treatments-xml/data/7E/4B/87/7E4B87AFB169A266FF2BFF5BFC52FEC6.xml

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<mods:title id="7913B823733D00062D81A30E7C40FBF8">The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Vietnam</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D7035E00C91B567ED102515ABC6B17BE">Takaoka, Hiroyuki</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8C05243A31BB2510A949D0EEDE75185A">Sofian-Azirun, Mohd</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BB77EAD487B317E8D6509B1C2DCD8474">Ya’Cob, Zubaidah</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0ED6B44C7B16331F980A164357951187">Chen, Chee Dhang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DDF4AEE001FE861887B7A9B62146F2E0">Lau, Koon Weng</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="582BAADD320993D9E2350EA7184E2D93">Low, Van Lun</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2E897DE402DCF06863535E15BAB87177">Pham, Xuan Da</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3F08D33879A6932032205BAF98C7F720">Adler, Peter H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="F7AB4492B2CDAF3FC1A8C931B79E6834">2017</mods:date>
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<treatment id="7E4B87AFB169A266FF2BFF5BFC52FEC6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4927557" ID-GBIF-Taxon="128848471" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4927557" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E4B87AFB169A266FF2BFF5BFC52FEC6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E4B87AFB169A266FF2BFF5BFC52FEC6" lastPageId="100" lastPageNumber="100" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
<subSubSection id="BEF86532B169A25DFF2BFF5BFC97FF68" box="[151,769,151,178]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B169A25DFF2BFF5BFC97FF68" blockId="95.[151,769,151,178]" box="[151,769,151,178]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
<heading id="AD1581D5B169A25DFF2BFF5BFC97FF68" bold="true" box="[151,769,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB169A25DFF2BFF5BFC97FF68" ID-CoL="8DXPM" authority="Summers, 1911" authorityName="Summers" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,769,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrogilvum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFF2BFF5BFC97FF68" bold="true" box="[151,769,151,178]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFF2BFF5BFE99FF6B" bold="true" box="[151,271,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFEA3FF5BFE00FF6B" bold="true" box="[287,406,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Simulium</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFE1BFF5BFDADFF6B" bold="true" box="[423,571,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">nigrogilvum</emphasis>
Summers, 1911
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BEF86532B169A25DFF2BFF12FCBEFEE8" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B169A25DFF2BFF12FD7CFF2E" blockId="95.[151,1193,222,306]" box="[151,746,222,244]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB169A25DFF2BFF12FDD9FF2E" ID-CoL="8DXPM" authority="Summers, 1911: 586" authorityName="Summers" authorityPageNumber="586" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,591,222,244]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrogilvum">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFF2BFF12FEEEFF2E" box="[151,376,222,244]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Simulium nigrogilvum</emphasis>
Summers, 1911: 586
</taxonomicName>
–588 (Female).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B169A25DFF2BFF31FCBEFEE8" blockId="95.[151,1193,222,306]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="D6F21197B169A25DFF2BFF31FCBEFEE8" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB169A25DFF2BFF31FCA2FEC9" ID-CoL="8DXPM" authority="Takaoka &amp; Suzuki, 1984: 22" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Suzuki" authorityPageNumber="22" authorityYear="1984" box="[151,820,253,275]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrogilvum" subGenus="Himalayum">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFF2BFF31FF61FEC9" box="[151,247,253,275]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFEB9FF31FEEDFEC9" box="[261,379,253,275]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Himalayum</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFE36FF31FD93FEC9" box="[394,517,253,275]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">nigrogilvum</emphasis>
: 
<treatmentCitation id="774310A8B169A25DFDAEFF31FCA2FEC9" author="Takaoka" box="[530,820,253,275]" page="22" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" year="1984">
<bibRefCitation id="92734B48B169A25DFDAEFF31FC87FEC9" author="Takaoka" box="[530,785,253,275]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refString="Takaoka, H. &amp; Suzuki, H. (1984) The blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 35 (1), 7 - 45." type="journal article" year="1984">Takaoka &amp; Suzuki, 1984</bibRefCitation>
: 22
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–27 (Female, male, pupa and larva). 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB169A25DFF2BFED0FD79FEE8" ID-CoL="8DXPM" authority="Otsuka et al., 2003: 113" authorityName="Otsuka et al." authorityPageNumber="113" authorityYear="2003" box="[151,751,284,306]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrogilvum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFF2BFED0FF61FEE8" box="[151,247,284,306]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFEB9FED0FEF3FEE8" box="[261,357,284,306]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Simulium</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFEC8FED0FE79FEE8" box="[372,495,284,306]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">nigrogilvum</emphasis>
: 
<treatmentCitation id="774310A8B169A25DFE40FED0FD79FEE8" author="Otsuka" box="[508,751,284,306]" page="113" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="92734B48B169A25DFE40FED0FD29FEE8" author="Otsuka" box="[508,703,284,306]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refString="Otsuka, Y., Takaoka, H., Aoki, C. &amp; Choochote, W. (2003) Phylogenetic analysis of the subgenus Himalayum within the genus Simulium s. l. (Diptera: Simuliidae) using mitochondrial 16 S rRNA gene sequences. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 54 (1), 113 - 120." type="journal article" year="2003">
Otsuka 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFDF6FED1FDE0FEE8" box="[586,630,284,306]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al</emphasis>
., 2003
</bibRefCitation>
: 113
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–120.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BEF86532B169A25DFF2BFE92FDAEFEAD" box="[151,568,350,375]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B169A25DFF2BFE92FDAEFEAD" blockId="95.[151,1436,350,555]" box="[151,568,350,375]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFF2BFE92FEA6FEAD" bold="true" box="[151,304,350,375]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B169A25DFE8BFE92FE0DFEAD" box="[311,411,350,375]" name="Thailand" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Thailand</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B169A25DFE6DFE92FDA2FEAD" box="[465,564,350,375]" name="Vietnam" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BEF86532B169A25DFF7BFE4EFCCAFD4D" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B169A25DFF7BFE4EFD29FDF1" blockId="95.[151,1436,350,555]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFF7BFE4EFEA2FE41" bold="true" box="[199,308,386,411]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Remarks</emphasis>
. This species was assigned to the subgenus 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFC95FE4FFC3AFE41" box="[809,940,387,411]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Himalayum</emphasis>
Lewis (
<bibRefCitation id="92734B48B169A25DFBBBFE4EFAB8FE41" author="Takaoka" box="[1031,1326,386,411]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refString="Takaoka, H. &amp; Suzuki, H. (1984) The blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 35 (1), 7 - 45." type="journal article" year="1984">Takaoka and Suzuki 1984</bibRefCitation>
) but later transferred to the subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB169A25DFE50FE6AFCF6FE65" authority="Otsuka et al. 2003" authorityName="Otsuka et al." authorityYear="2003" box="[492,864,422,447]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFE50FE6AFDC0FE64" box="[492,598,422,446]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="92734B48B169A25DFDD0FE6AFCCEFE65" author="Otsuka" box="[620,856,422,447]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refString="Otsuka, Y., Takaoka, H., Aoki, C. &amp; Choochote, W. (2003) Phylogenetic analysis of the subgenus Himalayum within the genus Simulium s. l. (Diptera: Simuliidae) using mitochondrial 16 S rRNA gene sequences. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 54 (1), 113 - 120." type="journal article" year="2003">
Otsuka 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFD70FE6BFC92FE64" box="[716,772,422,446]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al</emphasis>
. 2003
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The females of this species are known to be anthropophilic (Choochote 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFE6EFE07FD93FE39" box="[466,517,459,483]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al</emphasis>
. 2005) and to transmit an unknown filarial parasite in 
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B169A25DFB37FE06FB79FE39" box="[1163,1263,458,483]" name="Thailand" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Thailand</collectingCountry>
(Fukuda 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFADCFE07FA03FE39" box="[1376,1429,459,483]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">et al</emphasis>
. 2003). This species was recorded from 
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B169A25DFDDFFE22FD54FDDD" box="[611,706,494,519]" name="Vietnam" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="92734B48B169A25DFD4DFE22FBDEFDDD" author="Crosskey" box="[753,1096,494,519]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" refString="Crosskey, R. W. &amp; Howard, T. H. (1997) A New Taxonomic and Geographical Inventory of World Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Natural History Museum, London, 144 pp." type="book" year="1997">Crosskey and Howard (1997)</bibRefCitation>
. However, data including the material collected and its locality were not given.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B169A25DFF2BFDB2FCCAFD4D" blockId="95.[151,860,638,664]" box="[151,860,638,664]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFF2BFDB2FCCAFD4D" bold="true" box="[151,860,638,664]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB169A25DFF2BFDB2FD6DFD42" authority="Takaoka &amp; Pham" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Pham" box="[151,763,638,664]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turgidum" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFF2BFDB2FE99FD42" bold="true" box="[151,271,638,664]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFEA3FDB2FE00FD42" bold="true" box="[287,406,638,664]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Simulium</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFE1BFDB2FD8EFD42" bold="true" box="[423,536,638,664]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">turgidum</emphasis>
Takaoka &amp; Pham
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DFA557D0B169A25DFCBEFDB3FCCAFD4D" box="[770,860,639,664]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BEF86532B169A263FF2BFD09FF65F83E" lastPageId="97" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" type="description">
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B169A25DFF2BFD09FE35F8E0" blockId="95.[151,1437,709,2030]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFF2BFD09FF78FD04" bold="true" box="[151,238,709,734]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Female</emphasis>
. Body length 
<quantity id="311A9B5CB169A25DFE37FD0AFE72FD07" box="[395,484,710,734]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="3.3">3.3 mm</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFE52FD09FDBAFD04" bold="true" box="[494,556,709,734]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Head</emphasis>
. Nearly as in female of 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB169A25DFC8BFD0AFC6FFD07" box="[823,1017,709,734]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laocaiense" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFC8BFD0AFCD3FD07" box="[823,837,710,733]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFCE0FD0AFCFCFD07" box="[860,874,710,733]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">S</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFC3DFD09FC6FFD07" box="[897,1017,709,733]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">laocaiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFC43FD09FBCFFD07" bold="true" box="[1023,1113,709,734]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DFA557D0B169A25DFC43FD09FBCFFD07" box="[1023,1113,709,734]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
except following characters: Frontal ratio 1.2:1.0:1.0, frons:head ratio 1.0:4.3. Labrum 0.7 times length of clypeus. Antenna: first flagellomere 1.36 times length of second one. Maxillary palp: proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0:1.3:3.4; third segment (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB169A25DFE6BFCFDFDBBFC90" box="[471,557,817,842]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="96.[151,250,1719,1741]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@96.[151,1436,193,1698]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="FIGURE 41. Female of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F, Arm of genital fork showing anterodorsal triangular projection; G &amp; H, Paraprocts and cerci (G, ventral view; H, lateral view). I, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – I." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571650/files/figure.png" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
A) with apex somewhat produced medially, with medium-sized ellipsoidal sensory vesicle (0.4 times length of third segment) having large or medium-sized opening. Maxillary lacinia with12–13 inner and 13 or 14 outer teeth. Mandible with 25 inner and 12 or 13 outer teeth. Cibarium (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB169A25DFA92FCB5FA17FC48" box="[1326,1409,889,914]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="96.[151,250,1719,1741]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@96.[151,1436,193,1698]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="FIGURE 41. Female of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F, Arm of genital fork showing anterodorsal triangular projection; G &amp; H, Paraprocts and cerci (G, ventral view; H, lateral view). I, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – I." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571650/files/figure.png" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
B) with 38 minute processes near posterodorsal margin. 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFCB4FC51FCC8FC6C" bold="true" box="[776,862,925,950]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Thorax</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFCCCFC52FC63FC6C" bold="true" box="[880,1013,925,950]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Legs, Wing</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFB88FC51FB12FC6C" bold="true" box="[1076,1156,925,950]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB169A25DFB88FC51FB16FC6C" box="[1076,1152,925,950]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Halter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Halter</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
As in female of 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB169A25DFAE8FC52FE99FC03" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laocaiense" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFAE8FC52FAF4FC6F" box="[1364,1378,926,949]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFAC1FC52FA1DFC6F" box="[1405,1419,926,949]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">S</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFF2BFC0DFE99FC03" box="[151,271,961,985]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">laocaiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFEA9FC0DFEF9FC03" bold="true" box="[277,367,961,986]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DFA557D0B169A25DFEA9FC0DFEF9FC03" box="[277,367,961,986]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
except following characters: Scutum covered with yellow short hairs. Fore tibia whitish yellow except apical one-fifth brownish black, and little more than apical two-fifths of inner surface light brown to brownish black. Fore basitarsus greatly dilated, 5.8 times as long as its greatest width. Mid tarsus light to medium brown except basal one-third to one-half of basitarsus yellow (though its border not well defined). Hind basitarsus (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB169A25DFF23FB9DFF64FBB0" box="[159,242,1105,1130]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="96.[151,250,1719,1741]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@96.[151,1436,193,1698]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="FIGURE 41. Female of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F, Arm of genital fork showing anterodorsal triangular projection; G &amp; H, Paraprocts and cerci (G, ventral view; H, lateral view). I, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – I." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571650/files/figure.png" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
C) gradually widened toward apical one-third, then slightly narrowed toward apex, 5.6 times as long as wide, and 0.8 and 0.7 times as wide as greatest widths of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB169A25DFA92FBB9FA16FB54" box="[1326,1408,1141,1166]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="96.[151,250,1719,1741]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@96.[151,1436,193,1698]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="FIGURE 41. Female of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F, Arm of genital fork showing anterodorsal triangular projection; G &amp; H, Paraprocts and cerci (G, ventral view; H, lateral view). I, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – I." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571650/files/figure.png" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
C) moderately developed, 0.7 times as long as wide, and 0.5 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB169A25DFF23FB71FF64FB0C" box="[159,242,1213,1238]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="96.[151,250,1719,1741]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@96.[151,1436,193,1698]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="FIGURE 41. Female of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F, Arm of genital fork showing anterodorsal triangular projection; G &amp; H, Paraprocts and cerci (G, ventral view; H, lateral view). I, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – I." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571650/files/figure.png" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
C) well developed. Wing length 
<quantity id="311A9B5CB169A25DFDD7FB72FD51FB0F" box="[619,711,1214,1238]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" unit="mm" value="3.1">3.1 mm</quantity>
. Subcosta haired except near apex bare. 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFB21FB71FA9DFB0C" bold="true" box="[1181,1291,1213,1238]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Basal scale medium brown to brownish black, with fringe of yellowish hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium brown to black; tergite 2 shiny and white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles and tergites 6–9 shiny. Ventral surface light brown except basal portion of segment 2 white; sternal plate on segment 7 indistinct. 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB169A25DFB1DFAE5FA89FA98" box="[1185,1311,1321,1346]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFB1DFAE5FA89FA98" bold="true" box="[1185,1311,1321,1346]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Terminalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Sternite 8 (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB169A25DFF23FA81FF67FABC" box="[159,241,1357,1382]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="96.[151,250,1719,1741]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@96.[151,1436,193,1698]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="FIGURE 41. Female of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F, Arm of genital fork showing anterodorsal triangular projection; G &amp; H, Paraprocts and cerci (G, ventral view; H, lateral view). I, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – I." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571650/files/figure.png" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
D) with 11 or 12 dark-brown medium-long to long stout hairs and three to six yellow short hairs on each lateral surface. Ovipositor valve (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB169A25DFDAAFABDFDFEFA50" box="[534,616,1393,1418]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="96.[151,250,1719,1741]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@96.[151,1436,193,1698]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="FIGURE 41. Female of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F, Arm of genital fork showing anterodorsal triangular projection; G &amp; H, Paraprocts and cerci (G, ventral view; H, lateral view). I, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – I." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571650/files/figure.png" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
D) wide, somewhat thick except narrow areas along inner and posterior margins thin and transparent, somewhat rounded ventrally, densely covered with microsetae (except narrow transparent portions along inner and posterior margins bare) interspersed with 22–25 yellow short hairs; inner margins somewhat separated from each other. Genital fork (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB169A25DFCECFA11FC33FA2C" box="[848,933,1501,1526]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="96.[151,250,1719,1741]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@96.[151,1436,193,1698]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="FIGURE 41. Female of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F, Arm of genital fork showing anterodorsal triangular projection; G &amp; H, Paraprocts and cerci (G, ventral view; H, lateral view). I, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – I." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571650/files/figure.png" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
E, F) of inverted-Y form, with narrow well sclerotized stem; arms of moderate width, each with heavily sclerotized lateral portion, with short projection directed anterodorsally. Paraproct in ventral view (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB169A25DFD77F9E9FC8DF9E4" box="[715,795,1573,1598]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="96.[151,250,1719,1741]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@96.[151,1436,193,1698]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="FIGURE 41. Female of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F, Arm of genital fork showing anterodorsal triangular projection; G &amp; H, Paraprocts and cerci (G, ventral view; H, lateral view). I, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – I." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571650/files/figure.png" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
G) nearly quadrate, 1.2 times as long as its width, with 23 or 24 short to medium-long hairs on lateral and ventral surfaces; anterior surface strongly sclerotized and pigmented, and with four or five short sensilla; paraproct in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB169A25DFC6FF9A1FBB5F95C" box="[979,1059,1645,1670]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="96.[151,250,1719,1741]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@96.[151,1436,193,1698]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="FIGURE 41. Female of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F, Arm of genital fork showing anterodorsal triangular projection; G &amp; H, Paraprocts and cerci (G, ventral view; H, lateral view). I, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – I." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571650/files/figure.png" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
H) 0.7 times as long as wide, and protruding ventrally beyond ventral margin of cercus. Cercus in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB169A25DFC4FF95DFBD5F970" box="[1011,1091,1681,1706]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="96.[151,250,1719,1741]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@96.[151,1436,193,1698]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="FIGURE 41. Female of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F, Arm of genital fork showing anterodorsal triangular projection; G &amp; H, Paraprocts and cerci (G, ventral view; H, lateral view). I, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – I." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571650/files/figure.png" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
H) short, rectangular, 0.6 times as long as wide, with numerous short to medium-long hairs. Spermatheca (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB169A25DFC5AF979FBAEF914" box="[998,1080,1717,1742]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="96.[151,250,1719,1741]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@96.[151,1436,193,1698]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="FIGURE 41. Female of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F, Arm of genital fork showing anterodorsal triangular projection; G &amp; H, Paraprocts and cerci (G, ventral view; H, lateral view). I, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – I." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571650/files/figure.png" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
Fig. 
<date id="825C1079B169A25DFBA7F97AFBAEF914" box="[1051,1080,1718,1742]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" value="1941-01">41</date>
</figureCitation>
I) globular, 1.1 times as long as greatest width, well sclerotized except small portion of junction with duct unsclerotized, with faintly defined reticulate surface patterns; internal setae present; accessory ducts subequal in thickness to each other, and slightly thicker than major duct.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B169A25DFF7BF889FE1EF884" blockId="95.[151,1437,709,2030]" box="[199,392,1861,1886]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFF7BF889FE92F884" bold="true" box="[199,260,1861,1886]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Male</emphasis>
. Unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B169A263FF7BF8A5FC85FBB4" blockId="95.[151,1437,709,2030]" lastBlockId="97.[151,1437,151,2020]" lastPageId="97" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFF7BF8A5FE93F858" bold="true" box="[199,261,1897,1922]" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Pupa</emphasis>
. Body length (excluding gill filaments) 4.0 mm. 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFC82F8A5FC15F85B" box="[830,899,1897,1922]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFC82F8A5FCEAF858" bold="true" box="[830,892,1897,1922]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Head</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Integument dark brown except ventral surface ochreous, and bare, without tubercles (though surface appearing to have micro-sculptures formed by numerous fine ridges); frons with two bifid medium-long trichomes (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB169A25DFC9CF87DFCECF810" box="[800,890,1969,1994]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="98.[151,250,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[222,1380,213,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@98.[173,1397,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="FIGURE 42. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Frontal trichome; B, Facial trichome; C – G, Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F &amp; G, ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta and minute seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K &amp; L, Cocoons (K, dorsal view; L, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for K and L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G, I and J." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571651/files/figure.png" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
A); face with one bifid or trifid medium-long trichome on each side (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB169A25DFE21F819FE64F834" box="[413,498,2005,2030]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="98.[151,250,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[222,1380,213,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@98.[173,1397,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="FIGURE 42. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Frontal trichome; B, Facial trichome; C – G, Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F &amp; G, ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta and minute seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K &amp; L, Cocoons (K, dorsal view; L, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for K and L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G, I and J." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571651/files/figure.png" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
B). 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFDA4F819FDE3F837" box="[536,629,2005,2030]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB169A25DFDA4F819FDF8F834" bold="true" box="[536,622,2005,2030]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="96">Thorax</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Integument dark brown except wing sheaths ochreous, and bare except dorsal surface of posterior half sparsely to moderately covered with round tubercles and basal portions of gills densely covered with tubercles having minute secondary projections (though bare surface appearing to have microsculptures formed by numerous fine ridges); thorax with three long anterodorsal trichomes with four to six branches (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB157A263FEB3FECEFEF1FEC1" box="[271,359,258,283]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="98.[151,250,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[222,1380,213,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@98.[173,1397,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="FIGURE 42. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Frontal trichome; B, Facial trichome; C – G, Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F &amp; G, ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta and minute seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K &amp; L, Cocoons (K, dorsal view; L, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for K and L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G, I and J." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571651/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
C), two long or medium-long anterolateral trichomes with four branches (anterior one little shorter than posterior one) (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB157A263FE70FEE9FDB6FEE4" box="[460,544,293,318]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="98.[151,250,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[222,1380,213,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@98.[173,1397,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="FIGURE 42. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Frontal trichome; B, Facial trichome; C – G, Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F &amp; G, ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta and minute seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K &amp; L, Cocoons (K, dorsal view; L, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for K and L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G, I and J." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571651/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
D), one unbranched or bifid medium-long mediolateral trichome (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB157A263FB40FEE9FAD8FEE4" box="[1276,1358,293,318]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="98.[151,250,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[222,1380,213,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@98.[173,1397,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="FIGURE 42. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Frontal trichome; B, Facial trichome; C – G, Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F &amp; G, ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta and minute seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K &amp; L, Cocoons (K, dorsal view; L, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for K and L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G, I and J." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571651/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
E), and three ventrolateral trichomes (two unbranched medium-long, one bifid in left side (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB157A263FBDAFE85FB2BFEBB" box="[1126,1213,329,354]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="98.[151,250,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[222,1380,213,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@98.[173,1397,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="FIGURE 42. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Frontal trichome; B, Facial trichome; C – G, Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F &amp; G, ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta and minute seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K &amp; L, Cocoons (K, dorsal view; L, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for K and L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G, I and J." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571651/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
F); one unbranched medium-long, one quadrifid medium-long, and one unbranched short (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB157A263FC06FEA0FB9BFE5F" box="[954,1037,364,389]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="98.[151,250,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[222,1380,213,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@98.[173,1397,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="FIGURE 42. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Frontal trichome; B, Facial trichome; C – G, Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F &amp; G, ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta and minute seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K &amp; L, Cocoons (K, dorsal view; L, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for K and L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G, I and J." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571651/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
G) in right side), on each side. Gill (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB157A263FF23FE5CFF62FE72" box="[159,244,400,425]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="98.[151,250,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[222,1380,213,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@98.[173,1397,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="FIGURE 42. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Frontal trichome; B, Facial trichome; C – G, Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F &amp; G, ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta and minute seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K &amp; L, Cocoons (K, dorsal view; L, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for K and L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G, I and J." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571651/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
H) with six somewhat inflated filaments in pairs; common basal stalk short, with small basal fenestra ventrally; all pairs almost sessile; outer filament of dorsal pair longest (
<quantity id="311A9B5CB157A263FC13FE78FB90FE11" box="[943,1030,436,460]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8 mm</quantity>
long), followed by inner filament of dorsal pair and outer filament of middle pair (
<quantity id="311A9B5CB157A263FD14FE1BFC97FE35" box="[680,769,471,495]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
long), inner filament of middle pair and outer filament of ventral pair (
<quantity id="311A9B5CB157A263FE95FE37FE17FDC8" box="[297,385,507,531]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
long), and inner filament of ventral pair (1.0 mm long); each filament widened from base to basal one-fifth to one-third, then tapered toward apex; relative thickness of six filaments from dorsal to ventral when widest portion compared 1.0:0.9:0.9:0.8:0.7:0.6; all filaments dark brown, gradually tapered toward apex; outer filament of dorsal pair and inner filament of ventral pair divergent basally at angle of 60 degrees; cuticular surface with well-defined annular ridges and furrows throughout their length forming definite reticulate surface patterns, covered with minute tubercles. 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB157A263FDC9FD60FD7DFD1E" box="[629,747,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB157A263FDC9FD60FD75FD1F" bold="true" box="[629,739,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Abdomen</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Dorsally, entire surface of segment 1 and anterior half of segment 2 light brown, other segments unpigmented; segment 1 sparsely covered with minute spines laterally, with one unbranched slender medium-long seta (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB157A263FD30FD3FFD49FCD1" box="[652,735,755,780]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="98.[151,250,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[222,1380,213,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@98.[173,1397,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="FIGURE 42. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Frontal trichome; B, Facial trichome; C – G, Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F &amp; G, ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta and minute seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K &amp; L, Cocoons (K, dorsal view; L, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for K and L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G, I and J." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571651/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
Fig. 
<date id="825C1079B157A263FD7EFD3FFD49FCD1" box="[706,735,755,779]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" value="1942-01">42</date>
</figureCitation>
I) on each side; segment 2 covered with comb-like groups of minute spines submedially, with one unbranched slender short seta and five unbranched minute setae, of which four are stout (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB157A263FEF6FCF5FE34FC88" box="[330,418,825,850]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="98.[151,250,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[222,1380,213,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@98.[173,1397,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="FIGURE 42. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Frontal trichome; B, Facial trichome; C – G, Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F &amp; G, ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta and minute seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K &amp; L, Cocoons (K, dorsal view; L, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for K and L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G, I and J." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571651/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
J), on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with four unbranched hooked spines and one unbranched minute seta on each side; segments 7 and 8 each with spine-combs in transverse row on each side; segments 6–9 each with comb-like groups of minute spines; segment 9 without terminal hooks. Ventrally, all segments unpigmented; segment 4 with one unbranched hook and few short setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of unbranched or bifid hooks submedially and few unbranched short seta on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and unbranched outer hooks widely spaced and few unbranched short seta on each side; segments 3–8 each with comb-like groups of minute spines. Grapnel-like hooklets absent. 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB157A263FB20FBC2FB62FBFD" bold="true" box="[1180,1268,1038,1063]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Cocoon</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB157A263FAB9FBC2FACFFBFD" box="[1285,1369,1038,1063]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="98.[151,250,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[222,1380,213,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@98.[173,1397,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="FIGURE 42. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Frontal trichome; B, Facial trichome; C – G, Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F &amp; G, ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta and minute seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K &amp; L, Cocoons (K, dorsal view; L, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for K and L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G, I and J." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571651/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
K, L). Wall-pocket-shaped, thickly woven, with anterolateral windows, ochreous, not extended ventrolaterally; individual threads invisible; 4.0– 
<quantity id="311A9B5CB157A263FE33FB9AFE73FBB7" box="[399,485,1110,1134]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="4.2">4.2 mm</quantity>
long by 
<quantity id="311A9B5CB157A263FDFBFB99FD58FBB7" box="[583,718,1109,1134]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="1.7" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.6">1.6–1.8 mm</quantity>
wide.
</paragraph>
<caption id="A29D6631B156A262FF2BF97BFE3CF892" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571650/files/figure.png" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" targetBox="[185,1390,193,1649]" targetPageId="96">
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B156A262FF2BF97BFE3CF892" blockId="96.[151,1436,1719,1864]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB156A262FF2BF97BFEB6F916" bold="true" box="[151,288,1719,1741]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">FIGURE 41.</emphasis>
Female of 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB156A262FE28F97BFD5BF917" box="[404,717,1719,1741]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turgidum" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB156A262FE28F97BFE65F917" box="[404,499,1719,1741]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB156A262FDBFF97BFDF5F917" box="[515,611,1719,1741]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">Simulium</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB156A262FDCDF97BFD5BF917" box="[625,717,1719,1741]" italics="true" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">turgidum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB156A262FD68F97BFCB0F916" bold="true" box="[724,806,1719,1740]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DFA557D0B156A262FD68F97BFCB0F916" box="[724,806,1719,1740]" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F, Arm of genital fork showing anterodorsal triangular projection; G &amp; H, Paraprocts and cerci (G, ventral view; H, lateral view). I, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D–I.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B157A263FF7BFBB5FF65F83E" blockId="97.[151,1437,151,2020]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB157A263FF7BFBB5FEF0FB48" bold="true" box="[199,358,1145,1170]" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Mature larva</emphasis>
. Body length 
<quantity id="311A9B5CB157A263FDBAFBB5FD07FB4B" box="[518,657,1145,1170]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="6.7" pageId="97" pageNumber="98" unit="mm" value="7.1" valueMax="7.5" valueMin="6.7">6.7–7.5 mm</quantity>
. Body ochreous or partially reddish brown, mottled to varying extent with grayish-black to black pigment except ventral surface of abdominal segments 3–9 unpigmented. 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB157A263FAEBFB50FA03FB6F" bold="true" box="[1367,1429,1180,1205]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Head</emphasis>
. Cephalic apotome (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB157A263FEC9FB73FE51FB02" box="[373,455,1215,1240]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="99.[151,250,1069,1091]" captionTargetBox="[172,1390,202,1044]" captionTargetId="figure@99.[151,1436,193,1048]" captionTargetPageId="99" captionText="FIGURE 43. Larva of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A &amp; B, Head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, Antenna; D, Mandible; E, Hypostoma. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A and B; 0.05 mm for C and E; 0.02 mm for D." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571652/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
A) whitish yellow on little more than anterior half and light to medium brown on rest (though small medial area in front of posterior margin dark brown); posterior spot of mediolongitudinal spots and posterior half of each mediolateral spot dark brown, anterior spot of mediolongitudinal spots light brown, and other spots indistinct, merged into dark background, or anterior spot of posterolateral spots on each side faintly negative. Lateral surface of head capsule light to medium brown except eye-spot region, eyebrow and median small area along anterior margin yellowish white, with faint or distinct negative spots except one small spot below eye-spot region light brown. Ventral surface of head capsule (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB157A263FD40FA58FCC7FA77" box="[764,849,1428,1453]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="99.[151,250,1069,1091]" captionTargetBox="[172,1390,202,1044]" captionTargetId="figure@99.[151,1436,193,1048]" captionTargetPageId="99" captionText="FIGURE 43. Larva of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A &amp; B, Head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, Antenna; D, Mandible; E, Hypostoma. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A and B; 0.05 mm for C and E; 0.02 mm for D." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571652/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
B) light to medium brown except postgenal bridge lighter medially, and elongate spot on each side of cleft indistinct, merged into dark background. Antenna (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB157A263FAD3FA74FF22FA2E" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="99.[151,250,1069,1091]" captionTargetBox="[172,1390,202,1044]" captionTargetId="figure@99.[151,1436,193,1048]" captionTargetPageId="99" captionText="FIGURE 43. Larva of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A &amp; B, Head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, Antenna; D, Mandible; E, Hypostoma. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A and B; 0.05 mm for C and E; 0.02 mm for D." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571652/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
C) composed of three articles and apical sensillum, slightly longer than stem of labral fan; antenna yellowish white except third segment dark brown; length ratio of articles (from base to tip) 1.0:1.2–1.3:0.5. Labral fan with 49–51 primary rays. Mandible (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB157A263FE45F9EEFDDCF9E1" box="[505,586,1570,1595]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="99.[151,250,1069,1091]" captionTargetBox="[172,1390,202,1044]" captionTargetId="figure@99.[151,1436,193,1048]" captionTargetPageId="99" captionText="FIGURE 43. Larva of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A &amp; B, Head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, Antenna; D, Mandible; E, Hypostoma. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A and B; 0.05 mm for C and E; 0.02 mm for D." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571652/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
D) with mandibular serration composed of two teeth (one medium-sized and one small); major tooth at obtuse angle apically against mandible; comb-teeth decreasing in length from first to third; supernumerary serrations absent. Hypostoma (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB157A263FD4BF9A5FCDAF958" box="[759,844,1641,1666]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="99.[151,250,1069,1091]" captionTargetBox="[172,1390,202,1044]" captionTargetId="figure@99.[151,1436,193,1048]" captionTargetPageId="99" captionText="FIGURE 43. Larva of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A &amp; B, Head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, Antenna; D, Mandible; E, Hypostoma. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A and B; 0.05 mm for C and E; 0.02 mm for D." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571652/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
E) with nine anterior teeth, of which median tooth slightly longer than each corner tooth; lateral margins weakly serrate apically; seven or eight hypostomal bristles divergent posteriorly from lateral border on each side. Postgenal cleft (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB157A263FC6BF97CFBBBF913" box="[983,1069,1712,1737]" captionStart="FIGURE 43" captionStartId="99.[151,250,1069,1091]" captionTargetBox="[172,1390,202,1044]" captionTargetId="figure@99.[151,1436,193,1048]" captionTargetPageId="99" captionText="FIGURE 43. Larva of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A &amp; B, Head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, Antenna; D, Mandible; E, Hypostoma. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A and B; 0.05 mm for C and E; 0.02 mm for D." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571652/files/figure.png" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Fig. 43</figureCitation>
B) medium-long, triangular, 1.4 times length of postgenal bridge; sheath of subesophageal ganglion well pigmented, wine-glass-shaped. Cervical sclerites on each side composed of one light-brown elliptical piece, not fused to occiput. 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB157A263FB2AF93BFB7AF8CA" bold="true" box="[1174,1260,1783,1808]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Thorax</emphasis>
and 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB157A263FA9AF93BFA02F8CA" bold="true" box="[1318,1428,1783,1808]" italics="true" pageId="97" pageNumber="98">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Thoracic and abdominal cuticle bare except last segment of abdomen moderately covered with short colorless setae on each side of anal sclerite. Rectal scales present. Rectal organ compound, each of three lobes with 23–25 fingerlike secondary lobules. Anal sclerite X-shaped, with broadened anterior arms 0.7–0.9 times length of posterior ones; no sensilla on base of anal sclerite and 12 sensilla posterior to posterior arms. Last abdominal segment bulged laterally but lacking ventral papillae. Posterior circlet with 104–110 rows of hooklets with up to 17 or 18 hooklets per row.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph id="F65D36B9B154A260FF2BF896FD7FF830" blockId="98.[151,1436,1882,2026]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB154A260FF2BF896FEB3F8B5" bold="true" box="[151,293,1882,1904]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">FIGURE 42.</emphasis>
Pupa of 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB154A260FE2CF896FD42F8AA" box="[400,724,1882,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turgidum" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB154A260FE2CF896FE79F8AA" box="[400,495,1882,1904]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB154A260FDB8F896FDF2F8AA" box="[516,612,1882,1904]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">Simulium</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB154A260FDC4F896FD42F8AA" box="[632,724,1882,1904]" italics="true" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">turgidum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB154A260FD5CF896FCA0F8AA" bold="true" box="[736,822,1882,1904]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DFA557D0B154A260FD5CF896FCA0F8AA" box="[736,822,1882,1904]" pageId="98" pageNumber="99" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A, Frontal trichome; B, Facial trichome; C–G, Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F &amp; G, ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta and minute seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K &amp; L, Cocoons (K, dorsal view; L, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for K and L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A–G, I and J.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="A29D6631B155A261FF2BFBE1FB64FBB8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571652/files/figure.png" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" targetBox="[172,1390,202,1044]" targetPageId="99">
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B155A261FF2BFBE1FB64FBB8" blockId="99.[151,1435,1069,1122]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FF2BFBE1FEB7FB98" bold="true" box="[151,289,1069,1091]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">FIGURE 43.</emphasis>
Larva of 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB155A261FE36FBE1FD51FB99" box="[394,711,1069,1091]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turgidum" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FE36FBE1FE7CFB99" box="[394,490,1069,1091]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FE47FBE1FDCCFB99" box="[507,602,1069,1091]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Simulium</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FDD7FBE1FD51FB99" box="[619,711,1069,1091]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">turgidum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FD73FBE2FCB4FB99" bold="true" box="[719,802,1070,1091]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DFA557D0B155A261FD73FBE2FCB4FB99" box="[719,802,1070,1091]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A &amp; B, Head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, Antenna; D, Mandible; E, Hypostoma. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A and B; 0.05 mm for C and E; 0.02 mm for D.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="BEF86532B155A261FF7BFB42FBB0F9A5" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B155A261FF7BFB42FEDEF9C8" blockId="99.[151,1437,1166,2026]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<materialsCitation id="468A3CE4B155A261FF7BFB42FDE1FAE2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1500194450" collectingDate="2014-12-20" collectionCode="UMSRP" collectorName="Vietnam" country="Vietnam" county="Female" elevation="2" location="Sapa" municipality="Takaoka" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="Lao Cai Province" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FF7BFB42FEF8FB7D" bold="true" box="[199,366,1166,1191]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<typeStatus id="2959881BB155A261FF7BFB42FE94FB7D" box="[199,258,1166,1191]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Type</typeStatus>
material
</emphasis>
. 
<typeStatus id="2959881BB155A261FEC1FB43FD83FB7D" box="[381,533,1167,1191]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
: Female (with its associated pupal exuviae and cocoon) in 80% ethanol, labeled in a vial as [
<collectionCode id="90F3AE7CB155A261FE8FFB7FFE0FFB11" box="[307,409,1203,1227]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">UMSRP</collectionCode>
: 
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B155A261FE15FB7FFD9EFB16" box="[425,520,1203,1228]" name="Vietnam" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
0 36, 
<typeStatus id="2959881BB155A261FDEEFB7FFD2BFB16" box="[594,701,1203,1228]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB155A261FD72FB7FFC77FB11" box="[718,993,1203,1227]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turgidum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FD72FB7FFCAEFB11" box="[718,824,1203,1227]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FCF1FB7FFCCDFB10" box="[845,859,1203,1226]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FCC4FB7FFC77FB11" box="[888,993,1203,1227]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">turgidum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FC5DFB7FFC73FB11" box="[993,997,1203,1227]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">,</emphasis>
<collectingCounty id="1F3C4E35B155A261FC4EFB7FFBD1FB16" box="[1010,1095,1203,1228]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Female</collectingCounty>
, coll. 
<collectorName id="5B17536FB155A261FB29FB7FFB61FB16" box="[1173,1271,1203,1228]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Vietnam</collectorName>
, 
<date id="825C1079B155A261FAB4FB7FFA0EFB11" box="[1288,1432,1203,1227]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" value="2014-12-20">
<collectingDate id="9218E991B155A261FAB4FB7FFA0EFB11" box="[1288,1432,1203,1227]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" value="2014-12-20">20-XII-2014</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="1639ACC3B155A261FF2BFB1BFF63FB2A" box="[151,245,1239,1264]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Takaoka</collectingMunicipality>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FF43FB14FEACFB35" box="[255,314,1239,1263]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">et al.</emphasis>
], reared from a pupa collected from a stream (width 
<quantity id="311A9B5CB155A261FC18FB1BFB8FFB35" box="[932,1049,1239,1264]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="1.5" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="0.5">
<elevation id="7DCFD18AB155A261FC18FB1BFB8FFB35" box="[932,1049,1239,1264]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="1.5" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="0.5">0.5–2.5 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, bottom rocky, water temperature 10.0˚C, exposed to the sun, 
<elevation id="7DCFD18AB155A261FE6EFB37FD09FAC9" box="[466,671,1275,1300]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8119999999999998" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="1812.0">
elevation 
<quantity id="311A9B5CB155A261FDFDFB30FD09FAC9" box="[577,671,1276,1300]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8119999999999998" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="1812.0">1,812 m</quantity>
</elevation>
, 22˚21’27.450”N/103˚46’35.743”E) moderately flowing in a forest, 
<location id="F33D6062B155A261FF2BFAECFF46FAE2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E4B87AFB169A266FF2BFF5BFC52FEC6:F33D6062B155A261FF2BFAECFF46FAE2" box="[151,208,1312,1336]" country="Vietnam" county="Female" municipality="Takaoka" name="Sapa" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" stateProvince="Lao Cai Province">Sapa</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="3426F85BB155A261FF60FAECFE35FAE2" box="[220,419,1311,1336]" country="Vietnam" name="Lao Cai" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
Lao 
<collectingRegion id="3426F85BB155A261FEB3FAD3FE35FAE2" box="[271,419,1311,1336]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Cai Province</collectingRegion>
</collectingRegion>
, 
<location id="F33D6062B155A261FE13FAD3FDE1FAE2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E4B87AFB169A266FF2BFF5BFC52FEC6:F33D6062B155A261FE13FAD3FDE1FAE2" box="[431,631,1311,1336]" country="Vietnam" county="Female" municipality="Takaoka" name="northern Vietnam" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" stateProvince="Lao Cai Province">northern Vietnam</location>
</materialsCitation>
, 
<date id="825C1079B155A261FD3EFAECFC85FAE2" box="[642,787,1312,1336]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" value="2014-12-20">20-XII-2014</date>
, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C.D. Chen &amp; K.W. Lau. 
<materialsCitation id="468A3CE4B155A261FE86FA89FAACFA10" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1500194460" collectingDate="2014-12-20" collectionCode="UMSRP" collectorName="Vietnam" country="Vietnam" county="Pupa" elevation="5" location="Sapa" municipality="Takaoka" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Lao Cai Province" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="2959881BB155A261FE86FA89FE4FFA87" box="[314,473,1349,1373]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="paratype">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
: One pupa in 80% ethanol, labeled in a vial as [
<collectionCode id="90F3AE7CB155A261FBA5FA89FBE9FA87" box="[1049,1151,1349,1373]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">UMSRP</collectionCode>
: 
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B155A261FB31FA88FB7AFA87" box="[1165,1260,1348,1373]" name="Vietnam" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
0 36, 
<typeStatus id="2959881BB155A261FA8FFA89FA0EFA87" box="[1331,1432,1349,1373]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
, 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB155A261FF2BFAA4FE08FA5A" box="[151,414,1384,1409]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turgidum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FF2BFAA4FE97FA5A" box="[151,257,1384,1408]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FEAEFAA5FEB6FA5A" box="[274,288,1385,1408]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FE84FAA4FE08FA5A" box="[312,414,1384,1408]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">turgidum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCounty id="1F3C4E35B155A261FE11FAA5FE7EFA5A" box="[429,488,1385,1408]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Pupa</collectingCounty>
, coll. 
<collectorName id="5B17536FB155A261FD91FAA4FD19FA5B" box="[557,655,1384,1409]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Vietnam</collectorName>
, 
<date id="825C1079B155A261FD27FAA5FCBAFA5B" box="[667,812,1385,1409]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" value="2014-12-20">
<collectingDate id="9218E991B155A261FD27FAA5FCBAFA5B" box="[667,812,1385,1409]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" value="2014-12-20">20-XII-2014</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="1639ACC3B155A261FC84FAA4FC00FA5B" box="[824,918,1384,1409]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Takaoka</collectingMunicipality>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FC22FAA5FC47FA5A" box="[926,977,1384,1408]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">et al</emphasis>
.], collected from a stream (width 
<quantity id="311A9B5CB155A261FAE8FAA4FA01FA5A" box="[1364,1431,1384,1409]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="0.5">
<elevation id="7DCFD18AB155A261FAE8FAA4FA01FA5A" box="[1364,1431,1384,1409]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="0.5">0.5 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, bottom rocky, water temperature 11.0˚C, exposed to the sun, 
<elevation id="7DCFD18AB155A261FC69FA40FB57FA7E" box="[981,1217,1420,1445]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="1750.0">
elevation 
<quantity id="311A9B5CB155A261FBEFFA40FB57FA7E" box="[1107,1217,1420,1445]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="1750.0">1,750 m</quantity>
</elevation>
, 22˚21’43.110”N/ 103˚47’19.221”E) moderately flowing in a secondary forest, 
<location id="F33D6062B155A261FCEEFA7DFC1DFA13" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E4B87AFB169A266FF2BFF5BFC52FEC6:F33D6062B155A261FCEEFA7DFC1DFA13" box="[850,907,1457,1481]" country="Vietnam" county="Pupa" municipality="Takaoka" name="Sapa" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" stateProvince="Lao Cai Province">Sapa</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="3426F85BB155A261FC24FA7EFBF5FA10" box="[920,1123,1457,1482]" country="Vietnam" name="Lao Cai" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
Lao 
<collectingRegion id="3426F85BB155A261FC71FA7DFBF5FA10" box="[973,1123,1457,1482]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Cai Province</collectingRegion>
</collectingRegion>
, 
<location id="F33D6062B155A261FBCCFA7DFAACFA10" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E4B87AFB169A266FF2BFF5BFC52FEC6:F33D6062B155A261FBCCFA7DFAACFA10" box="[1136,1338,1457,1482]" country="Vietnam" county="Pupa" municipality="Takaoka" name="northern Vietnam" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" stateProvince="Lao Cai Province">northern Vietnam</location>
</materialsCitation>
, 
<materialsCitation id="468A3CE4B155A261FAFBFA7DFED2F9C8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1500194470" collectingDate="2014-12-20" collectionCode="UMSRP" collectorName="H. Takaoka &amp; M. Sofian-Azirun &amp; Z. Ya'cob &amp; C. D. Chen &amp; K. W. Lau" country="Vietnam" county="Pupa" elevation="5" location="Sapa" municipality="Takaoka" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Lao Cai Province" typeStatus="holotype">
<date id="825C1079B155A261FAFBFA7DFF44FA34" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" value="2014-12-20">
<collectingDate id="9218E991B155A261FAFBFA7DFF44FA34" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" value="2014-12-20">20-XII- 2014</collectingDate>
</date>
, by 
<collectorName id="5B17536FB155A261FEBDFA1AFE13FA34" box="[257,389,1493,1518]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">H. Takaoka</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="5B17536FB155A261FE2DFA1AFDCDFA34" box="[401,603,1493,1518]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">M. Sofian-Azirun</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="5B17536FB155A261FDDBFA1AFD4FFA34" box="[615,729,1493,1518]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Z. Ya’cob</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="5B17536FB155A261FD59FA1AFCCBFA34" box="[741,861,1493,1518]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">C.D. Chen</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="5B17536FB155A261FC3EFA1AFC65FA37" box="[898,1011,1494,1517]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">K.W. Lau</collectorName>
; one mature larva, same data as those of the 
<typeStatus id="2959881BB155A261FF62FA35FED2F9C8" box="[222,324,1529,1554]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B155A261FF7BF9D1FBB0F9A5" blockId="99.[151,1437,1166,2026]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FF7BF9D1FE15F9EC" bold="true" box="[199,387,1565,1590]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Biological notes</emphasis>
. The pupae of 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB155A261FD93F9D2FD76F9EC" box="[559,736,1566,1590]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turgidum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FD93F9D2FDABF9EF" box="[559,573,1566,1589]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FDE9F9D2FDF5F9EF" box="[597,611,1566,1589]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FDC7F9D2FD76F9EC" box="[635,736,1566,1590]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">turgidum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were collected from trailing grasses. Associated species were 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB155A261FF2BF98EFEF7F980" box="[151,353,1602,1626]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrofilum" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Montisimulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FF2BF98EFF33F983" box="[151,165,1602,1625]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FF00F98FFF45F980" box="[188,211,1603,1626]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">M</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FF50F98EFEF7F980" box="[236,353,1602,1626]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">nigrofilum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FED4F98EFE55F983" bold="true" box="[360,451,1602,1627]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DFA557D0B155A261FED4F98EFE55F983" box="[360,451,1602,1627]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB155A261FE6DF98EFD31F980" box="[465,679,1602,1626]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laichauense" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Nevrmannia">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FE6DF98EFE49F983" box="[465,479,1602,1625]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FE4BF98FFD87F980" box="[503,529,1603,1626]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">N.</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FD9DF98EFD31F980" box="[545,679,1602,1626]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">laichauense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FD12F98EFC9FF983" bold="true" box="[686,777,1602,1627]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DFA557D0B155A261FD12F98EFC9FF983" box="[686,777,1602,1627]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB155A261FCABF98EFC5CF980" box="[791,970,1602,1626]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sapaense" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FCABF98EFCB3F983" box="[791,805,1602,1625]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FC81F98EFCDDF983" box="[829,843,1602,1625]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FCDFF98FFC5CF980" box="[867,970,1603,1626]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">sapaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FC6DF98EFBBDF983" bold="true" box="[977,1067,1602,1627]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DFA557D0B155A261FC6DF98EFBBDF983" box="[977,1067,1602,1627]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB155A261FB86F98EFB71F980" box="[1082,1255,1602,1626]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="giayense" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FB86F98EFBDEF983" box="[1082,1096,1602,1625]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FBDCF98EFBF8F983" box="[1120,1134,1602,1625]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FB39F98FFB71F980" box="[1157,1255,1603,1626]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">giayense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FB53F98EFADFF983" bold="true" box="[1263,1353,1602,1627]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DFA557D0B155A261FB53F98EFADFF983" box="[1263,1353,1602,1627]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FAE4F98EFAFBF983" box="[1368,1389,1602,1625]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FAC1F98EFA05F983" box="[1405,1427,1602,1625]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S.</emphasis>
) sp. (
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB155A261FF7BF9ABFEECF9A4" box="[199,378,1638,1662]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multistriatum">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FF7BF9ABFF43F9A4" box="[199,213,1639,1662]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FF5FF9AAFEECF9A4" box="[227,378,1638,1662]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">multistriatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group) and 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FDE0F9ABFDE7F9A4" box="[604,625,1639,1662]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FD3DF9ABFD00F9A4" box="[641,662,1639,1662]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S.</emphasis>
) sp. (
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB155A261FD6BF9ABFCE5F9A4" box="[727,883,1639,1662]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="variegatum">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FD6BF9ABFD73F9A4" box="[727,741,1639,1662]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FD4FF9ABFCE5F9A4" box="[755,883,1639,1662]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">variegatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BEF86532B155A261FF7BF946FDD6F979" box="[199,576,1674,1699]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B155A261FF7BF946FDD6F979" blockId="99.[151,1437,1166,2026]" box="[199,576,1674,1699]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FF7BF946FECFF979" bold="true" box="[199,345,1674,1699]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Distribution</emphasis>
. 
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B155A261FEDBF946FE50F979" box="[359,454,1674,1699]" name="Vietnam" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="3426F85BB155A261FE69F947FDA2F979" box="[469,564,1674,1699]" country="Vietnam" name="Lao Cai" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Lao Cai</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BEF86532B155A261FF7BF962FDA0F936" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B155A261FF7BF962FDA0F936" blockId="99.[151,1437,1166,2026]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FF7BF962FED0F91D" bold="true" box="[199,326,1710,1735]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Etymology</emphasis>
. The species name 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB155A261FD8CF963FD03F91D" box="[560,661,1711,1735]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turgidum">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FD8CF963FD03F91D" box="[560,661,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">turgidum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
refers to the inflated gill filaments of this new species. The Latin adjective ‘turgidus’ means ‘inflated’.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BEF86532B155A266FF7BF93BFC52FEC6" lastPageId="100" lastPageNumber="101" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B155A261FF7BF93BFD6EF883" blockId="99.[151,1437,1166,2026]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FF7BF93BFEA2F8CA" bold="true" box="[199,308,1783,1808]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Remarks</emphasis>
. As for 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB155A261FE27F934FDF0F8D5" box="[411,614,1783,1808]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laocaiense" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FE27F934FE3FF8D5" box="[411,425,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FE78F934FE44F8D5" box="[452,466,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FE52F93BFDF0F8D5" box="[494,614,1783,1807]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">laocaiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FDCCF93BFD58F8D5" bold="true" box="[624,718,1783,1808]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DFA557D0B155A261FDCCF93BFD58F8D5" box="[624,718,1783,1808]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB155A261FD5CF934FC0EF8D5" box="[736,920,1783,1808]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turgidum" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FD5CF934FD63F8D5" box="[736,757,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FCB5F934FC81F8D5" box="[777,791,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FC8FF93BFC0EF8D5" box="[819,920,1783,1807]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">turgidum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FC1FF93BFB97F8D5" bold="true" box="[931,1025,1783,1808]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DFA557D0B155A261FC1FF93BFB97F8D5" box="[931,1025,1783,1808]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
also is placed in the 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB155A261FAB8F934FA0AF8CA" box="[1284,1436,1784,1808]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="griseifrons">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FAB8F934FA0AF8CA" box="[1284,1436,1784,1808]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S. griseifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group based on the similarity of the female enlarged ovipositor valve (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB155A261FBB5F8D7FBCCF8EE" box="[1033,1114,1819,1844]" captionStart="FIGURE 41" captionStartId="96.[151,250,1719,1741]" captionTargetBox="[185,1390,193,1649]" captionTargetId="figure@96.[151,1436,193,1698]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="FIGURE 41. Female of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F, Arm of genital fork showing anterodorsal triangular projection; G &amp; H, Paraprocts and cerci (G, ventral view; H, lateral view). I, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – I." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571650/files/figure.png" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Fig. 41</figureCitation>
D) to that of 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB155A261FB50F8D0FA02F8EE" box="[1260,1428,1820,1844]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rudnicki" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FB50F8D0FB6CF8E9" box="[1260,1274,1820,1843]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FAAEF8D0FAB6F8E9" box="[1298,1312,1820,1843]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FA8BF8D0FA02F8EE" box="[1335,1428,1820,1844]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">rudnicki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is a member of the 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB155A261FE06F88CFDDBF882" box="[442,589,1856,1880]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="griseifrons">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FE06F88CFDDBF882" box="[442,589,1856,1880]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S. griseifrons</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B155A266FF7BF8A9FC52FEC6" blockId="99.[151,1437,1166,2026]" lastBlockId="100.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="100" lastPageNumber="101" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
In having inflated pupal gill filaments (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB155A261FD3DF8A8FD42F8A7" box="[641,724,1892,1917]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="98.[151,250,1882,1904]" captionTargetBox="[222,1380,213,1833]" captionTargetId="figure@98.[173,1397,193,1871]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="FIGURE 42. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) turgidum sp. nov. A, Frontal trichome; B, Facial trichome; C – G, Thoracic trichomes (C, anterodorsal; D, anterolateral; E, mediolateral; F &amp; G, ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta and minute seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K &amp; L, Cocoons (K, dorsal view; L, lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for K and L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G, I and J." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571651/files/figure.png" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Fig. 42</figureCitation>
H), this new species is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB155A261FBF6F8A9FF67F87B" authority="Luo, Yang &amp; Chen" authorityName="Luo, Yang &amp; Chen" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tumidilfilum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FBF6F8A9FBCEF8A6" box="[1098,1112,1893,1916]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FBCCF8A9FBE8F8A6" box="[1136,1150,1893,1916]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FB2AF8A8FA89F8A6" box="[1174,1311,1892,1916]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">tumidilfilum</emphasis>
Luo, Yang &amp; Chen
</taxonomicName>
described from 
<collectingRegion id="3426F85BB155A261FE12F844FE63F87B" box="[430,501,1928,1953]" country="China" name="Hubei" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Hubei</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B155A261FDBEF844FDD3F87B" box="[514,581,1928,1953]" name="China" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="92734B48B155A261FDEAF845FC9BF87B" author="Luo" box="[598,781,1928,1953]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refString="Luo, H. B., Yang, M. &amp; Chen, H. B. (2010) A new species of genus Simulium from Xingdou mountain, China (Diptera, Simuliidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 35 (3), 472 - 474." type="journal article" year="2010">
Luo 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FD32F845FD57F87A" box="[654,705,1928,1952]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">et al</emphasis>
. 2010
</bibRefCitation>
), and 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB155A261FCE8F845FABEF87B" authority="Zhang, Yang &amp; Chen" authorityName="Zhang, Yang &amp; Chen" box="[852,1320,1928,1953]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="waterfallum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FCE8F845FCF4F87A" box="[852,866,1929,1952]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FCC7F845FC1FF87A" box="[891,905,1929,1952]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FC1FF844FBBCF87A" box="[931,1066,1928,1952]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">waterfallum</emphasis>
Zhang, Yang &amp; Chen
</taxonomicName>
described from 
<collectingRegion id="3426F85BB155A261FF68F860FEBEF81F" box="[212,296,1964,1989]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Hainan</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B155A261FE8FF860FEE0F81F" box="[307,374,1964,1989]" name="China" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">China</collectingCountry>
(Zhang 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FE69F862FD9BF81F" box="[469,525,1965,1989]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">et al.</emphasis>
2003), both of which were wrongly placed in the 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB155A261FB83F861FB64F81F" box="[1087,1266,1965,1989]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multistriatum">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FB83F861FBDBF81E" box="[1087,1101,1965,1988]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB155A261FBE7F861FB64F81F" box="[1115,1266,1965,1989]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">multistriatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group. However, this new species is distinguished in the female from the latter two species by the ovipositor valve which is triangular with 22–25 short hairs (tongue-like with 5–8 short hairs in 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB152A266FC0FFF54FB13FF6A" box="[947,1157,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tumidilfilum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB152A266FC0FFF54FC57FF75" box="[947,961,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="C496EAABB152A266FC64FF54FC70FF75" box="[984,998,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">S</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB152A266FC40FF54FB13FF6A" box="[1020,1157,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">tumidilfilum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB152A266FB07FF54FA1DFF6A" box="[1211,1419,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="waterfallum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB152A266FB07FF54FB5EFF75" box="[1211,1224,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="C496EAABB152A266FB63FF54FB7BFF75" box="[1247,1261,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">S</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB152A266FAB8FF54FA1DFF6A" box="[1284,1419,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">waterfallum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and in the pupa from 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB152A266FE35FF71FDCBFF0E" box="[393,605,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tumidilfilum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB152A266FE35FF71FE01FF0E" box="[393,407,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="C496EAABB152A266FE12FF71FE2AFF0E" box="[430,444,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">S</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB152A266FE68FF70FDCBFF0E" box="[468,605,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">tumidilfilum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by each inflated filament slightly narrowed at its base (much narrowed in 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB152A266FF2BFF2DFEEEFF22" box="[151,376,224,249]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tumidilfilum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB152A266FF2BFF2DFF33FF22" box="[151,165,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="C496EAABB152A266FF7FFF2DFF47FF22" box="[195,209,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">S</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB152A266FF53FF2CFEEEFF22" box="[239,376,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">tumidilfilum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and from 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB152A266FDACFF2DFD79FF22" box="[528,751,224,249]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="waterfallum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB152A266FDACFF2DFD88FF22" box="[528,542,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="C496EAABB152A266FD80FF2DFDDCFF22" box="[572,586,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">S</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB152A266FDD4FF2CFD79FF22" box="[616,751,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">waterfallum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by abdominal segments 7 and 8 each with spine-combs (abdominal segments 6–8 each with spine-combs in 
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB152A266FD5EFEC9FC25FEC7" box="[738,947,261,285]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="waterfallum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB152A266FD5EFEC9FD66FEC6" box="[738,752,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="C496EAABB152A266FCBBFEC9FC83FEC6" box="[775,789,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">S</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="C496EAABB152A266FC90FEC9FC25FEC7" box="[812,947,261,285]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">waterfallum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>