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<document id="54F25B4AA3CEB5F4BFB2DF485FDDF82E" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4261.1.1SLASH10958" ID-CLB-Dataset="33106" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.571608" ID-GBIF-Dataset="06d40acc-4fc2-4de6-9aab-96f3776ef44c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="571608" ID-ZooBank="C097C43E-D522-46C4-9D64-76D3CD4BAD86" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1493970500952" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Low, Van Lun, Pham, Xuan Da &amp; Adler, Peter H." docDate="2017" docId="7E4B87AFB143A27EFF2BFDFAFB5BFAEA" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4261.1.1SLASH10958.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4261 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Simulium (Simulium) thailandicum Takaoka &amp; Suzuki 1984" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="125" masterDocId="8272FFD7B136A202FFBCFFCCFF96FFDA" masterDocTitle="The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Vietnam" masterLastPageNumber="165" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="118" updateTime="1698439275578" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="E5A68B1B8A370BBEF3866806849DEADD" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="3B7F720CFFDECD907F4A40812EF53343">
<mods:title id="9E3D2B6D0CACB5E0DB46054539ECD240">The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Vietnam</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="174E9226C38938322107FD450CB6F9B3" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D7FAD1D465B6AE5F15F8C933D69242DE">
<mods:roleTerm id="A419E4661AA8355E77A845A51527C552">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="DB938F9C6EF586EE54FEDDEDFE0B9758">Takaoka, Hiroyuki</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="1113D4EEDB04AEB797F8A0DA164AA625" type="personal">
<mods:role id="B8A2CD9B2897F2C003C0A3C2FD17A138">
<mods:roleTerm id="5D209BF4AC5DA856D332A37C3102E9B7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="F7C5722BEF19F7B1D4165E43616513B1">Sofian-Azirun, Mohd</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="791DAE2E9020C20253AFD49FAFCF8C88" type="personal">
<mods:role id="4F3EB155E129F6BB716D7ABE1FAE66FD">
<mods:roleTerm id="B91969F9F9BBA62C74CB66F2547B2290">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="031C7C2CC6B108CB93BAB531A92A8142">Ya’Cob, Zubaidah</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="5DA5962FE89C83CF2F1CAACA9DA123D2" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D9E0C4610A036CE2EB2BA0B5916FB217">
<mods:roleTerm id="3E1B87B8B4C7F01A31E15E26C51CCA09">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="CEAD090B942504889D9F5855A5B2CD96">Chen, Chee Dhang</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="DCF102C27F1ECCF182C03F9F7860EC64" type="personal">
<mods:role id="E9FAE19F9D491B9C4EDB5D6396697404">
<mods:roleTerm id="6F062CC176471140BCC089578BA88657">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="E9C67C1FC267F872EC92E833945BD30C">Lau, Koon Weng</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="9F04240A61339029478838D52918D684" type="personal">
<mods:role id="A252437BF0F1F141B71F305B82056D8E">
<mods:roleTerm id="15B0123B204D1BFC1FE548D13CBA42B2">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="4060232BF9BC03F2401071589A70B707">Low, Van Lun</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="1053CE43164FA2070A9442011E5F6DDA" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D5F21CF7DBFF2D325770B0B2AE668F85">
<mods:roleTerm id="8E19632CA9B21C414A4EC7CEBA692D4D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="DA9325F3197BFBE720D38A8A5907ED32">Pham, Xuan Da</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="DD7710914FD075BB32150603BA7649E6" type="personal">
<mods:role id="881D7FB5A4C91DF1C92C89A6CCCB4078">
<mods:roleTerm id="929C99C8D29ABEF52CCE246C6EEB3A55">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="3D0802BA3ACCE3409663CFEC19E15FB1">Adler, Peter H.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="2FDBF8C6C2014EF71315256C7A6D437D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="EA6A17D63C70B8940DAF3B2E15553C63">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="2B73042FA61D68C3584EA9EA5647EF41">
<mods:date id="0CDBFFDB2A202B33695A0E3BA9841BB2">2017</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="5157D7528C0C23198D6CC7BF7C9B1F06" type="volume">
<mods:number id="85D8BA35577E18C1F098D8B45127E716">4261</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
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<mods:number id="A489E600FE4C0555ABB3ED2C2F5C5965">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="165758E73D2836816E8559BE987190C4">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="EBDBCDF73AF89EBA986A4FB146061B62">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="9258F7B329F824D4F60F8CB1D4CC3583" type="CLB-Dataset">33106</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="EB452DA93D7BA708F5F703960C85F3CD" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.571608</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="966E93462A4E01FA7D144311940E8704" type="GBIF-Dataset">06d40acc-4fc2-4de6-9aab-96f3776ef44c</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="99542418C3FA1419BD740AD7331179DE" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="78F8CE904172EED52FBF254906DF944E" type="Zenodo-Dep">571608</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
<treatment id="7E4B87AFB143A27EFF2BFDFAFB5BFAEA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4927591" ID-GBIF-Taxon="128848489" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4927591" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E4B87AFB143A27EFF2BFDFAFB5BFAEA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7E4B87AFB143A27EFF2BFDFAFB5BFAEA" lastPageId="124" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
<subSubSection id="BEF86532B143A277FF2BFDFAFC14FD8A" box="[151,898,566,592]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B143A277FF2BFDFAFC14FD8A" blockId="117.[151,898,566,592]" box="[151,898,566,592]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
<heading id="AD1581D5B143A277FF2BFDFAFC14FD8A" bold="true" box="[151,898,566,592]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB143A277FF2BFDFAFC14FD8A" ID-CoL="8DYZJ" authority="Takaoka &amp; Suzuki, 1984" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Suzuki" authorityYear="1984" box="[151,898,566,592]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thailandicum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB143A277FF2BFDFAFC14FD8A" bold="true" box="[151,898,566,592]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB143A277FF2BFDFAFE99FD8A" bold="true" box="[151,271,566,592]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB143A277FEA3FDFAFE00FD8A" bold="true" box="[287,406,566,592]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Simulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB143A277FE1BFDFAFDDEFD8A" bold="true" box="[423,584,566,592]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">thailandicum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="92734B48B143A277FDF3FDFAFC14FD8A" author="Takaoka" box="[591,898,566,592]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" refString="Takaoka, H. &amp; Suzuki, H. (1984) The blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 35 (1), 7 - 45." type="journal article" year="1984">Takaoka &amp; Suzuki, 1984</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BEF86532B143A277FF2BFDB1FC6AFD49" box="[151,1020,637,659]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B143A277FF2BFDB1FC6AFD49" blockId="117.[151,1020,637,659]" box="[151,1020,637,659]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="D6F21197B143A277FF2BFDB1FC6AFD49" box="[151,1020,637,659]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB143A277FF2BFDB1FCB7FD49" ID-CoL="8DYZJ" authority="Takaoka &amp; Suzuki, 1984: 37" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Suzuki" authorityPageNumber="37" authorityYear="1984" box="[151,801,637,659]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thailandicum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB143A277FF2BFDB1FF61FD49" box="[151,247,637,659]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB143A277FEB9FDB1FEF3FD49" box="[261,357,637,659]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Simulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB143A277FEC8FDB1FE6CFD49" box="[372,506,637,659]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">thailandicum</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="774310A8B143A277FE43FDB1FCB7FD49" author="Takaoka" box="[511,801,637,659]" page="37" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" year="1984">
<bibRefCitation id="92734B48B143A277FE43FDB1FD69FD49" author="Takaoka" box="[511,767,637,659]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" refString="Takaoka, H. &amp; Suzuki, H. (1984) The blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 35 (1), 7 - 45." type="journal article" year="1984">Takaoka &amp; Suzuki, 1984</bibRefCitation>
: 37
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–38 (Male and pupa).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BEF86532B143A277FF2BFD73FC5AFC56" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B143A277FF2BFD73FC08FCFA" blockId="117.[151,1436,703,800]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB143A277FF2BFD73FEA6FD02" bold="true" box="[151,304,703,728]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B143A277FE8BFD73FEECFD02" box="[311,378,703,728]" name="China" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="3426F85BB143A277FE35FD0CFE73FD02" box="[393,485,704,728]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
),
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B143A277FE4BFD73FDCBFD02" box="[503,605,703,728]" name="Thailand" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B143A277FD24FD73FD61FD02" box="[664,759,703,728]" name="Vietnam" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="3426F85BB143A277FCBAFD0CFC17FD02" box="[774,897,703,728]" country="Vietnam" name="Bac Giang" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Bac Giang</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="3426F85BB143A277FC30FD0CFC3BFD0D" box="[908,941,704,727]" country="Bhutan" name="Ha" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Ha</collectingRegion>
Tay,
<collectingRegion id="3426F85BB143A277FC55FD0CFBC0FD02" box="[1001,1110,704,728]" country="Vietnam" name="Lang Son" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Lang Son</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="3426F85BB143A277FB30FD0CFB7CFD02" box="[1164,1258,703,728]" country="Vietnam" name="Yen Bai" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Yen Bai</collectingRegion>
).
<emphasis id="C496EAABB143A277FF7BFD28FEA2FD27" bold="true" box="[199,308,740,765]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Remarks</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB143A277FEFFFD28FDEEFD26" box="[323,632,740,764]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thailandicum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB143A277FEFFFD28FE3BFD26" box="[323,429,740,764]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB143A277FE01FD28FE5DFD21" box="[445,459,740,763]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB143A277FE58FD28FDEEFD26" box="[484,632,740,764]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">thailandicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally described from
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B143A277FC65FD28FBABFD27" box="[985,1085,740,765]" name="Thailand" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Thailand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="92734B48B143A277FBF0FD28FAE1FD26" author="Takaoka" box="[1100,1399,740,765]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" refString="Takaoka, H. &amp; Suzuki, H. (1984) The blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand. Japanese Journal of Sanitary Zoology, 35 (1), 7 - 45." type="journal article" year="1984">Takaoka and Suzuki 1984</bibRefCitation>
). It was recorded from four provinces in
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B143A277FD8AFCCBFD03FCFA" box="[566,661,775,800]" name="Vietnam" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
by
<bibRefCitation id="92734B48B143A277FD03FCCBFCDFFCFA" author="Pham" box="[703,841,775,800]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" refString="Pham, X. D. (1998) New records of six black fly species (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Vietnam. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 49 (2), 121 - 123." type="journal article" year="1998">Pham (1998</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="92734B48B143A277FCE9FCC4FC07FCFA" author="Pham" box="[853,913,776,800]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" refString="Pham, X. D. (1999) Additional records of three black fly species (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Vietnam. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 50 (4), 335 - 336." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B143A277FF2BFCB8FC5AFC56" blockId="117.[151,972,884,910]" box="[151,972,884,910]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB143A277FF2BFCB8FC5AFC56" bold="true" box="[151,972,884,910]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB143A277FF2BFCB8FCFCFC54" authority="Takaoka &amp; Sofian-Azirun" authorityName="Takaoka &amp; Sofian-Azirun" box="[151,874,884,910]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tavanense" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB143A277FF2BFCB8FE99FC54" bold="true" box="[151,271,884,910]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB143A277FEA3FCB8FE00FC54" bold="true" box="[287,406,884,910]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Simulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB143A277FE1BFCB8FD89FC54" bold="true" box="[423,543,884,910]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">tavanense</emphasis>
Takaoka &amp; Sofian-Azirun
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DFA557D0B143A277FCCEFCB8FC5AFC56" box="[882,972,884,909]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BEF86532B143A279FF2BFC76FBADF9BE" lastPageId="123" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" type="description">
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B143A275FF2BFC76FC57FDE7" blockId="117.[151,1437,954,2023]" lastBlockId="119.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="119" lastPageNumber="120" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB143A277FF2BFC76FF78FC09" bold="true" box="[151,238,954,979]" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Female</emphasis>
. Body length
<quantity id="311A9B5CB143A277FE2CFC77FD8DFC08" box="[400,539,955,979]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" unit="mm" value="2.3" valueMax="2.4" valueMin="2.2">2.2–2.4 mm</quantity>
.
<emphasis id="C496EAABB143A277FD9BFC76FDF3FC09" bold="true" box="[551,613,954,979]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Head</emphasis>
. Slightly narrower than thorax. Frons black, shiny with bluish reflection when illuminated at certain angles, with several dark stout hairs along lateral margins and several hairs just above lower margin; frontal ratio 1.4:1.0:1.2; frons:head ratio 1.0:3.6. Fronto-ocular area well developed, short, directed laterally, and rounded apically. Clypeus brownish-black, slightly shiny and gray pruinose when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with dark-brown medium-long hairs (though mediolongitudinal portion of upper half widely bare). Labrum 0.7 times length of clypeus. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, medium to dark brown except scape, pedicel, and first and second flagellomeres yellow when viewed anteriorly (medium brown to dark brown except scape, pedicel and base of first flagellomere yellow when viewed posteriorly). Maxillary palp with five segments, medium brown except first and second segments ochreous or light brown, and third segment dark brown; proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0:1.0:2.5; third segment (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB143A277FEFCFAEEFE04FAE1" box="[320,402,1314,1339]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="118.[151,250,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[208,1394,210,1393]" captionTargetId="figure@118.[154,1439,153,1424]" captionTargetPageId="118" captionText="FIGURE 52. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F &amp; G, Paraprocts and cerci (F, ventral view; G, lateral view). H, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571661/files/figure.png" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Fig. 52</figureCitation>
A) of normal size, with medium-sized ellipsoidal sensory vesicle (0.42 times length of third segment) having opening of moderate size. Maxillary lacinia with 12 inner and 13 or 14 outer teeth. Mandible with 23 inner and 13 outer teeth. Cibarium (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB143A277FDE2FAA6FD22FA59" box="[606,692,1386,1411]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="118.[151,250,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[208,1394,210,1393]" captionTargetId="figure@118.[154,1439,153,1424]" captionTargetPageId="118" captionText="FIGURE 52. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F &amp; G, Paraprocts and cerci (F, ventral view; G, lateral view). H, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571661/files/figure.png" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Fig. 52</figureCitation>
B) with 31 minute processes near posterodorsal margin.
<emphasis id="C496EAABB143A277FA83FAA6FA02FA59" bold="true" box="[1343,1428,1386,1411]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Thorax</emphasis>
. Scutum black, shiny, densely covered with whitish-yellow to yellow recumbent short hairs and sparsely with several dark-brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area; scutum gray pruinose with five non-pruinose longitudinal vittae (one medial, two submedial, and two lateral), medial and submedial vittae well defined from anterior margin to posterior portion and submedial and lateral vittae united widely near anterior margin), all vittae united with transverse non-pruinose band on prescutellar area, when illuminated in front and viewed dorsally; scutum gray pruinose except four non-pruinose longitudinal vittae, when illuminated posteriorly and viewed dorsally. Scutellum medium brown, covered with dark-brown upright long hairs and yellow short hairs. Postnotum brownish black, shiny, white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum brownish black, longer than deep, shiny, white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles, and bare.
<emphasis id="C496EAABB143A277FF6AF91FFE9AF930" bold="true" box="[214,268,1747,1770]" italics="true" pageId="117" pageNumber="118">Legs</emphasis>
. Foreleg: coxa and trochanter yellowish white; femur light brown except inner surface of basal portion widely whitish yellow, and apical tip medium brown; tibia dark brown to brownish black; tarsus black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus greatly dilated, 5.3–5.9 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa brownish black; trochanter light brown except base whitish; femur medium brown except apical cap dark brown; tibia light to medium brown with apical cap dark brown and base whitish, and with whitish sheen widely on posterior surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus light to medium brown except basal five-sixths of basitarsus and base of second tarsomere whitish. Hind leg: coxa brownish black; trochanter yellowish white; femur dark brown to brownish black except base whitish yellow; tibia dark brown except base yellowish white and with whitish sheen on basal half or more of posterior surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus medium brown except basal two-thirds of basitarsus and basal half of second tarsomere yellowish white; basitarsus (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB140A274FA90F980FA17F9BF" box="[1324,1409,1612,1637]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="118.[151,250,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[208,1394,210,1393]" captionTargetId="figure@118.[154,1439,153,1424]" captionTargetPageId="118" captionText="FIGURE 52. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F &amp; G, Paraprocts and cerci (F, ventral view; G, lateral view). H, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571661/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Fig. 52</figureCitation>
C) nearly parallel-sided, 6.3 times as long as wide, and 0.7 and 0.6–0.7 times as wide as greatest widths of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB140A274FD94F958FDEAF977" box="[552,636,1684,1709]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="118.[151,250,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[208,1394,210,1393]" captionTargetId="figure@118.[154,1439,153,1424]" captionTargetPageId="118" captionText="FIGURE 52. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F &amp; G, Paraprocts and cerci (F, ventral view; G, lateral view). H, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571661/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Fig. 52</figureCitation>
C) moderately developed, slightly shorter than wide, and 0.4 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB140A274FD6DF974FCB0F90B" box="[721,806,1720,1745]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="118.[151,250,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[208,1394,210,1393]" captionTargetId="figure@118.[154,1439,153,1424]" captionTargetPageId="118" captionText="FIGURE 52. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F &amp; G, Paraprocts and cerci (F, ventral view; G, lateral view). H, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571661/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Fig. 52</figureCitation>
C) well developed. Claw simple, without tooth.
<emphasis id="C496EAABB140A274FAE4F974FA03F90B" bold="true" box="[1368,1429,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Wing</emphasis>
. Length
<quantity id="311A9B5CB140A274FF52F911FED1F92F" box="[238,327,1757,1781]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
.
<collectingRegion id="3426F85BB140A274FEEFF911FE05F92F" box="[339,403,1757,1781]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Costa</collectingRegion>
with dark spinules and hairs; subcosta haired except near apex bare; basal section of radius with four or five hairs on apical half or little more; R1 with dark brown spinules and hairs; R2 with dark-brown hairs; hair tuft on base of radius dark brown; basal cell absent.
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB140A274FCC4F8EBFC57F89A" box="[888,961,1831,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Halter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB140A274FCC4F8EBFC57F89A" bold="true" box="[888,961,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Halter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. White except base darkened.
<emphasis id="C496EAABB140A274FA9AF8EBFA02F89A" bold="true" box="[1318,1428,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Basal scale dark brown, with fringe of pale hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium brown to brownish black, with light to dark-brown short hairs; tergite 2 shiny and silvery iridescent when illuminated at certain angles and tergites 6–9 shiny. Ventral surface of seventh segment with pair of weakly sclerotized submedian sternal plates.
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB140A274FF2BF87BFE83F80A" box="[151,277,1975,2000]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB140A274FF2BF87BFE83F80A" bold="true" box="[151,277,1975,2000]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Terminalia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Sternite 8 (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB140A274FE11F87BFD95F80A" box="[429,515,1975,2000]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="118.[151,250,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[208,1394,210,1393]" captionTargetId="figure@118.[154,1439,153,1424]" captionTargetPageId="118" captionText="FIGURE 52. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F &amp; G, Paraprocts and cerci (F, ventral view; G, lateral view). H, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571661/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Fig. 52</figureCitation>
D) with posterior margin concave medially in form of reversed-U shape, bare medially, with 15–20 dark-brown medium-long to long stout hairs and 9–11 yellow short to medium-long hairs on each lateral surface. Ovipositor valve (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB141A275FDD8FF5BFD2DFF6A" box="[612,699,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="118.[151,250,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[208,1394,210,1393]" captionTargetId="figure@118.[154,1439,153,1424]" captionTargetPageId="118" captionText="FIGURE 52. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F &amp; G, Paraprocts and cerci (F, ventral view; G, lateral view). H, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571661/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 52</figureCitation>
D) triangular, with ventrally produced lobe near inner margin, membranous except narrow area along inner margin slightly sclerotized, covered with 23–26 short yellow hairs and numerous microsetae; inner margins slightly sinuous, somewhat separated from each other. Genital fork (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB141A275FA8DFF13FA15FF22" box="[1329,1411,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="118.[151,250,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[208,1394,210,1393]" captionTargetId="figure@118.[154,1439,153,1424]" captionTargetPageId="118" captionText="FIGURE 52. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F &amp; G, Paraprocts and cerci (F, ventral view; G, lateral view). H, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571661/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 52</figureCitation>
E) of inverted-Y form, with narrow well-sclerotized stem; arms of moderate width, each with moderately sclerotized lateral portion. Paraproct in ventral view (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB141A275FD2DFEEBFD7FFE9A" box="[657,745,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="118.[151,250,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[208,1394,210,1393]" captionTargetId="figure@118.[154,1439,153,1424]" captionTargetPageId="118" captionText="FIGURE 52. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F &amp; G, Paraprocts and cerci (F, ventral view; G, lateral view). H, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571661/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 52</figureCitation>
F) rounded, subequal in length to greatest width, strongly pigmented on anterior surface, with 41–44 yellow and dark short to medium-long hairs on lateral and ventral surfaces, and with six to eight short sensilla on anteromedial surface; paraproct in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB141A275FB05FEA3FA9CFE52" box="[1209,1290,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="118.[151,250,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[208,1394,210,1393]" captionTargetId="figure@118.[154,1439,153,1424]" captionTargetPageId="118" captionText="FIGURE 52. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F &amp; G, Paraprocts and cerci (F, ventral view; G, lateral view). H, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571661/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 52</figureCitation>
G) nearly 0.5 times as long as wide, and much protruding ventrally beyond ventral margin of cercus. Cercus in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB141A275FAD3FE58FF22FE0A" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="118.[151,250,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[208,1394,210,1393]" captionTargetId="figure@118.[154,1439,153,1424]" captionTargetPageId="118" captionText="FIGURE 52. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F &amp; G, Paraprocts and cerci (F, ventral view; G, lateral view). H, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571661/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 52</figureCitation>
G) short, 0.5 times as long as wide, with numerous medium-long hairs, and rounded posteriorly. Spermatheca (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB141A275FF23FE10FF67FE2F" box="[159,241,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="118.[151,250,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[208,1394,210,1393]" captionTargetId="figure@118.[154,1439,153,1424]" captionTargetPageId="118" captionText="FIGURE 52. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F &amp; G, Paraprocts and cerci (F, ventral view; G, lateral view). H, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571661/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 52</figureCitation>
H) nearly ovoid, 1.2 times as long as greatest width, well sclerotized except portion of junction with duct widely unsclerotized, without definite reticulate patterns on its surface; internal setae present; accessory ducts subequal in thickness to each other, and slightly thicker than major duct.
</paragraph>
<caption id="A29D6631B140A274FF2BFA43FC6EF9DB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571661/files/figure.png" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" targetBox="[208,1394,210,1393]" targetPageId="118">
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B140A274FF2BFA43FC6EF9DB" blockId="118.[151,1436,1423,1537]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB140A274FF2BFA43FE89FA7E" bold="true" box="[151,287,1423,1445]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">FIGURE 52.</emphasis>
Female of
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB140A274FE2EFA43FD45FA7F" box="[402,723,1423,1445]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tavanense" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB140A274FE2EFA43FE64FA7F" box="[402,498,1423,1445]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB140A274FDBCFA43FDF6FA7F" box="[512,608,1423,1445]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">Simulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB140A274FDD2FA5CFD45FA7F" box="[622,723,1424,1445]" italics="true" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">tavanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DFA557D0B140A274FD66FA43FCBDFA7F" box="[730,811,1423,1445]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" rank="species">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB140A274FD66FA43FCBDFA7F" bold="true" box="[730,811,1423,1445]" pageId="118" pageNumber="119">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F &amp; G, Paraprocts and cerci (F, ventral view; G, lateral view). H, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D–H.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B141A27BFF7BFD8BFC43FE5D" blockId="119.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="121.[151,1437,151,2035]" lastPageId="121" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB141A275FF7BFD8BFE92FDBA" bold="true" box="[199,260,583,608]" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Male</emphasis>
. Body length
<quantity id="311A9B5CB141A275FE1DFD84FE6CFD85" box="[417,506,584,608]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" unit="mm" value="2.9">2.9 mm</quantity>
.
<emphasis id="C496EAABB141A275FDB8FD8BFDD4FDBA" bold="true" box="[516,578,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Head</emphasis>
. Nearly as wide as thorax. Upper-eye large facets in 18 vertical columns and 19 horizontal rows. Clypeus black, thickly white pruinose and iridescent when illuminated at certain angles, with dark-brown hairs along and near lateral margins (most of central portion bare). Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, dark brown except scape and pedicel light brown and base of first flagellomere yellow; first flagellomere elongate, 1.6 times length of second one. Maxillary palp with five segments, mediumbrown except first and second segments ochreous and fifth segment grayish light-brown; proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0:1.3:2.9; third segment (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB141A275FCFDFCD3FC05FCE2" box="[833,915,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="120.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[209,1340,234,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[172,1394,193,1825]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURE 53. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view); C, Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite (right side; ventrolateral view); E &amp; F, Styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); H, Ventral plate (caudal view); I, Median sclerite (caudal view); J, Paramere (right side; caudal view); K, Aedeagal membrane (caudal view); L &amp; M, Abdominal segment 10 and cerci (right side; L, lateral view; M, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A and C – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571662/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
A) of normal size; sensory vesicle (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB141A275FA90FCD3FAE8FCE2" box="[1324,1406,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="120.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[209,1340,234,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[172,1394,193,1825]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURE 53. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view); C, Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite (right side; ventrolateral view); E &amp; F, Styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); H, Ventral plate (caudal view); I, Median sclerite (caudal view); J, Paramere (right side; caudal view); K, Aedeagal membrane (caudal view); L &amp; M, Abdominal segment 10 and cerci (right side; L, lateral view; M, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A and C – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571662/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
A) ellipsoidal, 0.2–0.3 times length of third segment, and with small opening.
<emphasis id="C496EAABB141A275FC48FC88FBDCFC87" bold="true" box="[1012,1098,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Thorax</emphasis>
. Scutum black, with whitishpruinose pattern, i.e., anterior pair of large spots on shoulders extended posteriorly along lateral margins and connected to large transverse spot entirely covering prescutellar area, anterior pair of large spots divided into anterior half and posterior half, either of which disappears depending on direction of lights; all these spots brilliantly iridescent when illuminated at certain angles; scutum uniformly and moderately covered with yellow recumbent short hairs and with several dark-brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum medium brown, with dark-brown long upright hairs and yellow short hairs. Postnotum brownish black, shiny and whitish pruinose when illuminated at certain angles and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, brownish black, and bare.
<emphasis id="C496EAABB141A275FE76FBA8FD96FBA1" bold="true" box="[458,512,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Legs</emphasis>
. Foreleg: coxa yellowish white; trochanter light brown; femur light brown with apical tip medium brown; tibia medium brown to brownish black; tarsus black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus greatly dilated, 5.8–6.3 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa brownish black; trochanter medium brown except base whitish; femur medium brown with apical cap dark brown; tibia medium to dark brown except extreme base yellowish white; tarsus medium brown except basal two-thirds of basitarsus yellowish white. Hind leg: coxa brownish black; trochanter yellowish white; femur medium brown except base whitish yellow and apical cap dark brown; tibia dark brown to brownish black except base yellowish white; tarsus medium brown except basal half of basitarsus and basal one-third of second tarsomere whitish yellow; basitarsus (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB141A275FA97FA93FA17FAA2" box="[1323,1409,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="120.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[209,1340,234,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[172,1394,193,1825]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURE 53. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view); C, Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite (right side; ventrolateral view); E &amp; F, Styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); H, Ventral plate (caudal view); I, Median sclerite (caudal view); J, Paramere (right side; caudal view); K, Aedeagal membrane (caudal view); L &amp; M, Abdominal segment 10 and cerci (right side; L, lateral view; M, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A and C – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571662/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
B) enlarged, slightly widened toward apical one-third, then slightly narrowed, 3.9–4.0 times as long as wide, and 0.8– 0.9 and 0.9–1.0 times as wide as greatest widths of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB141A275FA96FA6BFA17FA1A" box="[1322,1409,1447,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="120.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[209,1340,234,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[172,1394,193,1825]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURE 53. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view); C, Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite (right side; ventrolateral view); E &amp; F, Styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); H, Ventral plate (caudal view); I, Median sclerite (caudal view); J, Paramere (right side; caudal view); K, Aedeagal membrane (caudal view); L &amp; M, Abdominal segment 10 and cerci (right side; L, lateral view; M, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A and C – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571662/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
B) developed, small, slightly shorter than its basal width, and 0.3 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB141A275FEA2FA23FEE7F9D2" box="[286,369,1519,1544]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="120.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[209,1340,234,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[172,1394,193,1825]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURE 53. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view); C, Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite (right side; ventrolateral view); E &amp; F, Styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); H, Ventral plate (caudal view); I, Median sclerite (caudal view); J, Paramere (right side; caudal view); K, Aedeagal membrane (caudal view); L &amp; M, Abdominal segment 10 and cerci (right side; L, lateral view; M, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A and C – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571662/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
B) well developed.
<emphasis id="C496EAABB141A275FDF3FA23FD1AF9D2" bold="true" box="[591,652,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Wing</emphasis>
. Length
<quantity id="311A9B5CB141A275FD48FA3CFCD8F9D2" box="[756,846,1520,1544]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" unit="mm" value="2.3">2.3 mm</quantity>
. Other characters as in female except subcosta with hairs on basal half or little more, and basal portion of radius with four or five hairs on apical half or little less.
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB141A275FF2BF9FBFF76F98A" box="[151,224,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Nemopteridae" genus="Halter" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB141A275FF2BF9FBFF76F98A" bold="true" box="[151,224,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Halter</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. White except base darkened.
<emphasis id="C496EAABB141A275FD88F9FBFD34F98A" bold="true" box="[564,674,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Basal scale brownish black, with fringe of dark-brown long hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen dark brown to brownish black, moderately covered with dark-brown short to mediumlong hairs; segments 2, 5, 6 and 7 each with pair of whitish pruinose spots (brilliantly iridescent when illuminated at certain angles) dorsolaterally, those on segment 2 broadly connected in middle to each other.
<emphasis id="C496EAABB141A275FB7AF968FAA7F967" bold="true" box="[1222,1329,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Genitalia</emphasis>
. Coxites, styles and ventral plate in ventral view as in
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB141A275FD1DF90BFD63F93A" box="[673,757,1735,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="120.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[209,1340,234,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[172,1394,193,1825]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURE 53. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view); C, Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite (right side; ventrolateral view); E &amp; F, Styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); H, Ventral plate (caudal view); I, Median sclerite (caudal view); J, Paramere (right side; caudal view); K, Aedeagal membrane (caudal view); L &amp; M, Abdominal segment 10 and cerci (right side; L, lateral view; M, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A and C – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571662/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
C; coxite in ventrolateral view (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB141A275FBD8F90BFB21F93A" box="[1124,1207,1735,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="120.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[209,1340,234,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[172,1394,193,1825]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURE 53. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view); C, Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite (right side; ventrolateral view); E &amp; F, Styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); H, Ventral plate (caudal view); I, Median sclerite (caudal view); J, Paramere (right side; caudal view); K, Aedeagal membrane (caudal view); L &amp; M, Abdominal segment 10 and cerci (right side; L, lateral view; M, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A and C – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571662/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
D) rectangular, 0.76 times as long as wide; style in ventrolateral view (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB141A275FD7AF920FC81F8DF" box="[710,791,1772,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="120.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[209,1340,234,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[172,1394,193,1825]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURE 53. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view); C, Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite (right side; ventrolateral view); E &amp; F, Styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); H, Ventral plate (caudal view); I, Median sclerite (caudal view); J, Paramere (right side; caudal view); K, Aedeagal membrane (caudal view); L &amp; M, Abdominal segment 10 and cerci (right side; L, lateral view; M, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A and C – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571662/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
E) 1.6 times length of coxite, 3.4 times as long as greatest width near base, somewhat narrowed to little more than basal half, then slightly widened and nearly parallel-sided, with subapical spine; style in medial view (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB141A275FD04F8F8FC87F897" box="[696,785,1844,1869]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="120.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[209,1340,234,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[172,1394,193,1825]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURE 53. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view); C, Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite (right side; ventrolateral view); E &amp; F, Styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); H, Ventral plate (caudal view); I, Median sclerite (caudal view); J, Paramere (right side; caudal view); K, Aedeagal membrane (caudal view); L &amp; M, Abdominal segment 10 and cerci (right side; L, lateral view; M, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A and C – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571662/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
F) somewhat flattened dorsoventally, with short basal protuberance directed dorsomedially, with several cone-like spines along its anterior margin. Ventral plate in ventral view (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB141A275FE8EF8B0FE12F84F" box="[306,388,1916,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="120.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[209,1340,234,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[172,1394,193,1825]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURE 53. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view); C, Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite (right side; ventrolateral view); E &amp; F, Styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); H, Ventral plate (caudal view); I, Median sclerite (caudal view); J, Paramere (right side; caudal view); K, Aedeagal membrane (caudal view); L &amp; M, Abdominal segment 10 and cerci (right side; L, lateral view; M, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A and C – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571662/files/figure.png" pageId="119" pageNumber="120">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
C) with body broad, with lateral margins gently convex, anterior margin deeply concave, and posterior margin nearly straight or slightly concave; body bearing prominent median process sharply narrowed to round tip; body covered with minute setae medially; arms short, stout, divergent from base; ventral plate in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFF60FF5BFEBAFF6A" box="[220,300,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="120.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[209,1340,234,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[172,1394,193,1825]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURE 53. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view); C, Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite (right side; ventrolateral view); E &amp; F, Styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); H, Ventral plate (caudal view); I, Median sclerite (caudal view); J, Paramere (right side; caudal view); K, Aedeagal membrane (caudal view); L &amp; M, Abdominal segment 10 and cerci (right side; L, lateral view; M, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A and C – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571662/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
G) with median process abruptly bent ventrally at nearly right angle; ventral plate in caudal view (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFAD3FF5BFF25FF0E" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="120.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[209,1340,234,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[172,1394,193,1825]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURE 53. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view); C, Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite (right side; ventrolateral view); E &amp; F, Styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); H, Ventral plate (caudal view); I, Median sclerite (caudal view); J, Paramere (right side; caudal view); K, Aedeagal membrane (caudal view); L &amp; M, Abdominal segment 10 and cerci (right side; L, lateral view; M, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A and C – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571662/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
H) in form of equilateral triangle, and bare. Median sclerite in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFBF6FF77FB36FF0E" box="[1098,1184,187,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="120.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[209,1340,234,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[172,1394,193,1825]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURE 53. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view); C, Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite (right side; ventrolateral view); E &amp; F, Styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); H, Ventral plate (caudal view); I, Median sclerite (caudal view); J, Paramere (right side; caudal view); K, Aedeagal membrane (caudal view); L &amp; M, Abdominal segment 10 and cerci (right side; L, lateral view; M, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A and C – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571662/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
G) arising anterior to anteromedian portion of ventral plate, and in middle curved dorsally; median sclerite in caudal view (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFA8AFF13FA1CFF22" box="[1334,1418,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="120.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[209,1340,234,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[172,1394,193,1825]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURE 53. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view); C, Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite (right side; ventrolateral view); E &amp; F, Styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); H, Ventral plate (caudal view); I, Median sclerite (caudal view); J, Paramere (right side; caudal view); K, Aedeagal membrane (caudal view); L &amp; M, Abdominal segment 10 and cerci (right side; L, lateral view; M, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A and C – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571662/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
Fig.
<date id="825C1079B14FA27BFAD1FF13FA1CFF22" box="[1389,1418,223,248]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" value="1953-01">53</date>
</figureCitation>
I) nearly parallel-sided. Paramere in caudal view (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFD04FECFFC9DFEC6" box="[696,779,259,284]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="120.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[209,1340,234,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[172,1394,193,1825]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURE 53. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view); C, Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite (right side; ventrolateral view); E &amp; F, Styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); H, Ventral plate (caudal view); I, Median sclerite (caudal view); J, Paramere (right side; caudal view); K, Aedeagal membrane (caudal view); L &amp; M, Abdominal segment 10 and cerci (right side; L, lateral view; M, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A and C – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571662/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
J) enlarged basally, with several hooks apically. Aedeagal membrane in caudal view (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFE77FEEAFD8BFEE5" box="[459,541,294,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="120.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[209,1340,234,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[172,1394,193,1825]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURE 53. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view); C, Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite (right side; ventrolateral view); E &amp; F, Styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); H, Ventral plate (caudal view); I, Median sclerite (caudal view); J, Paramere (right side; caudal view); K, Aedeagal membrane (caudal view); L &amp; M, Abdominal segment 10 and cerci (right side; L, lateral view; M, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A and C – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571662/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
K) sparsely covered with minute setae; dorsal plate not sclerotized. Abdominal segment 10 (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFE94FE86FEECFEB9" box="[296,378,330,355]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="120.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[209,1340,234,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[172,1394,193,1825]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURE 53. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view); C, Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite (right side; ventrolateral view); E &amp; F, Styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); H, Ventral plate (caudal view); I, Median sclerite (caudal view); J, Paramere (right side; caudal view); K, Aedeagal membrane (caudal view); L &amp; M, Abdominal segment 10 and cerci (right side; L, lateral view; M, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A and C – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571662/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
L, M) with two to five hairs and 10–12 shorter hairs on ventral surface and two to seven hairs on lateral surface; cercus (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFE01FEA2FD99FE5D" box="[445,527,366,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 53" captionStartId="120.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[209,1340,234,1777]" captionTargetId="figure@120.[172,1394,193,1825]" captionTargetPageId="120" captionText="FIGURE 53. Male of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view); C, Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite (right side; ventrolateral view); E &amp; F, Styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); H, Ventral plate (caudal view); I, Median sclerite (caudal view); J, Paramere (right side; caudal view); K, Aedeagal membrane (caudal view); L &amp; M, Abdominal segment 10 and cerci (right side; L, lateral view; M, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A and C – M." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571662/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 53</figureCitation>
L, M) small, with 16 or 17 distinct hairs.
</paragraph>
<caption id="A29D6631B14EA27AFF2BF8F6FCA4F830" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571662/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" targetBox="[209,1340,234,1777]" targetPageId="120">
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B14EA27AFF2BF8F6FCA4F830" blockId="120.[151,1436,1850,2026]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14EA27AFF2BF8F6FEB7F895" bold="true" box="[151,289,1850,1872]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">FIGURE 53.</emphasis>
Male of
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14EA27AFE3CF8F6FD52F88A" box="[384,708,1850,1872]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tavanense" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14EA27AFE3CF8F6FE76F88A" box="[384,480,1850,1872]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14EA27AFE4CF8F6FDC6F88A" box="[496,592,1850,1872]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Simulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14EA27AFDE3F8F7FD52F88A" box="[607,708,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">tavanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DFA557D0B14EA27AFD70F8F7FC88F88A" box="[716,798,1851,1872]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" rank="species">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14EA27AFD70F8F7FC88F88A" bold="true" box="[716,798,1851,1872]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view); C, Coxites, styles and ventral plate (ventral view); D, coxite (right side; ventrolateral view); E &amp; F, Styles (right side; E, ventrolateral view; F, medial view); G, Ventral plate and median sclerite (lateral view); H, Ventral plate (caudal view); I, Median sclerite (caudal view); J, Paramere (right side; caudal view); K, Aedeagal membrane (caudal view); L &amp; M, Abdominal segment 10 and cerci (right side; L, lateral view; M, caudal view). Scale bars. 0.1 mm for B; 0.02 mm for A and C–M.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B14FA27BFF7BFE5EFDD3FA48" blockId="121.[151,1437,151,2035]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14FA27BFF7BFE5EFE93FE71" bold="true" box="[199,261,402,427]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Pupa</emphasis>
. Body length 2.5–3.0 mm.
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14FA27BFDF8FE5EFD14FE71" bold="true" box="[580,642,402,427]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Head</emphasis>
. Integument light ochreous, moderately covered with relatively large tubercles having few to several secondary projections on frons (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFCDFFE79FC20FE14" box="[867,950,437,462]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="122.[151,250,1768,1790]" captionTargetBox="[194,1401,222,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@122.[151,1436,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="122" captionText="FIGURE 54. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Tubercles with minute secondary projections on frons; B, Frontal trichomes; C, Facial trichome; D – G, Thoracic trichomes (D, anterodorsal; E, anterolateral; F, mediolateral; G ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K, Terminal hooks (caudal view); L, Cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G and I – K." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571663/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 54</figureCitation>
A), and moderately with round or cone-like small ones without secondary projections on face; frons with two pairs of unbranched or bifid short to mediumlong trichomes with straight apices (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFD8DFE31FD13FDCC" box="[561,645,509,534]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="122.[151,250,1768,1790]" captionTargetBox="[194,1401,222,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@122.[151,1436,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="122" captionText="FIGURE 54. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Tubercles with minute secondary projections on frons; B, Frontal trichomes; C, Facial trichome; D – G, Thoracic trichomes (D, anterodorsal; E, anterolateral; F, mediolateral; G ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K, Terminal hooks (caudal view); L, Cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G and I – K." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571663/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 54</figureCitation>
B); face with pair of unbranched medium-long trichomes with straight apices (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFF4DFDEDFEDFFDE0" box="[241,329,545,570]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="122.[151,250,1768,1790]" captionTargetBox="[194,1401,222,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@122.[151,1436,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="122" captionText="FIGURE 54. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Tubercles with minute secondary projections on frons; B, Frontal trichomes; C, Facial trichome; D – G, Thoracic trichomes (D, anterodorsal; E, anterolateral; F, mediolateral; G ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K, Terminal hooks (caudal view); L, Cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G and I – K." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571663/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 54</figureCitation>
C), as long as or longer or shorter than frontal trichomes.
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14FA27BFC41FDEDFBC4FDE0" bold="true" box="[1021,1106,545,570]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Thorax</emphasis>
. Integument light ochreous, moderately covered with relatively large tubercles (similar to those on frons) except lateral surfaces and dorsal surface of posterior half of thorax moderately covered with relatively smaller round or cone-like tubercles; thorax on each side with three long trichomes with two to five branches (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFCC1FD40FC59FD7F" box="[893,975,652,677]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="122.[151,250,1768,1790]" captionTargetBox="[194,1401,222,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@122.[151,1436,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="122" captionText="FIGURE 54. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Tubercles with minute secondary projections on frons; B, Frontal trichomes; C, Facial trichome; D – G, Thoracic trichomes (D, anterodorsal; E, anterolateral; F, mediolateral; G ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K, Terminal hooks (caudal view); L, Cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G and I – K." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571663/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 54</figureCitation>
D) anterodorsally, two bifid or trifid long trichomes (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFEA8FD63FEF3FD12" box="[276,357,687,712]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="122.[151,250,1768,1790]" captionTargetBox="[194,1401,222,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@122.[151,1436,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="122" captionText="FIGURE 54. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Tubercles with minute secondary projections on frons; B, Frontal trichomes; C, Facial trichome; D – G, Thoracic trichomes (D, anterodorsal; E, anterolateral; F, mediolateral; G ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K, Terminal hooks (caudal view); L, Cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G and I – K." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571663/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 54</figureCitation>
E) anterolaterally, one unbranched or bifid medium-long trichome (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFBEAFD63FB31FD12" box="[1110,1191,687,712]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="122.[151,250,1768,1790]" captionTargetBox="[194,1401,222,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@122.[151,1436,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="122" captionText="FIGURE 54. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Tubercles with minute secondary projections on frons; B, Frontal trichomes; C, Facial trichome; D – G, Thoracic trichomes (D, anterodorsal; E, anterolateral; F, mediolateral; G ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K, Terminal hooks (caudal view); L, Cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G and I – K." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571663/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 54</figureCitation>
F) mediolaterally, and three trichomes with coiled or straight apices (two unbranched or bifid long, one bifid short) (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFA9AFD1FFAE9FD36" box="[1318,1407,723,748]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="122.[151,250,1768,1790]" captionTargetBox="[194,1401,222,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@122.[151,1436,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="122" captionText="FIGURE 54. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Tubercles with minute secondary projections on frons; B, Frontal trichomes; C, Facial trichome; D – G, Thoracic trichomes (D, anterodorsal; E, anterolateral; F, mediolateral; G ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K, Terminal hooks (caudal view); L, Cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G and I – K." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571663/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 54</figureCitation>
G) ventrolaterally. Gill (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFE3CFD3BFE47FCCA" box="[384,465,759,784]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="122.[151,250,1768,1790]" captionTargetBox="[194,1401,222,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@122.[151,1436,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="122" captionText="FIGURE 54. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Tubercles with minute secondary projections on frons; B, Frontal trichomes; C, Facial trichome; D – G, Thoracic trichomes (D, anterodorsal; E, anterolateral; F, mediolateral; G ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K, Terminal hooks (caudal view); L, Cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G and I – K." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571663/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 54</figureCitation>
H) with 10 thread-like filaments arranged as 2+[(1+2)+(2+1)]+2 from dorsal to ventral; dorsal and ventral pairs with short stalk, two middle triplets with short stalk; all filaments subequal in length (0.7– 1.0 mm) and thickness, though ventral filament of ventral pair slightly thicker than other filaments (relative thickness of filaments from dorsal to ventral when compared basally 1.0:1.0:0.8–1.0:0.8–0.9:0.9–1.0:0.8 –1.0:0.8– 1.0:1.0–1.1:1.0–1.3:1.1–1.3); all filaments light brown, covered with sharply-defined annular ridges and furrows and densely covered with minute tubercles, relatively larger ones on ridges and smaller one on interridges.
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14FA27BFF2BFC01FE93FC3C" bold="true" box="[151,261,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Dorsally, all segments nearly transparent except segments 1 and 9 light yellow; segment 1 without tubercles, with one unbranched short seta (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFD3CFC3DFD45FBD0" box="[640,723,1009,1034]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="122.[151,250,1768,1790]" captionTargetBox="[194,1401,222,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@122.[151,1436,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="122" captionText="FIGURE 54. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Tubercles with minute secondary projections on frons; B, Frontal trichomes; C, Facial trichome; D – G, Thoracic trichomes (D, anterodorsal; E, anterolateral; F, mediolateral; G ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K, Terminal hooks (caudal view); L, Cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G and I – K." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571663/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
Fig.
<date id="825C1079B14FA27BFD0AFC3DFD45FBD0" box="[694,723,1009,1034]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" value="1954-01">54</date>
</figureCitation>
I) on each side; segment 2 with one unbranched short seta and five minute setae, of which four are stout and one slender (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFC97FBD9FCEBFBF4" box="[811,893,1045,1070]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="122.[151,250,1768,1790]" captionTargetBox="[194,1401,222,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@122.[151,1436,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="122" captionText="FIGURE 54. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Tubercles with minute secondary projections on frons; B, Frontal trichomes; C, Facial trichome; D – G, Thoracic trichomes (D, anterodorsal; E, anterolateral; F, mediolateral; G ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K, Terminal hooks (caudal view); L, Cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G and I – K." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571663/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 54</figureCitation>
J) on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with four distinct hooks and one short spinous seta on each side; all setae and hooks unbranched; segments 5, 6, 7 and 9 lacking spine-combs; segment 8 with distinct spine-combs in transverse row; segments 6–9 each with comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segment 9 with pair of cone-like terminal hooks (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFB37FB4CFB49FB43" box="[1163,1247,1152,1177]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="122.[151,250,1768,1790]" captionTargetBox="[194,1401,222,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@122.[151,1436,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="122" captionText="FIGURE 54. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Tubercles with minute secondary projections on frons; B, Frontal trichomes; C, Facial trichome; D – G, Thoracic trichomes (D, anterodorsal; E, anterolateral; F, mediolateral; G ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K, Terminal hooks (caudal view); L, Cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G and I – K." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571663/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 54</figureCitation>
K). Ventrally, all segment unpigmented except segment 9 yellowish; segments 4–8 each with comb-like groups of minute spines; segment 5 with pair of bifid stout hooklets submedially and few unbranched minute setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and unbranched outer stout hooklets somewhat separated from each other and few unbranched minute setae on each side. Grapnel-shaped hooklets absent on each side of segment 9.
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14FA27BFAFFFAC3FA0AFAF2" bold="true" box="[1347,1436,1295,1320]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Cocoon</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFF23FAFFFF61FA96" box="[159,247,1331,1356]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="122.[151,250,1768,1790]" captionTargetBox="[194,1401,222,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@122.[151,1436,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="122" captionText="FIGURE 54. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Tubercles with minute secondary projections on frons; B, Frontal trichomes; C, Facial trichome; D – G, Thoracic trichomes (D, anterodorsal; E, anterolateral; F, mediolateral; G ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K, Terminal hooks (caudal view); L, Cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G and I – K." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571663/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 54</figureCitation>
L). Light ochreous, shoe-shaped, with several small to large open spaces anterolaterally on each side; posterior half with floor; posterior half thickly woven and individual threads almost invisible; 3.0–
<quantity id="311A9B5CB14FA27BFB57FA9AFAD6FAB5" box="[1259,1344,1366,1391]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" unit="mm" value="3.6">3.6 mm</quantity>
long by
<quantity id="311A9B5CB14FA27BFF2BFAB6FE88FA48" box="[151,286,1402,1427]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" unit="mm" value="1.35" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.2">1.2–1.5 mm</quantity>
wide; height 0.8–1.0 mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B14FA279FF7BFA52FBADF9BE" blockId="121.[151,1437,151,2035]" lastBlockId="123.[151,1437,1360,2033]" lastPageId="123" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14FA27BFF7BFA52FEFEFA6D" bold="true" box="[199,360,1438,1463]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Mature larva</emphasis>
. Body length 5.3–6.0 mm. Body dark gray. Abdomen in lateral view gradually widened from segment 1 to segment 7, then narrowed to segment 9.
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14FA27BFCA7FA0EFCCFFA01" bold="true" box="[795,857,1474,1499]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Head</emphasis>
. Cephalic apotome (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFBF2FA0EFB35FA01" box="[1102,1187,1474,1499]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="123.[151,250,1238,1260]" captionTargetBox="[247,1346,228,1198]" captionTargetId="figure@123.[208,1379,193,1216]" captionTargetPageId="123" captionText="FIGURE 55. Larva of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A &amp; B, Head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, Mandible; D, Hypostoma; E, Protuberance and minute setae on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 7. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A and B; 0.05 mm for D; 0.02 mm for C and E." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571664/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 55</figureCitation>
A) whitish yellow on anterior two-fifths, dark yellow to ochreous on posterior three-fifths, with area along posterior margin darkened; head spots obscured except mediolateral spots often faintly negative; lateral surface of head capsule yellow to ochreous (in one larva, widely medium brown), except eye-spot region whitish and areas above and posterior to eye-spot region darkened; eyebrow distinct; spots near posterior margin and below eye-spot region obscured or faintly negative; ventral surface of head capsule (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFD69F9B8FCBCF957" box="[725,810,1652,1677]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="123.[151,250,1238,1260]" captionTargetBox="[247,1346,228,1198]" captionTargetId="figure@123.[208,1379,193,1216]" captionTargetPageId="123" captionText="FIGURE 55. Larva of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A &amp; B, Head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, Mandible; D, Hypostoma; E, Protuberance and minute setae on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 7. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A and B; 0.05 mm for D; 0.02 mm for C and E." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571664/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 55</figureCitation>
B) yellow to ochreous; elongate spots on each side of postgenal cleft faintly negative. Antenna composed of three articles and apical sensillum, slightly longer than stem of labral fan; length ratio of three articles (from base to tip) 1.0:1.3:0.5–0.7. Labral fan with 53–56 primary rays. Mandible (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFEAEF913FEF2F922" box="[274,356,1759,1784]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="123.[151,250,1238,1260]" captionTargetBox="[247,1346,228,1198]" captionTargetId="figure@123.[208,1379,193,1216]" captionTargetPageId="123" captionText="FIGURE 55. Larva of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A &amp; B, Head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, Mandible; D, Hypostoma; E, Protuberance and minute setae on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 7. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A and B; 0.05 mm for D; 0.02 mm for C and E." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571664/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 55</figureCitation>
C) with mandibular serration composed of two teeth (one medium-sized, one small); main tooth at right angle against mandible on apical side; comb-teeth gradually decreased in length from first to third; supernumerary serrations absent (though one minute tooth present between two mandibular teeth in left mandible of one larva). Hypostoma (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFE79F887FD80F8BE" box="[453,534,1867,1892]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="123.[151,250,1238,1260]" captionTargetBox="[247,1346,228,1198]" captionTargetId="figure@123.[208,1379,193,1216]" captionTargetPageId="123" captionText="FIGURE 55. Larva of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A &amp; B, Head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, Mandible; D, Hypostoma; E, Protuberance and minute setae on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 7. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A and B; 0.05 mm for D; 0.02 mm for C and E." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571664/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 55</figureCitation>
D) with nine anterior teeth, of which median and corner teeth subequal in length to each other, followed by three intermediate teeth on each side; lateral margins serrate apically; six or seven hypostomal bristles divergent posteriorly from lateral border on each side. Postgenal cleft (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14FA27BFB62F85EFAA3F871" box="[1246,1333,1938,1963]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="123.[151,250,1238,1260]" captionTargetBox="[247,1346,228,1198]" captionTargetId="figure@123.[208,1379,193,1216]" captionTargetPageId="123" captionText="FIGURE 55. Larva of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A &amp; B, Head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, Mandible; D, Hypostoma; E, Protuberance and minute setae on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 7. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A and B; 0.05 mm for D; 0.02 mm for C and E." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571664/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Fig. 55</figureCitation>
B) large, rounded, 3.7–4.0 times length of postgenal bridge; sheath of subesophageal ganglion weakly or moderately pigmented. Cervical sclerites on each side composed of light-brown elliptical piece, not fused to occiput.
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14FA27BFAF9F816FA0DF829" bold="true" box="[1349,1435,2010,2035]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Thorax</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14DA279FF76FA9CFEAEFAB3" bold="true" box="[202,312,1360,1385]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Histoblast of pharate pupal gill with 10 thread-like slender filaments. Thoracic cuticle sparsely covered with minute colorless setae. Abdominal segments 1–7 each with pair of cone-like dorsolateral protuberances (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14DA279FEF7FA54FE33FA6B" box="[331,421,1432,1457]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="123.[151,250,1238,1260]" captionTargetBox="[247,1346,228,1198]" captionTargetId="figure@123.[208,1379,193,1216]" captionTargetPageId="123" captionText="FIGURE 55. Larva of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A &amp; B, Head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, Mandible; D, Hypostoma; E, Protuberance and minute setae on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 7. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A and B; 0.05 mm for D; 0.02 mm for C and E." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571664/files/figure.png" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Fig. 55</figureCitation>
E). Abdominal cuticle sparsely covered with minute colorless setae (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14DA279FB57FA54FAD3FA6B" box="[1259,1349,1432,1457]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="123.[151,250,1238,1260]" captionTargetBox="[247,1346,228,1198]" captionTargetId="figure@123.[208,1379,193,1216]" captionTargetPageId="123" captionText="FIGURE 55. Larva of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A &amp; B, Head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, Mandible; D, Hypostoma; E, Protuberance and minute setae on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 7. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A and B; 0.05 mm for D; 0.02 mm for C and E." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571664/files/figure.png" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Fig. 55</figureCitation>
E), and moderately covered with short colorless setae on each side of anal sclerite. Rectal scales present. Rectal organ of three lobes, each with 12–15 finger-like secondary lobules. Anal sclerite X-shaped, with short broad anterior arms 0.65 times length of posterior ones and with forked apices; three or four sensilla on base of anal sclerite; four sensilla posterior to posterior arms. Last abdominal segment not bulged laterally and lacking ventral papillae. Posterior circlet with 134–138 rows of hooklets with up to 21–23 hooklets per row.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="A29D6631B14CA278FF2BF924FB78F8A3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571663/files/figure.png" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" targetBox="[194,1401,222,1728]" targetPageId="122">
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B14CA278FF2BF924FB78F8A3" blockId="122.[151,1436,1768,1913]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14CA278FF2BF924FEB7F927" bold="true" box="[151,289,1768,1790]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">FIGURE 54.</emphasis>
Pupa of
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14CA278FE3DF924FD50F925" box="[385,710,1768,1791]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tavanense" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14CA278FE3DF924FE77F924" box="[385,481,1768,1790]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14CA278FE4DF924FDC7F924" box="[497,593,1768,1790]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">Simulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14CA278FDDDF926FD50F925" box="[609,710,1770,1791]" italics="true" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">tavanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14CA278FD72F925FCB7F924" bold="true" box="[718,801,1769,1790]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DFA557D0B14CA278FD72F925FCB7F924" box="[718,801,1769,1790]" pageId="122" pageNumber="123" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
A, Tubercles with minute secondary projections on frons; B, Frontal trichomes; C, Facial trichome; D–G, Thoracic trichomes (D, anterodorsal; E, anterolateral; F, mediolateral; G ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K, Terminal hooks (caudal view); L, Cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A–G and I–K.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="A29D6631B14DA279FF2BFB1AFDEFFAF3" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571664/files/figure.png" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" targetBox="[247,1346,228,1198]" targetPageId="123">
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B14DA279FF2BFB1AFDEFFAF3" blockId="123.[151,1435,1238,1321]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14DA279FF2BFB1AFEB7FB31" bold="true" box="[151,289,1238,1260]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">FIGURE 55.</emphasis>
Larva of
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14DA279FE34FB1AFD5BFB36" box="[392,717,1238,1260]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tavanense" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14DA279FE34FB1AFE71FB36" box="[392,487,1238,1260]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14DA279FE44FB1AFDCEFB36" box="[504,600,1238,1260]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Simulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14DA279FDD4FB1BFD5BFB36" box="[616,717,1239,1260]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">tavanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DFA557D0B14DA279FD69FB1AFCBEFB31" box="[725,808,1238,1259]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" rank="species">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14DA279FD69FB1AFCBEFB31" bold="true" box="[725,808,1238,1259]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
A &amp; B, Head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, Mandible; D, Hypostoma; E, Protuberance and minute setae on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 7. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A and B; 0.05 mm for D; 0.02 mm for C and E.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="BEF86532B14DA27EFF7BF9BCFEFDFEE5" lastPageId="124" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B14DA27EFF7BF9BCFD92FF0E" blockId="123.[151,1437,1360,2033]" lastBlockId="124.[151,1437,151,1328]" lastPageId="124" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
<materialsCitation id="468A3CE4B14DA279FF7BF9BCFEFEF8C3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1500194431" collectingDate="2014-12-21" collectionCode="UMSRP" collectorName="Vietnam" country="Vietnam" county="Male" elevation="1048" location="Tavan" municipality="Takaoka" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="Lao Cai Province" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14DA279FF7BF9BCFEF8F953" bold="true" box="[199,366,1648,1673]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
<typeStatus id="2959881BB14DA279FF7BF9BCFE94F953" box="[199,258,1648,1673]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Type</typeStatus>
material
</emphasis>
.
<typeStatus id="2959881BB14DA279FEC0F9BDFD82F953" box="[380,532,1649,1673]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
: Male (with its associated pupal exuviae and cocoon) in 80% ethanol, labeled in a vial as [
<collectionCode id="90F3AE7CB14DA279FF43F959FEF3F977" box="[255,357,1685,1709]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">UMSRP</collectionCode>
:
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B14DA279FED3F958FE58F977" box="[367,462,1684,1709]" name="Vietnam" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
0 39,
<typeStatus id="2959881BB14DA279FDB7F958FDE0F977" box="[523,630,1684,1709]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
,
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14DA279FD3DF959FC04F976" box="[641,914,1685,1709]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tavanense" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14DA279FD3DF959FD7DF977" box="[641,747,1685,1709]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14DA279FD47F959FC9FF976" box="[763,777,1685,1708]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14DA279FCA3F959FC04F976" box="[799,914,1685,1708]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">tavanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14DA279FC2EF959FC00F976" box="[914,918,1685,1708]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">,</emphasis>
<collectingCounty id="1F3C4E35B14DA279FC21F958FC4FF977" box="[925,985,1684,1709]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Male</collectingCounty>
, coll.
<collectorName id="5B17536FB14DA279FBA0F958FBE8F977" box="[1052,1150,1684,1709]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Vietnam</collectorName>
,
<date id="825C1079B14DA279FB34F959FA8EF977" box="[1160,1304,1685,1709]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" value="2014-12-21">
<collectingDate id="9218E991B14DA279FB34F959FA8EF977" box="[1160,1304,1685,1709]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" value="2014-12-21">21-XII-2014</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="1639ACC3B14DA279FA9FF958FA17F977" box="[1315,1409,1684,1709]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Takaoka</collectingMunicipality>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14DA279FA34F959FF3BF90B" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">et al</emphasis>
.], collected from a stream (width 1.0 m, depth
<quantity id="311A9B5CB14DA279FD7CF975FD6DF90A" box="[704,763,1721,1745]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" unit="cm" value="8.0">8 cm</quantity>
, bottom of pebbles, water temperature 13˚C, exposed to the sun,
<elevation id="7DCFD18AB14DA279FF71F910FE0AF92E" box="[205,412,1756,1781]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.048" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" unit="m" value="1048.0">
elevation
<quantity id="311A9B5CB14DA279FE80F911FE0AF92E" box="[316,412,1757,1781]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.048" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" unit="m" value="1048.0">1,048 m</quantity>
</elevation>
, 22˚18’33.255’’N/103˚53’12.129’’E), flowing near forest,
<location id="F33D6062B14DA279FB89F911FBEAF92E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E4B87AFB143A27EFF2BFDFAFB5BFAEA:F33D6062B14DA279FB89F911FBEAF92E" box="[1077,1148,1757,1780]" country="Vietnam" county="Male" municipality="Takaoka" name="Tavan" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" stateProvince="Lao Cai Province">Tavan</location>
,
<location id="F33D6062B14DA279FB34F911FB57F92F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E4B87AFB143A27EFF2BFDFAFB5BFAEA:F33D6062B14DA279FB34F911FB57F92F" box="[1160,1217,1757,1781]" country="Vietnam" county="Male" municipality="Takaoka" name="Sapa" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" stateProvince="Lao Cai Province">Sapa</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="3426F85BB14DA279FB72F911FA0EF92F" box="[1230,1432,1756,1781]" country="Vietnam" name="Lao Cai" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">
Lao
<collectingRegion id="3426F85BB14DA279FABEF910FA0EF92F" box="[1282,1432,1756,1781]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Cai Province</collectingRegion>
</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="F33D6062B14DA279FF2BF8CCFEFEF8C3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E4B87AFB143A27EFF2BFDFAFB5BFAEA:F33D6062B14DA279FF2BF8CCFEFEF8C3" box="[151,360,1792,1817]" country="Vietnam" county="Male" municipality="Takaoka" name="northern Vietnam" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" stateProvince="Lao Cai Province">northern Vietnam</location>
</materialsCitation>
,
<date id="825C1079B14DA279FEC1F8CDFD9BF8C3" box="[381,525,1793,1817]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" value="2014-12-21">21-XII-2014</date>
, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C.D. Chen &amp; K.W. Lau. PARATYPES.
<materialsCitation id="468A3CE4B14DA27EFEFCF8E9FCDCFF6A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1500194444" collectingDate="2014-12-21" collectionCode="UMSRP" collectorName="Vietnam &amp; Takaoka" country="Vietnam" county="Female" elevation="999" lastPageId="124" lastPageNumber="125" location="Tavan" municipality="Takaoka" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="Lao Cai Province" typeStatus="holotype">
One male (with its associated pupal exuviae and cocoon) and three mature larvae, in 80% ethanol, same data as those of the
<typeStatus id="2959881BB14DA279FE05F884FD8DF8BB" box="[441,539,1864,1889]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
labeled in a vial as [
<collectionCode id="90F3AE7CB14DA279FCB8F885FCFCF8BB" box="[772,874,1865,1889]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">UMSRP</collectionCode>
:
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B14DA279FCC9F884FC42F8BB" box="[885,980,1864,1889]" name="Vietnam" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
0 39,
<typeStatus id="2959881BB14DA279FBA8F885FBEFF8BB" box="[1044,1145,1865,1889]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
,
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14DA279FB38F885FA0EF8BA" box="[1156,1432,1865,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tavanense" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14DA279FB38F885FB78F8BB" box="[1156,1262,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14DA279FB43F885FA9BF8BA" box="[1279,1293,1865,1888]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14DA279FA99F885FA0EF8BA" box="[1317,1432,1865,1888]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">tavanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14DA279FA24F885FA0AF8BA" box="[1432,1436,1865,1888]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">,</emphasis>
coll.
<collectorName id="5B17536FB14DA279FF6CF8A0FEA4F85F" box="[208,306,1900,1925]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Vietnam</collectorName>
,
<date id="825C1079B14DA279FE82F8A1FE58F85F" box="[318,462,1901,1925]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" value="2014-12-21">
<collectingDate id="9218E991B14DA279FE82F8A1FE58F85F" box="[318,462,1901,1925]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" value="2014-12-21">21-XII-2014</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="5B17536FB14DA279FE67F8A0FDAFF85F" box="[475,569,1900,1925]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Takaoka</collectorName>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14DA279FDFDF8A1FDE4F85F" box="[577,626,1901,1925]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">et al</emphasis>
.]; two females (all with their associated pupal exuviae and cocoons) in 80% ethanol, labeled in each vial as [
<collectionCode id="90F3AE7CB14DA279FDEDF85DFD21F873" box="[593,695,1937,1961]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">UMSRP</collectionCode>
:
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B14DA279FD79F85CFCB2F873" box="[709,804,1936,1961]" name="Vietnam" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
0 39,
<typeStatus id="2959881BB14DA279FCD6F85DFC59F873" box="[874,975,1937,1961]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
,
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14DA279FC62F85DFB6EF872" box="[990,1272,1937,1961]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tavanense" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14DA279FC62F85DFBDEF873" box="[990,1096,1937,1961]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14DA279FBE0F85DFBFCF872" box="[1116,1130,1937,1960]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14DA279FB39F85DFB6EF872" box="[1157,1272,1937,1960]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">tavanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14DA279FB44F85DFB6AF872" box="[1272,1276,1937,1960]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">,</emphasis>
<collectingCounty id="1F3C4E35B14DA279FABBF85CFACAF873" box="[1287,1372,1936,1961]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Female</collectingCounty>
, coll.
<collectorName id="5B17536FB14DA279FF2BF878FF6FF817" box="[151,249,1972,1997]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Vietnam</collectorName>
,
<date id="825C1079B14DA279FEBAF879FE01F817" box="[262,407,1973,1997]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" value="2014-12-21">
<collectingDate id="9218E991B14DA279FEBAF879FE01F817" box="[262,407,1973,1997]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" value="2014-12-21">21-XII-2014</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="1639ACC3B14DA279FE19F878FD95F817" box="[421,515,1972,1997]" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">Takaoka</collectingMunicipality>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14DA279FDB1F879FDDEF817" box="[525,584,1973,1997]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="124">et al.</emphasis>
], collected from a stream (width 1.0 m, depth
<quantity id="311A9B5CB14DA279FBD5F879FB30F816" box="[1129,1190,1973,1996]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
, bottom sandy, water temperature 17˚C, exposed to the sun,
<elevation id="7DCFD18AB14DA279FDEEF814FC9AF82A" box="[594,780,2008,2033]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.99" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" unit="m" value="999.0">
elevation
<quantity id="311A9B5CB14DA279FD7DF815FC9AF82A" box="[705,780,2009,2033]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.99" pageId="123" pageNumber="124" unit="m" value="999.0">999 m</quantity>
</elevation>
, 22˚18’23.788’’N/103˚53’42.780’’E), slowly flowing in a grassland,
<location id="F33D6062B14AA27EFEACFF54FEC1FF75" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E4B87AFB143A27EFF2BFDFAFB5BFAEA:F33D6062B14AA27EFEACFF54FEC1FF75" box="[272,343,152,175]" country="Vietnam" county="Female" municipality="Takaoka" name="Tavan" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" stateProvince="Lao Cai Province">Tavan</location>
,
<location id="F33D6062B14AA27EFED8FF54FE0BFF6A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E4B87AFB143A27EFF2BFDFAFB5BFAEA:F33D6062B14AA27EFED8FF54FE0BFF6A" box="[356,413,152,176]" country="Vietnam" county="Female" municipality="Takaoka" name="Sapa" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" stateProvince="Lao Cai Province">Sapa</location>
,
<collectingRegion id="3426F85BB14AA27EFE16FF54FDE3FF6A" box="[426,629,151,176]" country="Vietnam" name="Lao Cai" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
Lao
<collectingRegion id="3426F85BB14AA27EFE62FF5BFDE3FF6A" box="[478,629,151,176]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Cai Province</collectingRegion>
</collectingRegion>
,
<location id="F33D6062B14AA27EFD3DFF5BFCDCFF6A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7E4B87AFB143A27EFF2BFDFAFB5BFAEA:F33D6062B14AA27EFD3DFF5BFCDCFF6A" box="[641,842,151,176]" country="Vietnam" county="Female" municipality="Takaoka" name="northern Vietnam" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" stateProvince="Lao Cai Province">northern Vietnam</location>
</materialsCitation>
,
<date id="825C1079B14AA27EFCE4FF54FC7EFF6A" box="[856,1000,152,176]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" value="2014-12-21">21-XII-2014</date>
, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C.D. Chen &amp; K.W. Lau.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B14AA27EFF7BFF13FEFDFEE5" blockId="124.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFF7BFF13FE13FF22" bold="true" box="[199,389,223,248]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Biological notes</emphasis>
. The pupae and larvae of this new species were collected from grass leaves trailing in the current. Associated species were
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFDB6FEC8FD54FEC6" box="[522,706,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hongthaii" subGenus="Gomphostilbia">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFDB6FEC8FD8EFEC1" box="[522,536,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFD93FEC8FDD6FEC1" box="[559,576,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">G</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFDEBFEC8FD54FEC6" box="[599,706,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">hongthaii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFD6DFEC8FCE1FEC6" box="[721,887,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daoense" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFD6DFEC8FD70FEC1" box="[721,742,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFD4AFEC8FC9DFEC1" box="[758,779,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFCA7FEC8FCE1FEC6" box="[795,887,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">daoense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFCC1FEC8FC41FEC1" bold="true" box="[893,983,260,285]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DFA557D0B14AA27EFCC1FEC8FC41FEC1" box="[893,983,260,285]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFC59FEC8FB3EFEC6" box="[997,1192,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="doipuiense" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFC59FEC8FC65FEC1" box="[997,1011,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFBB6FEC8FB8EFEC1" box="[1034,1048,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFB93FEC8FB3EFEC6" box="[1071,1192,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">doipuiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(complex) and
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFAE4FEC8FE9CFE9A" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phuluence" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFAE4FEC8FAF8FEC1" box="[1368,1390,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFAC1FEC8FA05FEC1" box="[1405,1427,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFF2BFEE4FE9CFE9A" box="[151,266,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">phuluence</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFEADFEEBFEFDFEE5" bold="true" box="[273,363,295,320]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DFA557D0B14AA27EFEADFEEBFEFDFEE5" box="[273,363,295,320]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BEF86532B14AA27EFF7BFE80FDD6FEBF" box="[199,576,332,357]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B14AA27EFF7BFE80FDD6FEBF" blockId="124.[151,1437,151,1328]" box="[199,576,332,357]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFF7BFE80FECFFEBF" bold="true" box="[199,345,332,357]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Distribution</emphasis>
.
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B14AA27EFEDBFE80FE50FEBF" box="[359,454,332,357]" name="Vietnam" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="3426F85BB14AA27EFE69FE80FDA2FEBF" box="[469,564,332,357]" country="Vietnam" name="Lao Cai" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Lao Cai</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BEF86532B14AA27EFF7BFEA3FE92FE77" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B14AA27EFF7BFEA3FE92FE77" blockId="124.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFF7BFEA3FED0FE52" bold="true" box="[199,326,367,392]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Etymology</emphasis>
. The species name
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFD9DFEBDFD07FE52" box="[545,657,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tavanense">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFD9DFEBDFD07FE52" box="[545,657,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">tavanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
refers to the name of the locality, Ta Van, where this new species was collected.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BEF86532B14AA27EFF7BFE7BFB5BFAEA" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B14AA27EFF7BFE7BFF42FD5F" blockId="124.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFF7BFE7BFEA2FE0A" bold="true" box="[199,308,439,464]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Remarks</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFEFFFE74FDC3FE0A" box="[323,597,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tavanense" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFEFFFE74FE3BFE0A" box="[323,429,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFE02FE74FE45FE15" box="[446,467,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFE59FE75FDC3FE0A" box="[485,597,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">tavanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFDE2FE7BFD2FFE15" bold="true" box="[606,697,439,464]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DFA557D0B14AA27EFDE2FE7BFD2FFE15" box="[606,697,439,464]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is assigned to the
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFC32FE74FB9FFE15" box="[910,1033,440,463]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striatum">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFC32FE74FC0AFE15" box="[910,924,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFC10FE74FB9FFE15" box="[940,1033,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">striatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group, defined by
<bibRefCitation id="92734B48B14AA27EFA81FE7BFEFEFE2F" author="Takaoka" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" refString="Takaoka, H. &amp; Davies, D. M. (1996) The Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Java, Indonesia. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Entomology 6. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, Hawaii, viii + 81 pp." type="book" year="1996">Takaoka and Davies (1996)</bibRefCitation>
, by the unique shape of the female
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFD4BFE10FCFFFE2F" box="[759,873,476,501]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="124" pageNumber="156" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">terminalia</taxonomicName>
and male genitalia (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14AA27EFBF2FE10FB3CFE2F" box="[1102,1194,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 52" captionStartId="118.[151,250,1423,1445]" captionTargetBox="[208,1394,210,1393]" captionTargetId="figure@118.[154,1439,153,1424]" captionTargetPageId="118" captionText="FIGURE 52. Female of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Third segment of maxillary palp with sensory vesicle (left side; front view); B, Cibarium (front view); C, Hind basitarsus and second tarsomere (left side; outer view). D, Sternite 8 and ovipositor valve (right side only; ventral view); E, Genital fork (ventral view); F &amp; G, Paraprocts and cerci (F, ventral view; G, lateral view). H, Spermatheca. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for C; 0.02 mm for A, B and D – H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571661/files/figure.png" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Figs. 52</figureCitation>
D–H, 53C). This new species is characterized by having a haired basal portion of the radius of the female and male, male scutum covered with yellow short hairs, and pupal gill with 10 slender filaments of almost the same thickness, arranged as 2+[(1+2)+(2+1)]+2 filaments from dorsal to ventral (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14AA27EFD45FD8BFCDBFDBA" box="[761,845,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 54" captionStartId="122.[151,250,1768,1790]" captionTargetBox="[194,1401,222,1728]" captionTargetId="figure@122.[151,1436,193,1747]" captionTargetPageId="122" captionText="FIGURE 54. Pupa of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A, Tubercles with minute secondary projections on frons; B, Frontal trichomes; C, Facial trichome; D – G, Thoracic trichomes (D, anterodorsal; E, anterolateral; F, mediolateral; G ventrolateral); H, Anterior part of thorax and gill filaments (right side; outer view); I, Hair-like seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 1; J, Hair-like seta, minute seta and stout seta on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 2; K, Terminal hooks (caudal view); L, Cocoon (lateral view). Scale bars. 1.0 mm for L; 0.1 mm for H; 0.02 mm for A – G and I – K." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571663/files/figure.png" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Fig. 54</figureCitation>
H), and larval body with paired protuberances (
<figureCitation id="6ED92A3CB14AA27EFAD2FD8BFF23FD5F" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="123.[151,250,1238,1260]" captionTargetBox="[247,1346,228,1198]" captionTargetId="figure@123.[208,1379,193,1216]" captionTargetPageId="123" captionText="FIGURE 55. Larva of Simulium (Simulium) tavanense sp. nov. A &amp; B, Head capsules (A, dorsal view; B, ventral view); C, Mandible; D, Hypostoma; E, Protuberance and minute setae on dorsal surface of abdominal segment 7. Scale bars. 0.1 mm for A and B; 0.05 mm for D; 0.02 mm for C and E." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/571664/files/figure.png" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Fig. 55</figureCitation>
E).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B14AA27EFF7BFD5CFD58FD17" blockId="124.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
None of known species of the
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFD9DFD5CFD0DFD7D" box="[545,667,656,679]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striatum">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFD9DFD5CFD0DFD7D" box="[545,667,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S. striatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group have hairs on the basal portion of the radial vein and on the subcosta in the male, as in this new species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B14AA27EFF7BFD14FA91FB1E" blockId="124.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
On the other hand, five species—
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFDF0FD14FCE1FD2A" authority="Brunetti" authorityName="Brunetti" box="[588,887,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grisescens" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFDF0FD14FDF7FD35" box="[588,609,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFDC8FD14FD1FFD35" box="[628,649,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFD20FD14FC86FD35" box="[668,784,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">grisescens</emphasis>
Brunetti
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B14AA27EFC7DFD1BFC6DFD2A" box="[961,1019,727,752]" name="India" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">India</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="92734B48B14AA27EFBB0FD1BFB38FD2A" author="Brunetti" box="[1036,1198,727,752]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" refString="Brunetti, E. (1911) New Oriental Nematocera. Record of Indian Museum, 4, 282 - 288." type="journal article" year="1911">Brunetti 1911</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="92734B48B14AA27EFB01FD1BFAA9FD2A" author="Puri" box="[1213,1343,727,752]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" refString="Puri, I. M. (1932 d) Studies on Indian Simuliidae. Part V. Species and varieties of the striatum series. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 20, 515 - 532." type="journal article" year="1932" yearSuffix="d">Puri 1932d</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFAE9FD14FE2FFCCF" authority="Shiraki" authorityName="Shiraki" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquestriatum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFAE9FD14FAFCFD35" box="[1365,1386,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFAC1FD14FA05FD35" box="[1405,1427,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFF2BFD31FED9FCCE" box="[151,335,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">quinquestriatum</emphasis>
(Shiraki)
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B14AA27EFE40FD30FDD8FCCF" box="[508,590,764,789]" name="Taiwan" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="92734B48B14AA27EFDE7FD30FD66FCCF" author="Shiraki" box="[603,752,764,789]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" refString="Shiraki, T. (1935) Simuliidae of the Japanese Empire. Memory of Faculty of Science and Agriculture Taihoku Imperial University, 16, 1 - 90." type="journal article" year="1935">Shiraki 1935</bibRefCitation>
; Takaoka 1979),
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFC12FD30FAC8FCCF" authority="Huang &amp; Takaoka" authorityName="Huang &amp; Takaoka" box="[942,1374,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pingtungense" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFC12FD30FC2AFCC9" box="[942,956,764,787]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFC6FFD30FC7EFCC9" box="[979,1000,764,787]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFC44FD31FB1BFCCE" box="[1016,1165,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">pingtungense</emphasis>
Huang &amp; Takaoka
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B14AA27EFF2BFCD3FF7FFCE2" box="[151,233,799,824]" name="Taiwan" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="92734B48B14AA27EFF4BFCECFD8DFCE2" author="Huang" box="[247,539,799,824]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" refString="Huang, Y. T. &amp; Takaoka, H. (2008) Simulium (Simulium) pingtungense, a new black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Taiwan. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 59 (4), 309 - 317." type="journal article" year="2008">Huang and Takaoka 2008</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFD92FCECFB81FCE2" authority="Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun" authorityName="Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun" box="[558,1047,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taythienense" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFD92FCECFDAAFCED" box="[558,572,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFDEFFCECFDFEFCED" box="[595,616,800,823]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFDC4FCECFC92FCE2" box="[632,772,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">taythienense</emphasis>
Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun
</taxonomicName>
&amp; Ya’cob from
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B14AA27EFB72FCD3FABBFCE2" box="[1230,1325,799,824]" name="Vietnam" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="92734B48B14AA27EFA87FCD3FE88FC86" author="Takaoka" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" refString="Takaoka, H., Sofian-Azirun, M., Ya'cob, Z., Chen, C. D., Lau, K. W. &amp; Pham, H. T. (2014 a) New species and records of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam. Zootaxa, 3838 (3), 347 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3838.3.6" type="journal article" year="2014" yearSuffix="a">
Takaoka
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFF2BFC89FF5FFC86" box="[151,201,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">et al</emphasis>
. 2014a
</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFEE2FC88FD00FC87" authority="Chen" authorityName="Chen" box="[350,662,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wuzhishanense" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFEE2FC88FEE5FC81" box="[350,371,836,859]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFE38FC88FE0FFC81" box="[388,409,836,859]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFE17FC88FDC5FC86" box="[427,595,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">wuzhishanense</emphasis>
Chen
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B14AA27EFD60FC88FC89FC87" box="[732,799,836,861]" name="China" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">China</collectingCountry>
(Chen 2003) —have a haired basal portion of the radial vein in the female and a similar arrangement of the pupal gill filaments. Apart from the haired subcosta and haired basal portion of the radial vein in the male, this new species is distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFBF6FC40FA9AFC7E" box="[1098,1292,908,932]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grisescens" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFBF6FC40FBC9FC79" box="[1098,1119,908,931]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFBCDFC40FB10FC79" box="[1137,1158,908,931]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFB24FC41FA9AFC7E" box="[1176,1292,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">grisescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the male hind basitarsus, which is 0.87 times as wide as the hind tibia (almost the same width as the hind tibia in
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFAEAFC7CFE9AFC36" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grisescens" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFAEAFC7CFAFDFC1D" box="[1366,1387,944,967]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFAC1FC7CFA05FC1D" box="[1405,1427,944,967]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFF2BFC19FE9AFC36" box="[151,268,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">grisescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and from the latter three species by the number of upper-eye facets, which are in 18 vertical columns and 19 horizontal rows in this new species but in 16 horizontal rows in
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFC5BFC34FB79FBD5" box="[999,1263,1016,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquestriatum" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFC5BFC34FC6AFBD5" box="[999,1020,1016,1039]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFBB3FC34FBB3FBD5" box="[1039,1061,1016,1039]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFB84FC34FB79FBD5" box="[1080,1263,1016,1039]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">quinquestriatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in 19 vertical columns and 20 horizontal rows in
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFD9CFBD0FD69FBEE" box="[544,767,1052,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pingtungense" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFD9CFBD0FDA3FBE9" box="[544,565,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFDF9FBD0FDCCFBE9" box="[581,602,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFDD6FBD1FD69FBEE" box="[618,767,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">pingtungense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and in 12 vertical columns and 14 horizontal rows in
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFAE4FBD0FEA9FB82" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wuzhishanense" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFAE4FBD0FAFBFBE9" box="[1368,1389,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFAC1FBD0FA05FBE9" box="[1405,1427,1052,1075]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFF2BFB8CFEA9FB82" box="[151,319,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">wuzhishanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This new species differs from
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFD20FB8CFCCCFB8D" box="[668,858,1088,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grisescens" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFD20FB8CFD27FB8D" box="[668,689,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFD7DFB8CFD40FB8D" box="[705,726,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFD5AFB8CFCCCFB8D" box="[742,858,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">grisescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFCD4FB8CFBD0FB8D" box="[872,1094,1088,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pingtungense" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFCD4FB8CFCEBFB8D" box="[872,893,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFC30FB8CFC37FB8D" box="[908,929,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFC0DFB8CFBD0FB8D" box="[945,1094,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">pingtungense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFBC0FB8CFAC7FB82" box="[1148,1361,1088,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taythienense" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFBC0FB8CFB07FB8D" box="[1148,1169,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFB1CFB8CFB23FB8D" box="[1184,1205,1088,1111]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFB79FB8CFAC7FB82" box="[1221,1361,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">taythienense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the yellow short hairs on the male scutum (copper-colored short hairs in
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFC1FFBA8FBF5FBA6" box="[931,1123,1124,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grisescens" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFC1FFBA8FC2EFBA1" box="[931,952,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFC75FBA8FC48FBA1" box="[969,990,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFC53FBA9FBF5FBA6" box="[1007,1123,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">grisescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and brassy short hairs in
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFA3BFBA8FECCFB45" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pingtungense" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFA3BFBA8FA0AFBA1" box="[1415,1436,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFF1CFB44FF23FB45" box="[160,181,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFF79FB44FECCFB45" box="[197,346,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">pingtungense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFE2CFB44FDF0FB7A" box="[400,614,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taythienense" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFE2CFB44FE33FB45" box="[400,421,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFE09FB44FE5CFB45" box="[437,458,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFE66FB44FDF0FB7A" box="[474,614,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">taythienense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and from
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFD5EFB44FC56FB45" box="[738,960,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pingtungense" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFD5EFB44FD61FB45" box="[738,759,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFCBAFB44FC8AFB45" box="[774,796,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFC97FB44FC56FB45" box="[811,960,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">pingtungense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFC4AFB44FB7EFB7A" box="[1014,1256,1160,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wuzhishanense" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFC4AFB44FB9DFB45" box="[1014,1035,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFBA7FB44FBA6FB45" box="[1051,1072,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFBFCFB44FB7EFB7A" box="[1088,1256,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">wuzhishanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the presence of paired dorsal protuberances on the larval abdomen (protuberances absent in the latter two species).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F65D36B9B14AA27EFF7BFB03FB5BFAEA" blockId="124.[151,1437,151,1328]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">
This new species is distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFD2EFB1CFBC0FB32" authority="Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun" authorityName="Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun" box="[658,1110,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xuandai" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFD2EFB1CFD36FB3D" box="[658,672,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFD07FB1CFD46FB3D" box="[699,720,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFD5FFB1CFCABFB32" box="[739,829,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">xuandai</emphasis>
Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun
</taxonomicName>
&amp; Ya’cob described from a single male reared from a pupa from
<collectingCountry id="8EF57629B14AA27EFDFFFB38FD34FAD7" box="[579,674,1268,1293]" name="Vietnam" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="92734B48B14AA27EFD0EFB38FC35FAD6" author="Takaoka" box="[690,931,1268,1293]" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" refString="Takaoka, H., Sofian-Azirun, M., Ya'cob, Z., Chen, C. D., Lau, K. W. &amp; Pham, H. T. (2014 a) New species and records of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Vinh Phuc Province, Vietnam. Zootaxa, 3838 (3), 347 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3838.3.6" type="journal article" year="2014" yearSuffix="a">
Takaoka
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFCA7FB39FCD8FAD6" box="[795,846,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">et al</emphasis>
. 2014a
</bibRefCitation>
) by the male upper-eye facets in 18 vertical columns and 19 horizontal rows (20 vertical columns and 20 horizontal rows in
<taxonomicName id="31E24D3AB14AA27EFBABFAD4FB2AFAEA" box="[1047,1212,1304,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="124" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xuandai" subGenus="Simulium">
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFBABFAD4FBB3FAF5" box="[1047,1061,1304,1327]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFB80FAD4FBC7FAF5" box="[1084,1105,1304,1327]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">S.</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="C496EAABB14AA27EFBDEFAD4FB2AFAEA" box="[1122,1212,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="124" pageNumber="125">xuandai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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