treatments-xml/data/7C/5B/BA/7C5BBA0FA67B12EF258DD2BC9D4CFCDE.xml

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<mods:title id="6DBA86FD7A8A5E893CAB8E741E7D5806">Cyatta abscondita: Taxonomy, Evolution, and Natural History of a New Fungus-Farming Ant Genus from Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="45902F1A332F49AC096ECF47C1B4DE4A">Jeffrey Sosa-Calvo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2506EBB6561005162DFB0EDF60D16C93">Ted R. Schultz</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E13DF7AF41E0D4AF4B4272112DB846A9">Carlos R. F. Brandao</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C9594384E5FA2462891A2ED933E3C027">Christiana Klingenberg</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="879DDCC86D5ABD292782B174807F7820">Rodrigo M. Feitosa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3B949AA34A884714D8E5567ABB76B1C9">Christian Rabeling</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4D2E8F4624909858655939F9B1814A25">Mauricio Bacci Jr.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="78E3BE6A24EE515316E59B8C4F41CAAE">Caue T. Lopes</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="94D898C82686459C6EC0577A8D4B1901">Heraldo L. Vasconcelos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8EFCBC9045923207A393F4CACD394383">PLOS ONE</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="341AA4A3CFC800618126ECCC3B9230DE">
<mods:date id="EA33DE9B0BF2080F2E0631006D15F3B7">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="242F7AEA50973FB368BEC86227C3EB12">8</mods:number>
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<treatment id="7C5BBA0FA67B12EF258DD2BC9D4CFCDE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6154110" ID-GBIF-Taxon="114926903" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6154110" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7C5BBA0FA67B12EF258DD2BC9D4CFCDE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7C5BBA0FA67B12EF258DD2BC9D4CFCDE" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<subSubSection id="6BC69F4DDE688BF21EF28364250834DB" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="22FD6F13107BA1706B24543EB05B9825" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita" status="spec. nov.">Cyatta abscondita</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="DC0C223136D080A04963C8323BCDD14E" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">sp. n</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D1BD5E215AE590A0049638C7B76F3447" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="mainText">
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3260572C- B7CE-429C-9440-27613BDBE 
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, 
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. labeled: &quot; 
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: 
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: 
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; 
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Faz. 
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Limpa
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; 
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; (
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, 
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, 
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); nest series; 
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sensu stricto; in ground; 
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&quot; [
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, unique specimen identifier 
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.
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<typeStatus id="41FD9B137DD40999202B4DD4D0F85E59" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Paratypes</typeStatus>
. same data as holotype [
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, 
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, 
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(EtOH vial)]
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. 
<materialsCitation id="52A0FE68C688210C2CDD999DBCF574EF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1224544692" collectingDate="2011-09-19" collectionCode="MZSP, USNM" collectorName="J. Sosa-Calvo &amp; T. R. Schultz &amp; C. T. Lopes" country="Brazil" elevation="1106" latitude="-15.9524" location="Faz. Aegua Limpa" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-47.90133" municipality="Brasilia" specimenCode="JSC110919-02, USNMENT00758175, USNMENT00758176-77, USNMENT00521910" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-worker="3" stateProvince="DF">
Same data as holotype, but &quot; 
<date id="AC4E4D5594C65BF2033AE059F5BB8B2D" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2011-09-19">
<collectingDate id="A9C5E41E11269B03285048FF1E312739" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2011-09-19">19.ix.2011</collectingDate>
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; 
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&quot; [
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, 
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, 
<specimenCode id="A6D37C1DD1B07F7646D8AB03A2679480" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNMENT00758175</specimenCode>
], [
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, 
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, 
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, 
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, 
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(EtOH vial)]
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="693AF4A7A6860CE6ECFFD1FCEDDC79D8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1224544700" collectingDate="2010-04-16" collectionCode="MZC, USNM" collectorName="J. Sosa-Calvo &amp; T. R. Schultz &amp; C. T. Lopes" country="Brazil" elevation="1106" latitude="-15.9524" location="Faz. Aegua Limpa" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-47.90133" municipality="Brasilia" specimenCode="JSC100416-04, USNMENT00758180, USNMENT00521908" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-worker="2" stateProvince="DF">
Same data as holotype, but &quot; 
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<collectingDate id="0FEF662F55C4AD3F5C7DB84229368292" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2010-04-16">16.iv.2010</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<specimenCode id="0117783CE274692A4FF4C4753C67EE73">JSC100416-04</specimenCode>
&quot; [
<specimenCount id="F41483DAD4ED3F423119A66D08547191" type="worker">1w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="117596FE206619F674F9B46834BD5ABE" collectionName="Portugal, Coimbra, Universidade de Coimbra" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MZC</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="01B65A645278680B0F7603CDC748562F" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNMENT00758180</specimenCode>
] [
<specimenCount id="D6F236207E04535DC501202FD06DB37F" type="worker">1w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="E7DC5BF397DD6F2F5D629738EC18C8FE" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNM</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="7041DA5CDAC3604E4F01B8A5D743F955" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNMENT00521908</specimenCode>
(EtOH vial)]
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="E5C432588558DFF5BC6CD55BD254231F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1224544693" collectedFrom="nest series on ground" collectingDate="2009-02-23" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="J Sosa-Calvo &amp; TR Schultz" country="Brazil" elevation="1099" latitude="-15.95242" location="Faz. Aegua Limpa" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.90129" municipality="Brasilia" specimenCode="JSC090223-26, USNMENT00758178" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-worker="1" stateProvince="DF">
Same data as holotype, but &quot; 
<quantity id="31F7E7B04F452A755AEB498C04B5D433" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.099" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="1099.0">
<elevation id="490DC71BD25ED947213B8040B248F66F" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.099" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="1099.0">1099 m</elevation>
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; 
<geoCoordinateGone id="8F0E5E2A2478A3FCC8C320860A020B24" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="0" value="-47.90129">
<geoCoordinate id="D63427C8E9F3B9A5309A268313731FAD" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="1" value="-47.90129">47.90129° W</geoCoordinate>
</geoCoordinateGone>
<geoCoordinateGone id="8291C6E9ED0C9C9B0BEBA7D3AD855BF3" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="0" value="-15.95242">
<geoCoordinate id="2E687EBF552B146A7150F737BD1F1FA2" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="1" value="-15.95242">15.95242° S</geoCoordinate>
</geoCoordinateGone>
<normalizedToken id="246D3D976E2527AC8423943D020910E6" originalValue="±" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">+/-</normalizedToken>
<quantity id="39EE9FB0E58AA878CEEE710784D94574" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="3.0">
<elevation id="332F977BD42D0C52EA21C5F59EA5D76A" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="3.0">3m</elevation>
</quantity>
; 
<date id="C64D0C0F4C025D478F47E03E7AE78903" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2009-02-23">
<collectingDate id="A0B7300F307E7B4ED3F5630B5A73BE7C" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2009-02-23">23.ii.2009</collectingDate>
</date>
; (
<collectorName id="84F1F719E9D58B864F745FD405131B63">J Sosa-Calvo</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="3D0DC0C20E8EEBD9623620A68FCA4C37" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">TR Schultz</collectorName>
); 
<collectedFrom id="32B4AE34545429887A2555824245D7CE">nest series on ground</collectedFrom>
; 
<specimenCode id="BFE1F378C8D9509E7B5E0DF82F9D2D2C">JSC090223-26</specimenCode>
&quot; [
<specimenCount id="53A3D8A1676E89A36F2E694F7FA92A0F" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="worker">1w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="1DB17D8E3DE080EE928736611FD0D375" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNM</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="73047A5ABE5291C6C520C803A10997DF" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNMENT00758178</specimenCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="6382601CFA486EF764CCE7F374E083E4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1224544694" collectedFrom="nest series underground" collectingDate="2010-04-16" collectionCode="DZUP, USNM" collectorName="(J Sosa-Calvo &amp; TR Schultz" country="Brazil" elevation="1099" latitude="-15.95242" location="Faz. Aegua Limpa" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.90129" municipality="Brasilia" specimenCode="JSC100416-01, USNMENT00758319, USNMENT00758323-24, 00758325, USNMENT00521886" specimenCount="7" specimenCount-worker="6" stateProvince="DF">
Same data as previous entry, but &quot; 
<date id="A7FD85AED0CB4C9C57E84FC020A7106F" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2010-04-16">
<collectingDate id="E6388F0C82F1425FE30F800F375D33E5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2010-04-16">16.iv. 2010</collectingDate>
</date>
; 
<collectedFrom id="2FB12F812E7C9F91447E91F8AED9071C">nest series underground</collectedFrom>
; 
<specimenCode id="FC07866550E2DE0D55D5B489FD02B286">JSC100416-01</specimenCode>
&quot; [
<specimenCount id="97297393484C9147A5E8DA7665BEDD40" type="worker">1w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="92EFDBEFDF050E2ADD891DF34B1D3B17" collectionName="Brazil, Parana, Curitiba, Universidade Federal do Parana, Museu de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">DZUP</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="C204B14D277D32BBC2C842AA05523B56">USNMENT00758319</specimenCode>
] [
<specimenCount id="95815EE9645B85C0F1C8EC9685171956" type="worker">2w</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount id="138A40CAE3F7176D85331CB28DAEA99F" type="generic">1dg</specimenCount>
(currently misplaced) 
<collectionCode id="7BACED2290E40B83A430BDAA9CCD0359" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNM</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="1D7C89466A6062741109C675B3F3C86F">USNMENT00758323-24</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="81EFD87E624D5C6D2CC89E105D1F41DB">00758325</specimenCode>
] [
<specimenCount id="721EBB6C1009940AB37F2FB8F6F857F9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="worker">3w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="C180E86A4C818103BD9D43CB5C97BBD9" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNM</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="B4A191AF78F81B37913C629990047A5C" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNMENT00521886</specimenCode>
(EtOH vial)]
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="D35FAC42E17D9155CD25BB41F9A55C09" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1224544708" collectedFrom="nest series; back yard, under ground" collectingDate="2010-04-12" collectionCode="DZUP, MZSP, USNM" collectorName="J Sosa-Calvo &amp; TR Schultz &amp; CT Lopes" country="Brazil" elevation="1071" latitude="-15.94938" location="Garden near dorms" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.93567" municipality="Brasilia" specimenCode="JSC100412-01, USNMENT00758224, USNMENT00758179, USNMENT00758320-22, USNMENT00521917" specimenCount="8" specimenCount-worker="8" stateProvince="DF">
Same data as holotype, but &quot; 
<location id="7CB2235399DE03E88188D4C179939191" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7C5BBA0FA67B12EF258DD2BC9D4CFCDE:7CB2235399DE03E88188D4C179939191" country="Brazil" latitude="-15.94938" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.93567" municipality="Brasilia" name="Garden near dorms" stateProvince="DF">Garden near dorms</location>
; 
<quantity id="655BB3BD5AD9ED066FEB0AB22A2908C1" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.071" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="1071.0">
<elevation id="12A20973E820349B3BBA0BBCBB0FC2C4" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.071" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="1071.0">1071 m</elevation>
</quantity>
; 
<geoCoordinateGone id="21FD5AF6F27BD926BE51EDBAA57AB5C1" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="0" value="-47.93567">
<geoCoordinate id="A7F8B3CA0CB321261B467AAD9B41FDF7" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="1" value="-47.93567">47.93567° W</geoCoordinate>
</geoCoordinateGone>
<geoCoordinateGone id="4ED454773D27A6CB0787F76D09847189" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="0" value="-15.94938">
<geoCoordinate id="CE94DE17F1C7BFD4FAD6B4610808FE5D" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="1" value="-15.94938">15.94938° S</geoCoordinate>
</geoCoordinateGone>
<normalizedToken id="42A0AEE972FE653480130F3364023538" originalValue="±" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">+/-</normalizedToken>
<quantity id="D52BDC59D57457296C907D9A5F50D3CC" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="3.0">
<elevation id="797A990AEC883BF49A39374A105C3445" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="3.0">3m</elevation>
</quantity>
; 
<date id="C542F8E0B3310CF4FC3E1B527D9BC6B8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2010-04-12">
<collectingDate id="2EDE34463AC2CCE74EC6598E72E54F88" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2010-04-12">12.iv.2010</collectingDate>
</date>
; (
<collectorName id="CBBAFD6A6735057276037EDE33BE32E2">J Sosa-Calvo</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="A1458C4A041502117CCDDEAE2F67AD4F" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">TR Schultz</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName id="87D54E5B0576D7161F077A8F3AF0375A" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">CT Lopes</collectorName>
); 
<collectedFrom id="1197C10F26EB63DCA0E3E7758DFF1AF9">nest series; back yard</collectedFrom>
; 
<collectedFrom id="11E2A5B1FC22902A3DE94BFE171BE2C6">under ground</collectedFrom>
; 
<specimenCode id="315D38D76C0A9E4873FCD8D09EC36FCE">JSC100412-01</specimenCode>
&quot; [
<specimenCount id="BA3A13699FEBBD539E01B5B444C6F5F5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="worker">1w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="4D1DE3E9D3043882C7825109DD13288D" collectionName="Brazil, Parana, Curitiba, Universidade Federal do Parana, Museu de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">DZUP</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="8642053D74925CFC0D0B658C107910CC" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNMENT00758224</specimenCode>
], [
<specimenCount id="DD11D27C9E8A34EE450A2502E857B2DF" type="worker">1w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="7BBC174D9629981555F7AE9BF323C602" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MZSP</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="4E875A66B5435CAF632242F74C2F387B" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNMENT00758179</specimenCode>
], [
<specimenCount id="07122EEC71CA747E7E6E1E879974027E" type="worker">3w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="51948BFEEB1DB4CCBA021F628A432B53" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNM</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="6D9F0A0A4C1899005E6E68E36C96BCFC" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNMENT00758320-22</specimenCode>
] [
<specimenCount id="D4B26A84ECE28E7A61FF4B407285C205" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="worker">3w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="75506BB99DF92FE138469425D4452F06" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNM</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="97DB34809218317D29BB7B1349E6D397" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNMENT00521917</specimenCode>
(EtOH vial)]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="56AA5C513F6F8432832886E00A8F6DFD" type="description">
<paragraph id="242DCEB78DB168EE80A65C8D7B35745C" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="mainText">
Worker measurements. 
<typeStatus id="5013FF7956A8F32D42781CCF67E40744" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Holotype</typeStatus>
(
<typeStatus id="30D15E919D7E6A60EF019F0F420D7935" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Paratypes</typeStatus>
, n=9). TL 2.40 (2.29-2.56), WL 0.62 (0.58-0.65), HL 0.53 (0.50-0.55), HW 0.48 (0.48-0.51), SL 0.48 (0.43-0.50) ML 0.34 (0.32- 0.36), EL 0.13 (0.12-0.13), PL 0.17 (0.14-0.19), PPL 0.22 (0.20-0.24), GL 0.52 (0.49-0.64), CI 90 (90-95), SI 101 (90- 100), MI 64 (63-68), FLD 0.17 (0.17-0.18).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="240E066BC8CFBE79BC8E681853D21276" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="31C7F7751F154A3D9463AA4A3B062C81" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="mainText">
Additional material examined. 
<materialsCitation id="6FDE3691B68A788F37F5E951F5805EA8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1224544698" collectingDate="2010-04-16" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="J Sosa-Calvo &amp; TR Schultz" country="Brazil" elevation="1099" latitude="-15.95242" location="Faz. Aegua Limpa" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.90129" municipality="Brasilia" specimenCode="JSC100416-08, USNMENT00521890" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-worker="2" stateProvince="DF">
Same data as holotype, but &quot; 
<quantity id="E20DAB7E6882302D347656C822F8BFB4" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.099" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="1099.0">
<elevation id="E4503EF1E5AD518252A56885E441EE90" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.099" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="1099.0">1099 m</elevation>
</quantity>
; 
<geoCoordinateGone id="04594AD6DE75359B7FEA399BAB687323" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="0" value="-47.90129">
<geoCoordinate id="CF31D4CD119278F88B83E3625776A12B" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="1" value="-47.90129">47.90129° W</geoCoordinate>
</geoCoordinateGone>
<geoCoordinateGone id="7A48CA85C9459FE2C8CCCFF60A0CCA84" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="0" value="-15.95242">
<geoCoordinate id="3BE6128BB1A8752596242578D156729D" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="1" value="-15.95242">15.95242° S</geoCoordinate>
</geoCoordinateGone>
<normalizedToken id="AB8E3C6600696EDD4D8CF4A98EF0B98F" originalValue="±" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">+/-</normalizedToken>
<quantity id="892B54B95A380D161DCCE0A4E401EBDF" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="3.0">
<elevation id="536EFF02D1D81600A62850FA9AD6E93E" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="3.0">3m</elevation>
</quantity>
; 
<date id="042B358817DBE79E463598A0F04EEB1F" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2010-04-16">
<collectingDate id="6359026F217AD43E5E7DE3168C649093" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2010-04-16">16.iv.2010</collectingDate>
</date>
; (
<collectorName id="05BA487039042921B6D7B57E36C01ECE">J Sosa-Calvo</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="B02D141BF027B0A6FF17853132B40C7A" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">TR Schultz</collectorName>
); stray 
<specimenCount id="44CF0DE5C47EF507FD0BF2DF2BFE85E2" type="worker">worker</specimenCount>
; 
<specimenCode id="82ACC44E5540DF4115C132C541E9FA19">JSC100416-08</specimenCode>
&quot; [
<specimenCount id="B63D89BC29974FD3E73DB5044ABE8DC5" type="worker">1w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="E12E6CDE1EE5320E0041400258ABB9DF" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNM</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="12014213FF8519278798094159A0D664" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNMENT00521890</specimenCode>
(EtOH vial)]
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="F78A797A497E48DF110D5F50184D073F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1224544706" collectedFrom="nest entrance" collectingDate="2010-04-15" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="J Sosa-Calvo &amp; TR Schultz" country="Brazil" elevation="1099" latitude="-15.95242" location="Faz. Aegua Limpa" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.90129" municipality="Brasilia" specimenCode="JSC100415-03, USNMENT00521907" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-worker="4" stateProvince="DF">
Same data as previous entry, but &quot; 
<date id="7FCB1FCB54D65785F8F5D7B80BDECA3B" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2010-04-15">
<collectingDate id="7CC8626AE9F106012352F0E7045DCE6E" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2010-04-15">15.iv.2010</collectingDate>
</date>
; (
<collectorName id="5DD155A6F9AA9859289A2D9F54E7165C">J Sosa-Calvo</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="7FD445F947B73BC6381754297CBB6230" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">TR Schultz</collectorName>
); 
<collectedFrom id="7DBD3BFF531A3BE88FC929A0A9CFC9E9">nest entrance</collectedFrom>
; 
<specimenCode id="5FF3355FCACFCB7AF77FF10319FA138F" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">JSC100415-03</specimenCode>
&quot; [
<specimenCount id="28E9B6798E6AE3F7A5326E2360D47F9C" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="worker">4w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="BA9CD3B31874749E1A608E770B4E607C" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNM</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="AAE5EB99588B5B9B73837CEED89686B1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNMENT00521907</specimenCode>
(EtOH vial)]
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="BC9201733C1456CB9668E43EF421E4D1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1224544709" collectingDate="2003-04-20" collectingDateMax="2003-04-30" collectingDateMin="2003-04-20" collectingLocationText="S05.16479° W40.67978°], Crateus, Ceara (CE), in" collectingMethod="pitfall trap" collectionCode="MZSP" collectorName="Y Quinet" country="Brazil" elevation="330" latitude="-5.16479" location="Croatae" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-40.67978" municipality="Crateues" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-worker="1" stateProvince="CE">
<collectingCountry id="93F1970FC8F199FA9426CA47EE42B607" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="Brazil">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
: 
<collectingRegion id="3BF9EC434667B0F35EE887D895149DA4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">CE</collectingRegion>
: 
<normalizedToken id="61D07372D4AC6A65448B6932748A2D6E" originalValue="Crateüs" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<collectingMunicipality id="91BA5BFF924713F6299DE1091446BF55" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Crateues</collectingMunicipality>
</normalizedToken>
; 
<normalizedToken id="2E8E91BEF2E08BD1DD8CFF7E4B1D0C6E" originalValue="Croatä" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<location id="0C22FA540663CAFA75E03298F91076A1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7C5BBA0FA67B12EF258DD2BC9D4CFCDE:0C22FA540663CAFA75E03298F91076A1" country="Brazil" geoReferenceDate="2014-11-29" latitude="-5.16479" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-40.67978" municipality="Crateues" name="Croatae" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" stateProvince="CE">Croatae</location>
</normalizedToken>
; 
<location id="BCF990F57EC4E9ABFEB77B95B8F26AA5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7C5BBA0FA67B12EF258DD2BC9D4CFCDE:BCF990F57EC4E9ABFEB77B95B8F26AA5" country="Brazil" geoReferenceDate="2014-11-29" latitude="-5.16479" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-40.67978" municipality="Crateues" name="RPPN Serra das Almas" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" stateProvince="CE">RPPN Serra das Almas</location>
; [
<quantity id="B706FA128665BD1F09A3939A22A0CA59" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="330.0">
<elevation id="385649B78D0D577FA87E509457D93D43" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="330.0">330m</elevation>
</quantity>
; 
<geoCoordinateGone id="AEBAA284DFBABF88CC48DEFB425C5F7D" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="0" value="-40.67978">
<geoCoordinate id="BCABAA62B3AA9A43F477583942C87466" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="1" value="-40.67978">40.67978° W</geoCoordinate>
</geoCoordinateGone>
<geoCoordinateGone id="6825E0AB57755A76D5B638FD3F105103" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="0" value="-5.16479">
<geoCoordinate id="ADFBB7566102C79A9B12C137587D3A72" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="1" value="-5.16479">05.16479° S</geoCoordinate>
</geoCoordinateGone>
]; 
<date id="BD0BCD5861E2F1C622A41385C255ABF2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2003-04-20" valueMax="2003-04-30" valueMin="2003-04-20">
<collectingDate id="4EE404012A04DE324719EA0F5CA11F79" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2003-04-20" valueMax="2003-04-30" valueMin="2003-04-20">20-30.iv.2003</collectingDate>
</date>
; (
<collectorName id="5DDD812F0E210BF797927A784ED4F653">Y Quinet</collectorName>
); 
<collectingMethod id="48A5492D1DCBC58F63CB7A95E61CBF22" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">pitfall trap</collectingMethod>
; 
<location id="71473403A0E6C4D77DC600AD5E73B62B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7C5BBA0FA67B12EF258DD2BC9D4CFCDE:71473403A0E6C4D77DC600AD5E73B62B" country="Brazil" geoReferenceDate="2014-11-29" latitude="-5.16479" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-40.67978" municipality="Crateues" name="Caatinga" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" stateProvince="CE">Caatinga</location>
, 
<location id="4D69533830BB1DB8E8CB0FA149C05A8B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7C5BBA0FA67B12EF258DD2BC9D4CFCDE:4D69533830BB1DB8E8CB0FA149C05A8B" country="Brazil" geoReferenceDate="2014-11-29" latitude="-5.16479" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-40.67978" municipality="Crateues" name="Carrasco" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" stateProvince="CE">Carrasco</location>
; SP 60 [
<specimenCount id="B5BF22E100771F3AF0CFD081547238BE" type="worker">1w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="C4FDB4562F1BDE8B31DC880791C0BABF" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MZSP</collectionCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="A27F0A8622B765D5976C3277A0A1ACF2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1224544699" collectingDate="3012008" collectingMethod="pitfall trap" collectionCode="MZSP" collectorName="J Maravalhas" country="Brazil" elevation="1100" latitude="-15.85" location="Parcela Bienal Tardia" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-48.05" municipality="Reserva Ecol. IBGE" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-worker="2" stateProvince="DF">
<collectingRegion id="3D5888898CE5D39E24A9C62DD6366AA6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">DF</collectingRegion>
: 
<collectingCountry id="17ABAA03DDC934646ADD437D0C1A4EF5" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="Brazil">Brasilia</collectingCountry>
; 
<collectingMunicipality id="1DFA2A0C4733D7FD637B6E592F2AA826">Reserva Ecol. IBGE</collectingMunicipality>
; 
<location id="536BF47D589CE45C26CF113E0AB4641B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7C5BBA0FA67B12EF258DD2BC9D4CFCDE:536BF47D589CE45C26CF113E0AB4641B" country="Brazil" geoReferenceDate="2014-11-29" latitude="-15.85" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-48.05" municipality="Reserva Ecol. IBGE" name="Parcela Bienal Tardia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" stateProvince="DF">Parcela Bienal Tardia</location>
(
<location id="F07043EFE1662771E94ED2F22BE312BE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7C5BBA0FA67B12EF258DD2BC9D4CFCDE:F07043EFE1662771E94ED2F22BE312BE" country="Brazil" geoReferenceDate="2014-11-29" latitude="-15.85" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-48.05" municipality="Reserva Ecol. IBGE" name="Projeto Fogo" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" stateProvince="DF">Projeto Fogo</location>
); 
<quantity id="417836AEBE620E37F7E138FFD7647EB0" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="1100.0">
<elevation id="18EE075D442BF2DF39B41B1F02705F5F" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100m</elevation>
</quantity>
; 
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<geoCoordinate id="EE5EEF68EFD6699E4AC2461D32891400" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="1" value="-48.05">48.05000° W</geoCoordinate>
</geoCoordinateGone>
<geoCoordinateGone id="8AB7BA28E0A3A93C554D39A454608577" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="0" value="-15.85">
<geoCoordinate id="5BCF431A520BDE878A443DE5E2EBD9EF" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="1" value="-15.85">15.85000° S</geoCoordinate>
</geoCoordinateGone>
; 
<collectingDate id="B9B7370100BA672448444775CCBCC645" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">3012008</collectingDate>
; (
<collectorName id="AC7ED6C1C91EE7A2AB0F9571E236C5A7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">J Maravalhas</collectorName>
); 
<collectingMethod id="A97F9086692EA8C911AF12B7D16D03B1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">pitfall trap</collectingMethod>
;. Cerrado sensu stricto; B2/CT [
<specimenCount id="E1B2407BBB6E976802BF7C6891F2F43E" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="worker">2w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="855BD2AC3778CF75E65724184C86F10A" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MZSP</collectionCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="FD0EE678B96F7886618857A73D5670D2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1224544696" collectingDate="1999-05-22" collectingDateMax="1999-05-24" collectingDateMin="1999-05-22" collectingLocationText="S18.90628° W45.53527°], Paineiras, Minas Gerais (MG), collected in 1999 and, from pitfall trap samples, one specimen from Caatinga at Reserva Particular do Patrimonio Natural (RPPN) Serra das Almas [" collectionCode="MZSP" collectorName="AA Tavares" elevation="611" latitude="-18.90628" location="Fazenda Olho D'Aegua" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-45.53527" municipality="Paineiras" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-worker="1" stateProvince="MG">
<collectingRegion id="E62809317AADE2B5510F629945210569" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MG</collectingRegion>
: 
<collectingMunicipality id="3E86171503A4817BF8C2AEEA6C8EFF02" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Paineiras</collectingMunicipality>
; 
<location id="B6AAEA7AEE54067C2DF3E14C08743AEB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7C5BBA0FA67B12EF258DD2BC9D4CFCDE:B6AAEA7AEE54067C2DF3E14C08743AEB" country="Brazil" geoReferenceDate="2014-11-29" latitude="-18.90628" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-45.53527" municipality="Paineiras" name="Fazenda Olho D'Aegua" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" stateProvince="MG">
Fazenda Olho 
<normalizedToken id="8797712E122DA077A2C1518A0B896D69" originalValue="D'Ägua" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">D'Aegua</normalizedToken>
</location>
; [
<quantity id="A1D7E03A476BF086BBD9D940E11EF861" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="611.0">
<elevation id="0FF18B87A5F16E2C8647A81F90829A57" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.11" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="611.0">611m</elevation>
</quantity>
; 
<geoCoordinateGone id="22C44CC092184A9B9181194E39DE38A7" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="0" value="-45.53527">
<geoCoordinate id="C210B27F1F7864A2C96723FFC7A63B5D" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="1" value="-45.53527">45.53527° W</geoCoordinate>
</geoCoordinateGone>
<geoCoordinateGone id="7A9D03F699FA0C340D27E6F3254DE011" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="0" value="-18.90628">
<geoCoordinate id="3ADAC0D0AC3D8B6CCE8FB688F18EA17F" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="1" value="-18.90628">18.90628° S</geoCoordinate>
</geoCoordinateGone>
]; 
<date id="ACF5FCE7093B03959374695BB5B06144" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1999-05-22" valueMax="1999-05-24" valueMin="1999-05-22">
<collectingDate id="C4C57025482A9FAB522A61475A7040DE" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1999-05-22" valueMax="1999-05-24" valueMin="1999-05-22">22-24.v. 1999</collectingDate>
</date>
; (
<collectorName id="14D3362E463240B1E58357B37B556A1E" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">AA Tavares</collectorName>
); Winkler #2; Cerrado [
<specimenCount id="F4460DCC72930F31ADB5E65087382998" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="worker">1w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="FE779CF027DA81A238C8EEE00086769E" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MZSP</collectionCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="BDA157B78FBEF9827FC0F0561BEAE354" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1224544711" collectingDate="2011-04-12" collectingLocationText="S17.1790833° W 47.0583056°), Paracatu, Minas Gerais (MG), and in fragments of semideciduous forest at Fazenda Aguas Claras (" collectingMethod="pitfall trap" collectionCode="MBC- UFU" collectorName="TLM Frizzo" elevation="671" latitude="-17.179083" location="Reserva Particular de Patrimoenio Natural do Acangau" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.058304" municipality="Paracatu" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-worker="2" stateProvince="MG">
<collectingRegion id="DF46E911672D4615B07E079BB8D0D7FC" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MG</collectingRegion>
: 
<collectingMunicipality id="CF9D47D39C10D5A253175858D2DED88C" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Paracatu</collectingMunicipality>
; 
<location id="120F1C941B2CBB4B6C71DEDAB8D8475F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7C5BBA0FA67B12EF258DD2BC9D4CFCDE:120F1C941B2CBB4B6C71DEDAB8D8475F" country="Brazil" geoReferenceDate="2014-11-29" latitude="-17.179083" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.058304" municipality="Paracatu" name="Reserva Particular de Patrimoenio Natural do Acangau" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" stateProvince="MG">
Reserva Particular de 
<normalizedToken id="761FE65707610FF71D98A28E986285DB" originalValue="Patrimönio" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Patrimoenio</normalizedToken>
Natural do Acangau
</location>
; 
<quantity id="C03A381DD852C1F14281CE55FAA7B1BE" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.709999999999999" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="671.0">
<elevation id="5BDE541C4A1DADA013877C9CF21FA48C" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.709999999999999" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="671.0">671m</elevation>
</quantity>
; 
<geoCoordinateGone id="F3BE6B05041FC54FED2A0E25B2348478" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="0" value="-47.058304">
<geoCoordinate id="40F52F7A9C366077CFA3488308AC03C2" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="1" value="-47.058304">47.0583056° W</geoCoordinate>
</geoCoordinateGone>
<geoCoordinateGone id="D70E83D85747DEDF47E9032A4948D339" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="0" value="-17.179083">
<geoCoordinate id="F735E9BF849BD103D75751135F514532" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="1" value="-17.179083">17.1790833° S</geoCoordinate>
</geoCoordinateGone>
; 
<date id="BD9A8EC4873EC815CAA6735BE713D032" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2011-04-12">
<collectingDate id="79329DD0FA9BF2E9B3E4DA5A0D15471A" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2011-04-12">12.iv.2011</collectingDate>
</date>
; (
<collectorName id="FD37CF42FE91DD8D9A6CF79EADE37D00">TLM Frizzo</collectorName>
); 
<collectingMethod id="A48AF5676C9E864E74448251B7B265A9" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">pitfall trap</collectingMethod>
; Cerrado sensu stricto [
<specimenCount id="38FF622B53F8AEA32E02D27564B3D73B" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="worker">2w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="9F34B4FC3EF99E3AEA2E1FC67FC2B11B" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MBC- UFU</collectionCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="0C0509FCD30B462661B17020D23AF0E0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1224544701" collectedFrom="nest series, under ground" collectingDate="2011-07-21" collectionCode="MZSP, MZC, USNM, BLME, CRC" collectorName="C Rabeling &amp; M Bacci Jr" elevation="530" latitude="-22.18517" location="Broa" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.87754" municipality="Itirapina" specimenCode="CR110721-04, USNMENT00758220, USNMENT00758204, USNMENT00758221, USNMENT00758219, USNMENT00758222, USNMENT00758190-95" specimenCount="11" specimenCount-male="1" specimenCount-worker="10" stateProvince="SP">
<collectingRegion id="8CA63C90EC757DDBF58B019FC713EBFE" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">SP</collectingRegion>
: 
<collectingMunicipality id="CD4FD75CB058366F5BB8D0147FC8AB18" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Itirapina</collectingMunicipality>
; 
<locationDeviation id="5ED748ED4B27B1BBCC1E6089A40F46A4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<quantity id="60EC0565B7A1CAAC1B54936FF9963C58" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="km" value="95.0">9.5 km</quantity>
northwest of Itirapina
</locationDeviation>
; 
<location id="78F0820D2F1C14C14C36436977722C49" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7C5BBA0FA67B12EF258DD2BC9D4CFCDE:78F0820D2F1C14C14C36436977722C49" latitude="-22.18517" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.87754" municipality="Itirapina" name="Broa" stateProvince="SP">Broa</location>
preserve; 
<quantity id="04F35083DB1C33C334D12AF756CE03FA" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="530.0">
<elevation id="748CAF69B934497B5C58DDB69029B64D" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="530.0">530m</elevation>
</quantity>
; 
<geoCoordinateGone id="7BE2C6A9F213DCFC86317AE82467E228" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="0" value="-47.87754">
<geoCoordinate id="645549CE6CBDF96D57DB80BB24C5F422" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="1" value="-47.87754">47.87754° W</geoCoordinate>
</geoCoordinateGone>
<geoCoordinateGone id="6F1B9870C657876F24C9AE129986EEFB" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="0" value="-22.18517">
<geoCoordinate id="A4BD206A3EEE5B540BF4E59EE8A08516" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="1" value="-22.18517">22.18517° S</geoCoordinate>
</geoCoordinateGone>
; 
<date id="66CC973C426269F15F6C0B02C850A848" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2011-07-21">
<collectingDate id="CD4007A4C044459C41E4B45F5A666DAB" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2011-07-21">21.vii.2011</collectingDate>
</date>
; (
<collectorName id="D56DB0DA1BB2CC67FE63C2656E4755E3">C Rabeling</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="EE74A90B7AAAB482FA5657F53F62E6C1">M Bacci Jr</collectorName>
); 
<collectedFrom id="59FAA633F08593CC70296A66A5E81CA0">nest series</collectedFrom>
; Cerrado sensu stricto; 
<collectedFrom id="ACF3C2F611EF5ACDB8B3862901DA4930">under ground</collectedFrom>
; 
<specimenCode id="8F1AE0A7D2B0C42183150B3C1AE3A12E" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">CR110721-04</specimenCode>
[
<specimenCount id="4A0A2CC4C89E3A10CB20E7477C4E8050" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="worker">1w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="FE91AC7696FB344DE2C6B12493108598" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MZSP</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="701784A030547F2AFC08580F67DA1827" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNMENT00758220</specimenCode>
; 
<quantity id="4ECEB9C2299E00B3FDA333C741F7F113" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="1.0">
<specimenCount id="9765334EE3995BE885A44B571A407554" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="male">1m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
, 
<collectionCode id="3B096A80C176612A6EC6056940B89A23" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MZSP</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="783DB734E5A48326BF75018F754D2806" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNMENT00758204</specimenCode>
], [
<specimenCount id="361B3DD97B7A3C69CC19ACBC3401AC44" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="worker">1w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="B49F815E75B271A7EB780EB5C7B73E55" collectionName="Portugal, Coimbra, Universidade de Coimbra" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MZC</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="7B6E50CCBF0A381E14A0D3C760A46044" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNMENT00758221</specimenCode>
], [
<specimenCount id="50B26172A062A857CE4208A748DFFAEE" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="worker">2w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="917DD58A0E47002A00E807E852501A83" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNM</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="D5E4F363A16079327FF74EE59DD7CEB8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNMENT00758219</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="1C6C0D382C0835FD8B54C1AD369BB633" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNMENT00758222</specimenCode>
], [
<specimenCount id="8B27BA227145C766E00A1F2483747611" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="worker">6w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="B60393178C2D597CFE4AF86D0C1A140C">
<collectionCode id="3F376901A23F4E3D0EF09573651BC7F2">BLME</collectionCode>
</collectionCode>
&amp; 
<collectionCode id="F2F80C7DADCA981BC828F5792D3037E6">
<collectionCode id="1D0BC371A73992BE1C321E04F1E2A195">CRC</collectionCode>
</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="0F4597A10CC9C9BF12295253CABB2F6F" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNMENT00758190-95</specimenCode>
].
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="50CAAD9933CBC9FAADA37605413939DB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1224544702" collectedFrom="nest series, under ground" collectingDate="2011-07-21" collectionCode="MZSP, MZC, USNM, USNMENT00758206" collectorName="BLME &amp; CRC" elevation="530" latitude="-22.18517" location="Broa" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.87754" municipality="Itirapina" specimenCode="CR110721-05, USNMENT00758217, USNMENT00758218, USNMENT00758207, USNMENT00758253-61" specimenCount="13" specimenCount-worker="13" stateProvince="SP">
Same data, but 
<specimenCode id="C418A259457BE09FCDD9F6D9321718C3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">CR110721-05</specimenCode>
[
<specimenCount id="FF127CEE05CB9370B0E38F2B743DC4D8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="worker">1w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="6B36F55FA3331BF6458C57D6813DC023" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MZSP</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="B803C1D999DE63CEB047E083366210F3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNMENT00758217</specimenCode>
], [
<specimenCount id="216C71A9355EEB0D3B865D9FA5802CA5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="worker">1w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="EFF7D3F98C06D8D6DC1774D96A3F517B" collectionName="Portugal, Coimbra, Universidade de Coimbra" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MZC</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="AF8725F628F4837E769EB2F7DBE3AE71" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNMENT00758218</specimenCode>
], [
<specimenCount id="BF2E3C36607832B414FF2FB0D9F5F43B" type="worker">1w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="C41970DBC48F1E1FC2E2C8B61842B6EF" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNM</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="1E77E60DAF64164F433469B55E505E7C">USNMENT00758206</collectionCode>
], [
<specimenCount id="31791D0FA82812BF26A7002DFF9C65FB" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="worker">10w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectorName id="D7B42ACCED954885383CB262D7795FB2">
<collectionCode id="A246BCC1BDC4731869EDDFBC034B17F1">BLME</collectionCode>
</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="124EB893DA126F1321F2FC3F5586547D">
<collectionCode id="2FA7531001FFE06A5E39137BD0820877">CRC</collectionCode>
</collectorName>
, 
<specimenCode id="F1F0401063CA9175559D5E32EEE67638" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNMENT00758207</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="89C19833A3D863772EC420F243BA40AF" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNMENT00758253-61</specimenCode>
].
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="23C93892E208A7119A9593CDBF942EF2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1224544705" collectedFrom="nest series, under ground" collectingDate="2011-07-21" collectionCode="CR110721-08, BLME, CRC" collectorName="BLME &amp; CRC" elevation="530" latitude="-22.18517" location="Broa" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.87754" municipality="Itirapina" specimenCode="USNMENT00758196-98" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-worker="3" stateProvince="SP">
Same data, but 
<collectionCode id="E91EEE3FEC43A72793FA438F75196FD9">CR110721-08</collectionCode>
[
<specimenCount id="C3691A31CD5CCAFE7F4FEA06C2D3A8ED" type="worker">3w</specimenCount>
, 
<collectionCode id="E9E3895E653C6E66038F4A6C570E2AC1">
<collectionCode id="EBA7BD4635A44BA09B18C657D7046729">BLME</collectionCode>
</collectionCode>
&amp; 
<collectionCode id="87EA66B8403633843A64CCB3E9324900">
<collectionCode id="B6176CDEBECF44B882C3D79692CBB765">CRC</collectionCode>
</collectionCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="20CEB6BE8570D0585AB43CA634D0A760" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNMENT00758196-98</specimenCode>
].
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="45DB7E637400994AC32C94BACEF95806" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1224544704" collectedFrom="nest series, under ground" collectingDate="2011-07-26" collectionCode="BLME, CRC" collectorName="BLME &amp; CRC" elevation="530" latitude="-22.18517" location="Broa" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.87754" municipality="Itirapina" specimenCode="CR110726-09, USNMENT00758199-201" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-worker="3" stateProvince="SP">
Same data, but 
<date id="78F68F34E1B5EA4C3CB2B9EDF4777874" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2011-07-26">
<collectingDate id="E2CA44FD7363173787C56196162FB6E2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2011-07-26">26.vii.2011</collectingDate>
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, 
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[
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</collectionCode>
, 
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].
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<materialsCitation id="40495FEEBD0F4E8E7F7E4022D9B2C335" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1224544710" collectedFrom="nest series, under ground" collectingDate="2011-07-28" collectionCode="BLME, CRC, USNM" collectorName="BLME &amp; CRC" elevation="530" latitude="-22.18517" location="Broa" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-47.87754" municipality="Itirapina" specimenCode="CR110728-01, USNMENT00758262-65, USNMENT00758205" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-worker="4" stateProvince="SP">
Same data, but 
<date id="FAC9A2618781523E25E9EE49BECF775A" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2011-07-28">
<collectingDate id="C29A7E5EFA5DF0BC27EC6E7C273182A3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2011-07-28">28.vii.2011</collectingDate>
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. 
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<collectingRegion id="2A743B83C56554B70A819BEAAAE8846A" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">SP</collectingRegion>
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Fazenda 
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<date id="D3F8CD8DF1196BD95D9EE8C0EB177307" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2011-08-16">
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; (
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); 
<location id="5ECAD15B131F6AE00EF118DACBC1FAAF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7C5BBA0FA67B12EF258DD2BC9D4CFCDE:5ECAD15B131F6AE00EF118DACBC1FAAF" country="Brazil" geoReferenceDate="2014-11-29" latitude="-21.4023" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-48.6873" municipality="Pindorama" name="Floresta Estacional Semidecidual" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" stateProvince="SP">Floresta Estacional Semidecidual</location>
; 
<collectingMethod id="E6E2FDF17778C8684EC01D97AD5D5F36" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">pitfall B1</collectingMethod>
[
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, 
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<materialsCitation id="4D1629AAE12E1E216370896BD91A2A4B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1224544707" collectingDate="2011-08-17" collectingLocationText="S21.5222° W49.3013°), Sales, (SP). Permits" collectingMethod="pitfall I 4" collectionCode="MZSP" collectorName="GA Castilho" elevation="414" latitude="-21.5222" location="Estacaeo Experimental" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-49.3013" municipality="Sales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-worker="1" stateProvince="SP">
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<date id="CCA1873B4E6C00EB075C39EB5CA92E98" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2011-08-17">
<collectingDate id="A05A7AAF9C5C6B1F007511BCAF587225" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2011-08-17">17.viii.2011</collectingDate>
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; (
<collectorName id="B5DC31F092741223FB07972791CBE624">GA Castilho</collectorName>
); 
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; 
<collectingMethod id="25C3CBB1D954C1E0ACF8FACC34205541">pitfall I4</collectingMethod>
[
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, 
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.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="74A6514C83C2F6526A033B249611BAFE" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
<paragraph id="C152319BFCBAF80CEFFBC15B80942291" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="mainText">Measurements. TL 2.03-2.60, WL 0.52-0.66, HL 0.48- 0.55, HW 0.46-0.54, SL 0.42-0.51, ML 0.20-0.38, EL 0.10- 0.14, PL 0.13-0.19, PPL 0.21-0.25, GL 0.47-0.59, CI 87-95, SI 91-104, MI 40-68, FLD 0.16-0.18 (n=13).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FE42AB5043493948A073B40320F3F497" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="E612B69E741649B810060B3D9AE31DB6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="mainText">
Etymology. The specific name &quot; 
<taxonomicName id="25B940B1B2E6377663AA881319086AA6" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">abscondita</taxonomicName>
&quot; refers to the exceedingly secretive nature of this species, which, after being recognized from a few rare specimens, proved frustratingly elusive during multiple attempts to locate it in the field.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="CD7F6BFBC82824DADB2E90F977EB4AB6" type="description">
<paragraph id="6F8C43309D77C065A0528E69C5D3F734" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="mainText">
Worker. Head. in full-face view subrectangular, slightly longer than wide (CI 87-95); sides subparallel. Mandible subtriangular with four well-developed teeth; apical tooth twice as large as subapical tooth; diastema between subapical tooth and 3rd tooth shorter or slightly shorter than diastema between 3rd and 4th teeth (Figure 2c); dorsum of mandible reticulate and with appressed hairs (Figure 2d); masticatory margin of mandible, including apical tooth, smooth, shining, and darker in color than rest of head, with long, simple hairs. Clypeal apron (anteclypeus) convex to almost triangular, smooth, and shining; unpaired median setae (length 
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) originating slightly before (anterior to) posterior edge of clypeal apron and almost or as long as antennal pedicel, not reaching apex of insertion. Medially these carinae developed into lamellae mandible (Figures 2c,d); clypeus with pair of lateral transverse perpendicular to clypeal face, thus forming a wall that divides carinae, each extending from below frontal lobe to mandibular the clypeus laterally into anterior and posterior areas, very almost or as long as antennal pedicel, not reaching apex of mandible (Figures 2c,d); clypeus with pair of lateral transverse carinae, each extending from below frontal lobe to mandibular insertion. Medially these carinae developed into lamellae perpendicular to clypeal face, thus forming a wall that divides the clypeus laterally into anterior and posterior areas, very 
<pageBreakToken id="E020AC619FE785CFB27736024849E827" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">likely</pageBreakToken>
homologous with clypeal morphology of closest relative, 
<taxonomicName id="07156B22D8F8623352EA4E716E999F1F" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emeryi">Kalathomyrmex emeryi</taxonomicName>
(Figure 2c); medially clypeus is not so divided, face extending posterad between frontal lobes. Frontal lobes reduced, convex, barely covering antennal insertions (Figures 1a, 2c). Frontal carina fading out posteriorly at midlength of compound eye (Figures 1a, 2c). Well marked triangular area with concave anterior margin between frontal lobes reticulate, bordered anteriorly by rounded finger of clypeus, which extends broadly posterad between frontal lobes. Compound eye set slightly before middle of head, with 7-9 ommatidia at maximum length and 6 ommatidia at maximum width (33-47 ommatidia in total). Antennal scape covered with minute, simple, appressed hairs; antennal scape wider at seven-tenths of its length, and slightly surpassing posterolateral corners of head when laid back over head capsule; first funicular segment (pedicel) slightly longer than or as long as second and third funicular segments combined. In full-face view, cephalic margin deeply notched medially (i.e., at vertex) and rounded laterally (Figure 1a), shallow vertexal sulcus extending medially towards frontal lobes, fading at eye level; in lateral view, ventral face of head slightly convex. Hypostomal teeth absent. Palp formula 4,2 (Figures 2a,b).
</paragraph>
<caption id="F803FB0B353340AF09F41BAE4324F6C6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="2929D7B1D76DD108C41B0B1207707213" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="caption">
<pageBreakToken id="39844516986395D4CB19373D39182EF9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">Figure</pageBreakToken>
1. 
<typeStatus id="FE55BC9A882F0EEF5ADDE097B7736848" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Holotype</typeStatus>
worker (USNMENT00758173) (A, C, E) and 
<typeStatus id="AB3DE5C39270BE17A9EFD810B71A0CB3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Paratype</typeStatus>
gyne (USNMENT00758174) (B, D, F) of 
<taxonomicName id="0C72F48B90E439897E169F6DA0B94310" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">Cyatta abscondita</taxonomicName>
. (A, B) Full-face view. (C, D) Lateral view. (E, F) Dorsal view. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080498.g001
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="50D8EAB5C3C592FEE1FA20783526D01D" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="mainText">Mesosoma. Profile of promesonotal dorsum in lateral view distinctly tuberculate, tubercles attenuate and blunt (Figures 1c,e, 2a). In dorsal view, promesonotum with raised shield-like area, broad anteriorly and narrowing posteriorly, distinctly separated from lower, lateral promesonotum; raised area formed anteriorly by triangular lateral pronotal tubercles and two median low and approximate pronotal tubercles and posteriorly by eroded remnants of promesonotal tubercles; lower, lateral area of promesonotum in dorsal view subtriangular, broader and anterolaterally angled anteriorly; in lateral view, inferior corner of pronotum rounded, lacking spines or angles. Anepisternum indistinctly separated from katepisternum. Metanotal groove relatively broad and strongly impressed, in lateral view extending to antero-ventral margin of metapleuron. Metapleura ventrally with two spiniform processes between mid and hind coxae, best seen by removing hind legs. Basal (dorsal) face of propodeum in lateral view a low, rounded, protuberance posterior to metanotal groove; in dorsal view, basal face very small, raised above remainder of propodeum, and narrowing anteriorly; declivous face of propodeum behind protuberance concave; propodeal spines triangular (Figure 1c), obliquely directed upwards and strongly diverging in dorsal view; declivity of propodeum much longer than base (dorsum); propodeal spiracle opening in an angle of 45° in relation to main body axis; in lateral view, propodeal lobes rounded without posterior projections.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5CCC37C0608DFA3E12B0E06B6BD79181" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="mainText">Peduncle of petiole vestigial; in lateral view, petiolar node well developed, subquadrate, with anterior face almost straight and vertical; dorsum of petiolar node short and almost flat, meeting vertical posterior face in slightly rounded angle; ventral face of petiole slightly concave or straight medially, lacking petiolar process (Figures 1c,e); in fronto-dorsal view, node of petiole shallowly V shaped, dividing node into a pair of rounded tubercles. Postpetiole robust, almost twice as long as petiole and slightly less than 0.5x gaster length; in dorsal view, postpetiole subtriangular, anterior margin rounded, lateral margins slightly diverging posteriorly; posterior margin with deep median impression, forming two distinct small lobes; in lateral view, anterior portion of postpetiole convex, postpetiole relatively compressed dorsoventrally; ventral projections absent (Figures 1c,e). In profile, gaster elliptical and dorsally finely reticulo-striate; in dorsal view, apical margin of pygidium (gastral segment IV, i.e., abdominal segment A7) medially emarginate, bilobed; gastral sternite IV (hypopygium, i.e., A7) covered with simple decumbent hairs; in lateral view, pygidium rounded, laterally overlapping and concealing the hypopygium; pygidium weakly reticulate and shiny; in ventral view, pygidium posteromedially emarginate (i.e., V-shaped), the triangular hypopygium fitting within the emargination of the pygidium (Figures 2e,f). Sting apparatus present, protruding through emargination on pigydium.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="86BF52A657F1CED3DE791DCCCFA5E391" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="mainText">Color pale yellow to light brown; antennae, mandibles, and legs lighter than rest of body. Body integument areolate, with short appressed simple hairs, appearing almost hairless.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="653428AC3B0B50651441937DF6C885C7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="mainText">
Gyne. As in worker description, but with caste-specific morphological differences as follows. All gynes studied are dealate. Head: Eyes large, with 10-11 ommatidia in maximum length and 9 ommatidia in maximum width, ~65 ommatidia total; median ocellus rounded, located in a median sulcus extending almost from the occipital carina in the back of the head to the middle of the frons; integument surrounding ocelli darker in color than elsewhere. Clypeus with unpaired median seta arising on short transverse wrinkle-like ridge that crosses clypeal apron; two to four short simple appressed hairs on clypeal apron on each side of median clypeal seta. In full-face view, cephalic border with median (vertexal) notch, not as deep as in worker. Mandibles dorsally coarsely rugose. Mesosoma. Pronotal dorsum conspicuously areolate, lacking anterior pronotal tubercles; lateral pronotal tubercles present, blunt and small; humeral pronotal tubercles vestigial. Mesoscutum, in dorsal view, rounded to slightly ovate and overall reticulo-rugose; dorsum of mesoscutum, in profile, almost flat; mesoscutal sulcus, in dorsal view, short, not extending more than 1/4 length of mesoscutum; notauli absent; parapsidal lines short, inconspicuous, and extending nearly to lateral margin of mesoscutum; transscutal suture conspicuous. Scuto-scutellar sulcus deep and with ~7 transverse carina; margin of axilla rounded, dorsally reticulo-rugose. Scutellum posteriorly weakly bidentate, dorsally rugose and with a shallow median longitudinal groove. Anapleural sulcus deep, with transverse carinae, dividing mesopleuron into anepisternum and katepisternum. Metanotal groove extended into a complete metanotal-propodeal suture (sensu Serna &amp; Mackay [90]). In profile, metanepisternun (
<taxonomicName id="2DBC1C3B798556553FDCB11A877D99DE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">sensu Serna &amp; Mackay</taxonomicName>
[90] present, small. In profile, metanotal groove conspicuous, continuous with mesometapleural suture. Ventral metapleural processes present as a pair of spiniform tubercles between the mid and hind coxae, similar to, but longer than, those present in worker. Propodeum with pair of short, rightangled denticles; dorsum, lateral margin, and declivity of propodeum reticulate. Metasoma: petiole as in worker. Dorsum of postpetiole reticulo-rugose. Dorsum of gastral tergite IV (A7) rugulose; pilosity as in worker; gastral tergite and sternite IV (pygidium and hypopygium; A 
<pageNumber id="5195DCBA3CDE2DE7D5FE74B4E5E65AE1" ambiguity="3" fuzzyness="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" score="112" value="7">7</pageNumber>
) as in worker.
</paragraph>
<caption id="7A7B3A2995B5DAE2A87D104388283AFB" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<paragraph id="F4AE1FE71A5B78E39007BF6A03611DD3" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="caption">
<pageBreakToken id="2B7D4B4556FF91BB633AFB04848EE434" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">Figure</pageBreakToken>
2. 
<typeStatus id="76937ADD1F2A40BF529ED2F275096ADF" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Paratype</typeStatus>
worker (USNMENT00758223) of 
<taxonomicName id="B29023FBF43FD2CB261949821D626686" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">Cyatta abscondita</taxonomicName>
. (A) Habitus, lateral view. (B) Head, lateral view, indicating palp formula. (C) Head, full-face view. (D) Clypeal apron indicating origin of median unpaired seta. (E) Metasoma, posterior view. Pygidium (p) 'V'-shaped, hypopygium (hyp) triangular. (F) Metasoma, ventral view, showing the median emargination of the pygidum and the triangular shape of the hypopygium. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080498.g002
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="7DBAD0B4F0811CCF34792BF6385D321D" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="mainText">Measurements. TL 3.27-3.32, WL 0.86-0.87, HL 0.65- 0.66, HW 0.60-0.63, SL 0.56, ML 0.41-0.42, EL 0.16-0.17, PL 0.25-0.28, PPL 0.29-0.30, GL 0.79-0.81, CI 91-96, SI 89-93, MI 62-65, FLD 0.20-0.21 (n=2).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F051D8CE25194F02308198BC8D368A7B" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="mainText">
Male. A medium-sized male with head large relative to size of the mesosoma. Mandibles broadly triangular, apical and subapical teeth present large; remaining tooth minute, indistinct; texture coarsely granulate. Palp formula 4,2. Clypeus broadly trapezoidal in frontal view; anterior margin convex, with 
<pageBreakToken id="AD04E43090236EAFBE1FB4C42E776F6C" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">a</pageBreakToken>
long median seta (
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) originating at the anterior margin and projecting over the mandibles; in lateral view anterior margin of clypeus forming a lamella projecting over the mandibles. Frontal lobes triangular, only partly covering the condylar bulbs of the scape in full face view. Antennae with 13 segments; scape surpassing the posterior border of the head by 1/3 of its length. Antennal funicular segment II (
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) almost as long as funicular segment I (pedicel; 
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) (Figures 3a,b). Eyes conspicuously large, at maximum diameter approximately half as long as the entire head, counting ~15 ommatidia in maximum width and ~23 ommatidia in maximum length. Ocelli large, elevated above the remainder of the head. Surface of head coarsely granulate, finely rugulose around the ocelli. Tergum of promesonotum not distinctly enlarged, giving the mesosoma a rather slender appearance in lateral view. In dorsal view, lateral pronotal teeth pyramidal, twice as wide at the base than high, with sharp tips. Propodeal spines reduced to broad teeth with rounded tips. Anterior peduncle of the petiole about the same length as the petiolar node. Postpetiole wider than long; trapezoidal in dorsal view; posterior margin slightly concave. In lateral view, postpetiole with a broadly rounded ventral lobe. Reticulate sculpture on gaster finer in appearance than on the remainder of body, which tends to be areolate; gastric tergites moderately lustrous; rest of body with a weak silky shine. Body surface sparsely covered with short appressed setae, only ventral side of postpetiole with 10 erect setae. Body dark, blackish brown; legs and antennae slight lighter in color, yellowish to dark brown. Forewings with closed basal (BC), costal (CC), submarginal (SMC1), marginal (MC), and subbasal (SBC) cells; submarginal cell 2 and discal cell 2 open (Figure 3d). Hindwings with closed basal cell and open marginal subbasal and discal cells (Figure 3d). Left forewing with closed discal (DC1) cell, whereas the right forewing lacking this cell. The presence of a closed discal cell in the forewing is, so far as is known to us, unique in the 
<taxonomicName id="4F3C6A4E1C2E0C1E5489BC89896CA907" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2269" lsidName-HNS="Attini Smith" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="tribe" tribe="Attini">Attini</taxonomicName>
; this character is absent in all other attine genera, including the closest relative of C. abscondita, Kalathomyrmex emeryi. A closed discal cell is plesiomorphically present in many ant species, including those in genera closely related to the 
<taxonomicName id="76FB614CDEA905EDAEC14DA6714C1A99" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2269" lsidName-HNS="Attini Smith" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="tribe" tribe="Attini">Attini</taxonomicName>
such as the 
<taxonomicName id="D0423E46060B0BC7A420820D8EA7DD6F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2271" lsidName-HNS="Blepharidattini Emery" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="tribe" tribe="Blepharidattini">Blepharidattini</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="FEFCD7B9F0CA818271DB8DEACC24E484" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2275" lsidName-HNS="Cephalotini Smith" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="tribe" tribe="Cephalotini">Cephalotini</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="986BFB192612A39FBE97D121996D2A14" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146764" lsidName-HNS="Dacetonini Forel" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="tribe" tribe="Dacetonini">Dacetonini</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="9318C680293D0E2FE0FC8D751D78A814" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2303" lsidName-HNS="Pheidolini Emery" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="tribe" tribe="Pheidolini">Pheidolini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D64C178A6113071D324BB253B0FC9C8D" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="mainText">Measurements. EL 0.25, EW 0.27, FL 0.81, FLD 0.21, GL 0.87, HL 0.58, HW 0.73, IOD 0.42, ML 0.21, MI 37, PL 0.27, PPL 0.25, PPW 0.38, PrW 0.54, PW 0.21, SL 0.54, TL 3.21, WL 1.04, CI 126, SI 127 (n=1).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D203A04E8BCC2CDB75FC6F403A40DAD9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="mainText">
Larva. Description based on SEM study of two specimens, late- (probably fourth) instar larvae of uncertain (but probably worker) caste. Due to collapsed condition of specimens, habitus profile could not be characterized with certainty, but is consistent with the &quot;attoid&quot; profile category of Wheeler &amp; Wheeler [104], i.e., with a moderately curved, ventrally shortened profile. Thoracic-abdominal articulation apparently absent, thoracic intersegmental constrictions superficial, deep lateral depressions associated with abdominal spiracles absent, all states shared with other 
<taxonomicName id="4872737D78D86A729F5B7DEA431B2ACB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2269" lsidName-HNS="Attini Smith" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="tribe" tribe="Attini">Attini</taxonomicName>
. Remarkably, body hairs present dorsally and laterally, a condition otherwise common in the 
<taxonomicName id="B20418AC016751FA7E2E54DFE246F6AF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2258" lsidName-HNS="Myrmicinae Lepeletier" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Myrmicinae">Myrmicinae</taxonomicName>
but rare in the 
<taxonomicName id="E4DE79B678BA3E6E1B58B3E7D0EBC93D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2269" lsidName-HNS="Attini Smith" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="tribe" tribe="Attini">Attini</taxonomicName>
, in which larvae usually lack dorsal and lateral hairs. In the 
<taxonomicName id="E8EC3A4A0D34DDEECE8D3B0145795C60" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2269" lsidName-HNS="Attini Smith" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="tribe" tribe="Attini">Attini</taxonomicName>
, such hairs are known to be present only in the larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="216C4A9DD333055C55F8FD086CBC39F0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycocepurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goeldii">Mycocepurus goeldii</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="3503C63A72A6EE6678F63EF49A3C2F44" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycocepurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smithii">M. smithii</taxonomicName>
[92], where their presence may be plesiomorphic, and in 
<taxonomicName id="5D4D7000B07140EAFEC8D4C988DB14B2" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sericomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sericomyrmex</taxonomicName>
and some 
<taxonomicName id="06FD5C384C8988C40252CD2344BCA9E8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acromyrmex</taxonomicName>
species, where their presence is likely secondarily derived. Predominant hair 
<typeStatus id="9C0BE5E741CDC01434C370840D316F71" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">type</typeStatus>
bifurcate with &quot;anchor tips&quot; (Figures 4a,d). Two rows of dorsomedian, very long anchor-tipped hairs present (Figure 4e). Labrum monolobate, narrow, bulging. Anterior setae present as papillae. Mandibles typically attine: short, fleshy, subconical. A distinct, undivided apical mandibular tooth and no subapical teeth; spinules evenly distributed on all mandibular surfaces. Mandibular gnathobases absent. Basal portions of maxillae fused with head capsule. Maxillary palp widely removed laterad from galea, a synapomorphy for the 
<taxonomicName id="EB7699D7EDE3F904EBDC5C6797688833" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:341986" lsidName-HNS="Neoattini Kusnezov" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="tribe" tribe="Neoattini">Neoattini</taxonomicName>
. Galea reduced, present as two sensilla surmounting a low protuberance, as in all 
<taxonomicName id="0CEDEBE415179D7D99D0389C0F3E6BA8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2269" lsidName-HNS="Attini Smith" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="tribe" tribe="Attini">Attini</taxonomicName>
except for some 
<taxonomicName id="3E11E4004ED15BC08187D6E1FB23542A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmicocrypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Myrmicocrypta</taxonomicName>
species. Maxillary palp digitiform, maxillary accessory palpal sensillum absent. A single seta present laterad of maxillary palp, a character shared with 
<taxonomicName id="1E33EF0E1F08647AD1103B8FF3753F5A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycocepurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mycocepurus</taxonomicName>
species. As in most attines, labium feebly protruding, lateral sericteral protuberances absent, labial palps digitiform. Labial spinules present on anterior surface slightly dorsal to the sericteries. Hypopharyngeal spinules multidentate and apparently densely distributed. On the head, genal lobes absent, a state in the 
<taxonomicName id="B2F225085DECF634DB044DFAC9457C70" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2269" lsidName-HNS="Attini Smith" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="tribe" tribe="Attini">Attini</taxonomicName>
shared with 
<taxonomicName id="0871ECF0FFA9927B5556E0D4F4D2DAEA" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Myrmicocrypta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Myrmicocrypta</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="8107C5E97FDE0663342FE03BDC4B352B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Apterostigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apterostigma</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="BD7DC67469E7E77A29C356678BD317FC" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycocepurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mycocepurus</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="46C8A2CDB6DD6617143537F8B7CB87EA" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycetarotes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mycetarotes</taxonomicName>
species. Supraantennal setae present and abundant, a condition common in the subfamily but otherwise present in the lower 
<taxonomicName id="62504B74FA67960EE27C28EF225C2592" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2269" lsidName-HNS="Attini Smith" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="tribe" tribe="Attini">Attini</taxonomicName>
only in 
<taxonomicName id="B9AF74D097408EC8B946AB4BBD4931C8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycocepurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goeldii">M. goeldii</taxonomicName>
. Subantennal (genal) setal arrangement plesiomorphic for the tribe, consisting of around 12 setae on each gena. Supraclypeal setae present and setiform. Two clypeal setae present. Spinules absent on the head dorsad of the labrum, the state common to most attines. Due to the poor condition of specimens, most ventral thoracic/abdominal characters could not be studied, including the presence/ absence of: leg vestiges, prothoracic food anchor, ventromedian protuberances on various segments, papilliform spinules, and hairs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BEFE98FE749403C760E76840210332AA" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="mainText">Two setal sockets occur ventral of the anal opening on abdominal segment IX (Figure 4f). No other setae are associated with the anal opening. Ventral anal lip absent.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C5211D57321C560821F1560124F32E1A" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="F6A244C0ED0C367C4546851F32033A90" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="mainText">
Comments. The new genus 
<taxonomicName id="F36E66E4928B05A72B7FF72995C6C4DD" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyatta</taxonomicName>
shares with other genera belonging to the tribe 
<taxonomicName id="364E386E7AF5A330A6B336683973561F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2269" lsidName-HNS="Attini Smith" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="tribe" tribe="Attini">Attini</taxonomicName>
: (i) the presence of a thick unpaired median seta arising from the clypeal apron (considered a synapomorphy for the tribe by Brandao &amp; Mayhe-Nunes [105]; but, along with the clypeal apron, presumed secondarily lost in 
<taxonomicName id="91307FB9F7D8E6125F5534F3CAC3973C" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kalathomyrmex</taxonomicName>
[30]); (ii) 11 antennal segments in the worker and gyne, 
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the male (the latter secondarily reduced in some 
<taxonomicName id="4E0B94BFA38840685EC87B4F83CE681E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyphomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyphomyrmex</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="CFCD11B5DB786AB9C3F637D78E5BDE4F" authority="Brandão &amp; Mayhé-Nunes" authorityName="Brandão &amp; Mayhé-Nunes" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycetagroicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mycetagroicus</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="9EBB09F57FAA639ABD5A4121A911152B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sericomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sericomyrmex</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A263140DB3E6D0AD5D0EAC01C2F5A7F0" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
, and social parasites); (iii) palpal formula 4,2 (plesiomorphic for the 
<taxonomicName id="F21037F99BB9E207CFE42629A62316B8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2269" lsidName-HNS="Attini Smith" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="tribe" tribe="Attini">Attini</taxonomicName>
, secondarily reduced in 
<taxonomicName id="E4BA12724A2B18F9C07786780ACF9750" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Apterostigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apterostigma</taxonomicName>
and some social parasites). Larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4983BE735E48933BEF4C43E7AB8C12FD" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyatta</taxonomicName>
share with the larvae of other attine genera the: (iv) thoracic-abdominal articulation apparently absent; (v) thoracic intersegmental constrictions superficial; (vi) deep lateral depressions associated with abdominal spiracles absent; (vii) short, narrow labrum; and (viii) fleshy, subconical mandibles. Behaviorally, 
<taxonomicName id="F1B555D30567BB8048ECC41933D0521B" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyatta</taxonomicName>
shares with other 
<taxonomicName id="F5411A0E5C30806B030EB29421C796A3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2269" lsidName-HNS="Attini Smith" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="tribe" tribe="Attini">Attini</taxonomicName>
the cultivation of fungi for food.
</paragraph>
<caption id="5AC79625676E72E589B9D19AF45B269A" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<paragraph id="0C1E4AB51DA06CDC4574F5A73E92875C" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="caption">
<pageBreakToken id="4061B51E3A52A16483721C91791E6AD4" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="start">Figure</pageBreakToken>
3. Male of 
<taxonomicName id="C486C2DBD432373E08C7D152AB418F8C" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">Cyatta abscondita</taxonomicName>
(USNMENT00758204). (A) Full-face view. (B) Lateral view. (C) Dorsal view. (D) Wings: forewing (top), hindwing (bottom). Cells: basal (BC), costal (CC), submarginal (SMC1), marginal (MC), subbasal (SBC), and discal (DC1). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080498.g003
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="CB6901FAEEF6CEBD199F4D7043E814B1" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="mainText">
The genus 
<taxonomicName id="2E721FB781F99417FD7C0908BC1202E9" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyatta</taxonomicName>
shares with other members of the neoattine clade: (i) the antennal scape of the male long, longer than the sum of the length of antennal funicular segments I-III; (ii) the first funicular segment (pedicel) of the antenna of the male longer than second funicular segment; (iii) the petiole in workers somewhat sessile; (iv) the lack of hypostomal teeth in workers and gynes; and (v) the maxillary palp of the larva widely removed laterad from the galea.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="47A8863DACA5BF114972AA88DB780B1C" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="mainText">
<taxonomicName id="CE582A8B1199A11C796D86FDB87ABC1A" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyatta</taxonomicName>
shares with its sister 
<taxonomicName id="5F3BDB77919DA2C5A1772411CC50B025" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">genus, Kalathomyrmex</taxonomicName>
, (i) the lack of a tubercle or spine on the inferior lateral margin of the pronotum, a symplesiomorphy shared with the paleoattine clade; (ii) the clypeus with a pair of lateral transverse carinae, each extending from the frontal lobe to the mandibular insertion and each medially developed into a lamella perpendicular to the clypeal face, thus forming a wall that divides the clypeus laterally into anterior and posterior areas; and (iii) the mandibles of the male with three teeth, of which the apical and preapical teeth are the largest and have a multidentate (sawlike) margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="991EA2E2DF53D19940066CA7B47C7360" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="mainText">
<taxonomicName id="F70C0A02A4A9DF637A4889227A872421" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyatta</taxonomicName>
differs from its sister 
<taxonomicName id="D10951D73319B3D24B7B8C447AF80E2E" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">genus Kalathomyrmex</taxonomicName>
, however, by (i) having, on the forewing of the male (forewing of gyne unknown), a closed marginal cell (Figure 3d) (open in the forewings of both the male and gyne of 
<taxonomicName id="2C3CF0C5F7A9F180703E65BC449BC1D0" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kalathomyrmex</taxonomicName>
[Klingenberg and Brandao ([30]), therein as radial cell]); (ii) the mesoscutum of the male with strongly impressed notauli (absent in the male of 
<taxonomicName id="43B2E6502BA40F6216F4CB5608FF67D6" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kalathomyrmex</taxonomicName>
); (iii) the pronotum of the male with lateral pronotal tubercles present, pyramidal (the pronotum in the male of 
<taxonomicName id="F298B5F97B2DE7989E2009C87744537A" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kalathomyrmex</taxonomicName>
lacks any tubercles); and (iv) the psammophore absent in the worker, the gyne, and the male.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="68FA1A469A7FDCA1E9C7EE2C1A231323" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="mainText">
In addition to the previously mentioned absence of an inferior pronotal tubercle in adult workers, shared with 
<taxonomicName id="D40DC0E80303F5F518DA391892438115" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kalathomyrmex</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E2F6A105511F9503A3A34C5D45CB94FD" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyatta</taxonomicName>
differs from all or most other 
<taxonomicName id="5118BCAFFBCAA38F2C2E046B5E39F766" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:341986" lsidName-HNS="Neoattini Kusnezov" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="tribe" tribe="Neoattini">Neoattini</taxonomicName>
in a number of larval character states shared with the 
<taxonomicName id="DEE55E6E5EEF5C7B89C5EE512D83980D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:341985" lsidName-HNS="Paleoattini Kusnezov" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="tribe" tribe="Paleoattini">Paleoattini</taxonomicName>
, suggesting that they may be retained symplesiomorphies, including: (i) dorsal and lateral body hairs present and abundant, shared with 
<taxonomicName id="6237240251820FEED8614B6F5373C822" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycocepurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mycocepurus</taxonomicName>
species; (ii) a single seta present laterad of the maxillary palp, shared with 
<taxonomicName id="D7236738C06A83DF952B93BC3C4F995E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycocepurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mycocepurus</taxonomicName>
species; (iii) supra-antennal setae present and abundant, shared with 
<taxonomicName id="9A5DD5EE0721D20B10F567C1D1C18310" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycocepurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goeldii">Mycocepurus goeldii</taxonomicName>
; (iv) genal lobes absent, shared with the paleoattines and the neoattine genus 
<taxonomicName id="36164A33FF25E446C1C3232676FF8DFE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycetarotes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mycetarotes</taxonomicName>
. Larval characters are unstudied in 
<taxonomicName id="6A633396FF22F0363C5280F2A944882F" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kalathomyrmex</taxonomicName>
. In addition, the worker and gyne of 
<taxonomicName id="5A27228B42E7936EDEA10268DD7D019F" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyatta</taxonomicName>
differ from members of the neoattine clade by (v) the node of the petiole well developed, high (Figures 1c,d, 2a). Most notably, 
<taxonomicName id="057C46FE751A70F174820987744512CF" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyatta</taxonomicName>
differs from all other attine genera and species by the following autapomorphies: (i) mandible of the worker and gyne with four teeth (Figures 1b, 2c); (ii) in ventral view, metapleura of the worker and gyne with two spiniform 
<pageBreakToken id="7AADF30753B671195F2ED833DD212E3D" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" start="start">processes</pageBreakToken>
between the mid and hind coxae, apparently absent in the male; (iii) apical margin of the pygidium medially emarginate, V-shaped (Figures 2e,f); and (iv) forewing of the male with a closed discal cell (Figure 3d).
</paragraph>
<caption id="66A372C4A84704DA08DAE4FB42017DBE" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<paragraph id="EDE4CA4F0CEE0D76AD59368C54038CBE" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="caption">
<pageBreakToken id="F70F2AE737264987C0B2B6C112804062" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" start="start">Figure</pageBreakToken>
4. Larva of 
<taxonomicName id="4FDE302AC14F687C7CCCAE56A5505E91" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">Cyatta abscondita</taxonomicName>
. (A) Lateral view. (B) Ventral view. (C) Head, dorsal view. (D) Head, anteroventral view. (E) Anchor-tipped hairs on dorsum. (F) Anal region (white arrows indicate setal sockets; ventral at top). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080498.g004
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="55A83688AC00256B5F12DA47A36424DE" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="mainText">
Based on the extreme degree of morphological divergence and the results of the divergence dating analyses (see below), we have chosen to describe 
<taxonomicName id="0A725BC410120A529F1ECBCB5E94B055" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyatta</taxonomicName>
as a new genus rather than to describe it as a species within the 
<taxonomicName id="BE32B2EBAAF6F4ACD9027C04EE155577" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">genus Kalathomyrmex</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="990C4DFFAE407F3B233E8B3AB4D8ED63" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="mainText">
Discovery history. In 2003, a single stray worker of 
<taxonomicName id="0C5C12578D5AED30387C5B7BEA205CD7" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">C. abscondita</taxonomicName>
was taken in a pitfall trap as part of an ant survey conducted at the Reserva Particular do Patrimonio Natural Serra das Almas, Crateus, CE, Brazil, a relatively undisturbed area of Caatinga, a biome characterized by deciduous thorny woodland vegetation [106]. The specimen was deposited in the 
<collectionCode id="23B86D7B2AA8D588020E4D89BF05FD56" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">MZSP</collectionCode>
ant collection, where it was at first associated with the 
<taxonomicName id="990E55938A65CF4BE8DD5D7906160894" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycetophylax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mycetophylax</taxonomicName>
species group, but subsequently recognized as a new neoattine genus by CK and CRFB. This isolated specimen inspired the first attempt to locate 
<taxonomicName id="41C85EE72448A0D66C106D89695B7E67" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">C. abscondita</taxonomicName>
in the field in Serra das Almas in 2009 by CRFB and RMF. Unfortunately, it was the end of the rainy season and the soil was covered by a dense layer of grass, impairing observations of all small and inconspicuous ants. Visual searching and leaf-litter extraction failed to locate additional specimens, as did subsequent surveys at the same locality.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="138BEAA45A25C19EA3109A1F89B9AF30" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="mainText">
In 2008, two workers were taken in pitfall traps in the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica (
<collectionCode id="F4FF77A7428C3E55FA7D44ED46018DB9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">IBGE</collectionCode>
) Cerrado preserve, near FAL in Brasilia, DF, Brazil. These specimens, deposited in the 
<collectionCode id="7A6AE85C83B7AB6056B4337FC84F27A8" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">MZSP</collectionCode>
, inspired attempts by JSC, TRS, CTL, and HLV to locate the species at this locality beginning in 2009. The first such attempt yielded only the collection of a series of stray workers and an unsuccessful nest excavation; however, subsequent visits resulted in the excavations of multiple nests and collections of gynes, larvae, and cultivated fungi.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="62E0DFE5E78A204D9AF8BCEBEC1801D1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="mainText">
The only known male of the species was fortuitously collected in 2011 by CR and MB when they accidentally encountered two nests of 
<taxonomicName id="E681095B3262763199CCD79CC4B84006" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">C. abscondita</taxonomicName>
while excavating a nest of 
<taxonomicName id="188FE248E3BB355B3E52654556A99E15" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycocepurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goeldii">Mycocepurus goeldii</taxonomicName>
in the Broa Preserve, Itirapina, SP, Brazil.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8745C88F64378A2A7BE611676B915E70" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="mainText">
The earliest known collection of 
<taxonomicName id="FE3324F7B55A113C7B5585A07CAED22D" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">C. abscondita</taxonomicName>
was that of a stray worker taken in a leaf-litter sample in Paineiras, MG, in 1999, only recently discovered in the entomological collection at 
<collectionCode id="4EEB46C2ED7A4516491C30AA0C8FB794" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">MZSP</collectionCode>
and recognized as belonging to this species. Most recently, in 2011, two workers of 
<taxonomicName id="B0F95A86608A22B9A9C23EFE661DB770" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">C. abscondita</taxonomicName>
were recovered from pitfall traps in fragments of semideciduous forests in the Sales and Pindorama municipalities in northwestern Sao Paulo state. This history of discovery indicates that 
<taxonomicName id="D08E8E0874DCD40C7E829BF1BD6A36AE" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">C. abscondita</taxonomicName>
is rarely collected by traditional methods. The cryptic nature of foragers and of nest entrances makes it almost invisible to traditional hand collecting. The rarity of individuals in pitfall and leaf-litter samples remains puzzling, since the concentrations of nests encountered at FAL and Broa Preserve suggest that it is locally abundant. Now that the genus and species are recognized and described, we hope that additional specimens will be identified in unsorted material in collections as well as in newly collected material from ant surveys in Brazil and perhaps even elsewhere in South America.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="45A329AD0F025CA4E871D6925413C106" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="33FF96B7CCA210FAC10893EA245DFFD8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="mainText">Natural history Macrohabitat</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FDBCA90613BD6D2057D3C9953113486C" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="mainText">
Most collections of 
<taxonomicName id="66668C9047B58ED5E956E8C0C452AB66" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">C. abscondita</taxonomicName>
are from Cerrado localities (Figure 5). These include Fazenda Agua Limpa (FAL) near Brasilia, the Broa preserve in Sao Paulo, the IBGE Cerrado preserve in Brasilia, DF, the Fazenda Olho D'Agua in Paineiras, MG, and the Reserva Particular do Patrimonio Natural (RPPN) do Acangau in Paracatu, MG, all of which are characterized by diverse Cerrado phytophysiognomies, ranging from campo limpo to Cerrado sensu stricto [107]. The predominant habitat, Cerrado sensu stricto, is a low canopy arboreal woodland that is characterized by the presence of small trees with a canopy height of less than 7 meters, shrubs, and abundant ground vegetation [108-110]. Cerrado soil is typically a red-yellow latosol, largely composed of well-drained and nutrient-poor quartz sand with moderate clay content below 15% [107,111]. Both FAL and Broa have typical Cerrado climates with a marked dry season from May to September and with a mean annual temperature and precipitation of 23°C and ~ 
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, respectively [110]. For a complete account of vegetation and soil compositions at FAL and Broa, see [112] and [113]. The label data associated with the 
<taxonomicName id="161F6E2FAA93546ED7F380DAE7272C19" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">C. abscondita</taxonomicName>
worker from Fazenda Olho D'Agua indicates that it was obtained from a leaf-litter sample from a Winkler extractor. This suggests that this worker was likely taken in either a riparian forest or in &quot;Cerradao,&quot; because it is in such areas that trees are dense enough to produce conspicuous accumulations of leaf litter.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B5619F31617D14E761EECD2488C9DCE9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="mainText">
Some specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="9E57D2B8381E9CEEEE6B1B7AB5BAEAEA" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">C. abscondita</taxonomicName>
have been taken outside the Cerrado biome (Figure 5). Most notably, a stray worker was recovered from a pitfall sample taken in 
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a relatively undisturbed area of Caatinga, a biome characterized by deciduous thorny woodland vegetation [106], in the RPPN Serra das Almas, Crateus, CE, Brazil. More recently, in 2011, two workers of 
<taxonomicName id="D7B9AA3641C7C95AD06DC2CA21320F64" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">Cyatta abscondita</taxonomicName>
were taken in pitfall traps in fragments of semideciduous forests in northwestern Sao Paulo state. This region is considered a transition zone between Cerrado and endangered coastal Atlantic Forest [114].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C22FA212515DDFF908D7DA2419CAA838" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="mainText">
Microhabitat. Four nests of 
<taxonomicName id="213AAF71810707CFD0792179426FF82D" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">Cyatta abscondita</taxonomicName>
were excavated at FAL and two nests at Broa (summarized in Table 1). Nest entrances of four additional nests were located at FAL; however, attempted excavations of these nests failed. At FAL, seven of the excavated nests occurred on the side of a littleused dirt service road in Cerrado sensu stricto (Figure 6b) and the eighth (nest 1, Table 1) on the lawn of the FAL dormitories (Figure 6a). The roadside nests were directly exposed to sunlight for most of the day, whereas the lawn nest was shaded by the adjacent building in the morning and afternoon. At the Broa preserve, both nests occurred in the shade of trees in Cerrado sensu stricto. Both Broa colonies were excavated serendipitously during excavations of 
<taxonomicName id="68942024429F81AFF316CCF7A894501F" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycocepurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goeldii">Mycocepurus goeldii</taxonomicName>
nests and the 
<taxonomicName id="772A8DB3B1EA823D4477240C10AA2212" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">C. abscondita</taxonomicName>
nest entrances were not observed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2882F4952192CE55B87D250A91DF3F26" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="mainText">
Foraging behavior. Foraging workers of 
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are difficult to locate because colony sizes are small, workers forage individually, and individuals are very small and cryptic (Figure 6c). In mid-September, which coincides with the beginning of the rainy season at FAL, three to four individuals from three different nests, including nests 3 and 4 (Table 1), were observed foraging at night between 22h and 23h. In February and April, at the end of the rainy season, ants from five FAL nests, including nests 1 and 2 (Table 1), were likewise observed foraging individually only after sunset. Only in the case of FAL nest 1 were workers observed to forage in the 
<pageBreakToken id="9EF9DF0B505A70BC06076EE9B35462DC" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" start="start">early</pageBreakToken>
afternoon on two consecutive days in April between 13h and 
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h during a time when the nest entrance was shaded from direct sunlight. Unlike the other nests, nest 1 occurred in a well-watered, human-managed grassy lawn. Nests 5 and 6 (Table 1), which were collected in July at the height of the dry season at the Broa preserve in Sao Paulo State, were located in the shade and, unfortunately, neither foraging nor nestbuilding activity was observed.
</paragraph>
<caption id="A5EEB46BF1A1C19D8D8C361CBCCF537A" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<paragraph id="E7B7DF66F76ACA920FA62B0402120A29" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="caption">
<pageBreakToken id="EC3D2520CDA57002E9EE91A4E5ADE68B" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" start="start">Figure</pageBreakToken>
5. Known distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="651A0E12BCF6DE25F2638691CEE2FF6D" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">Cyatta abscondita</taxonomicName>
. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080498.g005
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="6E9DCC55285002A0844C1982B324BA84" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<paragraph id="60EBD51A2FCA0B73A86AF7C020373969" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="caption">
<pageBreakToken id="518F08410848B240FA36C5324F923B72" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" start="start">Figure</pageBreakToken>
6. Habitat of 
<taxonomicName id="6E9C3720C0DF3502932415101C0D757C" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">Cyatta abscondita</taxonomicName>
. (A, B) Fazenda Agua Limpa (FAZ). (A) Excavation of nest JSC 
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-01 in dormitory garden area. (B) Cerrado senso stricto, where colonies were found on the side of the road. (C,D) Nest entrance of 
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(white arrows). (C) Worker entering nest. (D) Nest entrance of 
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, consisting of an inconspicuous ~ 
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diameter hole in the ground. (E) Chamber with pendant fungus garden. (F) Excavation of nest 4 (
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<date id="F380322376F2E7F153A2F3B60A9FFA6A" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="20-09-11">110920</date>
-01). Black bars indicate two chambers, the lower one 
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below the surface. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080498.g006
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="54CE16BE01C95347E149D994DB7562F1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="mainText">
The entrance of one FAL nest (
<collectionCode id="B463AC1A71D829F6949C7A0DE86DB016" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">JSC</collectionCode>
<date id="EF0C9A5AE1E5ECA5F576B9FAF8585780" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="23-02-09">090223</date>
-26) was located ~4.5 centimeters from the entrance of an adjacent 
<taxonomicName id="58C50EDD9157CA6EDB13A5C18D24D97E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycocepurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goeldii">Mycocepurus goeldii</taxonomicName>
nest. At around 23h a 
<taxonomicName id="7C990D2CA3E8BC0639829F505950AD20" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">Cyatta abscondita</taxonomicName>
worker was observed lurking slightly inside the nest entrance while workers of 
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foraged on bait (granules of Cream of Rice cereal) placed near the nest entrances. When 
<taxonomicName id="6ED20F9181A4543A8ECB5EFE688C43C1" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycocepurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goeldii">M. goeldii</taxonomicName>
workers were absent, the 
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worker darted out to retrieve a piece of bait and quickly returned to its nest. This lurking and rapid foraging behavior was repeated until the supply of bait was depleted. In rare cases of contact between 
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and 
<taxonomicName id="0DB76CC7E718666688144AD919A34634" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycocepurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goeldii">M. goeldii</taxonomicName>
workers, 
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workers were observed to remain motionless. Aggressive interactions were not observed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1F00992B7C09911F4F42B7758A9908F2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="mainText">
Nest architecture. At FAL, nest entrances of 
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consisted of a single, inconspicuous, hole in the ground of approximately 
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in diameter without any accompanying mound or turret (Figures 6c,d). As mentioned above, the entrance of one nest was located in the mound of a 
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colony ~ 
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from the 
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nest entrance. At the Broa preserve, nest chambers of 
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were encountered serendipitously while excavating 
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nests and the nest entrances were not observed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B98474CEF522411407B04183C0EAEF6C" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="mainText">
At FAL, excavations of eight nests were attempted. Four excavations (
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-26, 
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-02, 
<collectionCode id="C90DD7ABDA969BEC0BB623B7DAFD4863" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">JSC</collectionCode>
<date id="D29DE1AED44B1DCAECC63C4F3F623FE8" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="15-04-10">100415</date>
-03, 
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<date id="81F49106D6222B443A291036CE59BD7A" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="16-04-10">100416</date>
-04) failed (i.e., neither chambers containing fungus gardens nor gynes were found, but workers were collected at their respective nest entrances), but chambers containing fungus gardens were located in four nests (Table 1). Nests contained three to eight chambers. In FAL nests 1 and 3, which contained 4 and 3 chambers respectively, chambers were roughly arranged vertically below the nest entrance (Table 1), although it is possible that additional, laterally dispersed chambers were missed during the excavations. At FAL, nests 2 and 4 contained 7 and 8 chambers, respectively, some of which occurred at the same depth but were laterally separated from each other (Figure 6f). The shallowest chamber encountered (nest 3, FAL) was 
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deep and the deepest chamber (nest 6, Broa) was 
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deep. Because no gynes were found during the nest excavation at Broa, it is entirely possible that additional chambers occurred below a depth of 2 meters. Chambers were elliptically shaped, 
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wide and 
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high (Figure 6e). The largest garden chamber encountered (nest 2, FAL) was 2.5 x 
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; at Broa, a similarly sized chamber (nest 5) contained ~50 hanging garden filaments (Figure 6e). Some chambers were empty; in one case, an empty chamber contained three polydesmid millipedes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4559E5670AEEC30DDC1D00074D834AED" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="mainText">
Demography. Dealate gynes were collected in three of the eight excavated nests, suggesting that in five nests additional chambers remained undiscovered in the soil, or that gynes escaped into adjacent tunnels. In each of the three queenright nests (nests 2, 3, and 4), a single gyne was consistently encountered in the deepest chamber (see Table 1); however, additional chambers may have been present at greater depths, because excavations were generally terminated upon encountering the gyne. Brood was found only in FAL nest 4, which was collected in September, the beginning of the rainy season, suggesting that colonies of 
<taxonomicName id="F0E1C5F436922660D07199E8FF703118" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">Cyatta abscondita</taxonomicName>
reduce their reproductive activities during the dry season. The maximum number of workers encountered in colonies ranged from ~20 (FAL nest 4) to 26 (Broa nest 5). One male was collected in nest 5 at Broa on 
<date id="EF7E0239353A097F383AF5CEAA4F2DD5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="1921-07">21 July</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3B261D8A59A930ABC976F22797C93DF2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="mainText">
Garden morphology. Gardens were pendant and arranged in filamentous curtains suspended from the chamber ceiling (Figure 5e), similar to the fungus gardens of 
<taxonomicName id="2FB367C8C9834EF0FB56E77B5AB4781E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycocepurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mycocepurus</taxonomicName>
species [70,93,115,116] and of 
<taxonomicName id="8097FBCF6529B63D133C78B64D2A5417" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emeryi">Kalathomyrmex emeryi</taxonomicName>
(
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, 
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, pers. obs.). Single fungal curtains were 
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long and 
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wide and a maximum number of 50 curtains were found in a single chamber. Curtains were directly attached to the soil of the chamber ceiling rather than to rootlets. In nest 4, which was maintained in laboratory culture for three months, workers attached garden filaments to the plastic ceiling of the nest box and cultivated suspended gardens. The filaments were firmly attached to the plastic ceiling by an unknown mechanism.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="51DB6A65712349C13EEE20DEACFF4557" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="mainText">
Phylogeny. Results of molecular phylogenetic analyses incorporating four nuclear gene sequences from 
<taxonomicName id="1F86E4393200673F9B739BE0BC2F1E5F" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">Cyatta abscondita</taxonomicName>
confirm the previous finding [95] that the tribe 
<taxonomicName id="6726F9497EABFAE9D3BB84EB3872C09C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2269" lsidName-HNS="Attini Smith" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="tribe" tribe="Attini">Attini</taxonomicName>
is divided by an ancient divergence into two major clades, the 
<taxonomicName id="FDD54270C3767B9BF8497F6D1809DD3E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:341985" lsidName-HNS="Paleoattini Kusnezov" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="tribe" tribe="Paleoattini">Paleoattini</taxonomicName>
and the 
<taxonomicName id="3BC6C6152EF6B07ED8E4DBB864DDC7E3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:341986" lsidName-HNS="Neoattini Kusnezov" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="tribe" tribe="Neoattini">Neoattini</taxonomicName>
(Figure 7). 
<taxonomicName id="665B2901019C610B6949E8434EDB9C36" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">Cyatta abscondita</taxonomicName>
occupies a relatively isolated position in the latter clade, distantly related to the monotypic 
<taxonomicName id="01BAFC5239125075F9E6609BCE913762" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">genus Kalathomyrmex</taxonomicName>
Klingenberg &amp; Brandao, the result of an early divergence in the 
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. Its phylogenetic position, nested well within the paraphyletic group of &quot;lower attine ants,&quot; strongly supports the hypothesis that 
<taxonomicName id="9B483E2D0DD11F86D549D528262BEAB4" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">C. abscondita</taxonomicName>
practices &quot;lower attine agriculture&quot; [58].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5706D662979EBA609AFD830129BAB493" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="mainText">
A relaxed-clock-divergence dating analysis conducted in BEAST using the Bayesian uncorrelated lognormal approach with a normal prior on the root node (as described in Schultz &amp; Brady [95]), resulted in a chronogram in which 
<taxonomicName id="066D2A40485BA10DA44E3D396170F6F5" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyatta</taxonomicName>
occupies a position identical to that in the MrBayes results shown in Figure 7. The BEAST chronogram indicates that 
<taxonomicName id="8C3D9C167C2F9136D65FD3D9C7C1B2FD" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyatta</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="694DEA50CFC20FEBA3A2C3EABD189DEB" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kalathomyrmex</taxonomicName>
diverged 26 Ma (95% CI= 18-34) and that the earliest possible divergence of the clade (
<taxonomicName id="DEBB256C89FF10C40CAED1DE585901CE" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyatta</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="3FA54B112990F06BBD13499C0FA07A23" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kalathomyrmex</taxonomicName>
) from the rest of the 
<taxonomicName id="5B6417488F1F638C4D39952852454D53" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:341986" lsidName-HNS="Neoattini Kusnezov" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="tribe" tribe="Neoattini">Neoattini</taxonomicName>
occurred 44 Ma (95% CI= 37-51).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BA9C994FE6C2EA16E9B8F49478F1A70B" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="2942DCE47D5E3B21F23E1AFBED226416" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="mainText">Discussion</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1EC475FD67D21F2B24D994F652261FB8" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="mainText">
The pursuit and discovery of phylogenetically informative new species are arguably among the most important enterprises in systematic biology. Numerous studies have demonstrated the significant effects of taxon representation on phylogenetic inference, including, in addition to tree topology, ancestral character state reconstruction, divergence time estimation, and inferences of evolutionary rates [117-119]. Ward et al. [118] showed that the exclusion of a single relict 
<pageBreakToken id="04FF43917BA744BF9A220C3567D5CBA3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" start="start">species</pageBreakToken>
resulted in the incorrect reconstruction of the phylogeny of the ant subfamily 
<taxonomicName id="A75BAB4AC804673CF47859E4DB5A666B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2250" lsidName-HNS="Dolichoderinae Forel" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Dolichoderinae">Dolichoderinae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="3AC067002B821A402A97C6FC74AF4FDC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:152" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-HNS="Formicidae Latreille" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
). In addition, the recently discovered ant 
<taxonomicName id="3FAB7FE3066C5F308A182B3F78A09185" authority="Rabeling &amp; Verhaagh" authorityName="Rabeling &amp; Verhaagh" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Martialis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">genus Martialis</taxonomicName>
, a relict subterranean species known from the Amazon forest in Brazil, has been shown to be the only hitherto known representative of an early diverging branch of the ant tree of life [27]. Within the 
<taxonomicName id="2F2F5C7BB0B55CEA48D9D9141AE9B3EC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2269" lsidName-HNS="Attini Smith" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="tribe" tribe="Attini">Attini</taxonomicName>
, the recently described ant genus 
<taxonomicName id="F6CE3622AC1A7337E8F99CF0B8A0C90C" authority="Brandão &amp; Mayhé-Nunes" authorityName="Brandão &amp; Mayhé-Nunes" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycetagroicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mycetagroicus</taxonomicName>
[105,120] was found to be the sister group to the higher attine ants (
<taxonomicName id="66E02EAEED104C9CDBDDBD76BDE25DBF" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sericomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sericomyrmex</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="3C77573673714F972D396D298FBFD30A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Trachymyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trachymyrmex</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="AFC838FEABF010393F1A5ED01375E049" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acromyrmex</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="B017B18B534FA32BDFF66D73ABE53F43" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atta</taxonomicName>
) and thus to occupy a phylogenetic position transitional between lower and higher agriculture [95]; however, until very recently its fungal cultivar association remained unknown. Subsequent field work documented that 
<taxonomicName id="362B32D0D457F30D43BE8904C64DC323" authority="Brandão &amp; Mayhé-Nunes" authorityName="Brandão &amp; Mayhé-Nunes" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycetagroicus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cerradensis">Mycetagroicus cerradensis</taxonomicName>
cultivates a lower attine fungus, suggesting that biological investigations of the genus are critical for understanding the evolutionary transition from lower to higher agriculture [94]. This strategy of reciprocal illumination (i.e., information gathered from the field informing phylogenies, and phylogenies guiding field work) plays a key role for reconstructing and understanding the macro- and micro-evolutionary processes driving the attine agricultural symbiosis.
</paragraph>
<caption id="5644B88B599B7946A8F958A94F4F5B50" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<paragraph id="FA9203C30BF7FB2BB2DC43ABA931C330" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="caption">
<pageBreakToken id="6F35ED6136DA2C95C16ED204FC67DFC7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" start="start">Figure</pageBreakToken>
7. Phylogenetic position of 
<taxonomicName id="28BCE0FB4B4B58D2D0A5959AFB5F0C40" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">Cyatta abscondita</taxonomicName>
. This phylogeny of 66 fungus-farming and 26 outgroup ant species results from a Bayesian analysis of four nuclear protein-coding genes (see text for details). Fungus-farming ant species are indicated by bold black branches; the branch subtending 
<taxonomicName id="6E2CD0B9FABE7302A7950D147290D659" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">Cyatta abscondita</taxonomicName>
is indicated in red. Gray branches correspond to non-fungus-farming taxa. Blue dots on branches represent Bayesian posterior probabilities of 100; orange dots represent Bayesian posterior probabilities of 95-99. Divergence time of 
<taxonomicName id="CF8C335EE2A22ECF6093315D3DD4EBAF" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyatta</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="91EDDD8181BA0294936F9EC57BF938F6" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kalathomyrmex</taxonomicName>
estimated at 26 Ma (95% CI= 18-34) and divergence of the clade (
<taxonomicName id="7A01C6D6703633DDAA9F8AC219A67C0B" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cyatta</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="9E2D0CAF13944F532C78F7630C73C9F1" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kalathomyrmex</taxonomicName>
) from the rest of the 
<taxonomicName id="2924C294473FAD08016FD554D753C9B1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:341986" lsidName-HNS="Neoattini Kusnezov" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="tribe" tribe="Neoattini">Neoattini</taxonomicName>
estimated at 44 Ma (95% CI= 37-51). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080498.g007
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="36066202B2F7E22900520599313CA51C" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="mainText">
The results reported here indicate that 
<taxonomicName id="2EFDEA52C7FD4111498F6BDFE712F073" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">Cyatta abscondita</taxonomicName>
possesses an intriguing mosaic of characters, some that are shared with paleoattines, others that are shared with neoattines, and at least one that is shared only with non-attine ants. Because the 
<taxonomicName id="576901C09E02C8C43A7B827751D809F0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:341986" lsidName-HNS="Neoattini Kusnezov" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="tribe" tribe="Neoattini">Neoattini</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="6A82A89628D624CC019D20F4FA26B238" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:341985" lsidName-HNS="Paleoattini Kusnezov" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="tribe" tribe="Paleoattini">Paleoattini</taxonomicName>
, and the non-attine 
<taxonomicName id="778D4F7D7FE09E791CFD666E41E0DEAC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2258" lsidName-HNS="Myrmicinae Lepeletier" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Myrmicinae">Myrmicinae</taxonomicName>
span the ancestral node of the tribe 
<taxonomicName id="648961F1305C20854B7AF8672D3206A0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2269" lsidName-HNS="Attini Smith" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="tribe" tribe="Attini">Attini</taxonomicName>
, this combination of character states suggests that the morphology, behavior, fungal associations, nest architecture, and other biological characters of 
<taxonomicName id="C06695D9D354AE22BA210757A3D26C78" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">C. abscondita</taxonomicName>
are potentially informative about plesiomorphic character states within the tribe and, consequently, about the early evolution of ant agriculture. At least one character of 
<taxonomicName id="CDBE91446067EE617684C9D7C38623A4" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">C. abscondita</taxonomicName>
, the presence of a closed discal cell in the forewing of the male, is unknown in all other 
<taxonomicName id="EF12B747F64EAD086F205F741CE7D486" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2269" lsidName-HNS="Attini Smith" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="tribe" tribe="Attini">Attini</taxonomicName>
. If, as we suspect, this is a retained plesiomorphy rather than an autoapomorphy, then the absence of the discal cell in other 
<taxonomicName id="DD8F2D01122571C18ABE4C28F3767F37" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2269" lsidName-HNS="Attini Smith" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="tribe" tribe="Attini">Attini</taxonomicName>
must be the result of at least three parallel losses, one in the 
<taxonomicName id="534F67C86E7D8EBB9FD9FD71D9E2BE34" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:341985" lsidName-HNS="Paleoattini Kusnezov" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="tribe" tribe="Paleoattini">Paleoattini</taxonomicName>
, one in the 
<taxonomicName id="1226D56D032B47A2550A0A0E43A949EB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:341986" lsidName-HNS="Neoattini Kusnezov" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="tribe" tribe="Neoattini">Neoattini</taxonomicName>
, and one in 
<taxonomicName id="6FEB6FB4DEE0F1FE337B1D65E4E4BE31" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kalathomyrmex</taxonomicName>
. Another character previously unknown in the 
<taxonomicName id="D1504BE1D38630007456BF86F96DE293" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2269" lsidName-HNS="Attini Smith" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="tribe" tribe="Attini">Attini</taxonomicName>
is the presence of at least two rows of elongate anchor-tipped hairs (Figures 4a,e) on the mid-dorsum of the larva. The function of such anchor-tipped hairs has recently been studied in the nonfungus-farming ant 
<taxonomicName id="BC3477772E5AA6A1523F6AD7CC3BF69A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhea">Pheidole rhea</taxonomicName>
, which utilizes these specialized setae to hang fourth-instar larvae from the nest walls [121]. The widespread presence of this character state in non-fungus-farming ants strongly suggests that it is plesiomorphic for the 
<taxonomicName id="6A7CB30EF4D1D039E7D0A0601807C2E2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2269" lsidName-HNS="Attini Smith" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="tribe" tribe="Attini">Attini</taxonomicName>
and that its presumably derived absence in most 
<taxonomicName id="0670DC565F40CC67E416EBBE1A377021" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2269" lsidName-HNS="Attini Smith" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="tribe" tribe="Attini">Attini</taxonomicName>
may be connected to the fact that larvae are usually more or less enveloped in mycelium deep within the fungus garden rather than hung from the chamber wall. Presumed plesiomorphic adult character states shared by 
<taxonomicName id="F9A0183D8A434E6E9E1807BB7107650D" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">C. abscondita</taxonomicName>
and the 
<taxonomicName id="F7480E3097EF0AE7505C94841DFDAC2A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:341985" lsidName-HNS="Paleoattini Kusnezov" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="tribe" tribe="Paleoattini">Paleoattini</taxonomicName>
include the presence of a rounded inferior lateral margin of the pronotum, also retained in 
<taxonomicName id="AB36C591B9C345E58572108B4599A273" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emeryi">Kalathomyrmex emeryi</taxonomicName>
. All other neoattine genera, from 
<taxonomicName id="363FF63FDC5D626FFE8805068554EFF3" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycetarotes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mycetarotes</taxonomicName>
to the leaf-cutter ants, have a denticle or tooth in this position. A number of larval character states are shared with species of the paleoattine genus 
<taxonomicName id="E127DD4DEDF9946A9CF99717F8D60B37" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycocepurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mycocepurus</taxonomicName>
, including the presence of dorsal and lateral hairs, the presence of a single seta laterad of the maxillary palp, and abundant supraantennal setae. The absence of genal lobes is shared with all 
<taxonomicName id="AF21E6DBF8AA15E317E4EE97477BC8AF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:341985" lsidName-HNS="Paleoattini Kusnezov" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="tribe" tribe="Paleoattini">Paleoattini</taxonomicName>
as well as, in the 
<taxonomicName id="B8C0BE10896180B586CC23815317B6E7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:341986" lsidName-HNS="Neoattini Kusnezov" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="tribe" tribe="Neoattini">Neoattini</taxonomicName>
, with 
<taxonomicName id="7878943D1CB22DA30A35A30660FC48AF" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycetarotes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mycetarotes</taxonomicName>
species. (Larval characters of 
<taxonomicName id="71A2B01C8A5DB9C71B473D41D6490E1D" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kalathomyrmex</taxonomicName>
have not yet been documented.) The striking pendant, curtain-like morphology of the fungus garden is a character state shared with 
<taxonomicName id="DAFC963DA89F136C4B774C97E0797D7E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycocepurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mycocepurus</taxonomicName>
species as well as with 
<taxonomicName id="35B75B93A045AF4D7D32A7ADA33A0D1F" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kalathomyrmex</taxonomicName>
. Presumed neoattine synapomorphies shared by 
<taxonomicName id="FA04F31CAA7EC736DE8A4F0FC4839F06" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">C. abscondita</taxonomicName>
and other 
<taxonomicName id="C22287BE317CC3072EF007766FF17F85" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:341986" lsidName-HNS="Neoattini Kusnezov" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="tribe" tribe="Neoattini">Neoattini</taxonomicName>
include, in adults, (i) the lack of hypostomal teeth, also secondarily lost in some species of 
<taxonomicName id="9CF9333B8CCC2D1D18E451B02A6977B4" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Apterostigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apterostigma</taxonomicName>
; (ii) the antennal funicular segment II of males short, as long as or slightly longer than funicular segment I (pedicel), whereas in the males of the paleoattine genera the funicular segment II is long, almost twice as long than the pedicel; and (iii) the wide separation of the maxillary palp from the galea in the larvae. Although both molecular and morphological data indicate that 
<taxonomicName id="712FA34ED280D321A8B6712F0EFBB4D6" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">Cyatta abscondita</taxonomicName>
is the sister species of 
<taxonomicName id="99CA7DE8760CF43B2944723B4E0C8596" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emeryi">Kalathomyrmex emeryi</taxonomicName>
, it is a very distant sister, having diverged from their most recent common ancestor approximately 26 mya. As far as is currently known, 
<taxonomicName id="254B959AADFC9DA0EFBB60C907C02E2F" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">C. abscondita</taxonomicName>
shares with 
<taxonomicName id="605B3F18D9579691DF6320F5DAAE547D" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kalathomyrmex</taxonomicName>
two unique morphological characters, the form of the clypeus and the morphology of the mandibles in the male. In common with the paleoattines, but differing from all other neoattines, 
<taxonomicName id="94F058E65DDB7CB9AE689A1CBFD3C4E2" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">C. abscondita</taxonomicName>
also shares with 
<taxonomicName id="26FAD62BB7EEF1E734A925A60CC99123" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kalathomyrmex</taxonomicName>
a rounded inferior pronotal corner. In contrast to these shared character states, two synapomorphic and one symplesiomorphic, 
<taxonomicName id="7798DDA2B55AFC3A4D8D7263B546CA17" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">C. abscondita</taxonomicName>
notably lacks the defining feature of 
<taxonomicName id="37CCCDB213CDF9A915DA4D9E24DC554A" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kalathomyrmex</taxonomicName>
, the basket-like psammophore (Gr. kalathos = &quot;basket&quot;) and differs not only from 
<taxonomicName id="13B4B6ADFC19C7EC8E9102C249FB9F73" authority="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" authorityName="Klingenberg &amp; Brandão" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Kalathomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kalathomyrmex</taxonomicName>
but from all other 
<taxonomicName id="DF461C2C133D01D1EDCD42B4AB3F2CDE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2269" lsidName-HNS="Attini Smith" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="tribe" tribe="Attini">Attini</taxonomicName>
in a number of striking characters, including the 4-toothed mandible, the presence of paired ventral pleural spiniform processes, and the presence of a discal cell in the wing of the male. In fact, the morphology of 
<taxonomicName id="AD960E971A2D72F126A6C3C49FF648B2" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">C. abscondita</taxonomicName>
is a mosaic of characters of the paleoattine and neoattine clades as well as of closely related non-attine myrmicines. For these reasons we choose to recognize 
<taxonomicName id="7B98EDCB556522C5711A0B4B04F6541A" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">Cyatta abscondita</taxonomicName>
as a distinct genus within the fungus-farming ants. The discovery, description, and mapping of biological diversity is essential for devising strategies for protecting biodiversity hotspots, i.e., areas that support high concentrations of endemic species and that are threatened due to the rapid loss of habitat as a result of years of unsustainable human exploitation [86], [122]. The Brazilian Cerrado is one such biodiversity hotspot. With only 20% of the original primary habitat remaining, and with only 6.2% of that habitat protected, the Brazilian Cerrado sustains more than four thousand species of endemic plants and more than a hundred species of endemic vertebrates [86]. The Caatinga is even less protected than the Cerrado [123]. The discovery of 
<taxonomicName id="576B65E435349828DAF811E306AE7653" authority="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" authorityName="Sosa-Calvo, Schultz, Brandão, Klingenberg, Feitosa, Rabeling, Bacci, Lopes &amp; Vasconcelos" class="Hexapoda" family="Formicidae" genus="Cyatta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abscondita">Cyatta abscondita</taxonomicName>
in the Cerrado and in the poorly explored Caatinga habitats of Brazil suggests that increasing the search for cryptic and inconspicuous species will lead to discoveries that will fundamentally alter our understanding of insect evolutionary history.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>