279 lines
20 KiB
XML
279 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.773.21690" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ae746066-49d5-4114-b580-39dc874dc23e" ID-PMC="PMC6048178" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-773-109" ID-PubMed="30026663" ID-ZBK="2A36493366624B6C84774AAE1E591652" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-773-109" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 773" ModsDocTitle="Hawaiian Philodoria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Ornixolinae) leaf mining moths on Myrsine (Primulaceae): two new species and biological data" checkinTime="1531209161602" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Kobayashi, Shigeki, Johns, Chris A., Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos, Camiel Doorenweerd,, Kawakita, Atsushi, Ohshima, Issei, Lees, David C., Hanabergh, Sofia & Kawahara, Akito Y." docDate="2018" docId="7DA4FBC8BCEB8ECE68F61312BEBB9E74" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 773: 109-141" docOrigin="ZooKeys 773" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.773.21690" docTitle="Philodoria kolea Kobayashi, Johns & Kawahara, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="36268FAD-7EAE-4761-8EC4-87E19E7BF50E" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="109" masterDocId="FFE4B918FFEC4228FFBEFFE31054FFD4" masterDocTitle="Hawaiian Philodoria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Ornixolinae) leaf mining moths on Myrsine (Primulaceae): two new species and biological data" masterLastPageNumber="141" masterPageNumber="109" pageNumber="109" updateTime="1668166013260" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Hawaiian Philodoria (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Ornixolinae) leaf mining moths on Myrsine (Primulaceae): two new species and biological data</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kobayashi, Shigeki</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Johns, Chris A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Camiel Doorenweerd,</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kawakita, Atsushi</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Ohshima, Issei</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lees, David C.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hanabergh, Sofia</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kawahara, Akito Y.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>773</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>109</mods:start>
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<mods:end>141</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.773.21690</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.773.21690</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-773-109</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">2A36493366624B6C84774AAE1E591652</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">2A36493366624B6C84774AAE1E591652</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="146053670" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:36268FAD-7EAE-4761-8EC4-87E19E7BF50E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7DA4FBC8BCEB8ECE68F61312BEBB9E74" lastPageNumber="109" pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/36268FAD-7EAE-4761-8EC4-87E19E7BF50E" authority="Kobayashi, Johns & Kawahara" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria kolea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kolea">Philodoria kolea Kobayashi, Johns & Kawahara</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="109">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 3, 5K, L, 7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
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, I, 12, 13, 14D
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="type locality">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hawai’i">Hawai'i</normalizedToken>
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Volcanoes National Park (Big Island).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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Holotype ♂,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hawai’i">Hawai'i</normalizedToken>
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Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii (Big Island), 25.iv.2016, A. Kawakita leg., host:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine lessertiana" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lessertiana">Myrsine lessertiana</taxonomicName>
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(understory shrub), GenBank accession no. MF804825, IO-322, SK851 in BPBM. The type series was mounted from emerged adult moths.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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Paratypes, in BPBM: 1♀, Kaumana Trail, Hilo, Hawaii (Big Island), 28.iv.2016, em., C.L.-Vaamonde & C. Doorenweerd leg., host:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Myrsine</taxonomicName>
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sp., 20.iv.2016 (Cocoon), HILO016, SK634♀. 1♀, Thurston lava tube (Nahuku),
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hawai’i">Hawai'i</normalizedToken>
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Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii Is., 13.v.2016, em., S. Kobayashi leg., host:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine lessertiana" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lessertiana">Myrsine lessertiana</taxonomicName>
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, 25.iv.2016 (larva), SKH-05-1, SK632♀; 1♀, same locality and data as holotype, IO-323, SK852; 2♀, same locality as holotype, 2&24.v.2016, em., C.L.-Vaamonde & C. Doorenweerd leg., host:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine lessertiana" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lessertiana">Myrsine lessertiana</taxonomicName>
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, 22.iv.2016 (larva), HILO020/SKH-15, SK630♀, 631♀.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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Among
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philodoria</taxonomicName>
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species having similar fuscous forewing coloration (i.e.,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. wilkesiella" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="wilkesiella">P. wilkesiella</taxonomicName>
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Swezey,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. pipturiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="pipturiana">P. pipturiana</taxonomicName>
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Swezey,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. epibathra" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="epibathra">P. epibathra</taxonomicName>
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(Walsingham), and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. nigrella" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="nigrella">P. nigrella</taxonomicName>
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(Walsingham) (See
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<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Zimmerman 1978</bibRefCitation>
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)), the new species is recognizable by the white and bronze color bands on the forewing (Fig. 3). The forewing pattern and the genitalia are similar to those of other
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Myrsine</taxonomicName>
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mining species,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. succedanea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="succedanea">P. succedanea</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. auromagnifica" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="auromagnifica">P. auromagnifica</taxonomicName>
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, but
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. kolea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="kolea">P. kolea</taxonomicName>
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completely lacks the orange markings (Figs 2, 3).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Adult (Figs 3, 5K, L, 12N). Wingspan 6.7 mm in holotype, 6.6, 8.5 mm in paratypes; forewing length 3.0, 3.1 mm in holotype, 2.7-4.0 mm in paratypes. Head leaden grey; frons whitish grey; maxillary palpus reduced; labial palpus greyish ochreous, terminal joint with fuscous band at middle and at apex. Antenna greyish fuscous. Thorax leaden grey. Forewing base leaden grey, externally suffused with brownish fuscous patches: a triangular basal patch along the costal fold; an oblique transverse fascia before the middle of wing, bordered with black scales; a large transverse patch after the middle to costal 3/4, narrowing in the dorsum, extending to dorsal 2/3, containing small white costal spot; leaden grey small median line at base with dorsal narrow patch from base to near middle; one white color band at the middle of the first bronze color band, others on both extremities of second and third bands; a leaden grey patch extending toward the termen and apex with small shiny black apical spots; cilia leaden grey with a black fringe basal line; tonal cilia with a shiny white fringe basal line. Hindwing and cilia leaden grey. Abdomen greyish fuscous above, banded with white beneath. Legs pale greyish fuscous, spurs white.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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Male genitalia (Fig. 7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
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) (n = 1). Capsule 830
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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. Tegumen 600
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long. Similar to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. auromagnifica" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="auromagnifica">P. auromagnifica</taxonomicName>
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, except tegumen 1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of valva (Fig. 7A, C); valva 390
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long, broad and having rather shorter and pointed dorsal process (Fig. 7A); saccus 250
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long. Phallus 640
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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long.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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Female genitalia (Fig. 7I) (n = 5). Similar to
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. succedanea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="succedanea">P. succedanea</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. auromagnifica" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="auromagnifica">P. auromagnifica</taxonomicName>
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, but different in having two very small and narrow signa with minute spines.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Hawaii (Big Island).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="host">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Host plants.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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<taxonomicName family="Primulaceae" lsidName="Philodoria" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="family">Primulaceae</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine lessertiana" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lessertiana">Myrsine lessertiana</taxonomicName>
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A. DC.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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(Figs 12, 13, 14D). Larvae mine the adaxial side of leaves of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. lessertiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="lessertiana">M. lessertiana</taxonomicName>
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, forming a slender serpentine mine (Fig. 12A, B), and gradually expanding as they feed and grow forming a full-depth mine (Fig. 12G, L). Larvae consumed small amounts of leaf tissue (under 2 cm in leaf length) when feeding on seedlings (Fig. 13G, H). The young larva is about 1.5 mm long (Fig. 12I) and later instar larvae are 4-8 mm long (Fig. 12J, K). Larvae were collected from fresh leaves of seedlings. There was usually only one mine per leaf (Fig. 12A, B, G, H). The pupal cocoon is prepared outside the mine, on either surface of the leaf; the cocoon is greyish white to ochreous and near ellipsoidal in shape (Fig. 12M); 4.0-5.0 mm in length, 1.0-3.0 mm in width.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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Figure 12. Biology of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria kolea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kolea">Philodoria kolea</taxonomicName>
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with its hostplant,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine lessertiana" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lessertiana">Myrsine lessertiana</taxonomicName>
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.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–M">A-M</normalizedToken>
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Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
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, E Hostplant leaves and mines C Habitat and hostplants D Leaves and young mine
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<normalizedToken originalValue="F–H">F-H</normalizedToken>
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Later mines I Young larva
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<normalizedToken originalValue="J–L">J-L</normalizedToken>
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Mine by later instar larva M Cocoon N Resting posture of adult, paratype female lateral view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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Figure 13. Biology of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria kolea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kolea">Philodoria kolea</taxonomicName>
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and its host, on seedlings of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine lessertiana" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lessertiana">Myrsine lessertiana</taxonomicName>
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. A Young mine
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<normalizedToken originalValue="B–C">B-C</normalizedToken>
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,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="E–F">E-F</normalizedToken>
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Mine by later instar larva G Mature mine and larva H Full mature mine. Arrows showing larvae.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
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Figure 14. Mine forms and characters of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philodoria</taxonomicName>
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species and their
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Myrsine</taxonomicName>
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host plants. A: long linear form via mid vein; B: Spiral to blotch form; C, D: Serpentine form. A
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. succedanea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="succedanea">P. succedanea</taxonomicName>
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B
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. kauaulaensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="kauaulaensis">P. kauaulaensis</taxonomicName>
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C
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. auromagnifica" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="auromagnifica">P. auromagnifica</taxonomicName>
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D
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. kolea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="kolea">P. kolea</taxonomicName>
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A, C1-2, D
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. lessertiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="lessertiana">M. lessertiana</taxonomicName>
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D1, 2 same collection of SKH-05-1 B1
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. lanaiensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="lanaiensis">M. lanaiensis</taxonomicName>
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, same collection of CJ-381 B2
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. sandwicensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="sandwicensis">M. sandwicensis</taxonomicName>
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, same collection of CJ-072 C3
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<taxonomicName lsidName="M. wawraea" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" rank="species" species="wawraea">M. wawraea</taxonomicName>
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, CJ-148. A Molokai B Maui C1-2, D Hawaii C3 Kauai.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
Figure 15. Maximum likelihood tree of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philodoria</taxonomicName>
|
||
species based on the DNA barcoding region. Numbers on nodes indicate bootstrap support values. Collection ID, host plant, and collection locality, are also shown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="dna barcoding">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">DNA barcoding.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
BIN BOLD:ADF137. The five specimens sequenced for COI are from two localities on Hawaii and have maximum intraspecific p-distance of 0.17%. The p-distance to the nearest neighbor,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Philodoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodoria kauaulaensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kauaulaensis">Philodoria kauaulaensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is 6.98%.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="109" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="109">
|
||
The specific epithet, kolea, is a noun in apposition taken from the Hawaiian name of the host plant,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Primulaceae" genus="Myrsine" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Myrsine" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Myrsine</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |