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<document id="72A5BF6E16A8D3A85C5003FA58693836" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.171153" ID-GBIF-Dataset="33181367-eefc-4e3a-90f2-ca6390420139" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="171153" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459718880902" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="O’Hara, James E." docDate="2005" docId="7E6C879C3302945EFE97FB42222DFB64" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00938.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 938" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Lypha fumipennis Brooks 1945" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="28" masterDocId="8255FFE4331B9445FF9FFF972675FFC2" masterDocTitle="A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia" masterLastPageNumber="46" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="26" updateTime="1698208646016" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="C5C00CBD395EE32E2AAF8C06BE7932B3" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="A78C3E91691F15795703BB6AEF9189EA">
<mods:title id="73D7A4E89BD7F9BE7213EE3711CB02A2">A review of the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Nearctic Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with keys to adults and puparia</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="1386373515A2244D16602CAC08FC1206" type="personal">
<mods:role id="5380FCF9895BFA61996C25B92E64D303">
<mods:roleTerm id="028685E0540D9140FDCEDD8D143691D2">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="631CE160B7034BF72AE02F498944AD3E">O’Hara, James E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="47DBB63AFF532D6C8BFB354D90543B53">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="E1BC126ABD13269ABE75E7DA25EF158E" type="host">
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<mods:title id="0CC5D6524FB3F8647B3728D3DF645B28">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="D68735C5EAF6465B7D2FF5E34F6B8199">
<mods:date id="D06B678C589CCA19646EC0DC2D54828A">2005</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="11E5DB613918DE079EA311FB1C8B0071" type="volume">
<mods:number id="C7FDD85F16B964B89FE8722ADA879AE7">938</mods:number>
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<mods:end id="7F9A3F697E74CC83D5159965D7C0B47A">46</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="843C6B4DA7AB49666EB78FA9E416C799">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="B964D7305703E93E4749F7E111F1AEA4" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.171153</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="4F5706F7B658991355EF73FEF3E620D4" type="GBIF-Dataset">33181367-eefc-4e3a-90f2-ca6390420139</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1B0876DF8544B2ED45553CD14E098CB8" type="ISSN">1175­5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="DA9F815B2AD6DE41E34F951B9F161DB4" type="Zenodo-Dep">171153</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="7E6C879C3302945EFE97FB42222DFB64" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6265514" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119335227" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6265514" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E6C879C3302945EFE97FB42222DFB64" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E6C879C3302945EFE97FB42222DFB64" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<subSubSection id="BEDF65013302945CFE97FB422260FAAD" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="F67A368A3302945CFE97FB422485FB2D" blockId="25.[264,752,1237,1263]" box="[264,752,1237,1263]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<heading id="AD3281E63302945CFE97FB422485FB2D" bold="true" box="[264,752,1237,1263]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" reason="1">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFE97FB422485FB2D" bold="true" box="[264,752,1237,1263]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFE97FB4224FAFB2D" ID-CoL="6QQXD" authority="Brooks, 1945" authorityName="Brooks" authorityYear="1945" box="[264,655,1237,1263]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumipennis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFE97FB422791FB2D" bold="true" box="[264,484,1237,1263]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha fumipennis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFE74FB4224FAFB2D" author="Brooks" box="[491,655,1237,1263]" pageId="25" pageNumber="40" refString="Brooks, A. R. (1945) New Canadian Diptera (Tachinidae). Canadian Entomologist, 77, 78 - 96." type="journal article" year="1945">Brooks, 1945</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="6EFE2A0F3302945CFD03FB422485FB2D" box="[668,752,1237,1263]" captionStart="FIGURES 43 – 48. 43" captionStartId="32.[264,382,1805,1829]" captionTargetBox="[294,1308,329,1765]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[264,1323,315,1778]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 43 – 48. 43. Habitus images. Hemisturmia parva. 44. Hyphantrophaga virilis. 45. Lypha fumipennis. 46. Madremyia saundersii. 47. Nemorilla pyste. 48. Nilea erecta." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171161/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F67A368A3302945CFE97FA8F2260FAAD" blockId="25.[264,1323,1304,1903]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFE97FA8F27BBFAF2" bold="true" box="[264,462,1304,1328]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Host records ex.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFE43FA8F25CEFAED" authority="Prentice 1955" authorityName="Prentice" authorityYear="1955" box="[476,955,1304,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conflictana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFE43FA8F257AFAF2" bold="true" box="[476,783,1304,1328]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFE43FA8F2573FAF2" bold="true" box="[476,774,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Choristoneura conflictana</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFC82FA8F25CEFAED" author="Prentice" box="[797,955,1304,1327]" pageId="25" pageNumber="44" refString="Prentice, R. M. (1955) The life history and some aspects of the ecology of the large aspen tortrix, Choristoneura conflictana (Wlkr.) (n. comb.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Entomologist, 87, 461 - 473." type="journal article" year="1955">Prentice 1955</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFC6FFA8F22D6FAED" box="[1008,1187,1304,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFC6FFA8F22D6FAED" box="[1008,1187,1304,1327]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SK, MB); †
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFEDCFAAF27A0FA8D" author="Arnaud" box="[323,469,1336,1359]" pageId="25" pageNumber="39" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">Arnaud 1978</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFE61FAAF24D9FA8D" box="[510,684,1336,1359]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFE61FAAF24D9FA8D" box="[510,684,1336,1359]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFD45FAAF2505FA8D" box="[730,880,1336,1359]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFD45FAAF2505FA8D" box="[730,880,1336,1359]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SK, MB); †
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFC63FAAF22CAFA8D" author="Huber" box="[1020,1215,1336,1359]" pageId="25" pageNumber="42" refString="Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. &amp; McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220." type="journal article" year="1996">
Huber
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFBD6FAAF22F5FA8D" box="[1097,1152,1336,1359]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
1996
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFB76FAAF27EEFAAD" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFB76FAAF27EEFAAD" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A3302945CFE36FACF2472FAAD" box="[425,519,1368,1391]" name="United States of America" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">America</collectingCountry>
north of
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A3302945CFDF6FACF24CAFAAD" box="[617,703,1368,1391]" name="Mexico" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Mexico</collectingCountry>
);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFD4EFACF2528FAAD" author="O'Hara" box="[721,861,1368,1391]" pageId="25" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. (2002) Revision of the Polideini (Tachinidae) of America north of Mexico. Studia dipterologia, Supplement, 10, 170 pp." type="book" year="2002">O’Hara 2002</bibRefCitation>
(AB, †SK, MB).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BEDF65013302945FFE97FAEF2503FCF1" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="description">
<paragraph id="F67A368A3302945CFE97FAEF2488F90D" blockId="25.[264,1323,1304,1903]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFE97FAEF27BAFA52" bold="true" box="[264,463,1400,1424]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Host records ex.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFE42FAEF25C7FA4D" authority="Brooks 1945" authorityName="Brooks" authorityYear="1945" box="[477,946,1400,1424]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFE42FAEF2564FA52" bold="true" box="[477,785,1400,1424]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFE42FAEF257DFA52" bold="true" box="[477,776,1400,1424]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Choristoneura fumiferana</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFC80FAEF25C7FA4D" author="Brooks" box="[799,946,1400,1423]" pageId="25" pageNumber="40" refString="Brooks, A. R. (1945) New Canadian Diptera (Tachinidae). Canadian Entomologist, 77, 78 - 96." type="journal article" year="1945">Brooks 1945</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFC76FAEF22E9FA4D" box="[1001,1180,1400,1423]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFC76FAEF22E9FA4D" box="[1001,1180,1400,1423]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFB46FAEF27D8FA6D" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFB46FAEF27D8FA6D" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Archips fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ON, QC);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFDABFA0F253BFA6D" author="Wilkes" box="[564,846,1432,1455]" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" refString="Wilkes, A. &amp; Anderson, M. (1947) Notes on recovery of the introduced spruce budworm parasite, Phytodietus fumiferanae Rohw. in eastern Canada. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario [for] 1946, 77, 40 - 44." type="journal article" year="1947">Wilkes &amp; Anderson 1947</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFCE5FA0F225DFA6D" box="[890,1064,1432,1455]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFCE5FA0F225DFA6D" box="[890,1064,1432,1455]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFBC4FA0F235FFA6D" box="[1115,1322,1432,1455]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFBC4FA0F235FFA6D" box="[1115,1322,1432,1455]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Archips fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ON);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFEE0FA2F242DFA0D" author="Dowden" box="[383,600,1464,1487]" pageId="25" pageNumber="41" refString="Dowden, P. B., Carolin, V. M. &amp; Dirks, C. O. (1951) Natural control factors affecting the spruce budworm in the Adirondacks during 1946 - 1948. Journal of Economic Entomology, 43 (1950), 774 - 783." type="journal article" year="1951">
Dowden
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFE7DFA2F246DFA0D" box="[482,536,1464,1487]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
1951
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFD1DFA2F255AFA0D" box="[642,815,1464,1487]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFD1DFA2F255AFA0D" box="[642,815,1464,1487]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFCC1FA2F2258FA0D" box="[862,1069,1464,1487]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFCC1FA2F2258FA0D" box="[862,1069,1464,1487]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Archips fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NY);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFBE2FA2F2705FA2D" author="Jaynes" pageId="25" pageNumber="43" refString="Jaynes, H. A. &amp; Drooz, A. T. (1952) The importance of parasites in the spruce budworm infestations in New York and Maine. Journal of Economic Entomology, 45, 1057 - 1061." type="journal article" year="1952">Jaynes &amp; Drooz 1952</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFE00FA4F243BFA2D" box="[415,590,1496,1519]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFE00FA4F243BFA2D" box="[415,590,1496,1519]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NY, ME);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFD47FA4F2528FA2D" author="Miller" box="[728,861,1496,1519]" pageId="25" pageNumber="43" refString="Miller, C. A. (1955) A technique for assessing spruce budworm larval mortality caused by parasites. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 33, 5 - 17." type="journal article" year="1955">Miller 1955</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFC14FA4F224FFA2D" box="[907,1082,1496,1519]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFC14FA4F224FFA2D" box="[907,1082,1496,1519]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NB);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFB12FA4F2705F9CD" author="Dowden" pageId="25" pageNumber="41" refString="Dowden, P. B., Jaynes, H. A. &amp; Carolin, V. M. (1953) The role of birds in a spruce budworm outbreak in Maine. Journal of Economic Entomology, 46, 307 - 312." type="journal article" year="1953">
Dowden
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFB6DFA4F235EFA2D" box="[1266,1323,1496,1519]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
1953
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFE08FA6F2437F9CD" box="[407,578,1528,1551]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFE08FA6F2437F9CD" box="[407,578,1528,1551]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ME);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFD0EFA6F25E7F9CD" author="McGugan" box="[657,914,1528,1551]" pageId="25" pageNumber="43" refString="McGugan, B. M. &amp; Blais, J. R. (1959) Spruce budworm parasite studies in northwestern Ontario. Canadian Entomologist, 91, 758 - 783." type="journal article" year="1959">McGugan &amp; Blais 1959</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFC26FA6F2210F9CD" box="[953,1125,1528,1551]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFC26FA6F2210F9CD" box="[953,1125,1528,1551]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ON);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFB2DFA6F2352F9CD" author="Blais" box="[1202,1319,1528,1551]" pageId="25" pageNumber="40" refString="Blais, J. R. (1960) Spruce budworm parasite investigations in the Lower St. Lawrence and Gaspe regions of Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 92, 384 - 396." type="journal article" year="1960">Blais 1960</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFEC9F98F2476F9ED" box="[342,515,1560,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFEC9F98F2476F9ED" box="[342,515,1560,1583]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(QC);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFDCEF98F2504F9ED" author="MacDonald" box="[593,881,1560,1583]" pageId="25" pageNumber="43" refString="MacDonald, D. R. &amp; Webb, F. E. (1963) Insecticides and the spruce budworm. In: Morris, R. F. (Ed.), The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 31, 288 - 310 + figs. 39.1 - 39.6." type="journal article" year="1963">MacDonald &amp; Webb 1963</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFC03F98F223CF9ED" box="[924,1097,1560,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFC03F98F223CF9ED" box="[924,1097,1560,1583]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NB); †
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFB3EF98F2353F9ED" author="Miller" box="[1185,1318,1560,1583]" pageId="25" pageNumber="43" refString="Miller, C. A. (1963) Parasites and the spruce budworm. In: Morris, R. F. (Ed.), The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 31, 228 - 244 + figs. 34.1 - 34.7." type="journal article" year="1963">Miller 1963</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFEC8F9AF2470F98D" box="[343,517,1592,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFEC8F9AF2470F98D" box="[343,517,1592,1615]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NB);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFDCAF9AF24B8F98D" author="Blais" box="[597,717,1592,1615]" pageId="25" pageNumber="40" refString="Blais, J. R. (1965) Parasite studies in two residual spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem. )) outbreaks in Quebec. Canadian Entomologist, 97, 129 - 136." type="journal article" year="1965">Blais 1965</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFD66F9AF25D2F98D" box="[761,935,1592,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFD66F9AF25D2F98D" box="[761,935,1592,1615]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(QC); †
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFB9DF9AF2372F98D" author="Tilles" box="[1026,1287,1592,1615]" pageId="25" pageNumber="45" refString="Tilles, D. A. &amp; Woodley, N. E. (1984) Spruce budworm parasites in Maine: a reference manual for collection and identification of common species. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Cooperative State Research Service, Agriculture Handbook, 616, 35 pp." type="book" year="1984">Tilles &amp; Woodley 1984</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFEA7F9CF2792F9AD" box="[312,487,1624,1647]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFEA7F9CF2792F9AD" box="[312,487,1624,1647]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ME);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFDA2F9CF2579F9AD" author="Hebert" box="[573,780,1624,1647]" pageId="25" pageNumber="42" refString="Hebert, C., Cloutier, C., Regniere, J. &amp; Perry, D. F. (1989) Seasonal biology of Winthemia fumiferanae Toth. (Diptera: Tachinidae), a larval-pupal parasitoid of the spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 2384 - 2391." type="journal article" year="1989">
Hébert
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFD0FF9CF24BFF9AD" box="[656,714,1624,1647]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
1989
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFCA4F9CF259FF9AD" box="[827,1002,1624,1647]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFCA4F9CF259FF9AD" box="[827,1002,1624,1647]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(QC);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFBA2F9CF2373F9AD" author="Huber" box="[1085,1286,1624,1647]" pageId="25" pageNumber="42" refString="Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. &amp; McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220." type="journal article" year="1996">
Huber
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFB15F9CF22B1F9AD" box="[1162,1220,1624,1647]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
1996
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFEA7F9EF2793F94D" box="[312,486,1656,1679]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFEA7F9EF2793F94D" box="[312,486,1656,1679]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NB);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFDABF9EF2531F94D" author="Bourchier" box="[564,836,1656,1679]" pageId="25" pageNumber="40" refString="Bourchier, R. S. &amp; Smith, S. M. (1998) Interactions between large-scale inundative releases of Trichogramma minutum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and naturally occurring spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) parasitoids. Environmental Entomology, 27, 1273 - 1279." type="journal article" year="1998">Bourchier &amp; Smith 1998</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFCF1F9EF2269F94D" box="[878,1052,1656,1679]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFCF1F9EF2269F94D" box="[878,1052,1656,1679]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ON);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFBF3F9EF2705F96D" author="Cappuccino" pageId="25" pageNumber="40" refString="Cappuccino, N., Houle, M. - J. &amp; Stein, J. (1999) The influence of understory nectar resources on parasitism of the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana in the field. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 1, 33 - 36." type="journal article" year="1999">
Cappuccino
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFB6BF9EF235EF94D" box="[1268,1323,1656,1679]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
1999
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFE3EF90F2427F96D" box="[417,594,1688,1711]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFE3EF90F2427F96D" box="[417,594,1688,1711]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(QC); †
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFD2DF90F2508F96D" author="Smith" box="[690,893,1688,1711]" pageId="25" pageNumber="45" refString="Smith, S. M., Frankenhuyzen, K. van, Nealis, V. G. &amp; Bourchier, R. S. (2002) Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), eastern spruce budworm (Tortricidae). In: Mason, P. G. &amp; Huber, J. T. (Eds.), Biological control programmes in Canada, 1981 - 2000. CABI Publishing, Wallingford and New York, pp. 58 - 68." type="book chapter" year="2002">
Smith
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFC9FF90F254FF96D" box="[768,826,1688,1711]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFC31F90F222AF96D" box="[942,1119,1688,1711]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFC31F90F222AF96D" box="[942,1119,1688,1711]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(eastern
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A3302945CFB55F90F236AF96D" box="[1226,1311,1688,1711]" name="Canada" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Canada</collectingCountry>
);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFEA7F92F27B6F90D" author="O'Hara" box="[312,451,1720,1743]" pageId="25" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. (2002) Revision of the Polideini (Tachinidae) of America north of Mexico. Studia dipterologia, Supplement, 10, 170 pp." type="book" year="2002">O’Hara 2002</bibRefCitation>
(ON, †NB, †QC, †NY, ME).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F67A368A3302945CFE97F94F271AF8AD" blockId="25.[264,1323,1304,1903]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFE97F94F254AF932" bold="true" box="[264,831,1752,1776]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
Host records ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFE56F94F2498F932" box="[457,749,1752,1776]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFE56F94F2498F932" bold="true" box="[457,749,1752,1776]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Choristoneura fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and/or
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFCD8F94F237DF92D" authority="Brown 1941" authorityName="Brown" authorityYear="1941" box="[839,1288,1752,1776]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFCD8F94F220FF932" bold="true" box="[839,1146,1752,1776]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFCD8F94F221AF932" bold="true" box="[839,1135,1752,1776]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFB1EF94F237DF92D" author="Brown" box="[1153,1288,1752,1775]" pageId="25" pageNumber="40" refString="Brown, A. W. A. (1941) Foliage insects of spruce in Canada. Canada Department of Agriculture Publication, 712 (Technical Bulletin 31), 1 - 29." type="journal article" year="1941">Brown 1941</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFEA7F96F27CBF8CD" box="[312,446,1784,1807]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFEA7F96F27CBF8CD" box="[312,446,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFE72F96F2549F8CD" authority="(Canada)" baseAuthorityName="Canada" box="[493,828,1784,1807]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Cacoecia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFE72F96F24BAF8CD" box="[493,719,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Cacoecia fumiferana</emphasis>
(
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A3302945CFD41F96F2541F8CD" box="[734,820,1784,1807]" name="Canada" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Canada</collectingCountry>
)
</taxonomicName>
; †
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFCCDF96F2258F8CD" author="Dowden" box="[850,1069,1784,1807]" pageId="25" pageNumber="41" refString="Dowden, P. B., Buchanan, W. D. &amp; Carolin, V. M. (1948) Natural-control factors affecting the spruce budworm. Journal of Economic Entomology, 41, 457 - 464." type="journal article" year="1948">
Dowden
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFC28F96F259BF8CD" box="[951,1006,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al.</emphasis>
1948
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFBC9F96F2377F8CD" box="[1110,1282,1784,1807]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFBC9F96F2377F8CD" box="[1110,1282,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFEA7F88F247CF8ED" box="[312,521,1816,1839]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFEA7F88F247CF8ED" box="[312,521,1816,1839]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Archips fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(North
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A3302945CFDFAF88F24B3F8ED" box="[613,710,1816,1839]" name="United States of America" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">America</collectingCountry>
); †
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFD79F88F25F5F8ED" author="Zwolfer" box="[742,896,1816,1839]" pageId="25" pageNumber="46" refString="Zwolfer, H. (1961) A comparative analysis of the parasite complexes of the European fir budworm, Choristoneura murinana (Hub.) and the North American spruce budworm, C. fumiferana (Clem.). Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Bulletin, 1, 162 pp." type="book" year="1961">Zwolfer 1961</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFC30F88F222BF8ED" box="[943,1118,1816,1839]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFC30F88F222BF8ED" box="[943,1118,1816,1839]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFB0CF88F235FF8ED" box="[1171,1322,1816,1839]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFB0CF88F235FF8ED" box="[1171,1322,1816,1839]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(North
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A3302945CFE1AF8AF2793F88D" box="[389,486,1848,1871]" name="United States of America" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">America</collectingCountry>
); †
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3302945CFD9DF8AF24E6F88D" author="Arnaud" box="[514,659,1848,1871]" pageId="25" pageNumber="39" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">Arnaud 1978</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFD25F8AF2513F88D" box="[698,870,1848,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFD25F8AF2513F88D" box="[698,870,1848,1871]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093302945CFC0EF8AF2250F88D" box="[913,1061,1848,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983302945CFC0EF8AF2250F88D" box="[913,1061,1848,1871]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BC, ON, QC, NB, ME, NY).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F67A368A3301945FFE97FE8C22ACFE91" blockId="26.[264,1323,283,819]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFE97FE8C270BFE91" bold="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Host records ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFE52FE8B2487FEF6" box="[461,754,284,308]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFE52FE8B2487FEF6" bold="true" box="[461,754,284,308]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Choristoneura fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFC9DFE8B2258FEF6" box="[770,1069,284,308]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFC9DFE8B2258FEF6" bold="true" box="[770,1069,284,308]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and/or
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFB14FE8B2701FE96" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinus">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFB14FE8B2701FE96" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Choristoneura pinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
†
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFE0FFEAB2471FE91" author="Ross" box="[400,516,316,339]" pageId="26" pageNumber="44" refString="Ross, D. A. (1952) Key to the puparia of the dipterous parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. Canadian Entomologist, 84, 108 - 112." type="journal article" year="1952">Ross 1952</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFDB3FEAB24A2FE91" box="[556,727,316,339]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFDB3FEAB24A2FE91" box="[556,727,316,339]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex. spruce and/or jack pine budworm (
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A3301945FFBE8FEAB22B8FE91" box="[1143,1229,316,339]" name="Canada" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Canada</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F67A368A3301945FFE97FECC227BFEB1" blockId="26.[264,1323,283,819]" box="[264,1038,347,372]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFE97FECC27B5FEB1" bold="true" box="[264,448,347,371]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Host records ex.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFE58FECB25FEFEB1" authority="O'Hara 2002" authorityName="O'Hara" authorityYear="2002" box="[455,907,347,372]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFE58FECB248DFEB1" bold="true" box="[455,760,347,372]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFE58FECB249BFEB6" bold="true" box="[455,750,348,372]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFD60FECB25FEFEB1" author="O'Hara" box="[767,907,348,371]" pageId="26" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. (2002) Revision of the Polideini (Tachinidae) of America north of Mexico. Studia dipterologia, Supplement, 10, 170 pp." type="book" year="2002">O’Hara 2002</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(BC, †OR).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F67A368A3301945FFE97FEEC22AAFE31" blockId="26.[264,1323,283,819]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFE97FEEC244BFE51" bold="true" box="[264,574,379,403]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Host records probably ex.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFDD6FEEB2269FE51" authority="Coppel 1947" authorityName="Coppel" authorityYear="1947" box="[585,1052,379,404]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFDD6FEEB25F5FE51" bold="true" box="[585,896,379,404]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFDD6FEEB2502FE56" bold="true" box="[585,887,380,404]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFC13FEEB2269FE51" author="Coppel" box="[908,1052,380,403]" pageId="26" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1947) The collection of spruce budworm parasites in British Columbia with notes on their overwintering habits. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario [for] 1946, 77, 38 - 40." type="journal article" year="1947">Coppel 1947</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFBD1FEEB228AFE51" box="[1102,1279,380,403]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFBD1FEEB228AFE51" box="[1102,1279,380,403]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFEA7FE0B2473FE71" box="[312,518,412,435]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFEA7FE0B2473FE71" box="[312,518,412,435]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Archips fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BC); Wilkes
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFD3EFE0B24A2FE71" box="[673,727,412,435]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
1949, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFCA2FE0B259CFE71" box="[829,1001,412,435]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFCA2FE0B259CFE71" box="[829,1001,412,435]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFB88FE0B22DEFE71" box="[1047,1195,412,435]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFB88FE0B22DEFE71" box="[1047,1195,412,435]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BC); Coppel 1953, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFE20FE2B241EFE11" box="[447,619,444,467]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFE20FE2B241EFE11" box="[447,619,444,467]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFD07FE2B2559FE11" box="[664,812,444,467]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFD07FE2B2559FE11" box="[664,812,444,467]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BC);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFCE8FE2B220DFE11" author="Carolin" box="[887,1144,444,467]" pageId="26" pageNumber="40" refString="Carolin, V. M. &amp; Coulter, W. K. (1959) The occurrence of insect parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology, 52, 550 - 555." type="journal article" year="1959">Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFB00FE2B2714FE31" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFB00FE2B2714FE31" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFE10FE4B2456FE31" box="[399,547,476,499]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFE10FE4B2456FE31" box="[399,547,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(OR); †
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFDE6FE4B2572FE31" author="Coppel" box="[633,775,476,499]" pageId="26" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1960) Key to adults of dipterous parasites of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53, 94 - 97." type="journal article" year="1960">Coppel 1960</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFCB0FE4B25AEFE31" box="[815,987,476,499]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFCB0FE4B25AEFE31" box="[815,987,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFB97FE4B22E9FE31" box="[1032,1180,476,499]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFB97FE4B22E9FE31" box="[1032,1180,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BC).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F67A368A3301945FFE97FE6C24FDFDF1" blockId="26.[264,1323,283,819]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFE97FE6C220BFDD1" bold="true" box="[264,1150,507,532]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Host records ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFE4AFE6B2577FDD6" box="[469,770,508,532]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFE4AFE6B2577FDD6" bold="true" box="[469,770,508,532]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Choristoneura occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and/or
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFCFAFE6B220BFDD1" authority="Schaupp et al. 1991" authorityName="Schaupp et al." authorityYear="1991" box="[869,1150,507,532]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="retiniana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFCFAFE6B2200FDD6" bold="true" box="[869,1141,508,532]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Choristoneura retiniana</emphasis>
:
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFB16FE6B2705FDF1" author="Schaupp" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" refString="Schaupp, W. C. Jr., Volney, W. J. A. &amp; Waters, W. E. (1991) Parasitoids of endemic and epidemic populations of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman and Choristoneura retiniana (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in southern Oregon. Canadian Entomologist, 123, 1095 - 1102." type="journal article" year="1991">
Schaupp
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFB6FFE6B235EFDD1" box="[1264,1323,508,531]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
1991
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFE07FD8B2436FDF1" box="[408,579,540,563]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFE07FD8B2436FDF1" box="[408,579,540,563]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(OR).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F67A368A3301945FFE97FDAC25BAFD11" blockId="26.[264,1323,283,819]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFE97FDAC24C3FD91" bold="true" box="[264,694,571,596]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Host records ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFE56FDAB24C3FD91" authority="Benjamin &amp; Drooz 1954" authorityName="Benjamin &amp; Drooz" authorityYear="1954" box="[457,694,571,596]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinus">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFE56FDAB24D8FD96" bold="true" box="[457,685,572,596]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Choristoneura pinus</emphasis>
:
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFD22FDAB25BFFD91" author="Benjamin" box="[701,970,572,595]" pageId="26" pageNumber="40" refString="Benjamin, D. M. &amp; Drooz, A. T. (1954) Parasites affecting the jack-pine budworm in Michigan. Journal of Economic Entomology, 47, 588 - 591." type="journal article" year="1954">Benjamin &amp; Drooz 1954</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFC6CFDAB22EAFD91" box="[1011,1183,572,595]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFC6CFDAB22EAFD91" box="[1011,1183,572,595]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MI);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFB77FDAB2476FDB1" author="Dixon" pageId="26" pageNumber="41" refString="Dixon, J. C. &amp; Benjamin, D. M. (1963) Natural control factors associated with the jack-pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus. Journal of Economic Entomology, 56, 266 - 270." type="journal article" year="1963">Dixon &amp; Benjamin 1963</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFDA8FDCB249CFDB1" box="[567,745,604,627]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFDA8FDCB249CFDB1" box="[567,745,604,627]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(WI);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFCA4FDCB2274FDB1" author="Allen" box="[827,1025,604,627]" pageId="26" pageNumber="39" refString="Allen, D. C., Knight, F. B., Foltz, J. L. &amp; Mattson, W. J. (1969) Influence of parasites on two populations of Choristoneura pinus (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Michigan. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62, 1469 - 1475." type="journal article" year="1969">
Allen
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFC1CFDCB25CBFDB1" box="[899,958,604,627]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
1969
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFBABFDCB2290FDB1" box="[1076,1253,604,627]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFBABFDCB2290FDB1" box="[1076,1253,604,627]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MI); †
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFEDCFDEB27A1FD51" author="Arnaud" box="[323,468,636,659]" pageId="26" pageNumber="39" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">Arnaud 1978</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFE63FDEB24D2FD51" box="[508,679,636,659]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFE63FDEB24D2FD51" box="[508,679,636,659]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(WI, MI);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFC81FDEB25D5FD51" author="Nealis" box="[798,928,636,659]" pageId="26" pageNumber="43" refString="Nealis, V. G. (1991) Parasitism in sustained and collapsing populations of the jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Ontario, 1985 - 1987. Canadian Entomologist, 123, 1065 - 1076." type="journal article" year="1991">Nealis 1991</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFC57FDEB2206FD51" box="[968,1139,636,659]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFC57FDEB2206FD51" box="[968,1139,636,659]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ON); †
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFB54FDEB27E7FD71" author="Huber" pageId="26" pageNumber="42" refString="Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. &amp; McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220." type="journal article" year="1996">
Huber
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFA88FDEB2726FD71" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
1996
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFE25FD0B2413FD71" box="[442,614,668,691]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFE25FD0B2413FD71" box="[442,614,668,691]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A3301945FFDECFD0B24A4FD71" box="[627,721,668,691]" name="United States of America" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">America</collectingCountry>
north of
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A3301945FFCACFD0B25FCFD71" box="[819,905,668,691]" name="Mexico" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Mexico</collectingCountry>
); †Frankenhuyzen 2002, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFB2BFD0B2703FD11" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFB2BFD0B2703FD11" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ON, prairie provinces);
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFD1AFD2B2564FD11" author="O'Hara" box="[645,785,700,723]" pageId="26" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. (2002) Revision of the Polideini (Tachinidae) of America north of Mexico. Studia dipterologia, Supplement, 10, 170 pp." type="book" year="2002">O’Hara 2002</bibRefCitation>
(ON, †WI, †MI).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F67A368A3301945FFE97FD4C2503FCF1" blockId="26.[264,1323,283,819]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFE97FD4C27A4FD31" bold="true" box="[264,465,731,755]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Host records ex.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFE7EFD4B25D8FD31" authority="Brooks 1945" authorityName="Brooks" authorityYear="1945" box="[481,941,731,756]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosaceana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFE7EFD4B257CFD31" bold="true" box="[481,777,731,756]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFE7EFD4B2575FD36" bold="true" box="[481,768,732,756]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Choristoneura rosaceana</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFC86FD4B25D8FD31" author="Brooks" box="[793,941,732,755]" pageId="26" pageNumber="40" refString="Brooks, A. R. (1945) New Canadian Diptera (Tachinidae). Canadian Entomologist, 77, 78 - 96." type="journal article" year="1945">Brooks 1945</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFC79FD4B22EFFD31" box="[998,1178,732,755]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFC79FD4B22EFFD31" box="[998,1178,732,755]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ex.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFB46FD4B27D3FCD1" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosaceana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFB46FD4B27D3FCD1" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Archips rosaceana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(QC); †
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFE62FD6B24FBFCD1" author="Arnaud" box="[509,654,764,787]" pageId="26" pageNumber="39" refString="Arnaud, P. H., Jr. (1978) A host-parasite catalog of North American Tachinidae (Diptera). United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication, 1319, 860 pp." type="book" year="1978">Arnaud 1978</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFD2AFD6B2514FCD1" box="[693,865,764,787]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFD2AFD6B2514FCD1" box="[693,865,764,787]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(QC); †
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFC27FD6B220DFCD1" author="Huber" box="[952,1144,764,787]" pageId="26" pageNumber="42" refString="Huber, J. T., Eveleigh, E., Pollock, S. &amp; McCarthy, P. (1996) The chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of Choristoneura species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in America north of Mexico. Canadian Entomologist, 128, 1167 - 1220." type="journal article" year="1996">
Huber
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFB9BFD6B224CFCD1" box="[1028,1081,764,787]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
1996
</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFB00FD6B2714FCF1" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFB00FD6B2714FCF1" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lypha setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A3301945FFEF0FC8B27B8FCF1" box="[367,461,796,819]" name="United States of America" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">America</collectingCountry>
north of
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A3301945FFDB0FC8B24F0FCF1" box="[559,645,796,819]" name="Mexico" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Mexico</collectingCountry>
); †
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFD3CFC8B2544FCF1" author="O'Hara" box="[675,817,796,819]" pageId="26" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. (2002) Revision of the Polideini (Tachinidae) of America north of Mexico. Studia dipterologia, Supplement, 10, 170 pp." type="book" year="2002">O’Hara 2002</bibRefCitation>
(QC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BEDF65013301945FFEA7FCCB2516F984" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="F67A368A3301945FFEA7FCCB272FFB74" blockId="26.[264,1323,860,1886]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFEA7FCCB247FFCB7" ID-CoL="6QQXD" box="[312,522,860,885]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumipennis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFEA7FCCB247FFCB7" box="[312,522,860,885]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lypha fumipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a dark coloured tachinid, 5–7.5mm long, that occurs throughout southern
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A3301945FFEE3FC1327A1FC5C" box="[380,468,900,926]" name="Canada" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Canada</collectingCountry>
and the northern
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A3301945FFD5FFC132511FC5C" box="[704,868,900,926]" name="United States of America" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">United States</collectingCountry>
and is also recorded from
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A3301945FFB54FC13235CFC5C" box="[1227,1321,900,926]" name="Georgia" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Georgia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFE8FFC3B27C1FC04" author="O'Hara" box="[272,436,940,966]" pageId="26" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. (2002) Revision of the Polideini (Tachinidae) of America north of Mexico. Studia dipterologia, Supplement, 10, 170 pp." type="book" year="2002">O’Hara 2002</bibRefCitation>
). It was redescribed by
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFD47FC3B25FCFC04" box="[728,905,940,966]" pageId="26" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. (2002) Revision of the Polideini (Tachinidae) of America north of Mexico. Studia dipterologia, Supplement, 10, 170 pp." type="book">O’Hara (2002)</bibRefCitation>
in his revision of the Polideini of
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A3301945FFE97FC432718FC2C" box="[264,365,980,1006]" name="United States of America" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">America</collectingCountry>
north of
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A3301945FFE46FC432443FC2C" box="[473,566,980,1006]" name="Mexico" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Mexico</collectingCountry>
.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFDDDFC432566FC2F" ID-CoL="6QQXD" box="[578,787,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumipennis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFDDDFC432566FC2F" box="[578,787,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lypha fumipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFCDBFC4325A4FC2F" ID-CoL="3WTBB" box="[836,977,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFCDBFC4325A4FC2F" box="[836,977,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">L. setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) was included in a key to the puparia of dipterous parasitoids of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFD36FC6B2521FBD7" ID-CoL="925CM" box="[681,852,1020,1045]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFD36FC6B2521FBD7" box="[681,852,1020,1045]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Choristoneura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species by
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFC7FFC6B221AFBD4" author="Ross" box="[992,1135,1020,1046]" pageId="26" pageNumber="44" refString="Ross, D. A. (1952) Key to the puparia of the dipterous parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. Canadian Entomologist, 84, 108 - 112." type="journal article" year="1952">Ross (1952)</bibRefCitation>
and in a key to the adults of dipterous parasitoids of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFD5FFBB32504FBFF" ID-CoL="5YCYL" box="[704,881,1060,1085]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFD5FFBB32504FBFF" box="[704,881,1060,1085]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFC3BFBB32232FBFF" box="[932,1095,1060,1085]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFC3BFBB32232FBFF" box="[932,1095,1060,1085]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in British
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A3301945FFB4EFBB3275EFBA4" name="United States of America" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Columbia</collectingCountry>
by
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFEC6FBDB2472FBA4" author="Coppel" box="[345,519,1100,1126]" pageId="26" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1960) Key to adults of dipterous parasites of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53, 94 - 97." type="journal article" year="1960">Coppel (1960)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFD8DFBDB2539FBA4" author="Tilles" box="[530,844,1100,1126]" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" refString="Tilles, D. A. &amp; Woodley, N. E. (1984) Spruce budworm parasites in Maine: a reference manual for collection and identification of common species. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Cooperative State Research Service, Agriculture Handbook, 616, 35 pp." type="book" year="1984">Tilles and Woodley (1984)</bibRefCitation>
included
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFC5DFBDB2216FBA7" ID-CoL="6QQXD" box="[962,1123,1100,1125]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumipennis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFC5DFBDB2216FBA7" box="[962,1123,1100,1125]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">L. fumipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFB0BFBDB2354FBA7" ID-CoL="3WTBB" box="[1172,1313,1100,1125]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFB0BFBDB2354FBA7" box="[1172,1313,1100,1125]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">L. setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) among the five tachinid species treated in their manual of spruce budworm parasitoids in Maine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F67A368A3301945FFEA7FB532516F984" blockId="26.[264,1323,860,1886]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Almost all the North American species of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFCA4FB5325F6FB1F" ID-CoL="5HS2" box="[827,899,1220,1245]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFCA4FB5325F6FB1F" box="[827,899,1220,1245]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lypha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were combined under the name
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFA8CFB5327C1FAC4" ID-CoL="72QXF" authority="Fallen" authorityName="Fallen" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFA8CFB53273EFAC7" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">L. dubia</emphasis>
(Fallén)
</taxonomicName>
, a Palearctic species, until
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFD66FB7B25D3FAC4" author="Brooks" box="[761,934,1260,1286]" pageId="26" pageNumber="40" refString="Brooks, A. R. (1945) New Canadian Diptera (Tachinidae). Canadian Entomologist, 77, 78 - 96." type="journal article" year="1945">Brooks (1945)</bibRefCitation>
revised the Canadian species of the genus. Brooks did not examine the
<typeStatus id="297E88283301945FFD7AFA832562FAEC" box="[741,791,1300,1326]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">type</typeStatus>
series of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFC0CFA832209FAEC" ID-CoL="3WTBB" authority="(West)" baseAuthorityName="West" box="[915,1148,1300,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFC0CFA832257FAEF" box="[915,1058,1300,1325]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">L. setifacies</emphasis>
(West)
</taxonomicName>
, however, and
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFE97FAAB27C3FA94" box="[264,438,1340,1366]" pageId="26" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. (2002) Revision of the Polideini (Tachinidae) of America north of Mexico. Studia dipterologia, Supplement, 10, 170 pp." type="book">O’Hara (2002)</bibRefCitation>
showed that Brooks misapplied this name.
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFC20FAAB221BFA94" box="[959,1134,1340,1366]" pageId="26" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. (2002) Revision of the Polideini (Tachinidae) of America north of Mexico. Studia dipterologia, Supplement, 10, 170 pp." type="book">O’Hara (2002)</bibRefCitation>
discovered that the species described by Brooks as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFD39FAF32531FABF" ID-CoL="72R9D" box="[678,836,1380,1405]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermedia">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFD39FAF32531FABF" box="[678,836,1380,1405]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">L. intermedia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is in fact
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFC28FAF32236FABF" ID-CoL="3WTBB" box="[951,1091,1380,1405]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFC28FAF32236FABF" box="[951,1091,1380,1405]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">L. setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and that the
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFB7EFAF32720FA67" ID-CoL="3WTBB" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFB7EFAF32720FA67" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">L. setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of Brooks is conspecific with the species
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFCFEFA1B2265FA64" author="Brooks" box="[865,1040,1420,1446]" pageId="26" pageNumber="40" refString="Brooks, A. R. (1945) New Canadian Diptera (Tachinidae). Canadian Entomologist, 77, 78 - 96." type="journal article" year="1945">Brooks (1945)</bibRefCitation>
described from British
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A3301945FFE97FA23270EFA0C" box="[264,379,1460,1486]" name="United States of America" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Columbia</collectingCountry>
as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFE3AFA232433FA0F" ID-CoL="6QQXD" box="[421,582,1460,1485]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumipennis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFE3AFA232433FA0F" box="[421,582,1460,1485]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">L. fumipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Hence, the valid name for this
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFC58FA232207FA0F" ID-CoL="925CM" box="[967,1138,1460,1485]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFC58FA232207FA0F" box="[967,1138,1460,1485]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Choristoneura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
parasitoid is
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFA8CFA2327FCFA37" ID-CoL="6QQXD" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumipennis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFA8CFA2327FCFA37" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">L. fumipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Unfortunately, the name used by Brooks (i.e.,
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFB85FA4B22C6FA37" ID-CoL="3WTBB" box="[1050,1203,1500,1525]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFB85FA4B22C6FA37" box="[1050,1203,1500,1525]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">L. setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) became entrenched in the literature on
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFD1BF993255AF9DF" ID-CoL="925CM" box="[644,815,1540,1565]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFD1BF993255AF9DF" box="[644,815,1540,1565]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Choristoneura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
parasitoids because this species has long been known as a parasitoid of the spruce budworm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BEDF65013301945EFEA7F9C32248FE6C" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
<paragraph id="F67A368A3301945EFEA7F9C32248FE6C" blockId="26.[264,1323,860,1886]" lastBlockId="27.[264,1323,284,1190]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Host attack by
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFE73F9C324F8F9AF" box="[492,653,1620,1645]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumipennis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFE73F9C324F8F9AF" box="[492,653,1620,1645]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">L. fumipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has not been described but is probably similar to that of its Palearctic relative,
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFD90F9EB257EF954" authority="Fallen" authorityName="Fallen" box="[527,779,1660,1686]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFD90F9EB24D6F957" box="[527,675,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lypha dubia</emphasis>
(Fallén)
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFC87F9EB25DEF957" box="[792,939,1660,1685]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFC87F9EB25DEF957" box="[792,939,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lypha dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
deposits fully incubated eggs in the vicinity of a host, the eggs hatch soon afterwards, and the first instars search for and parasitize the host (
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFE75F95B24E9F924" author="Schroder" box="[490,668,1740,1766]" pageId="26" pageNumber="45" refString="Schroder, D. (1969) Lypha dubia (Fall.) (Dip.: Tachinidae) as a parasite of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) (Lep.: Eucosmidae) in Europe. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Bulletin, 12, 43 - 60." type="journal article" year="1969">Schröder 1969</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFD2DF95B25F6F927" box="[690,899,1740,1765]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumipennis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFD2DF95B25F6F927" box="[690,899,1740,1765]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Lypha fumipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
parasitizes fifth and sixth instar larvae of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093301945FFEC9F9632474F8CF" box="[342,513,1780,1805]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFEC9F9632474F8CF" box="[342,513,1780,1805]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Choristoneura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the fully mature maggot emerges from the sixth instar of its host, or more rarely from the pupa (
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFDF3F88B25E0F8F4" author="Benjamin" box="[620,917,1820,1846]" pageId="26" pageNumber="40" refString="Benjamin, D. M. &amp; Drooz, A. T. (1954) Parasites affecting the jack-pine budworm in Michigan. Journal of Economic Entomology, 47, 588 - 591." type="journal article" year="1954">Benjamin &amp; Drooz 1954</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFC3DF88B22CBF8F4" author="Carolin" box="[930,1214,1820,1846]" pageId="26" pageNumber="40" refString="Carolin, V. M. &amp; Coulter, W. K. (1959) The occurrence of insect parasites of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in Oregon. Journal of Economic Entomology, 52, 550 - 555." type="journal article" year="1959">Carolin &amp; Coulter 1959</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFB55F88B2719F89C" author="Allen" pageId="26" pageNumber="39" refString="Allen, D. C., Knight, F. B., Foltz, J. L. &amp; Mattson, W. J. (1969) Influence of parasites on two populations of Choristoneura pinus (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Michigan. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62, 1469 - 1475." type="journal article" year="1969">
Allen
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFA8AF88B2753F89F" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
1969
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3301945FFEE6F8D32427F89C" author="Hebert" box="[377,594,1860,1886]" pageId="26" pageNumber="42" refString="Hebert, C., Cloutier, C., Regniere, J. &amp; Perry, D. F. (1989) Seasonal biology of Winthemia fumiferanae Toth. (Diptera: Tachinidae), a larval-pupal parasitoid of the spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 2384 - 2391." type="journal article" year="1989">
Hébert
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983301945FFE4FF8D3247EF89F" box="[464,523,1860,1885]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">et al.</emphasis>
1989
</bibRefCitation>
). The maggot enters the ground, overwinters in the puparium, and emerges as an adult in spring (
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3300945EFD3BFE8B2534FEF4" author="Brooks" box="[676,833,284,310]" pageId="27" pageNumber="40" refString="Brooks, A. R. (1945) New Canadian Diptera (Tachinidae). Canadian Entomologist, 77, 78 - 96." type="journal article" year="1945">Brooks 1945</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3300945EFCD1FE8B259FFEF4" author="Coppel" box="[846,1002,284,310]" pageId="27" pageNumber="40" refString="Coppel, H. C. (1947) The collection of spruce budworm parasites in British Columbia with notes on their overwintering habits. Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario [for] 1946, 77, 38 - 40." type="journal article" year="1947">Coppel 1947</bibRefCitation>
). Adults are only seen during spring and early summer (
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3300945EFDF4FED32579FE9C" author="O'Hara" box="[619,780,324,350]" pageId="27" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. (2002) Revision of the Polideini (Tachinidae) of America north of Mexico. Studia dipterologia, Supplement, 10, 170 pp." type="book" year="2002">O’Hara 2002</bibRefCitation>
), so there is probably only one generation per year. Females of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093300945EFE4AFEFB244DFE47" box="[469,568,364,389]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubia">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFE4AFEFB244DFE47" box="[469,568,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">L. dubia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Europe live for 30–50 days, have a preoviposition period of approximately a month, and develop about
<specimenCount id="E0C3FD033300945EFC99FE03251AFE6C" box="[774,879,404,430]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="egg">150 eggs</specimenCount>
(
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3300945EFCE1FE032245FE6C" author="Schroder" box="[894,1072,404,430]" pageId="27" pageNumber="45" refString="Schroder, D. (1969) Lypha dubia (Fall.) (Dip.: Tachinidae) as a parasite of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) (Lep.: Eucosmidae) in Europe. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Bulletin, 12, 43 - 60." type="journal article" year="1969">Schröder 1969</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BEDF65013300945EFEA7FE2B222DFB64" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="F67A368A3300945EFEA7FE2B24ADFBEC" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,1190]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093300945EFEA7FE2B247CFE17" ID-CoL="6QQXD" box="[312,521,444,469]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumipennis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFEA7FE2B247CFE17" box="[312,521,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Lypha fumipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of the most significant tachinid parasitoids of late instar
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093300945EFB6FFE2B27F7FE3F" ID-CoL="925CM" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFB6FFE2B27F7FE3F" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Choristoneura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae. Most studies of budworm parasitism have reported its presence (as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093300945EFA8CFE732700FDE7" ID-CoL="3WTBB" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFA8CFE732700FDE7" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">L. setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and parasitism rates are sometimes high.
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3300945EFCF7FD9B22C4FDE4" author="Benjamin" box="[872,1201,524,550]" pageId="27" pageNumber="40" refString="Benjamin, D. M. &amp; Drooz, A. T. (1954) Parasites affecting the jack-pine budworm in Michigan. Journal of Economic Entomology, 47, 588 - 591." type="journal article" year="1954">Benjamin and Drooz (1954)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3300945EFB75FD9B27EFFD8C" pageId="27" pageNumber="39" refString="Allen, D. C., Knight, F. B., Foltz, J. L. &amp; Mattson, W. J. (1969) Influence of parasites on two populations of Choristoneura pinus (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Michigan. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62, 1469 - 1475." type="journal article">
Allen
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFE97FDA32731FD8F" box="[264,324,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
(1969)
</bibRefCitation>
reported parasitism of up to 16% and 9% respectively in
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093300945EFBD0FDA322C7FD8F" ID-CoL="5YCYW" box="[1103,1202,564,589]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinus">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFBD0FDA322C7FD8F" box="[1103,1202,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. pinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Michigan,
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3300945EFEDDFDCB2437FDB4" box="[322,578,604,630]" pageId="27" pageNumber="41" refString="Dowden, P. B., Carolin, V. M. &amp; Dirks, C. O. (1951) Natural control factors affecting the spruce budworm in the Adirondacks during 1946 - 1948. Journal of Economic Entomology, 43 (1950), 774 - 783." type="journal article">
Dowden
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFE30FDCB279EFDB7" box="[431,491,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
(1951)
</bibRefCitation>
reported up to 18% parasitism of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093300945EFC43FDCB22F4FDB7" box="[988,1153,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFC43FDCB22F4FDB7" box="[988,1153,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in New York,
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3300945EFE97FD13245BFD5C" author="Jaynes" box="[264,558,644,670]" pageId="27" pageNumber="43" refString="Jaynes, H. A. &amp; Drooz, A. T. (1952) The importance of parasites in the spruce budworm infestations in New York and Maine. Journal of Economic Entomology, 45, 1057 - 1061." type="journal article" year="1952">Jaynes and Drooz (1952)</bibRefCitation>
reported up to 17% parasitism of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093300945EFC21FD132215FD5F" box="[958,1120,644,669]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFC21FD132215FD5F" box="[958,1120,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Maine,
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3300945EFB7FFD132723FD04" author="Nealis" pageId="27" pageNumber="43" refString="Nealis, V. G. (1991) Parasitism in sustained and collapsing populations of the jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Ontario, 1985 - 1987. Canadian Entomologist, 123, 1065 - 1076." type="journal article" year="1991">Nealis (1991)</bibRefCitation>
found greater than 20% parasitism of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093300945EFCA3FD3B2591FD07" box="[828,996,684,709]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFCA3FD3B2591FD07" box="[828,996,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in northwest Ontario, and Wilkes
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFEFEFD4327E9FD2F" box="[353,412,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
(1949) reported up to 10% parasitism of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093300945EFC1FFD432245FD2F" ID-CoL="5YCYL" box="[896,1072,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFC1FFD432245FD2F" box="[896,1072,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093300945EFBFFFD432377FD2F" box="[1120,1282,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFBFFFD432377FD2F" box="[1120,1282,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in British
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A3300945EFEFEFD6B27ADFCD4" box="[353,472,764,790]" name="United States of America" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Columbia</collectingCountry>
. In several studies
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093300945EFD21FD6B2514FCD7" ID-CoL="6QQXD" box="[702,865,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumipennis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFD21FD6B2514FCD7" box="[702,865,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">L. fumipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was the most dominant, or one of the most dominant, parasitoids of late instar budworms (
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3300945EFC1AFCB322C2FCFC" author="Benjamin" box="[901,1207,804,830]" pageId="27" pageNumber="40" refString="Benjamin, D. M. &amp; Drooz, A. T. (1954) Parasites affecting the jack-pine budworm in Michigan. Journal of Economic Entomology, 47, 588 - 591." type="journal article" year="1954">Benjamin &amp; Drooz 1954</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3300945EFB5AFCB327C2FCA4" author="Tilles" pageId="27" pageNumber="45" refString="Tilles, D. A. &amp; Woodley, N. E. (1984) Spruce budworm parasites in Maine: a reference manual for collection and identification of common species. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Cooperative State Research Service, Agriculture Handbook, 616, 35 pp." type="book" year="1984">Tilles &amp; Woodley 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3300945EFE5CFCDB2420FCA4" author="Nealis" box="[451,597,844,870]" pageId="27" pageNumber="43" refString="Nealis, V. G. (1991) Parasitism in sustained and collapsing populations of the jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Ontario, 1985 - 1987. Canadian Entomologist, 123, 1065 - 1076." type="journal article" year="1991">Nealis 1991</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093300945EFDF5FCDB254CFCA7" ID-CoL="6QQXD" box="[618,825,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumipennis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFDF5FCDB254CFCA7" box="[618,825,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Lypha fumipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093300945EFCF3FCDB258DFCA7" ID-CoL="3WTBB" box="[876,1016,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="setifacies">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFCF3FCDB258DFCA7" box="[876,1016,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">L. setifacies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) was ranked by Wilkes
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFA8AFCDB2753FC4F" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
(1949) as the fifth most important parasitoid, and third most important dipterous parasitoid, of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093300945EFEF9FC0B2462FC77" ID-CoL="5YCYL" box="[358,535,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFEF9FC0B2462FC77" box="[358,535,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. occidentalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093300945EFDD5FC0B2498FC77" box="[586,749,924,949]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Archips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumiferana">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFDD5FC0B2498FC77" box="[586,749,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. fumiferana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in British
<collectingCountry id="8ED2761A3300945EFCE8FC0B259AFC74" box="[887,1007,924,950]" name="United States of America" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Columbia</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3300945EFC64FC0B2352FC74" author="Jaynes" box="[1019,1319,924,950]" pageId="27" pageNumber="43" refString="Jaynes, H. A. &amp; Drooz, A. T. (1952) The importance of parasites in the spruce budworm infestations in New York and Maine. Journal of Economic Entomology, 45, 1057 - 1061." type="journal article" year="1952">Jaynes and Drooz (1952)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3300945EFE97FC5327DBFC1C" author="Nealis" box="[264,430,964,990]" pageId="27" pageNumber="43" refString="Nealis, V. G. (1991) Parasitism in sustained and collapsing populations of the jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Ontario, 1985 - 1987. Canadian Entomologist, 123, 1065 - 1076." type="journal article" year="1991">Nealis (1991)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3300945EFE6CFC53253DFC1C" author="Bourchier" box="[499,840,964,990]" pageId="27" pageNumber="40" refString="Bourchier, R. S. &amp; Smith, S. M. (1998) Interactions between large-scale inundative releases of Trichogramma minutum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and naturally occurring spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) parasitoids. Environmental Entomology, 27, 1273 - 1279." type="journal article" year="1998">Bourchier and Smith (1998)</bibRefCitation>
reported increased rates of spruce budworm parasitism prior to the collapse of an outbreak, suggesting that
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093300945EFBD2FC7B229AFBC7" ID-CoL="6QQXD" box="[1101,1263,1004,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumipennis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFBD2FC7B229AFBC7" box="[1101,1263,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">L. fumipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may have played a role in budworm decline.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F67A368A3300945EFEA7FBAB222DFB64" blockId="27.[264,1323,284,1190]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093300945EFEA7FBAB247CFB97" ID-CoL="6QQXD" box="[312,521,1084,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Lypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumipennis">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFEA7FBAB247CFB97" box="[312,521,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Lypha fumipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is almost exclusively a parasitoid of
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093300945EFC24FBAB2213FB97" ID-CoL="925CM" box="[955,1126,1084,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Choristoneura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFC24FBAB2213FB97" box="[955,1126,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Choristoneura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3300945EFB4EFBAB273DFBBC" author="O'Hara" pageId="27" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. (2002) Revision of the Polideini (Tachinidae) of America north of Mexico. Studia dipterologia, Supplement, 10, 170 pp." type="book" year="2002">O’Hara 2002</bibRefCitation>
). The other known hosts are a tortricid,
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093300945EFC85FBF32294FBBC" ID-CoL="93C2S" authority="Walsingham" authorityName="Walsingham" box="[794,1249,1124,1150]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Pseudosciaphila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="duplex">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFC85FBF32244FBBF" box="[794,1073,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Pseudosciaphila duplex</emphasis>
(Walsingham)
</taxonomicName>
, and a pyralid,
<taxonomicName id="31C54D093300945EFEF5FB1B2221FB64" ID-CoL="36BZD" authority="(Mutuura &amp; Munroe) (O'Hara 2002)" authorityName="(Mutuura &amp; Munroe) (O'Hara" authorityYear="2002" box="[362,1108,1164,1190]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Dioryctria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="reniculelloides">
<emphasis id="C4B1EA983300945EFEF5FB1B24EFFB67" box="[362,666,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Dioryctria reniculelloides</emphasis>
(Mutuura &amp; Munroe) (
<bibRefCitation id="92544B7B3300945EFC34FB1B2239FB64" author="O'Hara" box="[939,1100,1164,1190]" pageId="27" pageNumber="44" refString="O'Hara, J. E. (2002) Revision of the Polideini (Tachinidae) of America north of Mexico. Studia dipterologia, Supplement, 10, 170 pp." type="book" year="2002">O’Hara 2002</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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