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<mods:title id="D83BE631BCBCBCE549AFAD45E8CA6952">Copepods of the family Dirivultidae (Siphonostomatoida) from deep­sea hydrothermal vent fields on the Mid­Atlantic Ridge at 14 ºN and 5 ºS</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="31F290E20713F4A2DE2855AE8AB32C85">Ivanenko, Viatcheslav N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CECB27849D2938E4D79F39A4953A7569">Arbizu, Pedro Martínez</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="32EAD7EAFFD3985F3C22FB9F5680F7EA" authority="Humes, 1987" authorityName="Humes" authorityYear="1987" box="[264,727,1478,1504]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Dirivultidae" genus="Stygiopontius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pectinatus">
<emphasis id="C79E707BFFD3985F3C22FB9F5680F7EA" bold="true" box="[264,727,1478,1504]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="C79E707BFFD3985F3C22FB9F5679F7EA" bold="true" box="[264,558,1478,1504]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Stygiopontius pectinatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="917BD198FFD3985F3F1CFB9F5680F7EA" author="Humes" box="[566,727,1478,1504]" pageId="15" pageNumber="20" refString="Humes, A. G. (1987) Copepoda from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Bulletin of Marine Science, 41, 645 - 788." type="journal article" year="1987">Humes, 1987</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="F555AC69FFD3985F3C22F84855E3F511" blockId="15.[264,1324,1553,1899]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Material examined. 39 ΨΨ, Mid­Atlantic Ridge, Turtle Pits site, chimney “Tower”, samples 123 ROV­5 and 123 ROV­6, 
<geoCoordinate id="90DECAAEFFD3985F3FF7F860571FF459" box="[733,840,1593,1619]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="92" value="-4.81">4°48.6’S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="90DECAAEFFD3985F3E72F860578DF459" box="[856,986,1593,1619]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" precision="92" value="-12.373333">12°22.4’W</geoCoordinate>
, depth 
<quantity id="3212018CFFD3985F391DF86050C1F459" box="[1079,1174,1593,1619]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.992" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="2992.0">2992 m</quantity>
, washing of alvinocaridid shrimps (
<taxonomicName id="32EAD7EAFFD3985F3F0BF83856C4F470" box="[545,659,1633,1658]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alvinocarididae" genus="Rimicaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C79E707BFFD3985F3F0BF83856C4F470" box="[545,659,1633,1658]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Rimicaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.), 
<date id="81548AA9FFD3985F3FF7F83857DDF471" box="[733,906,1633,1659]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2005-04-11">11 April 2005</date>
(
<figureCitation id="6DD1B0ECFFD3985F3EB4F83857B2F471" box="[926,997,1633,1659]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,368,1780,1804]" captionTargetBox="[283,1272,324,1748]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[264,1323,310,1771]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Mid­Atlantic Ridge: A, Logachev hydrothermal field at 14 ° N, IRINA II site, musselbed of Bathymodiolus puteoserpentis, at the southwest from the smoker­complex; B, Turtle Pits hydrothermal site at 5 ° S, active chimney “ Tower ” with alvinocaridid shrimps of different size. (Photos courtesy by MARUM © 2005, University of Bremen.)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173352/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
B). 316 ΨΨ, 2 copepodids (stage 1), 3 nauplii (described by Ivanenko, Martínez Arbizu &amp; Stecher, submitted), Mid­ Atlantic Ridge, Red Lion site, chimney &quot;Shrimps Farm&quot;, sample 146 ROV­6, 
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, 
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, depth 
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, washing of alvinocaridid shrimps (
<taxonomicName id="32EAD7EAFFD3985F3EC3F880500CF4F8" box="[1001,1115,1753,1778]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alvinocarididae" genus="Rimicaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C79E707BFFD3985F3EC3F880500CF4F8" box="[1001,1115,1753,1778]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Rimicaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.) (
<figureCitation id="6DD1B0ECFFD3985F39B7F88050B4F4F9" box="[1181,1251,1753,1779]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1795,1819]" captionTargetBox="[383,1214,311,1783]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[374,1221,308,1789]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Mid­Atlantic Ridge, Red Lion hydrothermal site at 5 ° S: A, active chimney &quot; Shrimps Farm &quot;, white spots = swimming shrimps; B, aggregation of alvinocaridid shrimps (Rimicaris sp.) on the chimney &quot; Shrimps Farm &quot;. (Photos courtesy by MARUM © 2005, University of Bremen.)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/173353/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A–B), 
<date id="81548AA9FFD3985F3C22F95855E7F511" box="[264,432,1793,1819]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2005-04-16">16 April 2005</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F555AC69FFD398403C12F9705001F33C" blockId="15.[264,1324,1553,1899]" lastBlockId="16.[264,1324,284,870]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Differential diagnosis. Inner margin of claw of both antenna and maxilliped pectinate. Segment 3 of exopod of leg 4 with 3 outer spines (formula III,I,4). Segment 2 of endopod of leg 4 with short terminal spine (armature formula of the segment I,1).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F555AC69FFCC98403C12FF1D50BBF044" blockId="16.[264,1324,284,870]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Remarks. 
<taxonomicName id="32EAD7EAFFCC98403C9FFF1D5607F357" box="[437,592,324,349]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Dirivultidae" genus="Stygiopontius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pectinatus">
<emphasis id="C79E707BFFCC98403C9FFF1D5607F357" box="[437,592,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">S. pectinatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a widespread species with females reported from three hydrothermal vent fields of the 
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and one site of the Mariana Back­Arc Basin (West Pacific); males are unknown. The females were found in the branchial chambers and in washings of alvinocaridid shrimps (
<taxonomicName id="32EAD7EAFFCC98403FEFFFE557E1F3DF" box="[709,950,444,469]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alvinocarididae" genus="Rimicaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exoculata">
<emphasis id="C79E707BFFCC98403FEFFFE557E1F3DF" box="[709,950,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Rimicaris exoculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="32EAD7EAFFCC98403ED6FFE5508DF3DF" box="[1020,1242,444,469]" class="Malacostraca" family="Alvinocarididae" genus="Chorocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chacei">
<emphasis id="C79E707BFFCC98403ED6FFE5508DF3DF" box="[1020,1242,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Chorocaris chacei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) from TAG at 26°N and Snake Pit at 23°N (
<bibRefCitation id="917BD198FFCC98403F96FFBD5701F3F4" author="Humes" box="[700,854,484,510]" pageId="16" pageNumber="20" refString="Humes, A. G. (1987) Copepoda from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Bulletin of Marine Science, 41, 645 - 788." type="journal article" year="1987">Humes 1987</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="917BD198FFCC98403E4BFFBD57ACF3F4" author="Humes" box="[865,1019,484,510]" pageId="16" pageNumber="20" refString="Humes, A. G. (1996) Deep-sea Copepoda (Siphonostomatoida) from hydrothermal sites on the Mid- Atlantic Ridge at 23 ° and 37 ° N. Bulletin of Marine Science, 58, 609 - 653." type="journal article" year="1996">Humes 1996</bibRefCitation>
). They were also found in plankton over Broken Spur at 29°N (
<bibRefCitation id="917BD198FFCC98403FFEFC5557DBF02C" author="Ivanenko" box="[724,908,524,550]" pageId="16" pageNumber="20" refString="Ivanenko, V. N. (1998) Deep-sea hydrothermal vent Copepoda (Siphonostomatoida: Dirivultidae) in plankton over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (29 ºN), morphology of their first copepodid stage. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 77 (11), 1249 - 1256." type="journal article" year="1998">Ivanenko 1998</bibRefCitation>
) and in washings of tubes of the polychaete 
<taxonomicName id="32EAD7EAFFCC98403CA4FC6D56D5F047" box="[398,642,564,589]" class="Polychaeta" family="Alvinellidae" genus="Alvinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Terebellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="pompejana">
<emphasis id="C79E707BFFCC98403CA4FC6D56D5F047" box="[398,642,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Alvinella pompejana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Marianna Back­Arc Basin (
<bibRefCitation id="917BD198FFCC9840391DFC6D5088F044" author="Humes" box="[1079,1247,564,590]" pageId="16" pageNumber="20" refString="Humes, A. G. (1990 a) Copepods (Siphonostomatoida) from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent at the Mariana Back-Arc Basin in the Pacific, including a new genus and species. Journal of Natural History, 24, 289 - 304." type="journal article" year="1990" yearSuffix="a">Humes 1990a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F555AC69FFCC98403C12FC05570CF16C" blockId="16.[264,1324,284,870]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Our observation of the alvinocaridid shrimps collected at 5ºS and the oral cone and the swimming legs of 
<taxonomicName id="32EAD7EAFFCC98403CDAFCDD56DCF097" box="[496,651,644,669]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Dirivultidae" genus="Stygiopontius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siphonostomatoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pectinatus">
<emphasis id="C79E707BFFCC98403CDAFCDD56DCF097" box="[496,651,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">S. pectinatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected on these shrimps supports the suggestion of 
<bibRefCitation id="917BD198FFCC98403C22FCF555E5F0CC" author="Humes" box="[264,434,684,710]" pageId="16" pageNumber="20" refString="Humes, A. G. (1996) Deep-sea Copepoda (Siphonostomatoida) from hydrothermal sites on the Mid- Atlantic Ridge at 23 ° and 37 ° N. Bulletin of Marine Science, 58, 609 - 653." type="journal article" year="1996">Humes (1996)</bibRefCitation>
that females of this dirivultid live in the shrimps’ branchial chamber and feed on chemoautotrophic bacteria growing on the shrimp’s feeding appendages and the inner surface of branchial chamber (
<bibRefCitation id="917BD198FFCC98403F81FCA557E6F11C" author="Van" box="[683,945,764,790]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" refString="Van Dover, C. L., Fry, B., Grassle, J. F., Humphris, S. &amp; Rona, P. A. (1988) Feeding biology of the shrimp Rimicaris exoculata at hydrothermal vents on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Marine Biology, 98, 209 - 216." type="journal article" year="1988">
Van Dover 
<emphasis id="C79E707BFFCC98403E19FCA55733F11F" box="[819,868,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
. 1988
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="917BD198FFCC98403E97FCA550FCF11C" author="Segonzac" box="[957,1195,764,790]" pageId="16" pageNumber="21" refString="Segonzac, M., de Saint Laurent, M. &amp; Casanova, B. (1993) L'enigme du comportement trophique des crevettes Alvinocarididae des sites hydrothermaux de la dorsale medio-atlantique. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 34, 535 - 571." type="journal article" year="1993">
Segonzac 
<emphasis id="C79E707BFFCC9840391EFCA55032F11F" box="[1076,1125,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al</emphasis>
.1993
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="917BD198FFCC9840399DFCA5552AF134" author="Gebruk" pageId="16" pageNumber="19" refString="Gebruk, A. V., Southward, E. C., Kennedy, H. &amp; Southward, A. J. (2000 b) Food sources, behaviour, and distribution of hydrothermal vent shrimps at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 80, 485 - 499." type="journal article" year="2000" yearSuffix="b">
Gebruk 
<emphasis id="C79E707BFFCC9840383FFCA55571F137" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
2000b
</bibRefCitation>
). It is not clear if the copepods clean the branchial chamber off fouling bacteria or utilize bacterial food of the specialized shrimps.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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