6EFD5525B4FD1B" box="[753,961,706,729]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Archips fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BC);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FB8DFD5622D4FD1A" author="Coppel" box="[1042,1185,705,728]" pageId="18" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1947) The collection of spruce budworm parasites in British Columbia with notes on their overwintering habits. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario [for] 1946, 77, 38 - 40." type="journal article" year="1947">Coppel 1947</bibRefCitation>
, ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FB46FD5527D8FD3B" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FB46FD5527D8FD3B" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Archips fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BC);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FD9BFD762499FD3A" author="Dowden" box="[516,748,737,761]" pageId="18" pageNumber="41" refString="Dowden, P. B., Buchanan, W. D. &amp; Carolin, V. M. (1948) Natural-control factors affecting the spruce budworm. Journal of Economic Entomology, 41, 457 - 464." type="journal article" year="1948">
Dowden
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FDF4FD7524D2FD3B" box="[619,679,738,761]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
1948
</bibRefCitation>
, ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FCB5FD752588FD3B" box="[810,1021,738,761]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FCB5FD752588FD3B" box="[810,1021,738,761]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Archips fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(western North
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33099457FB21FD76236AFD3A" box="[1214,1311,737,760]" name="United States of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">America</collectingCountry>
); †Wilkes 1949, ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FD9DFC9524A5FCDB" box="[514,720,770,793]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FD9DFC9524A5FCDB" box="[514,720,770,793]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Archips fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BC); Wilkes
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FCF2FC9525D1FCDB" box="[877,932,770,793]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
1949, ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FB8AFC9522DFFCDB" box="[1045,1194,770,793]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FB8AFC9522DFFCDB" box="[1045,1194,770,793]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BC); Coppel 1953, ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FE51FCB52416FCFB" box="[462,611,802,825]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FE51FCB52416FCFB" box="[462,611,802,825]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BC);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FD2EFCB625C2FCFA" author="Carolin" box="[689,951,801,824]" pageId="18" pageNumber="40" refString="Carolin, V. M. &amp; Coulter, W. K. (1959) The occurrence of insect parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology, 52, 550 - 555." type="journal article" year="1959">Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959</bibRefCitation>
, ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FC74FCB522F4FCFB" box="[1003,1153,802,825]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FC74FCB522F4FCFB" box="[1003,1153,802,825]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(OR); †
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FB44FCB62705FC9A" author="Coppel" pageId="18" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1960) Key to adults of dipterous parasites of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53, 94 - 97." type="journal article" year="1960">Coppel 1960</bibRefCitation>
, ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FE3FFCD52446FC9B" box="[416,563,834,857]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FE3FFCD52446FC9B" box="[416,563,834,857]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BC); †
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FD18FCD6256BFC9A" author="Zwolfer" box="[647,798,833,856]" pageId="18" pageNumber="46" refString="Zwolfer, H. (1961) A comparative analysis of the parasite complexes of the European fir budworm, Choristoneura murinana (Hub.) and the North American spruce budworm, C. fumiferana (Clem.). Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Bulletin, 1, 162 pp." type="book" year="1961">Zwolfer 1961</bibRefCitation>
, ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FCD2FCD52594FC9B" box="[845,993,834,857]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FCD2FCD52594FC9B" box="[845,993,834,857]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BC); †
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FBABFCD62352FC9A" author="Graham" box="[1076,1319,833,856]" pageId="18" pageNumber="42" refString="Graham, A. R. &amp; Jones, P. A. (1962) Appendix I. Parasites and predators released against forest insects in Canada, 1910 - 58. In: McLeod, J. H., McGugan, B. M. &amp; Coppel, H. C., A review of the biological control attempts against insects and weeds in Canada. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Communication, 2, 129 - 175." type="journal article" year="1962">Graham &amp; Jones 1962</bibRefCitation>
, ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FEFFFCF52783FCBB" box="[352,502,866,889]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FEFFFCF52783FCBB" box="[352,502,866,889]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BC); †
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FDD2FCF62518FCBA" author="McGugan" box="[589,877,865,888]" pageId="18" pageNumber="43" refString="McGugan, B. M. &amp; Coppel, H. C. (1962) Part II - Biological control of forest insects, 1910 - 1958. In: McLeod, J. H., McGugan, B. M. &amp; Coppel, H. C., A review of the biological control attempts against insects and weeds in Canada. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Communication, 2, 35 - 127." type="journal article" year="1962">McGugan &amp; Coppel 1962</bibRefCitation>
, ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FC3EFCF52243FCBB" box="[929,1078,866,889]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FC3EFCF52243FCBB" box="[929,1078,866,889]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BC); †
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FB11FCF62353FCBA" author="Clausen" box="[1166,1318,865,888]" pageId="18" pageNumber="40" refString="Clausen, C. P. (1978) Tortricidae. In: Clausen, C. P. (Ed.), Introduced parasites and predators of arthropod pests and weeds: a world review. United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook, 480, 236 - 240." type="journal article" year="1978">Clausen 1978</bibRefCitation>
, ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FEC0FC152786FC5B" box="[351,499,898,921]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FEC0FC152786FC5B" box="[351,499,898,921]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BC).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F67A368A33099457FE97FC3627C7FC1A" blockId="18.[264,1323,353,984]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FE97FC36220BFC7B" bold="true" box="[264,1150,929,953]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Host records ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FE4AFC362577FC7B" box="[469,770,929,953]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FE4AFC362577FC7B" bold="true" box="[469,770,929,953]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and/or
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FCFAFC36220BFC7B" authority="Schaupp et al. 1991" authorityName="Schaupp et al." authorityYear="1991" box="[869,1150,929,953]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="retiniana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FCFAFC362200FC7B" bold="true" box="[869,1141,929,953]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Choristoneura retiniana</emphasis>
:
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FB16FC362718FC1A" author="Schaupp" pageId="18" pageNumber="45" refString="Schaupp, W. C. Jr., Volney, W. J. A. &amp; Waters, W. E. (1991) Parasitoids of endemic and epidemic populations of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman and Choristoneura retiniana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in southern Oregon. Canadian Entomologist, 123, 1095 - 1102." type="journal article" year="1991">
Schaupp
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FB6FFC35235EFC7B" box="[1264,1323,930,953]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
1991
</bibRefCitation>
(OR).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BEDF650133099456FE97FB962235FE44" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="F67A368A33099457FE97FB9622F9FA11" blockId="18.[264,1325,1025,1891]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FE97FB962474FBD8" ID-CoL="T2F7" box="[264,513,1025,1050]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurifrons">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FE97FB962474FBD8" box="[264,513,1025,1050]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ceromasia aurifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FDD8FB96248AFBD8" ID-CoL="T2F6" box="[583,767,1025,1050]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auricaudata">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FDD8FB96248AFBD8" box="[583,767,1025,1050]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. auricaudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were considered to be distinct species until recently, with the former having an eastern distribution and the latter a western distribution (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FED4FBC6240EFBA9" author="Sabrosky" box="[331,635,1105,1131]" pageId="18" pageNumber="45" refString="Sabrosky, C. W. &amp; Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1965) Family Tachinidae (Larvaevoridae). In: Stone, A., Sabrosky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H. &amp; Coulson, J. R. (Eds.), A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook, 276, 961 - 1108." type="journal article" year="1965">Sabrosky &amp; Arnaud 1965</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FD11FBC625CCFBA9" box="[654,953,1105,1131]" pageId="18" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. &amp; Wood, D. M. (2004) Catalogue of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of America north of Mexico. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 18, 410 pp." type="book">O’Hara and Wood (2004)</bibRefCitation>
synonymized
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FBFDFBC62285FBA8" ID-CoL="T2F7" box="[1122,1264,1105,1130]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurifrons">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FBFDFBC62285FBA8" box="[1122,1264,1105,1130]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. aurifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FE97FBEE27CCFB50" ID-CoL="T2F6" box="[264,441,1145,1170]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auricaudata">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FE97FBEE27CCFB50" box="[264,441,1145,1170]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. auricaudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and gave the known distribution of this species as transcontinental in
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33099457FB6DFBEE2744FB79" name="Canada" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Canada</collectingCountry>
and ranging southward to California, New
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33099457FCB4FB3625FDFB79" box="[811,904,1185,1211]" name="Mexico" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Mexico</collectingCountry>
, Kansas, and Massachusetts. Adults are typically
<quantity id="313D9B6F33099457FE38FB5E2474FB21" box="[423,513,1225,1251]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="8.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="7.0">7–9mm</quantity>
long, rather robust, and mostly gray with a mottled abdomen. The head and tip of the abdomen are usually golden, though less so in eastern specimens. The egg, three larval instars, and puparium of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FD6FFA8E25D7FAF0" ID-CoL="T2F6" box="[752,930,1305,1330]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auricaudata">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FD6FFA8E25D7FAF0" box="[752,930,1305,1330]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. auricaudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were described and illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FE97FAD6244CFA99" author="Coppel" box="[264,569,1345,1371]" pageId="18" pageNumber="41" refString="Coppel, H. C. &amp; Maw, M. G. (1954 a) Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). III. Ceromasia auricaudata Tns. (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 32, 144 - 156." type="journal article" year="1954" yearSuffix="a">Coppel and Maw (1954a)</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FDDBFAD62529FA98" ID-CoL="T2F6" box="[580,860,1345,1370]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auricaudata">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FDDBFAD62529FA98" box="[580,860,1345,1370]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ceromasia auricaudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was included in a key to the puparia of dipterous parasitoids of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FDBCFAFE24BBFA40" ID-CoL="925CM" box="[547,718,1385,1410]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FDBCFAFE24BBFA40" box="[547,718,1385,1410]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Choristoneura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species by
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FCC9FAFE2449FA69" author="Ross" pageId="18" pageNumber="44" refString="Ross, D. A. (1952) Key to the puparia of the dipterous parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. Canadian Entomologist, 84, 108 - 112." type="journal article" year="1952">
Ross (1952, as separate species
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FB52FAFE2736FA68" ID-CoL="T2F7" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurifrons">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FB52FAFE2736FA68" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. aurifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FEE0FA062447FA68" ID-CoL="T2F6" box="[383,562,1425,1450]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auricaudata">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FEE0FA062447FA68" box="[383,562,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. auricaudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</bibRefCitation>
and in a key to the adults of dipterous parasitoids of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FB25FA062797FA10" ID-CoL="5YCYL" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FB25FA062797FA10" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FD8DFA2E24C0FA10" box="[530,693,1465,1490]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FD8DFA2E24C0FA10" box="[530,693,1465,1490]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in British
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33099457FCA4FA2E25DAFA11" box="[827,943,1465,1491]" name="United States of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Columbia</collectingCountry>
by
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FC44FA2E22FDFA11" author="Coppel" box="[987,1160,1465,1491]" pageId="18" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1960) Key to adults of dipterous parasites of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53, 94 - 97." type="journal article" year="1960">Coppel (1960)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F67A368A33099457FEA7FA7625DFF8D1" blockId="18.[264,1325,1025,1891]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FEA7FA76243AFA38" ID-CoL="T2F6" box="[312,591,1505,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auricaudata">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FEA7FA76243AFA38" box="[312,591,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ceromasia auricaudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to the
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FC95FA762516FA39" ID-CoL="9CJ9M" box="[778,867,1505,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Goniini">Goniini</taxonomicName>
and produces microtype eggs that are ingested by the host. Further information on general goniine biology is given below under
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FE97F9A6279FF988" ID-CoL="33SRQ" box="[264,490,1585,1610]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Cyzenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FE97F9A6279FF988" box="[264,490,1585,1610]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Cyzenis incrassata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FE62F9A6256DF988" ID-CoL="T2F6" box="[509,792,1585,1610]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auricaudata">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FE62F9A6256DF988" box="[509,792,1585,1610]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ceromasia auricaudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
attacks late instar larvae of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FB1FF9A6235EF988" ID-CoL="925CM" box="[1152,1323,1585,1610]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FB1FF9A6235EF988" box="[1152,1323,1585,1610]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Choristoneura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species and the mature maggot emerges from the host pupa and pupariates in the soil (
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FE8FF9162471F959" author="Dowden" box="[272,516,1665,1691]" pageId="18" pageNumber="41" refString="Dowden, P. B., Buchanan, W. D. &amp; Carolin, V. M. (1948) Natural-control factors affecting the spruce budworm. Journal of Economic Entomology, 41, 457 - 464." type="journal article" year="1948">
Dowden
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FEE0F91627C9F958" box="[383,444,1665,1690]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
1948
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FD8CF9162557F959" author="Coppel" box="[531,802,1665,1691]" pageId="18" pageNumber="41" refString="Coppel, H. C. &amp; Maw, M. G. (1954 a) Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). III. Ceromasia auricaudata Tns. (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 32, 144 - 156." type="journal article" year="1954" yearSuffix="a">Coppel &amp; Maw 1954a</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FCAEF9162221F959" author="Carolin" box="[817,1108,1665,1691]" pageId="18" pageNumber="40" refString="Carolin, V. M. &amp; Coulter, W. K. (1959) The occurrence of insect parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology, 52, 550 - 555." type="journal article" year="1959">Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959</bibRefCitation>
). In a study of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FA8FF91627E0F900" ID-CoL="5YCYL" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FA8FF91627E0F900" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
parasitism in British
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33099457FD37F93E2569F901" box="[680,796,1705,1731]" name="United States of America" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Columbia</collectingCountry>
by
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FCCDF93E22E8F901" author="Harris" box="[850,1181,1705,1731]" pageId="18" pageNumber="42" refString="Harris, J. W. E. &amp; Dawson, A. F. (1979) Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in British Columbia 1977 - 78. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 76, 30 - 38." type="journal article" year="1979">Harris and Dawson (1979)</bibRefCitation>
, emergence from sixth instar hosts as well as from host pupae was reported. Adult flies emerge from their puparia in about 9–11 days (
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FD0EF96E25EBF8D1" author="Coppel" box="[657,926,1785,1811]" pageId="18" pageNumber="41" refString="Coppel, H. C. &amp; Maw, M. G. (1954 a) Studies on dipterous parasites of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). III. Ceromasia auricaudata Tns. (Diptera: Tachinidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 32, 144 - 156." type="journal article" year="1954" yearSuffix="a">Coppel &amp; Maw 1954a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F67A368A33099456FEA7F8B62235FE44" blockId="18.[264,1325,1025,1891]" lastBlockId="19.[264,1324,284,1150]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Adults of the second generation of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FD50F8B625F4F8F8" ID-CoL="T2F6" box="[719,897,1825,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auricaudata">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FD50F8B625F4F8F8" box="[719,897,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">C. auricaudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
overwinter in alternate hosts including pupae of the fall webworm,
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933099457FD18F8DE2202F8A1" authority="(Drury) (Coppel 1947)" authorityName="(Drury) (Coppel" authorityYear="1947" box="[647,1143,1865,1891]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Hyphantria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cunea">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833099457FD18F8DE2528F8A0" box="[647,861,1865,1890]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Hyphantria cunea</emphasis>
(Drury) (
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33099457FC4FF8DE221BF8A1" author="Coppel" box="[976,1134,1865,1891]" pageId="18" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1947) The collection of spruce budworm parasites in British Columbia with notes on their overwintering habits. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario [for] 1946, 77, 38 - 40." type="journal article" year="1947">Coppel 1947</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The few other known hosts of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933089456FE59FE8B240CFEF7" ID-CoL="T2F6" box="[454,633,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auricaudata">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833089456FE59FE8B240CFEF7" box="[454,633,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. auricaudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
include two tortricids, a species each of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933089456FBC0FE8B2283FEF4" ID-CoL="6247J" box="[1119,1270,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Geometridae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933089456FE97FED327F6FE9C" ID-CoL="DD9" box="[264,387,324,350]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
, and three species of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933089456FD19FED32493FE9C" ID-CoL="625MK" box="[646,742,324,350]" class="Insecta" family="Pieridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pieridae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933089456FCBDFED325E5FE9C" ID-CoL="FG2" box="[802,912,324,350]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
that served as hosts under laboratory conditions (
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33089456FE58FEFB225AFE44" author="Arnaud" box="[455,1071,364,390]" pageId="19" pageNumber="39" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">
Arnaud 1978, including records from “
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933089456FC0CFEFB2257FE47" ID-CoL="T2F7" box="[915,1058,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurifrons">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833089456FC0CFEFB2257FE47" box="[915,1058,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. aurifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BEDF650133089456FEA7FE032414FBBC" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="description">
<paragraph id="F67A368A33089456FEA7FE03225AFDB4" blockId="19.[264,1324,284,1150]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
The rate of parasitism of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933089456FDF8FE03256FFE6F" box="[615,794,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auricaudata">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833089456FDF8FE03256FFE6F" box="[615,794,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. auricaudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in conifer­feeding
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933089456FC60FE0322DFFE6F" box="[1023,1194,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833089456FC60FE0322DFFE6F" box="[1023,1194,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Choristoneura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is negligible in the East but significant in the West, with parasitism of up to 13% reported by Wilkes
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833089456FE97FE732737FE3F" box="[264,322,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
(1949) and up to 16% reported by
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33089456FD42FE732274FE3C" author="Harris" box="[733,1025,484,510]" pageId="19" pageNumber="42" refString="Harris, J. W. E. &amp; Dawson, A. F. (1979) Parasitoids of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in British Columbia 1977 - 78. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia, 76, 30 - 38." type="journal article" year="1979">Harris &amp; Dawson (1979)</bibRefCitation>
in British
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33089456FBE2FE732281FE3C" box="[1149,1268,484,510]" name="United States of America" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Columbia</collectingCountry>
, and up to 13% reported by
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33089456FDBDFD9B2552FDE4" box="[546,807,524,550]" pageId="19" pageNumber="45" refString="Schaupp, W. C. Jr., Volney, W. J. A. &amp; Waters, W. E. (1991) Parasitoids of endemic and epidemic populations of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman and Choristoneura retiniana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in southern Oregon. Canadian Entomologist, 123, 1095 - 1102." type="journal article">
Schaupp
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833089456FD0DFD9B24BAFDE7" box="[658,719,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
(1991)
</bibRefCitation>
in Oregon. Wilkes
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833089456FB88FD9B2221FDE7" box="[1047,1108,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
(1949) ranked
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933089456FA8FFD9B27E2FD8F" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auricaudata">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833089456FA8FFD9B27E2FD8F" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. auricaudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the fourth most important parasitoid, and second most important dipterous parasitoid, of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933089456FE35FDCB242FFDB7" box="[426,602,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833089456FE35FDCB242FFDB7" box="[426,602,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933089456FD14FDCB255BFDB7" box="[651,814,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833089456FD14FDCB255BFDB7" box="[651,814,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in British
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33089456FC2BFDCB2259FDB4" box="[948,1068,604,630]" name="United States of America" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Columbia</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F67A368A33089456FEA7FD132414FBBC" blockId="19.[264,1324,284,1150]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
Efforts were made during the 1940s and 1950s to establish several western species of budworm parasitoids in eastern
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33089456FD3EFD3B248CFD04" box="[673,761,684,710]" name="Canada" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Canada</collectingCountry>
to help control outbreaks of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933089456FBE0FD3B27FCFD2F" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833089456FBE0FD3B27FCFD2F" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Choristoneura fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Among these was
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933089456FD19FD432548FD2F" box="[646,829,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auricaudata">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833089456FD19FD432548FD2F" box="[646,829,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. auricaudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was reared in huge numbers in Belleville, Ontario, from budworms collected mostly from the Lillooet area of British
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33089456FE97FCB32709FCFC" box="[264,380,804,830]" name="United States of America" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Columbia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33089456FE10FCB32459FCFC" author="Wilkes" box="[399,556,804,830]" pageId="19" pageNumber="46" refString="Wilkes, A. (1946) The introduction of insect parasites of the spruce budworm, Archips fumiferana Clem., into eastern Canada. Canadian Entomologist, 78, 82 - 86." type="journal article" year="1946">Wilkes 1946</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33089456FDA3FCB324AFFCFC" author="Coppel" box="[572,730,804,830]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1947) The collection of spruce budworm parasites in British Columbia with notes on their overwintering habits. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario [for] 1946, 77, 38 - 40." type="journal article" year="1947">Coppel 1947</bibRefCitation>
). About 21,000
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933089456FC3BFCB3222CFCFF" box="[932,1113,804,829]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auricaudata">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833089456FC3BFCB3222CFCFF" box="[932,1113,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. auricaudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were released in eastern
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A33089456FEF9FCDB27CBFCA4" box="[358,446,844,870]" name="Canada" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Canada</collectingCountry>
between
<date id="827B104A33089456FDABFCDB249EFCA4" box="[564,747,844,870]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" value="1944" valueMax="1953">1944 and 1953</date>
, with an additional 2363 specimens released in Maine and 6317 specimens released in New York during this period (
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33089456FBA7FCE32733FC74" author="McGugan" pageId="19" pageNumber="43" refString="McGugan, B. M. &amp; Coppel, H. C. (1962) Part II - Biological control of forest insects, 1910 - 1958. In: McLeod, J. H., McGugan, B. M. &amp; Coppel, H. C., A review of the biological control attempts against insects and weeds in Canada. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Communication, 2, 35 - 127." type="journal article" year="1962">McGugan &amp; Coppel 1962</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33089456FECDFC0B2782FC74" author="Clausen" box="[338,503,924,950]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" refString="Clausen, C. P. (1978) Tortricidae. In: Clausen, C. P. (Ed.), Introduced parasites and predators of arthropod pests and weeds: a world review. United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook, 480, 236 - 240." type="journal article" year="1978">Clausen 1978</bibRefCitation>
). There is no evidence that any western
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933089456FC54FC0B2209FC77" box="[971,1148,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auricaudata">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833089456FC54FC0B2209FC77" box="[971,1148,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. auricaudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
became established in the East.
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33089456FE74FC5324F5FC1C" author="Blais" box="[491,640,964,990]" pageId="19" pageNumber="40" refString="Blais, J. R. (1960) Spruce budworm parasite investigations in the Lower St. Lawrence and Gaspe regions of Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 92, 384 - 396." type="journal article" year="1960">Blais (1960)</bibRefCitation>
recorded a single
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933089456FCFDFC532262FC1F" box="[866,1047,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auricaudata">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833089456FCFDFC532262FC1F" box="[866,1047,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. auricaudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Québec, but that specimen could well have represented parasitism from the endemic population of the species. The only other published report of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933089456FC83FB8325A2FBEF" box="[796,983,1044,1069]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auricaudata">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833089456FC83FB8325A2FBEF" box="[796,983,1044,1069]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. auricaudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
parasitizing
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933089456FBE0FB8327FCFB97" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833089456FBE0FB8327FCFB97" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Choristoneura fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the East is that of
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B33089456FD0AFBAB2502FB94" author="Huber" box="[661,887,1084,1110]" pageId="19" pageNumber="42" refString="Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. &amp; McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220." type="journal article" year="1996">
Huber
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833089456FD77FBAB2550FB97" box="[744,805,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
(1996
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D0933089456FC38FBAB224CFB97" box="[935,1081,1084,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceromasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurifrons">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA9833089456FC38FBAB224CFB97" box="[935,1081,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C. aurifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) based on a rearing record from New Brunswick.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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