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<document id="74E9767D25C651F7A3D8C30CE11511A7" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.13406145" ID-ISSN="1732-2421" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13406145" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1723062957633" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Valiukevičius, Juozas" docDate="2004" docId="782E87AD0D4EFF81FFF671AE83ECA5B9" docLanguage="en" docName="ActaPalaeontolPol.49.1.147-160.pdf" docOrigin="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:93F5927C23D90727DE855278A6F17B37.1:ActaPalaeontolPol.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleId="93F5927C23D90727DE855278A6F17B37" docStyleName="ActaPalaeontolPol.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Fecundosquama basiglobosa Valiukevičius, 2004, gen. et sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="153" masterDocId="8417FFD50D4AFF87FF9071468168A706" masterDocTitle="New Wenlock-Pridoli (Silurian) acanthodian fishes from Lithuania" masterLastPageNumber="160" masterPageNumber="147" pageNumber="151" updateTime="1724888823245" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:mods id="D91936558AFC68CE8382502C8C5072B3" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="E507E5A392F568FC7806516CC721B560">New Wenlock-Pridoli (Silurian) acanthodian fishes from Lithuania</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3F62383CE21A990F358AFFA7AC654110">Valiukevičius, Juozas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5584BAD329189897D4681F643FC6D32D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="2858CD13987681C1ECBDF43A92F3BCDF">Acta Palaeontologica Polonica</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="31E85F8A22D0A59BC8672DF2620F6B80">
<mods:date id="213955301596C90664CEC18AA3E42D35">2004</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="192A9D99A294F9A5C5C757D61DA91480" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="DD15B52FBD80D312E661307E91A65906">2004-12-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="49721A44E389ADBE115364099221C5EF">49</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="045AFC65E9FFA7A7A1F280F9E970C0BA">1</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="BAE4BA25B01662581B1F55AC7A06C5AE" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.13406145</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="4A6554D4293D9D7DD4B4835843683BD1" type="ISSN">1732-2421</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="8D1BF862FF17D57557944E7C00089499" type="Zenodo-Dep">13406145</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="782E87AD0D4EFF81FFF671AE83ECA5B9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406181" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13406181" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:782E87AD0D4EFF81FFF671AE83ECA5B9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/782E87AD0D4EFF81FFF671AE83ECA5B9" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="153" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<subSubSection id="B89D65300D4EFF83FFF671AE83CEA603" box="[102,678,232,261]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="F03836BB0D4EFF83FFF671AE83CEA603" blockId="4.[102,678,232,296]" box="[102,678,232,261]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<heading id="AB7081D70D4EFF83FFF671AE83CEA603" box="[102,678,232,261]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" reason="9">
<taxonomicName id="37874D380D4EFF83FFF671AE80B4A603" authorityName="Valiukevičius" authorityYear="2004" box="[102,476,232,261]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Fecundosquama" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="basiglobosa" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FFF671AE80B4A603" box="[102,476,232,261]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Fecundosquama basiglobosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D9C057D20D4EFF83FE7471AF83CEA603" box="[484,678,233,261]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B89D65300D4EFF81FFF6705483ECA5B9" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="153" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" type="description">
<paragraph id="F03836BB0D4EFF83FFF6705481ADA62E" blockId="4.[102,678,232,296]" box="[102,197,274,296]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<figureCitation id="68BC2A3E0D4EFF83FFF6705481C1A62E" box="[102,169,274,296]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[812,845,743,762]" captionTargetBox="[813,1484,240,691]" captionTargetId="figure-840@4.[812,1485,237,693]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. Fecundosquama basiglobosa gen. et sp. nov. SEM micrographs of scales. A, B, and E. Trunk scales. A. Holotype, LIGG 25−A−2405, anterolateral view, anterior to the left. B. LIGG 25−A−2407, crown view, anterior upwards. E. LIGG 25−A−2406, lateralview, anteriorto the left. C, D. Head? scales, crown views, anterior upwards. C. LIGG 25−A−2409. D. LIGG 25−A−2408. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Gėluva−99 borehole, depth 681.6 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Vievis Formation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406169" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13406169/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="68BC2A3E0D4EFF83FF23705481A9A62E" box="[179,193,274,296]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1892,1911]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,225,1866]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[201,1387,274,1864]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5. Fecundosquama basiglobosa gen. et sp. nov. Microstructure of trunk scales in vertical transverse (A) and longitudinal (B, C) sections. A1. Thin section LIGG 3683. A2. Detail of the left part of the same scale. B1. Thin section LIGG 3686. B2. Detail of the right part of the base of the same scale. B3. Detail of the central part of crown and bordering base area of the same scale. C1. General view, thin section LIGG 3687. C2. The same scale, detail of the right part of crown and bordering base area. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Kurtuvėnai−162 borehole, depth 1052.2 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Jūra Formation (A1, A2 and B1–B3) and Ledai−179 borehole, depth 537.7 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Lapės Formation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406173" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13406173/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">5</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03836BB0D4EFF83FFF6707D8345A657" blockId="4.[102,775,315,603]" box="[102,557,315,337]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<taxonomicName id="37874D380D4EFF83FFF6707D8043A657" box="[102,299,315,337]" class="Acanthodii" family="Ischnacanthidae" genus="Gomphonchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undefined-A">
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FFF6707D8199A657" box="[102,241,315,337]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Gomphonchus</emphasis>
sp. A
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="94164B4A0D4EFF83FEA5707D80C2A657" author="Marss, T." box="[309,426,315,337]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" pagination="17 - 41" refId="ref9224" refString="Marss, T. 1997. Vertebrates of the Pridoli and Silurian - Devonian boundary beds in Europe. Modern Geology 21: 17 - 41." type="journal article" year="1997">Märss 1997</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 2: 13–15.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03836BB0D4EFF83FFF670198325A673" blockId="4.[102,775,315,603]" box="[102,589,351,373]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<materialsCitation id="40EF3CE60D4EFF83FFF670198325A673" box="[102,589,351,373]" collectionCode="LIGG" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" specimenCode="LIGG 25" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FFF6701981D6A673" box="[102,190,351,373]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<typeStatus id="2F3C88190D4EFF83FFF6701981D6A673" box="[102,190,351,373]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
:
<specimenCode id="A0219EC00D4EFF83FF5A70198076A673" box="[202,286,351,373]" collectionCode="LIGG" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">LIGG 25</specimenCode>
−A−2405, trunk scale (
<figureCitation id="68BC2A3E0D4EFF83FE647019832AA673" box="[500,578,351,373]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[812,845,743,762]" captionTargetBox="[813,1484,240,691]" captionTargetId="figure-840@4.[812,1485,237,693]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. Fecundosquama basiglobosa gen. et sp. nov. SEM micrographs of scales. A, B, and E. Trunk scales. A. Holotype, LIGG 25−A−2405, anterolateral view, anterior to the left. B. LIGG 25−A−2407, crown view, anterior upwards. E. LIGG 25−A−2406, lateralview, anteriorto the left. C, D. Head? scales, crown views, anterior upwards. C. LIGG 25−A−2409. D. LIGG 25−A−2408. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Gėluva−99 borehole, depth 681.6 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Vievis Formation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406169" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13406169/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03836BB0D4EFF83FFF670C283BFA69C" blockId="4.[102,775,315,603]" box="[102,727,388,410]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FFF670C2818AA69C" box="[102,226,388,410]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Type locality</emphasis>
: Kurtuvėnai−162 borehole, depth
<quantity id="377F9B5E0D4EFF83FDB870C283BBA69C" box="[552,723,388,410]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0623" metricValueMax="1.0724" metricValueMin="1.0522" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" unit="m" value="1062.3" valueMax="1072.4" valueMin="1052.2">1052.2–1072.4 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03836BB0D4EFF83FFF670EF80EFA6F0" blockId="4.[102,775,315,603]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FFF670EF8189A6B8" box="[102,225,424,446]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Type horizon</emphasis>
:TheupperpartofMinijaRegionalStage(VarniaiBedsor theircorrelatives)tothelowerpartofJūraRegionalStage(lowerpartof the Jūra or Lapės formations).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03836BB0D4EFF83FFF67343839FA51D" blockId="4.[102,775,315,603]" box="[102,759,517,539]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FFF6734381CBA51C" box="[102,163,517,538]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Range</emphasis>
:MinijaRegionalStagetothelowerpartofJūraRegionalStage.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03836BB0D4EFF83FFF6736C809EA55D" blockId="4.[102,775,315,603]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FFF6736C8043A539" box="[102,299,553,575]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Derivation of name</emphasis>
: From Latin
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FE2B736F8084A539" box="[443,492,553,575]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">basis</emphasis>
, base and
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FDF2736F83DFA539" box="[610,695,553,575]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">globosus</emphasis>
, round, globose, referring to the scale base shape.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03836BB0D4EFF83FFF673298094A58E" blockId="4.[102,508,623,648]" box="[102,508,623,648]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FFF6732981AEA58E" box="[102,198,623,648]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Material</emphasis>
.—More than 50 000 scales.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03836BB0D4EFF83FFF673DB83B1A496" blockId="4.[102,775,668,912]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FFF673DB81BDA5B2" box="[102,213,669,692]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.—
<taxonomicName id="37874D380D4EFF83FF6773DA80C5A5B3" authorityName="Valiukevicius" authorityYear="2004" box="[247,429,668,693]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Fecundosquama" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FF6773DA80C5A5B3" box="[247,429,668,693]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Fecundosquama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
scales having low horizontal crowns with crenulated sculpture anteriorly or around the entire crown margin, lacking a neck; deep convex base present. Scale crownscomposed of simple bone−like mesodentine with abundant osteocyte cavities and enlarged vascular canals present in the oldest growth lamellae only. Crown mesodentine merges gradually into highly cellular thin−lamellar bone in the base that is penetrated by long traces of Sharpey’s fibres.
</paragraph>
<caption id="A4F866330D4EFF83FCBC73A18506A4A4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406169" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13406169" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13406169/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" startId="4.[812,845,743,762]" targetBox="[813,1484,240,691]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="F03836BB0D4EFF83FCBC73A18506A4A4" blockId="4.[812,1485,743,930]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
Fig. 4.
<taxonomicName id="37874D380D4EFF83FCFE73A18510A5FC" authorityName="Valiukevičius" authorityYear="2004" box="[878,1144,743,762]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Fecundosquama" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="basiglobosa" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FCFE73A18510A5FC" box="[878,1144,743,762]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Fecundosquama basiglobosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D9C057D20D4EFF83FBED73A18461A5FC" box="[1149,1289,743,762]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
SEM micrographs of scales.
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FCFE72458216A410" bold="true" box="[878,894,771,790]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">A</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FC1A724582F1A410" bold="true" box="[906,921,771,790]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">B</emphasis>
, and
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FC5C724582B3A410" bold="true" box="[972,987,771,790]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">E</emphasis>
. Trunk scales.
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FBF57245851DA410" bold="true" box="[1125,1141,771,790]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">A</emphasis>
. Holotype, LIGG 25−A−2405, anterolateral view, anterior to the left.
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FBDD72598534A434" bold="true" box="[1101,1116,799,818]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">B</emphasis>
. LIGG 25−A−2407, crown view, anterior upwards.
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FC13727D82FAA448" bold="true" box="[899,914,827,846]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">E</emphasis>
. LIGG 25−A−2406, lateralview, anteriorto the left.
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FACE727D8406A448" bold="true" box="[1374,1390,827,846]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">C</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FAE8727D84E0A448" bold="true" box="[1400,1416,827,846]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">D</emphasis>
. Head? scales, crown views, anterior upwards.
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FB34721185DCA46C" bold="true" box="[1188,1204,855,874]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">C</emphasis>
. LIGG 25−A−2409.
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FAE7721184EFA46C" bold="true" box="[1399,1415,855,874]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">D</emphasis>
. LIGG 25−A−2408. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Gėluva−99 borehole, depth 681.6 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Vievis Formation.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="F03836BB0D4EFF83FFF672E383ECA2B5" blockId="4.[102,775,932,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FFF672E38180A4BA" box="[102,232,933,956]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Description</emphasis>
.—Scales have a very low crown and a large, convex base protruding beyond the crown on all sides. Crown length varies from
<quantity id="377F9B5E0D4EFF83FEA472A580B4A4FD" box="[308,476,995,1020]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.249999999999999" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" unit="mm" value="0.5249999999999999" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.35">0.35 to 0.7 mm</quantity>
, and can be
<quantity id="377F9B5E0D4EFF83FDF172A5826FA4FD" box="[609,775,995,1019]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.35" metricValueMax="7.7" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" unit="mm" value="0.535" valueMax="0.77" valueMin="0.3">0.3 to 0.77 mm</quantity>
wide. The isometric rhomboid crown plate of trunk scales (
<figureCitation id="68BC2A3E0D4EFF83FFFE75678068A33C" box="[110,256,1057,1082]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[812,845,743,762]" captionTargetBox="[813,1484,240,691]" captionTargetId="figure-840@4.[812,1485,237,693]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. Fecundosquama basiglobosa gen. et sp. nov. SEM micrographs of scales. A, B, and E. Trunk scales. A. Holotype, LIGG 25−A−2405, anterolateral view, anterior to the left. B. LIGG 25−A−2407, crown view, anterior upwards. E. LIGG 25−A−2406, lateralview, anteriorto the left. C, D. Head? scales, crown views, anterior upwards. C. LIGG 25−A−2409. D. LIGG 25−A−2408. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Gėluva−99 borehole, depth 681.6 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Vievis Formation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406169" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13406169/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Fig. 4A, B, E</figureCitation>
) is almost flat, very slightly curved downwards at the anterior margins, and posteriorly the crowns are elongated and rhomboidal to elipsoidal. The anterior margin of the crown has short but comparatively wide notches which extend to the surface of the scale base. The number of notches varies from 5 to 6 (
<figureCitation id="68BC2A3E0D4EFF83FF7D75F88057A3D1" box="[237,319,1214,1239]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[812,845,743,762]" captionTargetBox="[813,1484,240,691]" captionTargetId="figure-840@4.[812,1485,237,693]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. Fecundosquama basiglobosa gen. et sp. nov. SEM micrographs of scales. A, B, and E. Trunk scales. A. Holotype, LIGG 25−A−2405, anterolateral view, anterior to the left. B. LIGG 25−A−2407, crown view, anterior upwards. E. LIGG 25−A−2406, lateralview, anteriorto the left. C, D. Head? scales, crown views, anterior upwards. C. LIGG 25−A−2409. D. LIGG 25−A−2408. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Gėluva−99 borehole, depth 681.6 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Vievis Formation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406169" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13406169/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
) to 10 (
<figureCitation id="68BC2A3E0D4EFF83FE0375F88081A3D1" box="[403,489,1214,1239]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[812,845,743,762]" captionTargetBox="[813,1484,240,691]" captionTargetId="figure-840@4.[812,1485,237,693]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. Fecundosquama basiglobosa gen. et sp. nov. SEM micrographs of scales. A, B, and E. Trunk scales. A. Holotype, LIGG 25−A−2405, anterolateral view, anterior to the left. B. LIGG 25−A−2407, crown view, anterior upwards. E. LIGG 25−A−2406, lateralview, anteriorto the left. C, D. Head? scales, crown views, anterior upwards. C. LIGG 25−A−2409. D. LIGG 25−A−2408. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Gėluva−99 borehole, depth 681.6 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Vievis Formation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406169" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13406169/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
). The putative head scales (
<figureCitation id="68BC2A3E0D4EFF83FFFE7598818FA3F0" box="[110,231,1246,1271]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[812,845,743,762]" captionTargetBox="[813,1484,240,691]" captionTargetId="figure-840@4.[812,1485,237,693]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. Fecundosquama basiglobosa gen. et sp. nov. SEM micrographs of scales. A, B, and E. Trunk scales. A. Holotype, LIGG 25−A−2405, anterolateral view, anterior to the left. B. LIGG 25−A−2407, crown view, anterior upwards. E. LIGG 25−A−2406, lateralview, anteriorto the left. C, D. Head? scales, crown views, anterior upwards. C. LIGG 25−A−2409. D. LIGG 25−A−2408. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Gėluva−99 borehole, depth 681.6 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Vievis Formation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406169" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13406169/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Fig. 4C, D</figureCitation>
) differ from the trunk scales in having isometric rhomboid to round crowns with notches on all margins. The deep,convexscale baseis rhomboid to round in outline, with a prominent lateral rim at the deepest point projecting anterior to the crown. In rare cases the deepest point of the base is situated posteriorly, so the base protrudes beyond the posterior margin of the crown (
<figureCitation id="68BC2A3E0D4EFF83FEC474DC80C1A2B5" box="[340,425,1434,1459]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[812,845,743,762]" captionTargetBox="[813,1484,240,691]" captionTargetId="figure-840@4.[812,1485,237,693]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. Fecundosquama basiglobosa gen. et sp. nov. SEM micrographs of scales. A, B, and E. Trunk scales. A. Holotype, LIGG 25−A−2405, anterolateral view, anterior to the left. B. LIGG 25−A−2407, crown view, anterior upwards. E. LIGG 25−A−2406, lateralview, anteriorto the left. C, D. Head? scales, crown views, anterior upwards. C. LIGG 25−A−2409. D. LIGG 25−A−2408. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Gėluva−99 borehole, depth 681.6 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Vievis Formation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406169" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13406169/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
). Scales lack necks.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03836BB0D4EFF83FF1B74FD83D1A0EC" blockId="4.[102,775,932,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
Simple mesodentine crown tissue (neither stranggewebe nor durodentine present) and cellular bone in scale bases can be seen in the sectioned scales. Up to six thin lamellae of superpositional growth in crowns are composed of bone−like mesodentine containing numerous multi−angular osteocyte spaces even in the latest, outer lamella (
<figureCitation id="68BC2A3E0D4EFF83FD82771E830EA177" box="[530,614,1624,1649]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1892,1911]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,225,1866]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[201,1387,274,1864]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5. Fecundosquama basiglobosa gen. et sp. nov. Microstructure of trunk scales in vertical transverse (A) and longitudinal (B, C) sections. A1. Thin section LIGG 3683. A2. Detail of the left part of the same scale. B1. Thin section LIGG 3686. B2. Detail of the right part of the base of the same scale. B3. Detail of the central part of crown and bordering base area of the same scale. C1. General view, thin section LIGG 3687. C2. The same scale, detail of the right part of crown and bordering base area. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Kurtuvėnai−162 borehole, depth 1052.2 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Jūra Formation (A1, A2 and B1–B3) and Ledai−179 borehole, depth 537.7 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Lapės Formation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406173" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13406173/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="68BC2A3E0D4EFF83FDF677238307A170" box="[614,623,1637,1654]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[102,135,1919,1938]" captionTargetBox="[110,1473,1208,1887]" captionTargetId="figure-398@1.[105,1482,1203,1891]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 2. Vesperalia perplexa gen. et sp. nov. SEM micrographs, trunk scales except for F, head? scale, crown views, anterior upwards: holotype, LIGG 25−A−2413 (A), LIGG 25−A−2416 (B), LIGG 25−A−2417 (C), LIGG 25−A−2418 (D), LIGG 25−A−2420 (E), LIGG 25−A−2422 (F), LIGG 25−A−2421 (G), LIGG 25−A−2414(H). Scalebars0.1 mm.Nida−44borehole, depth1213.0 m(A, E–H) andStoniškiai−1borehole, depth1211.0–1217.0 m(B–D). Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Rietavas Beds of the Jūra Formation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13406158/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<subScript id="6C0334FE0D4EFF83FDF677238307A170" attach="left" box="[614,623,1637,1654]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">2</subScript>
</figureCitation>
) and short radiating and winding dentine tubules form a fine network. The scale primordium does not differ from others in respect to tissue structure. Most scales sectioned have no enlarged vascular canal system in crowns (
<figureCitation id="68BC2A3E0D4EFF83FEFF779080ABA1E9" box="[367,451,1750,1775]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1892,1911]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,225,1866]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[201,1387,274,1864]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5. Fecundosquama basiglobosa gen. et sp. nov. Microstructure of trunk scales in vertical transverse (A) and longitudinal (B, C) sections. A1. Thin section LIGG 3683. A2. Detail of the left part of the same scale. B1. Thin section LIGG 3686. B2. Detail of the right part of the base of the same scale. B3. Detail of the central part of crown and bordering base area of the same scale. C1. General view, thin section LIGG 3687. C2. The same scale, detail of the right part of crown and bordering base area. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Kurtuvėnai−162 borehole, depth 1052.2 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Jūra Formation (A1, A2 and B1–B3) and Ledai−179 borehole, depth 537.7 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Lapės Formation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406173" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13406173/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="68BC2A3E0D4EFF83FE5377A5809CA1F2" box="[451,500,1751,1780]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[102,135,838,857]" captionTargetBox="[102,773,222,811]" captionTargetId="graphics-280@1.[102,773,222,812]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Sketch map showing location of the boreholes yielding the majority of the material studied. Borehole and its original number: 1−Stoniškiai, 7−Krekenava, 8−Stačiūnai, 11−Šešuvis, 12−Kunkojai, 44−Nida, 61−Viduklė, 87−Sutkai, 99−Gėluva, 128−Vilkaviškis, 137−Liepkalnis, 162−Kurtuvėnai, 179−Ledai, 241−Butkūnai, 252−Svėdasai." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13406151/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<subScript id="6C0334FE0D4EFF83FE5377A580A4A1F2" attach="left" box="[451,460,1763,1780]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">1</subScript>
, B
<subScript id="6C0334FE0D4EFF83FE7B77A5809CA1F2" attach="left" box="[491,500,1763,1780]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">1</subScript>
</figureCitation>
), and only one (
<figureCitation id="68BC2A3E0D4EFF83FD347790839EA1E9" box="[676,758,1750,1775]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1892,1911]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,225,1866]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[201,1387,274,1864]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5. Fecundosquama basiglobosa gen. et sp. nov. Microstructure of trunk scales in vertical transverse (A) and longitudinal (B, C) sections. A1. Thin section LIGG 3683. A2. Detail of the left part of the same scale. B1. Thin section LIGG 3686. B2. Detail of the right part of the base of the same scale. B3. Detail of the central part of crown and bordering base area of the same scale. C1. General view, thin section LIGG 3687. C2. The same scale, detail of the right part of crown and bordering base area. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Kurtuvėnai−162 borehole, depth 1052.2 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Jūra Formation (A1, A2 and B1–B3) and Ledai−179 borehole, depth 537.7 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Lapės Formation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406173" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13406173/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="68BC2A3E0D4EFF83FD6677A58397A1F2" box="[758,767,1763,1780]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[102,135,838,857]" captionTargetBox="[102,773,222,811]" captionTargetId="graphics-280@1.[102,773,222,812]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Sketch map showing location of the boreholes yielding the majority of the material studied. Borehole and its original number: 1−Stoniškiai, 7−Krekenava, 8−Stačiūnai, 11−Šešuvis, 12−Kunkojai, 44−Nida, 61−Viduklė, 87−Sutkai, 99−Gėluva, 128−Vilkaviškis, 137−Liepkalnis, 162−Kurtuvėnai, 179−Ledai, 241−Butkūnai, 252−Svėdasai." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13406151/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<subScript id="6C0334FE0D4EFF83FD6677A58397A1F2" attach="left" box="[758,767,1763,1780]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">1</subScript>
</figureCitation>
, C
<figureCitation id="68BC2A3E0D4EFF83FFE8764481E9A015" box="[120,129,1794,1811]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[102,135,1919,1938]" captionTargetBox="[110,1473,1208,1887]" captionTargetId="figure-398@1.[105,1482,1203,1891]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 2. Vesperalia perplexa gen. et sp. nov. SEM micrographs, trunk scales except for F, head? scale, crown views, anterior upwards: holotype, LIGG 25−A−2413 (A), LIGG 25−A−2416 (B), LIGG 25−A−2417 (C), LIGG 25−A−2418 (D), LIGG 25−A−2420 (E), LIGG 25−A−2422 (F), LIGG 25−A−2421 (G), LIGG 25−A−2414(H). Scalebars0.1 mm.Nida−44borehole, depth1213.0 m(A, E–H) andStoniškiai−1borehole, depth1211.0–1217.0 m(B–D). Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Rietavas Beds of the Jūra Formation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13406158/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<subScript id="6C0334FE0D4EFF83FFE8764481E9A015" attach="left" box="[120,129,1794,1811]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">2</subScript>
</figureCitation>
) demonstrates wide radial vascular canals in the two oldest growth lamellae. There is no sharp boundary between the crown mesodentine and bone of the base: the first tissue grades gradually into the second. The cellular bone of the base is composed of numerous very fine growth zones (
<figureCitation id="68BC2A3E0D4EFF83FD307635839EA08A" box="[672,758,1907,1932]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1892,1911]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,225,1866]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[201,1387,274,1864]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5. Fecundosquama basiglobosa gen. et sp. nov. Microstructure of trunk scales in vertical transverse (A) and longitudinal (B, C) sections. A1. Thin section LIGG 3683. A2. Detail of the left part of the same scale. B1. Thin section LIGG 3686. B2. Detail of the right part of the base of the same scale. B3. Detail of the central part of crown and bordering base area of the same scale. C1. General view, thin section LIGG 3687. C2. The same scale, detail of the right part of crown and bordering base area. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Kurtuvėnai−162 borehole, depth 1052.2 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Jūra Formation (A1, A2 and B1–B3) and Ledai−179 borehole, depth 537.7 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Lapės Formation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406173" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13406173/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="68BC2A3E0D4EFF83FD6676C68397A097" box="[758,767,1920,1937]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[102,135,838,857]" captionTargetBox="[102,773,222,811]" captionTargetId="graphics-280@1.[102,773,222,812]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Sketch map showing location of the boreholes yielding the majority of the material studied. Borehole and its original number: 1−Stoniškiai, 7−Krekenava, 8−Stačiūnai, 11−Šešuvis, 12−Kunkojai, 44−Nida, 61−Viduklė, 87−Sutkai, 99−Gėluva, 128−Vilkaviškis, 137−Liepkalnis, 162−Kurtuvėnai, 179−Ledai, 241−Butkūnai, 252−Svėdasai." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13406151/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<subScript id="6C0334FE0D4EFF83FD6676C68397A097" attach="left" box="[758,767,1920,1937]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">1</subScript>
</figureCitation>
, A
<figureCitation id="68BC2A3E0D4EFF83FFE976D981EAA0B6" box="[121,130,1951,1968]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[102,135,1919,1938]" captionTargetBox="[110,1473,1208,1887]" captionTargetId="figure-398@1.[105,1482,1203,1891]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 2. Vesperalia perplexa gen. et sp. nov. SEM micrographs, trunk scales except for F, head? scale, crown views, anterior upwards: holotype, LIGG 25−A−2413 (A), LIGG 25−A−2416 (B), LIGG 25−A−2417 (C), LIGG 25−A−2418 (D), LIGG 25−A−2420 (E), LIGG 25−A−2422 (F), LIGG 25−A−2421 (G), LIGG 25−A−2414(H). Scalebars0.1 mm.Nida−44borehole, depth1213.0 m(A, E–H) andStoniškiai−1borehole, depth1211.0–1217.0 m(B–D). Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Rietavas Beds of the Jūra Formation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13406158/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<subScript id="6C0334FE0D4EFF83FFE976D981EAA0B6" attach="left" box="[121,130,1951,1968]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">2</subScript>
</figureCitation>
) penetrated by long Sharpey’s fibre traces (
<figureCitation id="68BC2A3E0D4EFF83FDE376D483A1A0AD" box="[627,713,1938,1963]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[102,135,1892,1911]" captionTargetBox="[201,1386,225,1866]" captionTargetId="figure-8@5.[201,1387,274,1864]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5. Fecundosquama basiglobosa gen. et sp. nov. Microstructure of trunk scales in vertical transverse (A) and longitudinal (B, C) sections. A1. Thin section LIGG 3683. A2. Detail of the left part of the same scale. B1. Thin section LIGG 3686. B2. Detail of the right part of the base of the same scale. B3. Detail of the central part of crown and bordering base area of the same scale. C1. General view, thin section LIGG 3687. C2. The same scale, detail of the right part of crown and bordering base area. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Kurtuvėnai−162 borehole, depth 1052.2 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Jūra Formation (A1, A2 and B1–B3) and Ledai−179 borehole, depth 537.7 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Lapės Formation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406173" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13406173/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="68BC2A3E0D4EFF83FD5976D983BAA0B6" box="[713,722,1951,1968]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[102,135,1919,1938]" captionTargetBox="[110,1473,1208,1887]" captionTargetId="figure-398@1.[105,1482,1203,1891]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 2. Vesperalia perplexa gen. et sp. nov. SEM micrographs, trunk scales except for F, head? scale, crown views, anterior upwards: holotype, LIGG 25−A−2413 (A), LIGG 25−A−2416 (B), LIGG 25−A−2417 (C), LIGG 25−A−2418 (D), LIGG 25−A−2420 (E), LIGG 25−A−2422 (F), LIGG 25−A−2421 (G), LIGG 25−A−2414(H). Scalebars0.1 mm.Nida−44borehole, depth1213.0 m(A, E–H) andStoniškiai−1borehole, depth1211.0–1217.0 m(B–D). Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Rietavas Beds of the Jūra Formation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406158" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13406158/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<subScript id="6C0334FE0D4EFF83FD5976D983BAA0B6" attach="left" box="[713,722,1951,1968]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">2</subScript>
</figureCitation>
, B
<figureCitation id="68BC2A3E0D4EFF83FD6476D98395A0B6" box="[756,765,1951,1968]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[102,135,1613,1632]" captionTargetBox="[102,1485,227,1583]" captionTargetId="figure-157@2.[102,1486,295,1583]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 3. Vesperalia perplexa gen. et sp. nov. Microstructure of scales in vertical longitudinal (A) and transverse (B) sections. A1. Holotype−like scale with uniformbent, sub−parallelridgesprominentattheanteriorand posterioredges ofthecrown, and almostfadingoutnear thecrown center. ThinsectionLIGG 3678. A2. Detail of posterior edge of crown and a small portion of base of the same scale. B1. Widened scale with flattened ridges like those in Fig. 2E. Thin sectionLIGG 3679. B2. Detail of the leftpart of the same scale. B3. Detail of the rightpart of the same scale. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Stoniškiai−1borehole, depth 1211.0–1217.0 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Rietavas Beds of the Jūra Formation." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406163" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13406163/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<subScript id="6C0334FE0D4EFF83FD6476D98395A0B6" attach="left" box="[756,765,1951,1968]" fontSize="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">3</subScript>
</figureCitation>
) and enclosed abundant osteocyte cavities with short cell processes. Osteocytes are oriented along growth lines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03836BB0D4EFF83FCBC72818448A23E" blockId="4.[812,1486,965,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FCBC728182C8A4D8" box="[812,928,967,990]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Discussion</emphasis>
.—This new genus and species is based on scales with clear morphologic (center of flat crown without ridge ornamentation, fine ridges confined to crown margins, no neck, deep convex base protruding beyond crown on all sides) and histologic characters (neither stranggewebe nor durodentine present in crowns, vascular canal system weakly developed, well−developed net of bone−like mesodentine with many osteocyte spaces, forming a gradual transition to cellular bone in scale bases). The comparatively short stratigraphic range of
<taxonomicName id="37874D380D4EFF83FA8D758682C5A3FF" authorityName="Valiukevičius" authorityYear="2004" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Fecundosquama" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="basiglobosa" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FA8D758682C5A3FF" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Fecundosquama basiglobosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D9C057D20D4EFF83FC2675A78509A3FE" box="[950,1121,1249,1273]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
together with diagnostic features makes it a potentially good biostratigraphic taxon for more detailed vertebrate zonations of the Late Silurian.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03836BB0D4EFF83FCC27479846BA1D6" blockId="4.[812,1486,965,2026]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<taxonomicName id="37874D380D4EFF83FCC27479829EA251" authorityName="Valiukevičius" authorityYear="2004" box="[850,1014,1342,1367]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Fecundosquama" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="basiglobosa" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FCC27479829EA251" box="[850,1014,1342,1367]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">F. basiglobosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D9C057D20D4EFF83FC6C747985CBA250" box="[1020,1187,1343,1367]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
has outstanding diagnostic features, and no related taxa are known to date. In terms of histology, there are some known climatiids similar
<taxonomicName id="37874D380D4EFF83FAE0743882EBA2B3" authorityName="Valiukevičius" authorityYear="2004" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Fecundosquama" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="basiglobosa">
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FAE0743882EBA2B3" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">F. basiglobosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in some ways, for example, bone−like mesodentine, absence of stranggewebe or reduced principal vascular canal system. The presence of such scale characters was demonstrated in a study on phylogenetical development of nostolepids from the Timan−Pechora region spanning the Late Silurian–Early Devonian (
<bibRefCitation id="94164B4A0D4EFF83FB8F777F8593A154" author="Valiukevicius, J." box="[1055,1275,1593,1618]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" pagination="134 - 136" refId="ref9382" refString="Valiukevicius, J. 2000. PhylogeneticallineagesofEarlyDevoniannostolepids of Timan-Pechora region. In: A. Antoshkina, E. Malysheva, and M. V. H. Wilson (eds.), Pan-Arctic Tectonics, Evolution of Basins and Faunas. Ichthyolith Issues, Special Publication 6: 134 - 136. Syktyvkar." type="journal article" year="2000">Valiukevičius 2000</bibRefCitation>
). All the characters together in
<taxonomicName id="37874D380D4EFF83FC3B771C8527A177" authorityName="Valiukevičius" authorityYear="2004" box="[939,1103,1624,1649]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Fecundosquama" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="basiglobosa">
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FC3B771C8527A177" box="[939,1103,1624,1649]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">F. basiglobosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, especially the distinctive features of bone tissue in scale bases (density and fine−lamellar cellular bone and gradual transition to the crown mesodentine), are observed in acanthodians for the first time.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03836BB0D4EFF81FCC2779183EDA51D" blockId="4.[812,1486,965,2026]" lastBlockId="6.[102,775,231,704]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="153" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">
<bibRefCitation id="94164B4A0D4EFF83FCC277918284A1E9" author="Marss, T." box="[850,1004,1751,1775]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" pagination="17 - 41" refId="ref9224" refString="Marss, T. 1997. Vertebrates of the Pridoli and Silurian - Devonian boundary beds in Europe. Modern Geology 21: 17 - 41." type="journal article" year="1997">Märss (1997)</bibRefCitation>
presented morphologically similar specimens (histology not examined) from the same region of the Baltic, in the Dubovskoye borehole of the
<collectingRegion id="3243F8590D4EFF83FB62765384A4A028" box="[1266,1484,1813,1838]" country="Russia" name="Kaliningrad" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Kaliningrad District</collectingRegion>
(former East Prussia). The rocks are from the Kaugatuma Stage, Pridoli, from depth
<quantity id="377F9B5E0D4EFF83FBF07612844CA06A" box="[1120,1316,1876,1901]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0751" metricValueMax="1.0855" metricValueMin="1.0647" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" unit="m" value="1075.1" valueMax="1085.5" valueMin="1064.7">1064.7–1085.5 m</quantity>
and originally were identified as
<taxonomicName id="37874D380D4EFF83FC6B763585B6A08A" box="[1019,1246,1907,1932]" class="Acanthodii" family="Ischnacanthidae" genus="Gomphonchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undefined-A">
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FC6B763585F2A08A" box="[1019,1178,1907,1932]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">Gomphonchus</emphasis>
sp. A
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="94164B4A0D4EFF83FB7D7632841DA08A" author="Marss, T." box="[1261,1397,1908,1932]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" pagination="17 - 41" refId="ref9224" refString="Marss, T. 1997. Vertebrates of the Pridoli and Silurian - Devonian boundary beds in Europe. Modern Geology 21: 17 - 41." type="journal article" year="1997">Märss 1997</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 4). These scales are referred to
<taxonomicName id="37874D380D4EFF83FBFE76D2847CA0AD" authorityName="Valiukevičius" authorityYear="2004" box="[1134,1300,1938,1963]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Fecundosquama" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="basiglobosa" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4EFF83FBFE76D2847CA0AD" box="[1134,1300,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="151">F. basiglobosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D9C057D20D4EFF83FA8E76D584A5A0AC" box="[1310,1485,1939,1963]" pageId="4" pageNumber="151" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Some characters (low horizontal crown, no neck, large convex base and proportions of crown/base development) demonstrate similarity between these scales, however, the scales are not identical. The Dubovskoye specimens (
<bibRefCitation id="94164B4A0D4CFF81FDAE704183ACA619" author="Marss, T." box="[574,708,263,287]" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" pagination="17 - 41" refId="ref9224" refString="Marss, T. 1997. Vertebrates of the Pridoli and Silurian - Devonian boundary beds in Europe. Modern Geology 21: 17 - 41." type="journal article" year="1997">Märss 1997</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 2: 13–15)not only havenotches onthe anterior part ofthe crown, but also have short surface ridgelets. The main difference between
<taxonomicName id="37874D380D4CFF81FF3F7020803BA678" authorityName="Valiukevičius" authorityYear="2004" box="[175,339,357,382]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Fecundosquama" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="basiglobosa">
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4CFF81FF3F7020803BA678" box="[175,339,357,382]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">F. basiglobosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the Dubovskoye scales is the presenceofsmallbulbsorsometimes cone−likespineletsdisplaced in lines on the postero−lateral crown walls in the latter. These specimens, in my opinion, are similar to and might belong to
<taxonomicName id="37874D380D4CFF81FFF670A28079A6FD" authorityName="Valiukevičius" authorityYear="2004" box="[102,273,482,507]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Fecundosquama" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="basiglobosa">
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4CFF81FFF670A28079A6FD" box="[102,273,482,507]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">F. basiglobosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, what suggests a climatiid rather than an ischnacanthid affinity for the Dubovskoye scales.
</paragraph>
<caption id="A4F866330D4FFF82FFF6762282F2A0E1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13406173" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13406173" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13406173/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="152" startId="5.[102,135,1892,1911]" targetBox="[201,1386,225,1866]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="F03836BB0D4FFF82FFF6762282F2A0E1" blockId="5.[102,1485,1892,2027]" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">
Fig. 5.
<taxonomicName id="37874D380D4FFF82FF34762280C4A071" authorityName="Valiukevičius" authorityYear="2004" box="[164,428,1892,1911]" class="Acanthodii" family="Climatiidae" genus="Fecundosquama" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Climatiiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="152" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="basiglobosa" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4FFF82FF34762280C4A071" box="[164,428,1892,1911]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">Fecundosquama basiglobosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D9C057D20D4FFF82FE207623835FA07E" box="[432,567,1893,1912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="152" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Microstructure of trunk scales in vertical transverse (
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4FFF82FB827622854AA071" bold="true" box="[1042,1058,1892,1911]" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">A</emphasis>
) and longitudinal (
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4FFF82FB5D762385B4A07E" bold="true" box="[1229,1244,1893,1912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">B</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4FFF82FB777622859FA071" bold="true" box="[1255,1271,1892,1911]" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">C</emphasis>
) sections. A
<subScript id="6C0334FE0D4FFF82FAF7762B8407A07D" attach="right" box="[1383,1391,1901,1915]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">1</subScript>
. Thin section LIGG 3683. A
<subScript id="6C0334FE0D4FFF82FE9F76CF807FA091" attach="left" box="[271,279,1929,1943]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">2</subScript>
. Detail of the left part of the same scale. B
<subScript id="6C0334FE0D4FFF82FD1E76CF83FEA091" attach="left" box="[654,662,1929,1943]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">1</subScript>
. Thin section LIGG 3686. B
<subScript id="6C0334FE0D4FFF82FC0576CF82F5A091" attach="left" box="[917,925,1929,1943]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">2</subScript>
. Detail of the right part of the base of the same scale. B
<subScript id="6C0334FE0D4FFF82FA1476CF84E4A091" attach="right" box="[1412,1420,1929,1943]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">3</subScript>
. Detail of the central part of crown and bordering base area of the same scale. C
<subScript id="6C0334FE0D4FFF82FD7576E38385A0B5" attach="left" box="[741,749,1957,1971]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">1</subScript>
. General view, thin section LIGG 3687. C
<subScript id="6C0334FE0D4FFF82FBF876E38518A0B5" attach="left" box="[1128,1136,1957,1971]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">2</subScript>
. The same scale, detail of the right part of crown and bordering base area. Scale bars 0.1 mm. Kurtuvėnai−162 borehole, depth 1052.2 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Jūra Formation (A
<subScript id="6C0334FE0D4FFF82FAE8768784E8A0C9" attach="right" box="[1400,1408,1985,1999]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">1</subScript>
, A
<subScript id="6C0334FE0D4FFF82FA0D768784CDA0C9" attach="left" box="[1437,1445,1985,1999]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">2</subScript>
and B
<subScript id="6C0334FE0D4FFF82FFE5769B8115A0ED" attach="left" box="[117,125,2013,2027]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">1</subScript>
–B
<subScript id="6C0334FE0D4FFF82FF07769B81F7A0ED" attach="left" box="[151,159,2013,2027]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="152">3</subScript>
) and Ledai−179 borehole, depth 537.7 m. Upper Silurian, Pridoli, Lapės Formation.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="F03836BB0D4CFF81FFF6736D83ECA5B9" blockId="6.[102,775,231,704]" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">
<emphasis id="C2F3EAA90D4CFF81FFF6736D818FA544" box="[102,231,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="153">Occurrence</emphasis>
.—Ledai−179 borehole, depth
<quantity id="377F9B5E0D4CFF81FDDF736C8269A544" box="[591,769,554,579]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.425" metricValueMax="5.476" metricValueMin="5.374" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" unit="m" value="542.5" valueMax="547.6" valueMin="537.4">537.4–547.6 m</quantity>
; Gėluva−99:
<quantity id="377F9B5E0D4CFF81FF75730F80E4A564" box="[229,396,585,610]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8345" metricValueMax="6.853" metricValueMin="6.816" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" unit="m" value="683.45" valueMax="685.3" valueMin="681.6">681.6–685.3m</quantity>
;Sutkai−87:
<quantity id="377F9B5E0D4CFF81FD9D730F83C7A564" box="[525,687,585,610]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.122999999999999" metricValueMax="6.153" metricValueMin="6.092999999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" unit="m" value="612.3" valueMax="615.3" valueMin="609.3">609.3–615.3m</quantity>
;Kurtuvėnai−162:
<quantity id="377F9B5E0D4CFF81FF76732E80C6A586" box="[230,430,616,641]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0623" metricValueMax="1.0724" metricValueMin="1.0522" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" unit="m" value="1062.3" valueMax="1072.4" valueMin="1052.2">1052.2–1072.4 m</quantity>
; Stoniškiai−1: 1311.0– 1359.0 m; Šešuvis−11:
<quantity id="377F9B5E0D4CFF81FEDD73CE8346A5A6" box="[333,558,648,673]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0962" metricValueMax="1.1195" metricValueMin="1.0729" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" unit="m" value="1096.2" valueMax="1119.5" valueMin="1072.9">1072.9–1119.5 m</quantity>
; Liepkalnis−137:
<quantity id="377F9B5E0D4CFF81FFF673EE8066A5B9" box="[102,270,680,704]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.93" metricValueMax="8.939" metricValueMin="8.921" pageId="6" pageNumber="153" unit="m" value="893.0" valueMax="893.9" valueMin="892.1">892.1–893.9 m</quantity>
; Vilkaviškis−128: 706.2–714.0 m.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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