229 lines
33 KiB
XML
229 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.33.5061" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182249253" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-33-63" ID-Pensoft-UUID="7D155703F503537C5C5AFFCDF60FFFE6" ID-Zenodo-Dep="574823" ModsDocID="1314-2607-33-63" checkinTime="1621553024816" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Sarzetti, Laura C., Genise, Jorge F., Sanchez, M. Victoria, Farina, Juan L. & Molina, M. Alejandra" docDate="2013" docId="7C1715A3CB2AD35BBA01169C20295EA6" docLanguage="en" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 33" docPubDate="2013-08-01" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.33.5061" docTitle="Ptiloglossa tarsata" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="7D155703F503537C5C5AFFCDF60FFFE6" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="7D155703F503537C5C5AFFCDF60FFFE6" masterDocTitle="Nesting behavior and ecological preferences of five Diphaglossinae species (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Colletidae) from Argentina and Chile" masterLastPageNumber="82" masterPageNumber="63" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" updateTime="1643537343696" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Nesting behavior and ecological preferences of five Diphaglossinae species (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Colletidae) from Argentina and Chile</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Sarzetti, Laura C.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>CONICET, Division Icnologia, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales " Bernardino Rivadavia ", Av. Angel Gallardo 470, 1405. Buenos Aires, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">lsarzetti@macn.gov.ar</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Genise, Jorge F.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>CONICET, Division Icnologia, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales " Bernardino Rivadavia ", Av. Angel Gallardo 470, 1405. Buenos Aires, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Sanchez, M. Victoria</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>CONICET, Division Icnologia, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales " Bernardino Rivadavia ", Av. Angel Gallardo 470, 1405. Buenos Aires, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Farina, Juan L.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales " Lorenzo Scaglia ", Area Entomologia, Av. Libertad 3099, Plaza Espana, 7600 Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Molina, M. Alejandra</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>CONICET, Instituto Superior de Entomologia, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Miguel Lillo 205, 4000 S. M. de Tucuman, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2013-08-01</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>33</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>63</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>82</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location>
|
||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.33.5061</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.33.5061</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-33-63</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">7D155703F503537C5C5AFFCDF60FFFE6</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">574823</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182249253" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7C1715A3CB2AD35BBA01169C20295EA6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7C1715A3CB2AD35BBA01169C20295EA6" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="66" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Ptiloglossa_tarsata" authority="(Friese, 1900)" baseAuthorityName="Friese" baseAuthorityYear="1900" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Ptiloglossa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ptiloglossa tarsata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsata">Ptiloglossa tarsata (Friese, 1900)</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="3" pageNumber="66" type="locality and nesting site">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="66">Locality and nesting site.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="3" pageNumber="66">
|
||
The observations on the biology and nest structure were carried out during January 25th-30th; March 10th-16th, 2011; and January 4th-14th, 2012 at Paraje La Florida (
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="25" direction="south" minutes="0.817" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="-25.013617">25°0.817'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="65" direction="west" minutes="33.534" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-65.5589">65°33.534'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), Salta province, Argentina. Two nests were excavated at this locality, which is in a transitional habitat between rain and dry forest with a MAT around 17 C° and a MAP between 700 to 800 mm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Baudino, G" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Biogeography" pageId="15" pageNumber="78" refId="B4" refString="Baudino, G, 1995. Hidrogeologia del valle de Lerma, Provincia de Salta, Argentina. Informe Final de Beca de Perfeccionamiento, CONICET. Inedito. Salta." title="Hidrogeologia del valle de Lerma, Provincia de Salta, Argentina. Informe Final de Beca de Perfeccionamiento, CONICET. Inedito. Salta." year="1995">Baudino 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Two nests were found in a formerly plowed area in the surroundings of the establishment "La Florida". The soil surface was flat and the cover was composed mostly
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="67" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
|
||
grasses and plants of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Solanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Ranunculaceae" genus="Clematis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Ranunculales" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Clematis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–18" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 8 - 18. Ptiloglossa tarsata (Friese, 1900). 8 General view of the nesting site at " La Florida " (Salta province), the arrow indicates the location of the nest; 9 Female of Ptiloglossa tarsata foraging in a flower of Solanum sp. 10 Tumulus of unconsolidated soil, scale line: 1 cm 11 General view showing the nest architecture with a cell at the end of the main tunnel 12 Group of scratches probably produced by female's mandibles. The arrow indicates their location in the main tunne; 13 (a) cell with cellophane-like lining and provisions, (b) neck and (c) entrance tunnel, scale line: 1 cm 14 One cell showing the cellophane-like lining on the wall, scale line: 1 cm 15 Spiral closure of one cell, scale line: 0.5 cm 16 Cocoon operculum with holes, scale line: 0.5 cm 17 Scanning electron micrograph of the cocoon operculum showing the fabric of silk threads with small circular holes, scale: 500 µm 18 Onecircular hole surrounded by silk threads, scale: 50 µm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11776" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). The soil consisted of clayish to silty material and was devoid of rocks. The first nest was located next to a fence below a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Solanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. plant, whereas the entrance of the second nest was partially covered by grasses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11776" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" start="Figures 8–18" startId="F2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Figures 8-18.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Friese" baseAuthorityYear="1900" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Ptiloglossa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Ptiloglossa tarsata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Friese, 1900).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">8</emphasis>
|
||
General view of the nesting site at "La Florida" (Salta province), the arrow indicates the location of the nest;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">9</emphasis>
|
||
Female of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Friese" baseAuthorityYear="1900" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Ptiloglossa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Ptiloglossa tarsata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
foraging in a flower of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Solanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">10</emphasis>
|
||
Tumulus of unconsolidated soil, scale line: 1 cm
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">11</emphasis>
|
||
General view showing the nest architecture with a cell at the end of the main tunnel
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">12</emphasis>
|
||
Group of scratches probably produced by
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="female´s">female's</normalizedToken>
|
||
mandibles. The arrow indicates their location in the main tunne;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">13</emphasis>
|
||
(a) cell with cellophane-like lining and provisions, (b) neck and (c) entrance tunnel, scale line: 1 cm
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">14</emphasis>
|
||
One cell showing the cellophane-like lining on the wall, scale line: 1 cm
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">15</emphasis>
|
||
Spiral closure of one cell, scale line: 0.5 cm
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">16</emphasis>
|
||
Cocoon operculum with holes, scale line: 0.5 cm
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">17</emphasis>
|
||
Scanning electron micrograph of the cocoon operculum showing the fabric of silk threads with small circular holes, scale: 500
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">18</emphasis>
|
||
Onecircular hole surrounded by silk threads, scale: 50
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="67" type="daily activity">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Daily activity.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
|
||
The foraging activity started about 07:00 am, with full daylight, when females were observed visiting flowers of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Solanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–18" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 8 - 18. Ptiloglossa tarsata (Friese, 1900). 8 General view of the nesting site at " La Florida " (Salta province), the arrow indicates the location of the nest; 9 Female of Ptiloglossa tarsata foraging in a flower of Solanum sp. 10 Tumulus of unconsolidated soil, scale line: 1 cm 11 General view showing the nest architecture with a cell at the end of the main tunnel 12 Group of scratches probably produced by female's mandibles. The arrow indicates their location in the main tunne; 13 (a) cell with cellophane-like lining and provisions, (b) neck and (c) entrance tunnel, scale line: 1 cm 14 One cell showing the cellophane-like lining on the wall, scale line: 1 cm 15 Spiral closure of one cell, scale line: 0.5 cm 16 Cocoon operculum with holes, scale line: 0.5 cm 17 Scanning electron micrograph of the cocoon operculum showing the fabric of silk threads with small circular holes, scale: 500 µm 18 Onecircular hole surrounded by silk threads, scale: 50 µm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11776" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). One female made successive foraging trips, remaining inside the nest around 10 minutes after each trip. Foraging trips lasted around 20 minutes. This activity continued until 02:00 pm when the female closed the entrance from inside. The females were inside the main tunnels when the nests were excavated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="67" type="description of nests">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Description of nests.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
|
||
The entrance of the first nest, circular and 1 cm in diameter, was located at the center of a tumulus, 5.8 cm in maximum diameter and 4 cm high. The tumulus was composed of unconsolidated soil (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–18" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 8 - 18. Ptiloglossa tarsata (Friese, 1900). 8 General view of the nesting site at " La Florida " (Salta province), the arrow indicates the location of the nest; 9 Female of Ptiloglossa tarsata foraging in a flower of Solanum sp. 10 Tumulus of unconsolidated soil, scale line: 1 cm 11 General view showing the nest architecture with a cell at the end of the main tunnel 12 Group of scratches probably produced by female's mandibles. The arrow indicates their location in the main tunne; 13 (a) cell with cellophane-like lining and provisions, (b) neck and (c) entrance tunnel, scale line: 1 cm 14 One cell showing the cellophane-like lining on the wall, scale line: 1 cm 15 Spiral closure of one cell, scale line: 0.5 cm 16 Cocoon operculum with holes, scale line: 0.5 cm 17 Scanning electron micrograph of the cocoon operculum showing the fabric of silk threads with small circular holes, scale: 500 µm 18 Onecircular hole surrounded by silk threads, scale: 50 µm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11776" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). The main tunnel, vertical and slightly sinuous, was 40-61 cm long, and 1 cm in maximum diameter (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–18" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 8 - 18. Ptiloglossa tarsata (Friese, 1900). 8 General view of the nesting site at " La Florida " (Salta province), the arrow indicates the location of the nest; 9 Female of Ptiloglossa tarsata foraging in a flower of Solanum sp. 10 Tumulus of unconsolidated soil, scale line: 1 cm 11 General view showing the nest architecture with a cell at the end of the main tunnel 12 Group of scratches probably produced by female's mandibles. The arrow indicates their location in the main tunne; 13 (a) cell with cellophane-like lining and provisions, (b) neck and (c) entrance tunnel, scale line: 1 cm 14 One cell showing the cellophane-like lining on the wall, scale line: 1 cm 15 Spiral closure of one cell, scale line: 0.5 cm 16 Cocoon operculum with holes, scale line: 0.5 cm 17 Scanning electron micrograph of the cocoon operculum showing the fabric of silk threads with small circular holes, scale: 500 µm 18 Onecircular hole surrounded by silk threads, scale: 50 µm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11776" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). The inner surface of the main tunnel showed horizontal and densely grouped scratches 1-3 cm long and 0.2 cm wide. These scratches were probably made by the female mandibles (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–18" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 8 - 18. Ptiloglossa tarsata (Friese, 1900). 8 General view of the nesting site at " La Florida " (Salta province), the arrow indicates the location of the nest; 9 Female of Ptiloglossa tarsata foraging in a flower of Solanum sp. 10 Tumulus of unconsolidated soil, scale line: 1 cm 11 General view showing the nest architecture with a cell at the end of the main tunnel 12 Group of scratches probably produced by female's mandibles. The arrow indicates their location in the main tunne; 13 (a) cell with cellophane-like lining and provisions, (b) neck and (c) entrance tunnel, scale line: 1 cm 14 One cell showing the cellophane-like lining on the wall, scale line: 1 cm 15 Spiral closure of one cell, scale line: 0.5 cm 16 Cocoon operculum with holes, scale line: 0.5 cm 17 Scanning electron micrograph of the cocoon operculum showing the fabric of silk threads with small circular holes, scale: 500 µm 18 Onecircular hole surrounded by silk threads, scale: 50 µm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11776" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). The cells (n: 12), found at depths of 37-44 cm, were vertical and disposed radially around the main tunnel. Open cells were connected to the main tunnel by horizontal laterals, 5-7 cm long. Laterals ended in a raised, curved, entrance tunnel connecting with the vertical portion of the cell (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–18" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 8 - 18. Ptiloglossa tarsata (Friese, 1900). 8 General view of the nesting site at " La Florida " (Salta province), the arrow indicates the location of the nest; 9 Female of Ptiloglossa tarsata foraging in a flower of Solanum sp. 10 Tumulus of unconsolidated soil, scale line: 1 cm 11 General view showing the nest architecture with a cell at the end of the main tunnel 12 Group of scratches probably produced by female's mandibles. The arrow indicates their location in the main tunne; 13 (a) cell with cellophane-like lining and provisions, (b) neck and (c) entrance tunnel, scale line: 1 cm 14 One cell showing the cellophane-like lining on the wall, scale line: 1 cm 15 Spiral closure of one cell, scale line: 0.5 cm 16 Cocoon operculum with holes, scale line: 0.5 cm 17 Scanning electron micrograph of the cocoon operculum showing the fabric of silk threads with small circular holes, scale: 500 µm 18 Onecircular hole surrounded by silk threads, scale: 50 µm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11776" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Figs 11, 13c</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 19–23" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 19 - 23. 19 Nest architecture of Ptiloglossa tarsata (Friese, 1900). 20 Cell with provisions and egg, cell neck, spiral closure, and entrance tunnel of Ptiloglossa tarsata 21 Nest architecture of Ptiloglossa matutina (Schrottky, 1904) 22 Nest architecture of Cadeguala albopilosa (Spinola, 1851) 23 Cell with provisions and egg, cell neck, location of the cell closure and entrance tunnel of Cadeguala albopilosa." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11777" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">19</figureCitation>
|
||
). Once lined and sealed, the distal part of the entrance tunnel became the curved neck of the cell (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–18" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 8 - 18. Ptiloglossa tarsata (Friese, 1900). 8 General view of the nesting site at " La Florida " (Salta province), the arrow indicates the location of the nest; 9 Female of Ptiloglossa tarsata foraging in a flower of Solanum sp. 10 Tumulus of unconsolidated soil, scale line: 1 cm 11 General view showing the nest architecture with a cell at the end of the main tunnel 12 Group of scratches probably produced by female's mandibles. The arrow indicates their location in the main tunne; 13 (a) cell with cellophane-like lining and provisions, (b) neck and (c) entrance tunnel, scale line: 1 cm 14 One cell showing the cellophane-like lining on the wall, scale line: 1 cm 15 Spiral closure of one cell, scale line: 0.5 cm 16 Cocoon operculum with holes, scale line: 0.5 cm 17 Scanning electron micrograph of the cocoon operculum showing the fabric of silk threads with small circular holes, scale: 500 µm 18 Onecircular hole surrounded by silk threads, scale: 50 µm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11776" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Fig. 13b</figureCitation>
|
||
). Each lateral tunnel ended in one or two entrance tunnels connected with cells occurring at the same depth (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 19–23" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 19 - 23. 19 Nest architecture of Ptiloglossa tarsata (Friese, 1900). 20 Cell with provisions and egg, cell neck, spiral closure, and entrance tunnel of Ptiloglossa tarsata 21 Nest architecture of Ptiloglossa matutina (Schrottky, 1904) 22 Nest architecture of Cadeguala albopilosa (Spinola, 1851) 23 Cell with provisions and egg, cell neck, location of the cell closure and entrance tunnel of Cadeguala albopilosa." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11777" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
). Entrance tunnels connected to closed cells were filled with soil (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 19–23" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 19 - 23. 19 Nest architecture of Ptiloglossa tarsata (Friese, 1900). 20 Cell with provisions and egg, cell neck, spiral closure, and entrance tunnel of Ptiloglossa tarsata 21 Nest architecture of Ptiloglossa matutina (Schrottky, 1904) 22 Nest architecture of Cadeguala albopilosa (Spinola, 1851) 23 Cell with provisions and egg, cell neck, location of the cell closure and entrance tunnel of Cadeguala albopilosa." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11777" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
). The vertical portion of a cell was 1.9-2.0 cm long and 0.9-1 cm in maximum diameter (n: 12). The neck was 0.6-0.8 cm in diameter (n: 12). The inner walls of the cells and the neck were smooth and lined with a whitish, semitransparent cellophane-like material that extended up to the closure (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–18" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 8 - 18. Ptiloglossa tarsata (Friese, 1900). 8 General view of the nesting site at " La Florida " (Salta province), the arrow indicates the location of the nest; 9 Female of Ptiloglossa tarsata foraging in a flower of Solanum sp. 10 Tumulus of unconsolidated soil, scale line: 1 cm 11 General view showing the nest architecture with a cell at the end of the main tunnel 12 Group of scratches probably produced by female's mandibles. The arrow indicates their location in the main tunne; 13 (a) cell with cellophane-like lining and provisions, (b) neck and (c) entrance tunnel, scale line: 1 cm 14 One cell showing the cellophane-like lining on the wall, scale line: 1 cm 15 Spiral closure of one cell, scale line: 0.5 cm 16 Cocoon operculum with holes, scale line: 0.5 cm 17 Scanning electron micrograph of the cocoon operculum showing the fabric of silk threads with small circular holes, scale: 500 µm 18 Onecircular hole surrounded by silk threads, scale: 50 µm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11776" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
). The cell closure, made with soil material, showed a spiral pattern composed of three coils on the inside (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–18" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 8 - 18. Ptiloglossa tarsata (Friese, 1900). 8 General view of the nesting site at " La Florida " (Salta province), the arrow indicates the location of the nest; 9 Female of Ptiloglossa tarsata foraging in a flower of Solanum sp. 10 Tumulus of unconsolidated soil, scale line: 1 cm 11 General view showing the nest architecture with a cell at the end of the main tunnel 12 Group of scratches probably produced by female's mandibles. The arrow indicates their location in the main tunne; 13 (a) cell with cellophane-like lining and provisions, (b) neck and (c) entrance tunnel, scale line: 1 cm 14 One cell showing the cellophane-like lining on the wall, scale line: 1 cm 15 Spiral closure of one cell, scale line: 0.5 cm 16 Cocoon operculum with holes, scale line: 0.5 cm 17 Scanning electron micrograph of the cocoon operculum showing the fabric of silk threads with small circular holes, scale: 500 µm 18 Onecircular hole surrounded by silk threads, scale: 50 µm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11776" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
). Some cells contained a white wad of cotton-like material. The first nest excavated contained nine cells: three with eggs, three with young larvae, two with mature larvae, and one unfinished empty cell (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 19–23" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 19 - 23. 19 Nest architecture of Ptiloglossa tarsata (Friese, 1900). 20 Cell with provisions and egg, cell neck, spiral closure, and entrance tunnel of Ptiloglossa tarsata 21 Nest architecture of Ptiloglossa matutina (Schrottky, 1904) 22 Nest architecture of Cadeguala albopilosa (Spinola, 1851) 23 Cell with provisions and egg, cell neck, location of the cell closure and entrance tunnel of Cadeguala albopilosa." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11777" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
). The second nest contained four cells, each with an egg. The eggs were whitish, cylindrical and lightly curved, 3 mm long and 0.8 mm wide. They lay on top of the semiliquid provisions (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 19–23" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 19 - 23. 19 Nest architecture of Ptiloglossa tarsata (Friese, 1900). 20 Cell with provisions and egg, cell neck, spiral closure, and entrance tunnel of Ptiloglossa tarsata 21 Nest architecture of Ptiloglossa matutina (Schrottky, 1904) 22 Nest architecture of Cadeguala albopilosa (Spinola, 1851) 23 Cell with provisions and egg, cell neck, location of the cell closure and entrance tunnel of Cadeguala albopilosa." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11777" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
). Young larvae were also whitish, curved, and almost completely submerged in the provisions. Full grown larvae, more yellowish, were found inside cocoons made of a brown, thin, translucent, and slightly coriaceous material. The cocoon operculum is located at the base of the curved neck and consists of a circular disk of translucent, amber, semi-rigid material (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–18" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 8 - 18. Ptiloglossa tarsata (Friese, 1900). 8 General view of the nesting site at " La Florida " (Salta province), the arrow indicates the location of the nest; 9 Female of Ptiloglossa tarsata foraging in a flower of Solanum sp. 10 Tumulus of unconsolidated soil, scale line: 1 cm 11 General view showing the nest architecture with a cell at the end of the main tunnel 12 Group of scratches probably produced by female's mandibles. The arrow indicates their location in the main tunne; 13 (a) cell with cellophane-like lining and provisions, (b) neck and (c) entrance tunnel, scale line: 1 cm 14 One cell showing the cellophane-like lining on the wall, scale line: 1 cm 15 Spiral closure of one cell, scale line: 0.5 cm 16 Cocoon operculum with holes, scale line: 0.5 cm 17 Scanning electron micrograph of the cocoon operculum showing the fabric of silk threads with small circular holes, scale: 500 µm 18 Onecircular hole surrounded by silk threads, scale: 50 µm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11776" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
). Below the operculum were two more disks of similar structure and composition to it. SEM observations indicated that these three disks were woven structures composed of crossed, coalescent silk threads of different thickness that leave small circular holes of 0.14-0.15 mm in diameter among them (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 8–18" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figures 8 - 18. Ptiloglossa tarsata (Friese, 1900). 8 General view of the nesting site at " La Florida " (Salta province), the arrow indicates the location of the nest; 9 Female of Ptiloglossa tarsata foraging in a flower of Solanum sp. 10 Tumulus of unconsolidated soil, scale line: 1 cm 11 General view showing the nest architecture with a cell at the end of the main tunnel 12 Group of scratches probably produced by female's mandibles. The arrow indicates their location in the main tunne; 13 (a) cell with cellophane-like lining and provisions, (b) neck and (c) entrance tunnel, scale line: 1 cm 14 One cell showing the cellophane-like lining on the wall, scale line: 1 cm 15 Spiral closure of one cell, scale line: 0.5 cm 16 Cocoon operculum with holes, scale line: 0.5 cm 17 Scanning electron micrograph of the cocoon operculum showing the fabric of silk threads with small circular holes, scale: 500 µm 18 Onecircular hole surrounded by silk threads, scale: 50 µm." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11776" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Figs 17 and 18</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/11777" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" start="Figures 19–23" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Figures 19-23.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">19</emphasis>
|
||
Nest architecture of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Friese" baseAuthorityYear="1900" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Ptiloglossa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Ptiloglossa tarsata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Friese, 1900).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">20</emphasis>
|
||
Cell with provisions and egg, cell neck, spiral closure, and entrance tunnel of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Friese" baseAuthorityYear="1900" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Ptiloglossa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tarsata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Ptiloglossa tarsata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">21</emphasis>
|
||
Nest architecture of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Schrottky" baseAuthorityYear="1904" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Ptiloglossa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="matutina">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Ptiloglossa matutina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Schrottky, 1904)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">22</emphasis>
|
||
Nest architecture of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Spinola" baseAuthorityYear="1851" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Cadeguala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albopilosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Cadeguala albopilosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Spinola, 1851)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">23</emphasis>
|
||
Cell with provisions and egg, cell neck, location of the cell closure and entrance tunnel of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Spinola" baseAuthorityYear="1851" class="Insecta" family="Colletidae" genus="Cadeguala" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albopilosa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Cadeguala albopilosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |