246 lines
29 KiB
XML
246 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="3CAF777C56E7DDD8CB0A712DFA6F588D" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.171153" ID-GBIF-Dataset="33181367-eefc-4e3a-90f2-ca6390420139" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="171153" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459718880902" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="O’Hara, James E." docDate="2005" docId="7E6C879C3303945CFE97FBA62250FCA4" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00938.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 938" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Hyphantrophaga blanda Osten Sacken 1887" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="26" masterDocId="8255FFE4331B9445FF9FFF972675FFC2" masterDocTitle="A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia" masterLastPageNumber="46" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="25" updateTime="1698208646016" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="0AE2269F680AB7E5B290103A970A8819">A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="62697654D058E56EC3192FF3E0C386EE">O’Hara, James E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="CC9748100B7C7DD1A3B69838C37C8207">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="6A3FA512E2EE8C3ED06E9A5C50F6C107">
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<mods:date id="160228823A2F2815A5355D311BBB97F0">2005</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6CA8927319E866BE938C421F39E493A2">938</mods:number>
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<treatment id="7E6C879C3303945CFE97FBA62250FCA4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6265510" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119335232" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6265510" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E6C879C3303945CFE97FBA62250FCA4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6C879C3303945CFE97FBA62250FCA4" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<subSubSection id="BEDF65013303945DFE97FBA62266FB4C" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="F67A368A3303945DFE97FBA6254AFB89" blockId="24.[264,831,1073,1099]" box="[264,831,1073,1099]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<heading id="AD3281E63303945DFE97FBA6254AFB89" bold="true" box="[264,831,1073,1099]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D093303945DFE97FBA6254AFB89" ID-CoL="3NRQB" authority="Osten Sacken, 1887" authorityName="Osten Sacken" authorityYear="1887" box="[264,831,1073,1099]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blanda">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA983303945DFE97FBA6254AFB89" bold="true" box="[264,831,1073,1099]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA983303945DFE97FBA62444FB89" bold="true" box="[264,561,1073,1099]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hyphantrophaga blanda</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3303945DFDDEFBA62542FB89" author="Osten" box="[577,823,1073,1099]" pageId="24" pageNumber="44" refString="Osten Sacken, C. R. (1887) Some North American Tachinae. Canadian Entomologist, 19, 161 - 166." type="journal article" year="1887">Osten Sacken, 1887</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F67A368A3303945DFE97FBE02266FB4C" blockId="24.[264,1043,1143,1167]" box="[264,1043,1143,1167]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA983303945DFE97FBE02492FB4D" bold="true" box="[264,743,1143,1167]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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Host records ex.
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D093303945DFE58FBE02492FB4D" authority="Wilkinson et al. 2004" authorityName="Wilkinson et al." authorityYear="2004" box="[455,743,1143,1167]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosaceana">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA983303945DFE58FBE024A8FB4D" bold="true" box="[455,733,1143,1167]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Choristoneura rosaceana</emphasis>
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:
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3303945DFD72FBE025A6FB4C" author="Wilkinson" box="[749,979,1143,1166]" pageId="24" pageNumber="46" refString="Wilkinson, T. K., Landis, D. A. & Gut, L. J. (2004) Parasitism of obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in commercially managed Michigan apple orchards. Journal of Economic Entomology, 97, 1524 - 1530." type="journal article" year="2004">
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Wilkinson
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA983303945DFCFDFBE025EDFB4C" box="[866,920,1143,1166]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
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2004
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</bibRefCitation>
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(MI).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BEDF65013303945DFE97FB2D2486F9A6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="description">
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<paragraph id="F67A368A3303945DFE97FB2D2286FA06" blockId="24.[264,1323,1210,1876]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D093303945DFE97FB2D2459FB11" box="[264,556,1210,1235]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blanda">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA983303945DFE97FB2D2459FB11" box="[264,556,1210,1235]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hyphantrophaga blanda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D093303945DFDF2FB2D24ACFB11" box="[621,729,1210,1235]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virilis">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA983303945DFDF2FB2D24ACFB11" box="[621,729,1210,1235]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">H. virilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are, at best, uncommon parasitoids of
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D093303945DFB25FB2D2739FB39" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA983303945DFB25FB2D2739FB39" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Choristoneura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species. They are included here rather than classed as accidental parasitoids of
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D093303945DFB6FFB7527F7FAE1" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA983303945DFB6FFB7527F7FAE1" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Choristoneura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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because a record each of
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D093303945DFD29FA9D2558FAE1" box="[694,813,1290,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blanda">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA983303945DFD29FA9D2558FAE1" box="[694,813,1290,1315]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">H. blanda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D093303945DFCF8FA9D25A5FAE1" box="[871,976,1290,1315]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virilis">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA983303945DFCF8FA9D25A5FAE1" box="[871,976,1290,1315]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">H. virilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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parasitizing different species of
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D093303945DFEB5FAA527A0FA89" box="[298,469,1330,1355]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA983303945DFEB5FAA527A0FA89" box="[298,469,1330,1355]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Choristoneura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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suggests that such parasitization is more opportunistic than accidental, and probably occurs occasionally. Both species are small to mediumsized tachinids (
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<quantity id="313D9B6F3303945DFA95FACD2731FA5E" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="5.0">5– 8mm</quantity>
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long), mostly gray with four black stripes on the thorax and a lightly banded abdomen. They are widely distributed throughout North
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<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A3303945DFCF8FA3D25B9FA06" box="[871,972,1450,1476]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">America</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3303945DFC44FA3D2292FA06" author="O'Hara" box="[987,1255,1450,1476]" pageId="24" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. & Wood, D. M. (2004) Catalogue of the Tachinidae (Diptera) of America north of Mexico. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 18, 410 pp." type="book" year="2004">O’Hara & Wood 2004</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F67A368A3303945DFEA7FA452486F9A6" blockId="24.[264,1323,1210,1876]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3303945DFEA7FA4527A9FA2E" author="Sellers" box="[312,476,1490,1516]" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" refString="Sellers, W. F. (1930) The identity of Zenillia blanda O. S. and Zenillia virilis A. & W. with notes on Zenillia blandita Coq. (Diptera, Tachinidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 23, 569 - 576." type="journal article" year="1930">Sellers (1930)</bibRefCitation>
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examined reared specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D093303945DFCCEFA4525B3FA29" box="[849,966,1490,1515]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blanda">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA983303945DFCCEFA4525B3FA29" box="[849,966,1490,1515]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">H. blanda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D093303945DFB9FFA45221CFA29" box="[1024,1129,1490,1515]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virilis">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA983303945DFB9FFA45221CFA29" box="[1024,1129,1490,1515]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">H. virilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(both as species of
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D093303945DFEB1FA6D24F6F9D6" authority="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" box="[302,643,1530,1556]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Zenillia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA983303945DFEB1FA6D27FCF9D1" box="[302,393,1530,1555]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Zenillia</emphasis>
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RobineauDesvoidy
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</taxonomicName>
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) and described differences between the species in the puparium and both sexes of the adult.
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<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3303945DFD54F9B525EAF9FE" author="Thompson" box="[715,927,1570,1596]" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" refString="Thompson, W. R. (1953) The tachinid parasites of Archips cerasivorana Fitch. (2) Eusisyropa blanda O. S. (Diptera). Canadian Entomologist, 85, 393 - 404." type="journal article" year="1953">Thompson (1953)</bibRefCitation>
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described and illustrated the egg, larval instars, and puparium of
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D093303945DFDE9F9DD249EF9A1" box="[630,747,1610,1635]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blanda">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA983303945DFDE9F9DD249EF9A1" box="[630,747,1610,1635]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">H. blanda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BEDF65013303945CFEA7F9E52250FCA4" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="F67A368A3303945CFEA7F9E5251AFD5C" blockId="24.[264,1323,1210,1876]" lastBlockId="25.[264,1323,284,870]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
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||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093303945DFEA7F9E5278AF949" ID-CoL="52J9" box="[312,511,1650,1675]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983303945DFEA7F9E5278AF949" box="[312,511,1650,1675]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Hyphantrophaga</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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is a member of the
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D093303945DFD6CF9E5253AF94E" ID-CoL="9CJ9M" box="[755,847,1650,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Goniini">Goniini</taxonomicName>
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, producing microtype eggs that are laid on foliage and consumed by a host (see
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D093303945DFD7AF90D25B6F971" ID-CoL="33SRQ" box="[741,963,1690,1715]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Cyzenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incrassata">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA983303945DFD7AF90D25B6F971" box="[741,963,1690,1715]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cyzenis incrassata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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above; also
|
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<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3303945DFBC6F90D236BF976" author="Thompson" box="[1113,1310,1690,1716]" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" refString="Thompson, W. R. (1953) The tachinid parasites of Archips cerasivorana Fitch. (2) Eusisyropa blanda O. S. (Diptera). Canadian Entomologist, 85, 393 - 404." type="journal article" year="1953">Thompson 1953</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Records from a number of hosts indicate that the mature maggot of both
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||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093303945DFBC0F95522A0F919" ID-CoL="3NRQB" box="[1119,1237,1730,1755]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blanda">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983303945DFBC0F95522A0F919" box="[1119,1237,1730,1755]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">H. blanda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D093303945DFA91F9552739F8C1" ID-CoL="3NRQM" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983303945DFA91F9552739F8C1" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">H. virilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
generally emerges from the host pupa but sometimes forms a puparium within the host (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3303945DFED0F885279AF8EE" author="Sellers" box="[335,495,1810,1836]" pageId="24" pageNumber="45" refString="Sellers, W. F. (1930) The identity of Zenillia blanda O. S. and Zenillia virilis A. & W. with notes on Zenillia blandita Coq. (Diptera, Tachinidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 23, 569 - 576." type="journal article" year="1930">Sellers 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Similarly,
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<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3303945DFD14F8852544F8EE" author="Ciesla" box="[651,817,1810,1836]" pageId="24" pageNumber="40" refString="Ciesla, W. M. (1964) Life history and habits of the elm spanworm, Ennomos sibsignarius, in the southern Appalachian Mountains (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 57, 591 - 596." type="journal article" year="1964">Ciesla (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
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reported that
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<taxonomicName id="31C54D093303945DFC73F885221DF8E9" ID-CoL="3NRQB" box="[1004,1128,1810,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blanda">
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<emphasis id="C4B1EA983303945DFC73F885221DF8E9" box="[1004,1128,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">H. blanda</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093303945DFB37F885272CF891" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Eusisyropa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blanda">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983303945DFB37F885272CF891" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Eusisyropa blanda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) emerges from the pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093303945DFD33F8AD22AFF896" ID-CoL="6FBK6" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" box="[684,1242,1850,1876]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Ennomos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subsignaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983303945DFD33F8AD25D8F891" box="[684,941,1850,1875]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ennomos subsignaria</emphasis>
|
||
(Hübner) (Geometridae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFED2FE8B24CAFEF4" author="Burgess" box="[333,703,284,310]" pageId="25" pageNumber="40" refString="Burgess, A. F. & Crossman, S. S. (1927) The satin moth, a recently introduced pest. United States Department of Agriculture, Department Bulletin, 1469, 1 - 22 + 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1927">Burgess and Crossman (1927)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the emergence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFB85FE8B22E1FEF7" box="[1050,1172,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Eusisyropa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blanda">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFB85FE8B22E1FEF7" box="[1050,1172,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">H. blanda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFB50FE8B272CFE9F" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Zenillia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blanda">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFB50FE8B272CFE9F" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Zenillia blanda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) from the larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFDDBFED32570FE9F" box="[580,773,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Lymantriidae" genus="Leucoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salicis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFDDBFED32570FE9F" box="[580,773,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Leucoma salicis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFCEEFED32242FE9F" box="[881,1079,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Lymantriidae" genus="Stilpnotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salicis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFCEEFED32242FE9F" box="[881,1079,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Stilpnotia salicis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFBD6FED3229FFE9C" box="[1097,1258,324,350]" class="Insecta" family="Lymantriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lymantriidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFE97FEFB27D0FE44" author="Evans" box="[264,421,364,390]" pageId="25" pageNumber="41" refString="Evans, D. (1962) Descriptions and life history of Melanolophia imitata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Canadian Entomologist, 94, 594 - 605." type="journal article" year="1962">Evans (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the emergence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFD76FEFB2527FE47" ID-CoL="3NRQM" box="[745,850,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFD76FEFB2527FE47" box="[745,850,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">H. virilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFC1CFEFB2227FE47" box="[899,1106,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Eusisyropa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFC1CFEFB2227FE47" box="[899,1106,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Eusisyropa virilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) from the larva of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFE97FE032546FE6C" ID-CoL="3Z95C" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" box="[264,819,404,430]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Melanolophia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imitata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFE97FE03247CFE6F" box="[264,521,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Melanolophia imitata</emphasis>
|
||
(Walker) (Geometridae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFCDFFE03259DFE6C" author="Sellers" box="[832,1000,404,430]" pageId="25" pageNumber="45" refString="Sellers, W. F. (1930) The identity of Zenillia blanda O. S. and Zenillia virilis A. & W. with notes on Zenillia blandita Coq. (Diptera, Tachinidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 23, 569 - 576." type="journal article" year="1930">Sellers (1930)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFB2CFE03235EFE6F" box="[1203,1323,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Zenillia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blanda">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFB2CFE03235EFE6F" box="[1203,1323,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">H. blanda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFEA3FE2B27D3FE17" box="[316,422,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Eusisyropa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFEA3FE2B27D3FE17" box="[316,422,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">H. virilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
overwinter as larvae in the host pupa, and noted that “if parasitic on hosts producing adults in the same season, both parasites completed their development that season; but if parasitic on hosts that pass the winter in the pupal stage and emerge the following spring or summer, the flies likewise did not emerge until the following spring” (p. 574). There are usually two generations per year and multiparasitism can occur in larger hosts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFECCFD1324EBFD5C" author="Schaffner" box="[339,670,644,670]" pageId="25" pageNumber="45" refString="Schaffner, J. V., Jr. & Griswold, C. L. (1934) Macrolepidoptera and their parasites reared from field collections in the northeastern part of the United States. United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 188, 1 - 160." type="journal article" year="1934">Schaffner & Griswold 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFD34FD132517FD5C" author="Schaffner" box="[683,866,644,670]" pageId="25" pageNumber="45" refString="Schaffner, J. V., Jr. (1959) Microlepidoptera and their parasites reared from field collections in the northeastern United States. United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 767, iv + 97 pp." type="book" year="1959">Schaffner 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A368A3302945CFEDFFD3B2250FCA4" blockId="25.[264,1323,284,870]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFEDFFD3B2793FD04" author="Sellers" box="[320,486,684,710]" pageId="25" pageNumber="45" refString="Sellers, W. F. (1930) The identity of Zenillia blanda O. S. and Zenillia virilis A. & W. with notes on Zenillia blandita Coq. (Diptera, Tachinidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 23, 569 - 576." type="journal article" year="1930">Sellers (1930)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
examined the host records for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFCC5FD3B25A5FD07" box="[858,976,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Zenillia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blanda">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFCC5FD3B25A5FD07" box="[858,976,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">H. blanda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFB93FD3B2200FD07" box="[1036,1141,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Eusisyropa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFB93FD3B2200FD07" box="[1036,1141,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">H. virilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and found that only about onethird of the hosts known for these two species are shared. They are parasitoids of a wide variety of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFDD2FD6B24ABFCD4" ID-CoL="LP" box="[589,734,764,790]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, attacking hosts belonging to about 15 families.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFE97FCB32445FCFF" ID-CoL="3NRQB" box="[264,560,804,829]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Hyphantrophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blanda">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFE97FCB32445FCFF" box="[264,560,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Hyphantrophaga blanda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a well known parasitoid of several tortricids, especially
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFE97FCDB2717FCA7" ID-CoL="922RY" box="[264,354,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFE97FCDB2717FCA7" box="[264,354,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Archips</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFE52FCDB2411FCA4" author="Sellers" box="[461,612,844,870]" pageId="25" pageNumber="45" refString="Sellers, W. F. (1930) The identity of Zenillia blanda O. S. and Zenillia virilis A. & W. with notes on Zenillia blandita Coq. (Diptera, Tachinidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 23, 569 - 576." type="journal article" year="1930">Sellers 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFDEFFCDB2579FCA4" author="Arnaud" box="[624,780,844,870]" pageId="25" pageNumber="39" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">Arnaud 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFCA6FCDB2266FCA7" box="[825,1043,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Eusisyropa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="blanda">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFCA6FCDB2266FCA7" box="[825,1043,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Eusisyropa blanda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |