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<document id="4CD9D2C5329F6447DCC366F05B8CBE7C" ID-DOI="10.1590/S1984-4689.v39.e21032" ID-ISSN="1984-4689" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13176475" ID-ZooBank="2B189EA2-803A-428C-AE26-C3669A5F3100" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1722590930157" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Castro Mendonça, Luana M., Parisotto Guimarães, Carmen R. &amp; Haddad, Maria A." docDate="2022" docId="782B4803571C883A446BB96C6EF6FD83" docLanguage="en" docName="Zoologia.39.e21032.pdf" docOrigin="Zoologia (e 21032) 39" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v39.e21032" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C0DEAC3FDCE12EEF877F5538032D0DC0.6:Zoologia.2021-.journal_article" docStyleId="C0DEAC3FDCE12EEF877F5538032D0DC0" docStyleName="Zoologia.2021-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Dentitheca bidentata" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="46" masterDocId="8412307B57368817471FBB406F22FFDD" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy and diversity of hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) of Sergipe, Northeast Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="65" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="43" updateTime="1722629092014" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="6A15F27591B17D1BC9FFB66CF0C0050F">Taxonomy and diversity of hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) of Sergipe, Northeast Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7AE64E7BB71B3E8928042C0BE63D1E7D">Castro Mendonça, Luana M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="B2C65BE8C24FF4B1A0C4176367BAD266">Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas. Avenida Lourival Melo Mota, &amp; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná. Caixa Postal 19020, 81531 - 980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil. mahaddad. 2014 @ gmail. com</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9C69D05E4FF6554A25B44BE6CC3DB132">Parisotto Guimarães, Carmen R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="98C49BD1A1F09EAA4DB8FB210422304F">Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Avenida</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0614B64D3A7EDA447F2E03A59BDA723A">Haddad, Maria A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="F041DEB5ACB673370DD87E73480F4668">Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas. Avenida Lourival Melo Mota,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="887867BA75772A22BC2812B6A720789D">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="782B4803571C883A446BB96C6EF6FD83" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:782B4803571C883A446BB96C6EF6FD83" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/782B4803571C883A446BB96C6EF6FD83" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<subSubSection id="B898AA9E571C883D446BB96C6A7BFD9A" box="[884,1369,556,583]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="F03DF915571C883D446BB96C6A7BFD9A" blockId="42.[884,1369,556,617]" box="[884,1369,556,583]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<heading id="AB754E79571C883D446BB96C6A7BFD9A" box="[884,1369,556,583]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" reason="5">
<taxonomicName id="37828296571C883D446BB96C6A7BFD9A" ID-CoL="6CKHC" authority="(Jaderholm, 1905)" baseAuthorityName="Jaderholm" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[884,1369,556,583]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
<emphasis id="C2F62507571C883D446BB96C6B4CFD9A" box="[884,1134,556,583]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Dentitheca bidentata</emphasis>
(Jäderholm, 1905)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="B898AA9E571C883B4320B9156EF9FD83" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="description">
<paragraph id="F03DF915571C883D4320B9156BAFFDB4" blockId="42.[884,1369,556,617]" box="[1087,1165,597,617]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<figureCitation id="68B9E590571C883D4320B9156BAFFDB4" box="[1087,1165,597,617]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="46.[159,217,1673,1693]" captionTargetBox="[321,1274,197,1660]" captionTargetId="figure-76@46.[321,1274,197,1660]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Figure 20. (A) Dentitheca bidentata: detail of a stem with few hydrocladia and one male gonotheca; (B) Plumularia floridana: detail of a stem showing several hydrothecae and mature gonangia (red arrows); (C) Monotheca margaretta: detail of a stem with few hydrothecae and one gonotheca; (D-E) Monotheca obliqua: (D) general view of a stem; (E) detail of a hydrotheca; (F) Plumularia sp.: (F) detail of a stem showing several hydrocladia and hydrothecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13176531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13176531/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Fig. 20A</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571C883D442FB93E6BD0FD02" blockId="42.[816,1437,638,735]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
Synonyms available from:
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571C883D4337B93E6A62FD4F" author="Migotto AE &amp; Marques AC" box="[1064,1344,638,658]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="949 - 960" refId="ref50338" refString="Migotto AE, Marques AC (1999) Redescription of Dentitheca bidentata (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Plumulariidae), with notes on its life cycle. Journal of Natural History 33: 949 - 960. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 002229399300029" type="journal article" year="1999">
Migotto and
<collectingRegion id="324637F7571C883D43BAB93E6BD5FD4F" box="[1189,1271,638,658]" country="Italy" name="Marche" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Marques</collectingRegion>
(1999)
</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="37828296571C883D442FB9D76B8EFD71" authority="Jaderholm, 1920: 7" authorityName="Jaderholm" authorityPageNumber="7" authorityYear="1920" box="[816,1196,663,684]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
<emphasis id="C2F62507571C883D442FB9D76CCFFD76" box="[816,1005,663,683]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Plumularia bidentata</emphasis>
Jäderholm, 1920: 7
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 2, fig. 5, 6.
<taxonomicName id="37828296571C883D442FB9F16CD2FD18" box="[816,1008,689,709]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="crosslandi">
<emphasis id="C2F62507571C883D442FB9F16CD2FD18" box="[816,1008,689,709]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Dentitheca crosslandi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571C883D431FB9F16BD4FD18" author="Vannucci M" box="[1024,1270,689,709]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="216 - 266" refId="ref52406" refString="Vannucci M (1949) Hydrozoa do Brasil. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo 99: 216 - 266." type="journal article" year="1949">Vannucci, 1949: 250–251</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 3, fig. 49, 50.
<taxonomicName id="37828296571C883D442FB98A6CCDFD03" baseAuthorityName="Jaderholm" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[816,1007,714,734]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Dentitheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bidentata">
<emphasis id="C2F62507571C883D442FB98A6CCDFD03" box="[816,1007,714,734]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Dentitheca bidentata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–Migotto, 1997: 170–171.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571C883D4472B9B16ABCF926" blockId="42.[815,1438,753,1788]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
Description: Colonies erect, up to
<quantity id="377A54F0571C883D43D3B9B16A37FCD9" box="[1228,1301,753,772]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="22.0">22 mm</quantity>
high, arising from a creeping hydrorhiza. Perisarc thick in the stem, moderately thick in the hydrocladia, and thin in the hydrothecae. Stem monosiphonic, unbranched, divided into one initial portion without hydrocladia, with or without nematothecae or internodes, followed by two or three short internodes, also without hydrocladia, separated by oblique nodes with one frontal nematotheca and, distally, by internodes carrying hydrocladia, those separated by oblique nodes and carrying apophysis and few nematothecae. Hydrocladia 1049–1651 µm high, arising alternately in angles of 124–146° from long apophysis positioned laterally to the stem, directed upward, build of several internodes with hydrothecae, separated from each other by oblique nodes. Each internode from the hydrocladia with one hydrotheca and four nematothecae, one median inferior, a pair of laterals, and one median superior. Hydrothecae 110–132 µm high, 58–98 µm in maximum width, adnate to the hydrocladium almost along all their length, tubular in shape, becoming larger distally. Hydrothecal margin everted, with two large and triangular lateral cusps and a shorter one in the median adcaulinar portion. Usually one internodal septum just below the insertion of lateral nematothecae and another just above insertion of medial inferior nematothecae. All nematothecae two-chambered, conical in shape, and mobile. Median inferior nematothecae with a long pedicel and a short superior chamber positioned at the base of the hydrothecae and curved in their direction. Lateral nematothecae with a pedicel shorter than the median inferior one, with the superior chamber surpassing the hydrothecal margin. Median superior nematothecae similar to the lateral ones, positioned at a distance from the hydrothecae. Gonothecae 675–2990 µm high, 510–2706 µm wide, arising from a short pedicel positioned next to the cauline apophysis, in the form of an inverted cone, larger distally, aperture round, with a thin operculum and a male medusoide inside, does not fill the gonothecal space. Gonothecal wall with a thick perisarc.
</paragraph>
<caption id="A4FDA99D571D883C4788BDCB6AAFF924" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13176529" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13176529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13176529/files/figure.png" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" startId="43.[151,209,1675,1695]" targetBox="[304,1276,197,1663]" targetPageId="43" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="F03DF915571D883C4788BDCB6AAFF924" blockId="43.[150,1429,1674,1785]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
Figure 19. (A-C)
<taxonomicName id="37828296571D883C462ABDCB6ECEF943" baseAuthorityName="Allman" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[309,492,1674,1695]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Pycnotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mirabilis">
<emphasis id="C2F62507571D883C462ABDCB6ECEF943" box="[309,492,1674,1695]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Pycnotheca mirabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: (A) general view of a stem with one gonotheca (red arrow); (B) detail of the gonotheca; (C) detail of a stem showing two hydrocladia and few hydrothecae; (D-E)
<taxonomicName id="37828296571D883C45F5BDE96C88F961" baseAuthorityName="Allman" baseAuthorityYear="1885" box="[746,938,1704,1725]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertularellidae" genus="Sertularella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="C2F62507571D883C45F5BDE96C88F961" box="[746,938,1704,1725]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Sertularella diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: (D) detail of a fragmented stem; (E) detail of a stem with three hydrocladia and several hydrothecae; (F-H)
<taxonomicName id="37828296571D883C45BEBD876C7CF907" baseAuthorityName="Leloup" baseAuthorityYear="1935" box="[673,862,1734,1755]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertularellidae" genus="Sertularella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="peculiaris">
<emphasis id="C2F62507571D883C45BEBD876C7CF907" box="[673,862,1734,1755]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Sertularella peculiaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: (F) general view of a colony on Porifera; (G) superior view of the hydrotheca aperture showing the five intrathecal cusps characteristics of this species; (H) detail of a stem with two hydrothecae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571A883B47C4BB866D6CFEC8" blockId="44.[158,779,198,606]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Material examined: PCS – few colonies, one of them with gonotheca, from dry and rainy seasons. CZUFS CNI-00188; CNI-00304; CNI-00305; CNI-00306; CNI-00308.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571A883B47C4BA606ED7FEEE" blockId="44.[158,779,198,606]" box="[219,501,287,307]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Stations: PCS – 4, 5, 6, 8, 18.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571A883B47C4BA7E6D37FE8D" blockId="44.[158,779,198,606]" box="[219,533,317,337]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Bottom: gravel, sand, and mud.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571A883B47C4BA1B6DEDFDE2" blockId="44.[158,779,198,606]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Distribution:
<collectingCountry id="8895B985571A883B467FBA1B6EB5FEB3" box="[352,407,347,366]" name="Brazil" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Brazil</collectingCountry>
–
<collectingRegion id="324637F7571A883B46B2BA1B6D08FEB3" box="[429,554,347,366]" country="Brazil" name="Pernambuco" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Pernambuco</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B452ABA1B6FF0FE51" author="Migotto AE &amp; Marques AC" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="949 - 960" refId="ref50338" refString="Migotto AE, Marques AC (1999) Redescription of Dentitheca bidentata (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Plumulariidae), with notes on its life cycle. Journal of Natural History 33: 949 - 960. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 002229399300029" type="journal article" year="1999">Migotto and Marques 1999</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingRegion id="324637F7571A883B47FCBA396E0DFE50" box="[227,303,377,397]" country="Brazil" name="Alagoas" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Alagoas</collectingRegion>
(Maximiliano M. Maronna unpub. data),
<collectingRegion id="324637F7571A883B45CDBA396C28FE51" box="[722,778,377,396]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Bahia</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B47B9BAD76EA6FE77" author="Grohmann PA &amp; Nogueira CC &amp; Silva VMAP" box="[166,388,407,426]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref48696" refString="Grohmann PA, Nogueira CC, Silva VMAP (2003) Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected on the continental shelf of Brazil during the Geomar X Oceanographic Operation. Zootaxa 299: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="2003">Grohmann et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingRegion id="324637F7571A883B468BBAD76D3FFE77" box="[404,541,407,426]" country="Brazil" name="Espirito Santo" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Espírito Santo</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4536BAD76D9DFE77" author="Vannucci M" box="[553,703,407,426]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="216 - 266" refId="ref52406" refString="Vannucci M (1949) Hydrozoa do Brasil. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo 99: 216 - 266." type="journal article" year="1949">Vannucci 1949</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B45D6BAD76C24FE77" author="Vannucci M" box="[713,774,407,426]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="105 - 124" refId="ref52483" refString="Vannucci M (1951 a) Distribuicao dos Hydrozoa ate agora conhecidos nas costas do Brasil. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico 2: 105 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0100 - 42391951000100004" type="journal article" year="1951">1951a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4781BAF56EA6FE15" author="Grohmann PA &amp; Souza MM &amp; Nogueira CC" box="[158,388,437,456]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="227 - 232" refId="ref48824" refString="Grohmann PA, Souza MM, Nogueira CC (1997) Hydroids from the vicinity of a large industrial area in Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil. Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Coelenterate Biology 1995: 227 - 232." type="journal article" year="1997">Grohmann et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B468FBAF56EE6FE15" author="Grohmann PA &amp; Nogueira CC &amp; Silva VMAP" box="[400,452,437,456]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref48696" refString="Grohmann PA, Nogueira CC, Silva VMAP (2003) Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected on the continental shelf of Brazil during the Geomar X Oceanographic Operation. Zootaxa 299: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingRegion id="324637F7571A883B46C8BAF56D44FE15" box="[471,614,437,456]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B456ABAF56FF0FE3B" author="Nogueira CC &amp; Grohmann PA &amp; Silva VMAP" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref50822" refString="Nogueira CC, Grohmann PA, Silva VMAP (1997) Hydroids from the vicinity of a nuclear power plant site (CNAAA-Unidade I) at Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Coelenterate Biology: 365 - 369, available online at: https: // www. researchgate. net / publication / 279450354 _ Hydroids _ from _ the _ vicinity _ of _ a _ nuclear _ power _ plant _ site _ CNAAA-Unidade _ I _ at _ Angra _ dos _ Reis _ Rio _ de _ Janeiro _ Brazil [Accessed: 10 / 04 / 2019]" type="url" year="1997">Nogueira et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B47C4BA936E95FE3B" author="Grohmann PA &amp; Nogueira CC &amp; Silva VMAP" box="[219,439,467,486]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref48696" refString="Grohmann PA, Nogueira CC, Silva VMAP (2003) Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected on the continental shelf of Brazil during the Geomar X Oceanographic Operation. Zootaxa 299: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="2003">Grohmann et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
), and
<collectingRegion id="324637F7571A883B46EEBA936D72FE3B" box="[497,592,467,486]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4543BA926E27FDD9" author="Migotto AE &amp; Marques AC" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="949 - 960" refId="ref50338" refString="Migotto AE, Marques AC (1999) Redescription of Dentitheca bidentata (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Plumulariidae), with notes on its life cycle. Journal of Natural History 33: 949 - 960. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 002229399300029" type="journal article" year="1999">Migotto and Marques 1999</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4610BAB16D3EFDD9" author="Cunha AF &amp; Jacobucci GB" box="[271,540,497,516]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="945 - 955" refId="ref48014" refString="Cunha AF, Jacobucci GB (2010) Seasonal variation of epiphytic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) associated to a subtropical Sargassum cymosum (Phaeophyta: Fucales) bed. Zoologia (Curitiba) 27: 945 - 955. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1984 - 46702010000600016" type="journal article" year="2010">
<collectingCountry id="8895B985571A883B4610BAB16E71FDD9" box="[271,339,497,516]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Cunha</collectingCountry>
and Jacobucci 2010
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4539BAB16FF1FDFF" author="Silveira FL &amp; Morandini AC" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref52113" refString="Silveira FL, Morandini AC (2011) Checklist dos Cnidaria do Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Biota Neotropica 11: 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032011000500016" type="journal article" year="2011">Silveira and Morandini 2011</bibRefCitation>
). World distribution – records from tropical regions of the Indian Ocean (western) and
<collectingCountry id="8895B985571A883B46A6B96C6D11FDE2" box="[441,563,556,575]" name="South Africa" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B455FB96C6DE6FDE2" author="Millard NAH" box="[576,708,556,575]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 513" refId="ref50466" refString="Millard NAH (1975) Monograph on the Hydroida of Southern Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 68: 1 - 513." type="journal article" year="1975">Millard 1975</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571A883B47C4B90A6EF9FD83" blockId="44.[158,779,198,606]" box="[219,475,586,606]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Remarks: Found on algae.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B898AA9E571A883B47F1B9C36E68FC5E" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="F03DF915571A883B47F1B9C36EDFFD1C" blockId="44.[238,699,643,705]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName id="37828296571A883B47F1B9C36D99FD43" ID-CoL="8LF4B" authority="Nutting, 1900" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[238,699,643,670]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="C2F62507571A883B47F1B9C36D20FD43" box="[238,514,643,670]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Monotheca margaretta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4515B9C36D99FD43" author="Nutting CC" box="[522,699,643,670]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 285" refId="ref50994" refString="Nutting CC (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. United States National Museum Special Bulletin 4: 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting, 1900</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation id="68B9E590571A883B46B2B9ED6EDFFD1C" box="[429,509,685,705]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="46.[159,217,1673,1693]" captionTargetBox="[321,1274,197,1660]" captionTargetId="figure-76@46.[321,1274,197,1660]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Figure 20. (A) Dentitheca bidentata: detail of a stem with few hydrocladia and one male gonotheca; (B) Plumularia floridana: detail of a stem showing several hydrothecae and mature gonangia (red arrows); (C) Monotheca margaretta: detail of a stem with few hydrothecae and one gonotheca; (D-E) Monotheca obliqua: (D) general view of a stem; (E) detail of a hydrotheca; (F) Plumularia sp.: (F) detail of a stem showing several hydrocladia and hydrothecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13176531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13176531/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 20C</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571A883B4780B9966DEEFD37" blockId="44.[159,780,726,899]" box="[159,716,726,746]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Synonyms available from:
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4689B9966D38FD37" author="Calder DR" box="[406,538,726,746]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref47306" refString="Calder DR (1997) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: supefamily Plumularioidea. Life Sciences Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum 161: 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1997">Calder (1997)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4555B9966DEBFD37" author="Galea HR" box="[586,713,726,746]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref48279" refString="Galea HR (2010) Additional shallow-water thecate hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Guadeloupe and Les Saintes, French Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa 2570: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="2010">Galea (2010)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571A883B4780B9AF6DACFCC0" blockId="44.[159,780,726,899]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="D092DE3B571A883B4780B9AF6DACFCC0" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<treatmentCitation id="7123DF04571A883B4780B9AF6D03FCDE" author="Nutting CC" box="[159,545,751,771]" page="72" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" year="1900">
<taxonomicName id="37828296571A883B4780B9AF6D03FCDE" ID-CoL="8LF4B" authority="Nutting, 1900: 72" authorityName="Nutting" authorityPageNumber="72" authorityYear="1900" box="[159,545,751,771]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="C2F62507571A883B4780B9AF6E52FCDE" box="[159,368,751,771]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Monotheca margaretta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B466BB9AF6D03FCDE" author="Nutting CC" box="[372,545,751,771]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 285" refId="ref50994" refString="Nutting CC (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. United States National Museum Special Bulletin 4: 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting, 1900: 72</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 11, figs 1–3, –
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B45D6B9AF6EABFCC0" author="Silveira FL &amp; Morandini AC" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref52113" refString="Silveira FL, Morandini AC (2011) Checklist dos Cnidaria do Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Biota Neotropica 11: 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032011000500016" type="journal article" year="2011">Silveira and Morandini, 2011</bibRefCitation>
, –
<treatmentCitation id="7123DF04571A883B4682B8496DA8FCC0" author="Oliveira OMP &amp; Miranda TP &amp; Araujo EM &amp; Ayon P &amp; Cedeno-Posso CM &amp; Cepeda-Mercado AA" box="[413,650,777,797]" page="109" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" year="2016">
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4682B8496DA8FCC0" author="Oliveira OMP &amp; Miranda TP &amp; Araujo EM &amp; Ayon P &amp; Cedeno-Posso CM &amp; Cepeda-Mercado AA" box="[413,650,777,797]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref51341" refString="Oliveira OMP, Miranda TP, Araujo EM, Ayon P, Cedeno-Posso CM, Cepeda-Mercado AA, et al. (2016) Census of Cnidaria (Medusozoa) and Ctenophora from South American marine waters. Zootaxa 4194: 001 - 256." type="journal volume" year="2016">Oliveira et al., 2016: 109</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571A883B4780B8626D08FC8D" blockId="44.[159,780,726,899]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName id="37828296571A883B4780B8626E53FCEA" ID-CoL="8LF4B" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[159,369,802,823]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="C2F62507571A883B4780B8626E53FCEA" box="[159,369,802,823]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Monotheca margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
f.
<emphasis id="C2F62507571A883B4696B8636E9DFCEA" box="[393,447,803,823]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">typica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B46DBB8636D88FCEA" author="Vannucci Mendes M" box="[452,682,803,823]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="535 - 598" refId="ref52653" refString="Vannucci Mendes M (1946) Hydroida Thecaphora do Brasil. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo 4: 535 - 598." type="journal article" year="1946">Vannucci Mendes, 1946</bibRefCitation>
, –
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B45A1B8636E2FFC8D" author="Vannucci M" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="216 - 266" refId="ref52406" refString="Vannucci M (1949) Hydrozoa do Brasil. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo 99: 216 - 266." type="journal article" year="1949">Vannucci, 1949</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4609B87C6E68FC8D" author="Vannucci M" box="[278,330,828,848]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="81 - 96" refId="ref52435" refString="Vannucci M (1950) Resultados cientificos do Cruzeiro do &quot; Baependi &quot; e do &quot; Vega &quot; a Ilha da Trindade. Hydrozoa. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico 1: 81 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0100 - 42391950000100007" type="journal article" year="1950">1950</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B464CB87C6EB0FC8D" author="Vannucci M" box="[339,402,828,848]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="105 - 124" refId="ref52483" refString="Vannucci M (1951 a) Distribuicao dos Hydrozoa ate agora conhecidos nas costas do Brasil. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico 2: 105 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0100 - 42391951000100004" type="journal article" year="1951">1951a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4684B87C6EFAFC8D" author="Vannucci M" box="[411,472,828,848]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="6 - 99" refId="ref52523" refString="Vannucci M (1951 b) Hydrozoa e Scyphozoa existentes no Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico 2: 6 - 99. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0100 - 42391951000100003" type="journal article" year="1951">1951b</bibRefCitation>
[polyp];
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571A883B4780B8156E68FC5E" blockId="44.[159,780,726,899]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName id="37828296571A883B4780B8156E52FCB7" ID-CoL="8LF4B" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[159,368,853,874]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="margaretta">
<emphasis id="C2F62507571A883B4780B8156E52FCB7" box="[159,368,853,874]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Monotheca margaretta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
f.
<emphasis id="C2F62507571A883B469AB8156E91FCB4" box="[389,435,853,873]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">curta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B46A6B8166DBFFCB7" author="Vannucci Mendes M" box="[441,669,854,874]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="535 - 598" refId="ref52653" refString="Vannucci Mendes M (1946) Hydroida Thecaphora do Brasil. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo 4: 535 - 598." type="journal article" year="1946">Vannucci Mendes, 1946</bibRefCitation>
, –
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B45AFB8166FDAFC5E" author="Vannucci M" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="105 - 124" refId="ref52483" refString="Vannucci M (1951 a) Distribuicao dos Hydrozoa ate agora conhecidos nas costas do Brasil. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico 2: 105 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0100 - 42391951000100004" type="journal article" year="1951">Vannucci, 1951a</bibRefCitation>
[polyp];
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B898AA9E571A883B47C4B8D56B99FB77" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="description">
<paragraph id="F03DF915571A883B47C4B8D56EDEF96C" blockId="44.[157,780,917,1773]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Description: Colonies erect, up to
<quantity id="377A54F0571A883B4525B8D56DA1FC74" box="[570,643,917,937]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
high, arising from a tubular and creeping hydrorhiza. Perisarc thin in the entire colony. Hydrorhiza with several internal perisarc projections and nematothecae. Stem monosiphonic, unbranched, divided into regular internodes separated by transverse nodes. The first internode without hydrocladia or nematothecae, short and square-shaped. Other internodes formed by an apophysis in the distal portion and three nematothecae, two in the axis between the apophysis and the stem and the third one between the proximal transverse node and the apophysis. Apophysis carries one hydrocladium and one hydrotheca. Hydrocladia carries two internodes separated by transverse nodes, the first internode without hydrothecae or nematothecae and the second one with one hydrotheca and three nematothecae, a medial inferior and a pair or laterals. All nematothecae two-chambered and conical. Medial inferior nematothecae long, reaching half the hydrothecal length. Lateral nematothecae long, with an initial portion forming a Y projected to the internode, positioned behind the hydrothecae and surpassing the hydrothecal margin. Hydrothecae cylindrical, deep, 98–138 µm high, 84–119 µm wide, adnate to the internode along almost their length. Internodes and hydrorhizal nematothecae are similar to the medial inferior ones. Gonothecae 2446–2620 µm high, 1535–1566 µm wide, barrel-shaped, one per stem, arising from a short pedicel on the stem at the axis between the internode and a hydrotheca. Gonothecae with several longitudinal pleats in the perisarc.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571A883B47C4BDFC6A2DFF2A" blockId="44.[157,780,917,1773]" lastBlockId="44.[815,1438,198,1054]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Material examined: PCS – abundant colonies, several with gonothecae, from the dry and rainy seasons; VB – two infertile colonies from the dry season. CZUFS CNI-00020; CNI-00060; CNI-00193; CNI-00194; CNI-00195; CNI-00198.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571A883B4472BA426CDBFEEF" blockId="44.[815,1438,198,1054]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Stations: PCS – 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18; VB – C2P34, C3P56.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571A883B4472BA7E6B85FE8D" blockId="44.[815,1438,198,1054]" box="[877,1191,317,337]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Bottom: gravel, sand, and mud.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571A883B4472BA1B6AB9FCF3" blockId="44.[815,1438,198,1054]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Distribution:
<collectingCountry id="8895B985571A883B44E7BA1B6B12FEB3" box="[1016,1072,347,366]" name="Brazil" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Brazil</collectingCountry>
–
<collectingRegion id="324637F7571A883B4351BA1B6BA5FEB3" box="[1102,1159,347,366]" country="Brazil" name="Ceara" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Ceará</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4388BA1B6A4AFEB3" author="Marques AC &amp; Shimabukuro V &amp; Morandini AC &amp; Migotto AE" box="[1175,1384,347,367]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="71 - 112" refId="ref49741" refString="Marques AC, Shimabukuro V, Morandini AC, Migotto AE (2006) Cnidaria Medusozoa do litoral do estado do Ceara. In: Matthews-Cascon H, Lotufo TMC (Eds) Biota marinha da costa este do Ceara. Ministerio do Meio Ambiente Pronabio, Brasilia, 71 - 112." type="book chapter" year="2006">Marques et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4269BA1B6CF0FE51" author="Shimabukuro V" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref51932" refString="Shimabukuro V (2007) As associacoes epizoicas de Hydrozoa (Cnidaria: Leptothecata, Anthoathecata e Limnomedusae): I) Estudo faunistico de hidrozoarios epizoicos e seus organismos associados; II) Dinamica de comunidades bentonicas em substratos artificiais. Master's Dissertation, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 275 pp, available online at: https: // teses. usp. br / teses / disponiveis / 41 / 41133 / tde- 29082007 - 145731 / pt-br. php [Accessed: 02 / 05 / 2019]" type="book" year="2007">Shimabukuro 2007</bibRefCitation>
), Fernando de Noronha (
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B43CFBA396AB0FE51" author="Shimabukuro V" box="[1232,1426,377,396]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref51932" refString="Shimabukuro V (2007) As associacoes epizoicas de Hydrozoa (Cnidaria: Leptothecata, Anthoathecata e Limnomedusae): I) Estudo faunistico de hidrozoarios epizoicos e seus organismos associados; II) Dinamica de comunidades bentonicas em substratos artificiais. Master's Dissertation, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 275 pp, available online at: https: // teses. usp. br / teses / disponiveis / 41 / 41133 / tde- 29082007 - 145731 / pt-br. php [Accessed: 02 / 05 / 2019]" type="book" year="2007">Shimabukuro 2007</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingRegion id="324637F7571A883B442DBAD76C58FE77" box="[818,890,407,426]" country="Brazil" name="Paraiba" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Paraíba</collectingRegion>
(Felipe F. Campos unpub. data),
<collectingRegion id="324637F7571A883B43CFBAD76A6FFE77" box="[1232,1357,407,426]" country="Brazil" name="Pernambuco" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Pernambuco</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4243BAD76CFAFE15" author="Calder DR &amp; Mayal EM" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="69 - 78" refId="ref47689" refString="Calder DR, Mayal EM (1998) Dry season distribution of hydroids in a small tropical estuary, Pernambuco, Brazil. Zoologische Verhandelingen 323: 69 - 78." type="journal article" year="1998">Calder and Maÿal 1998</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingRegion id="324637F7571A883B44F5BAF56B14FE14" box="[1002,1078,437,457]" country="Brazil" name="Alagoas" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Alagoas</collectingRegion>
(Maximiliano M. Maronna unpub. data),
<collectingRegion id="324637F7571A883B4472BA936C87FE3B" box="[877,933,467,486]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Bahia</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B44AFBA936BA9FE3B" author="Grohmann PA &amp; Nogueira CC &amp; Silva VMAP" box="[944,1163,467,486]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref48696" refString="Grohmann PA, Nogueira CC, Silva VMAP (2003) Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected on the continental shelf of Brazil during the Geomar X Oceanographic Operation. Zootaxa 299: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="2003">Grohmann et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
, Kelmo et al. 2003),
<collectingRegion id="324637F7571A883B424FBA936C45FDD9" country="Brazil" name="Espirito Santo" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Espírito Santo</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4469BAB16B33FDD9" author="Vannucci M" box="[886,1041,497,516]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="216 - 266" refId="ref52406" refString="Vannucci M (1949) Hydrozoa do Brasil. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo 99: 216 - 266." type="journal article" year="1949">Vannucci 1949</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4301BAB16B79FDD9" author="Vannucci M" box="[1054,1115,497,516]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="105 - 124" refId="ref52483" refString="Vannucci M (1951 a) Distribuicao dos Hydrozoa ate agora conhecidos nas costas do Brasil. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico 2: 105 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0100 - 42391951000100004" type="journal article" year="1951">1951a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4376BAB16A6DFDD9" author="Grohmann PA &amp; Souza MM &amp; Nogueira CC" box="[1129,1359,497,516]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="227 - 232" refId="ref48824" refString="Grohmann PA, Souza MM, Nogueira CC (1997) Hydroids from the vicinity of a large industrial area in Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil. Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Coelenterate Biology 1995: 227 - 232." type="journal article" year="1997">Grohmann et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4243BAB16AB2FDD9" author="Grohmann PA &amp; Nogueira CC &amp; Silva VMAP" box="[1372,1424,497,516]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref48696" refString="Grohmann PA, Nogueira CC, Silva VMAP (2003) Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) collected on the continental shelf of Brazil during the Geomar X Oceanographic Operation. Zootaxa 299: 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingRegion id="324637F7571A883B442FB94E6C9FFDFC" box="[816,957,526,545]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B44D5B94E6B95FDFC" author="Vannucci Mendes M" box="[970,1207,526,545]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="535 - 598" refId="ref52653" refString="Vannucci Mendes M (1946) Hydroida Thecaphora do Brasil. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo 4: 535 - 598." type="journal article" year="1946">Vannucci Mendes 1946</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B43DDB94E6A78FDFF" author="Vannucci M" box="[1218,1370,526,546]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="216 - 266" refId="ref52406" refString="Vannucci M (1949) Hydrozoa do Brasil. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo 99: 216 - 266." type="journal article" year="1949">Vannucci 1949</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B427AB94E6ABAFDFC" author="Vannucci M" box="[1381,1432,526,545]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="81 - 96" refId="ref52435" refString="Vannucci M (1950) Resultados cientificos do Cruzeiro do &quot; Baependi &quot; e do &quot; Vega &quot; a Ilha da Trindade. Hydrozoa. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico 1: 81 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / s 0100 - 42391950000100007" type="journal article" year="1950">1950</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B442EB96C6C4DFDE2" author="Vannucci M" box="[817,879,556,575]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="105 - 124" refId="ref52483" refString="Vannucci M (1951 a) Distribuicao dos Hydrozoa ate agora conhecidos nas costas do Brasil. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico 2: 105 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0100 - 42391951000100004" type="journal article" year="1951">1951a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4463B96C6B6CFD9D" author="Nogueira CC &amp; Grohmann PA &amp; Silva VMAP" box="[892,1102,556,576]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref50822" refString="Nogueira CC, Grohmann PA, Silva VMAP (1997) Hydroids from the vicinity of a nuclear power plant site (CNAAA-Unidade I) at Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Coelenterate Biology: 365 - 369, available online at: https: // www. researchgate. net / publication / 279450354 _ Hydroids _ from _ the _ vicinity _ of _ a _ nuclear _ power _ plant _ site _ CNAAA-Unidade _ I _ at _ Angra _ dos _ Reis _ Rio _ de _ Janeiro _ Brazil [Accessed: 10 / 04 / 2019]" type="url" year="1997">Nogueira et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4344B96C6A05FDE2" author="Miranda TP &amp; Genzano GN &amp; Marques AC" box="[1115,1319,556,576]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="484 - 506" refId="ref50491" refString="Miranda TP, Genzano GN, Marques AC (2015) Areas of endemism in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean based on the distribution of benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zootaxa 4033: 484 - 506. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4033.4.2" type="journal article" year="2015">Miranda et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
),
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(
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4428B90A6B02FD80" author="Vannucci Mendes M" box="[823,1056,586,605]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="535 - 598" refId="ref52653" refString="Vannucci Mendes M (1946) Hydroida Thecaphora do Brasil. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo 4: 535 - 598." type="journal article" year="1946">Vannucci Mendes 1946</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4335B90A6B9DFD80" author="Vannucci M" box="[1066,1215,586,605]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="216 - 266" refId="ref52406" refString="Vannucci M (1949) Hydrozoa do Brasil. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo 99: 216 - 266." type="journal article" year="1949">Vannucci 1949</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B43D6B90A6A24FD80" author="Vannucci M" box="[1225,1286,586,605]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="105 - 124" refId="ref52483" refString="Vannucci M (1951 a) Distribuicao dos Hydrozoa ate agora conhecidos nas costas do Brasil. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico 2: 105 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0100 - 42391951000100004" type="journal article" year="1951">1951a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B420FB90A6ABAFD80" author="Migotto AE" box="[1296,1432,586,606]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref50248" refString="Migotto AE (1996) Benthic shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) of the coast of Sao Sebastiao, Brazil, including a checklist of Brazilian hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen 306: 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1996">Migotto 1996</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B442FB9286CD2FDA6" author="Oliveira OMP &amp; Marques AC &amp; Migotto AE" box="[816,1008,616,636]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref51287" refString="Oliveira OMP, Marques AC, Migotto AE (2006) Chave de identificacao dos hidroides (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) epifiticos do Canal de Sao Sebastiao (SE, Brasil). Biota Neotropica 6: 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032006000200025" type="journal article" year="2006">Oliveira et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B44E4B9286B99FDA6" author="Shimabukuro V" box="[1019,1211,616,635]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref51932" refString="Shimabukuro V (2007) As associacoes epizoicas de Hydrozoa (Cnidaria: Leptothecata, Anthoathecata e Limnomedusae): I) Estudo faunistico de hidrozoarios epizoicos e seus organismos associados; II) Dinamica de comunidades bentonicas em substratos artificiais. Master's Dissertation, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 275 pp, available online at: https: // teses. usp. br / teses / disponiveis / 41 / 41133 / tde- 29082007 - 145731 / pt-br. php [Accessed: 02 / 05 / 2019]" type="book" year="2007">Shimabukuro 2007</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B43D9B9286C46FD44" author="Cunha AF &amp; Jacobucci GB" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="945 - 955" refId="ref48014" refString="Cunha AF, Jacobucci GB (2010) Seasonal variation of epiphytic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) associated to a subtropical Sargassum cymosum (Phaeophyta: Fucales) bed. Zoologia (Curitiba) 27: 945 - 955. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1984 - 46702010000600016" type="journal article" year="2010">
<collectingCountry id="8895B985571A883B43D9B9286A28FDA6" box="[1222,1290,616,635]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Cunha</collectingCountry>
and Jacobucci 2010
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4472B9C66B55FD44" author="Oliveira OMP &amp; Marques AC" box="[877,1143,646,665]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="786 - 795" refId="ref51238" refString="Oliveira OMP, Marques AC (2011) Global and local patterns in the use of macrophytes as substrata by hydroids (Hydrozoa: Anthoathecata and Leptothecata). Marine Biology Research 7: 786 - 795. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000.2011.57864 7" type="journal article" year="2011">Oliveira and Marques 2011</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B439FB9C66ABBFD44" author="Silveira FL &amp; Morandini AC" box="[1152,1433,646,665]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref52113" refString="Silveira FL, Morandini AC (2011) Checklist dos Cnidaria do Estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil. Biota Neotropica 11: 1 - 10. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032011000500016" type="journal article" year="2011">Silveira and Morandini 2011</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4430B9E46B2BFD6A" author="Fernandez MO &amp; Navarrete SA &amp; Marques AC" box="[815,1033,676,695]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="144 - 152" refId="ref48130" refString="Fernandez MO, Navarrete SA, Marques AC (2014) Temporal variation in richness and composition of recruits in a diverse cnidarian assemblage of subtropical Brazil. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 460: 144 - 152." type="journal article" year="2014">Fernandez et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B430BB9E46BF9FD6A" author="Miranda TP &amp; Genzano GN &amp; Marques AC" box="[1044,1243,676,695]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="484 - 506" refId="ref50491" refString="Miranda TP, Genzano GN, Marques AC (2015) Areas of endemism in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean based on the distribution of benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zootaxa 4033: 484 - 506. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4033.4.2" type="journal article" year="2015">Miranda et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
), Paraná (
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4221B9E46C4DFD08" author="Vannucci M" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="105 - 124" refId="ref52483" refString="Vannucci M (1951 a) Distribuicao dos Hydrozoa ate agora conhecidos nas costas do Brasil. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico 2: 105 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0100 - 42391951000100004" type="journal article" year="1951">Vannucci 1951a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4467B9826B1BFD08" author="Miranda TP &amp; Genzano GN &amp; Marques AC" box="[888,1081,706,725]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="484 - 506" refId="ref50491" refString="Miranda TP, Genzano GN, Marques AC (2015) Areas of endemism in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean based on the distribution of benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zootaxa 4033: 484 - 506. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4033.4.2" type="journal article" year="2015">Miranda et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
, Maria A. Haddad unpub. data), and Santa Catarina (
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B44D2B9A06BB2FD2E" author="Miranda TP &amp; Haddad MA &amp; Shimabukuro V &amp; Dubiaski-Silva J &amp; Marques AC" box="[973,1168,736,755]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="331 - 353" refId="ref50542" refString="Miranda TP, Haddad MA, Shimabukuro V, Dubiaski-Silva J, Marques AC (2011) Fauna de hidroides (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) da regiao de Bombinhas, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Biota Neotropica 11: 331 - 353." type="journal article" year="2011">Miranda et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4386B99F6BEEFD2F" author="Miranda TP &amp; Genzano GN &amp; Marques AC" box="[1177,1228,735,754]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="484 - 506" refId="ref50491" refString="Miranda TP, Genzano GN, Marques AC (2015) Areas of endemism in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean based on the distribution of benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zootaxa 4033: 484 - 506. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4033.4.2" type="journal article" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B43C9B9A06AB0FD2E" author="Bouzon JL &amp; Brandini FP &amp; Rocha RM" box="[1238,1426,736,755]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="39 - 47" refId="ref47083" refString="Bouzon JL, Brandini FP, Rocha RM (2012) Biodiversity of sessile fauna on rocky shores of coastal islands in Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. Marine Science 2: 39 - 47." type="journal article" year="2012">Bouzon et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
). World distribution – considered circumglobal, with records from Western and Eastern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B420AB85B6AB2FCF3" author="Calder DR" box="[1301,1424,795,814]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref47306" refString="Calder DR (1997) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: supefamily Plumularioidea. Life Sciences Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum 161: 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1997">Calder 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571A883B4472B8796B69FC7B" blockId="44.[815,1438,198,1054]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Taxonomic remarks: The recognition of
<taxonomicName id="37828296571A883B43EAB8796A78FC91" box="[1269,1370,825,844]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C2F62507571A883B43EAB8796A78FC91" box="[1269,1370,825,844]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Monotheca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as distinct from
<taxonomicName id="37828296571A883B4483B8176BB9FCB7" authority="Lamarck, 1816" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[924,1179,855,874]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C2F62507571A883B4483B8176B21FCB7" box="[924,1027,855,874]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Plumularia</emphasis>
Lamarck, 1816
</taxonomicName>
has been made elsewhere based on evidence of both morphology (
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B43FBB8356A47FC55" author="Calder DR" box="[1252,1381,885,904]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref47306" refString="Calder DR (1997) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: supefamily Plumularioidea. Life Sciences Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum 161: 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1997">Calder 1997</bibRefCitation>
) and genetics (Moura et al. 2018).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571A883B4472B8F16B4BFBC0" blockId="44.[815,1438,198,1054]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Remarks: The PCS colonies were colonizing algae, Bryozoa,
<taxonomicName id="37828296571A883B4430B88E6C80FC3C" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1795" box="[815,930,974,993]" class="Gastropoda" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="class">Gastropoda</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="37828296571A883B44AFB88E6B15FC3F" box="[944,1079,974,994]" class="Gastropoda" family="Xenophoridae" genus="Xenophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="C2F62507571A883B44AFB88E6B37FC3C" box="[944,1045,974,993]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Xenophora</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="37828296571A883B4357B88E6B96FC3F" box="[1096,1204,974,994]" class="Polychaeta" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="class">Polychaeta</taxonomicName>
tubes, rocks, Brachyura (Majoidea), and the hydroid
<taxonomicName id="37828296571A883B4352B8AC6BDEFC22" baseAuthorityName="Fewkes" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[1101,1276,1004,1023]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Syntheciidae" genus="Hincksella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="formosa">
<emphasis id="C2F62507571A883B4352B8AC6BDEFC22" box="[1101,1276,1004,1023]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Hincksella formosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Estuarine colonies were colonizing the plates.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571A883B4498BF036BB8FB5C" blockId="44.[903,1350,1091,1153]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName id="37828296571A883B4498BF036A64FB83" authority="(Johnston, 1847)" baseAuthorityName="Johnston" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[903,1350,1091,1118]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="obliqua">
<emphasis id="C2F62507571A883B4498BF036B4FFB83" box="[903,1133,1091,1118]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Monotheca obliqua</emphasis>
(Johnston, 1847)
</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation id="68B9E590571A883B432CBF2D6BB8FB5C" box="[1075,1178,1133,1153]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="46.[159,217,1673,1693]" captionTargetBox="[321,1274,197,1660]" captionTargetId="figure-76@46.[321,1274,197,1660]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Figure 20. (A) Dentitheca bidentata: detail of a stem with few hydrocladia and one male gonotheca; (B) Plumularia floridana: detail of a stem showing several hydrothecae and mature gonangia (red arrows); (C) Monotheca margaretta: detail of a stem with few hydrothecae and one gonotheca; (D-E) Monotheca obliqua: (D) general view of a stem; (E) detail of a hydrotheca; (F) Plumularia sp.: (F) detail of a stem showing several hydrocladia and hydrothecae." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13176531" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13176531/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fig. 20D–E</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571A883B442FBFD66B99FB77" blockId="44.[816,1318,1174,1226]" box="[816,1211,1174,1194]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Synonyms available from:
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571A883B4337BFD66B95FB77" author="Watson JE" box="[1064,1207,1174,1194]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="71 - 91" refId="ref52922" refString="Watson JE (2011) Review of the genus Monotheca (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Australia with description of a new species and a note on Monothecella Stechow, 1923. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 68: 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2011">Watson (2011)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B898AA9E571A883B442FBFF56A04FB17" box="[816,1318,1205,1226]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="F03DF915571A883B442FBFF56A04FB17" blockId="44.[816,1318,1174,1226]" box="[816,1318,1205,1226]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName id="37828296571A883B442FBFF56B86FB17" ID-CoL="4KJKZ" authority="Johnston, 1847: 106" authorityName="Johnston" authorityPageNumber="106" authorityYear="1847" box="[816,1188,1205,1226]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="obliqua">
<emphasis id="C2F62507571A883B442FBFF56CFBFB14" box="[816,985,1205,1225]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Plumularia obliqua</emphasis>
Johnston, 1847: 106
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 28, fig. 1.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B898AA9E571A883A4472BF9C6EF6FD83" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="description">
<paragraph id="F03DF915571A883A4472BF9C6EF8FEC8" blockId="44.[815,1438,1243,1771]" lastBlockId="45.[149,772,198,606]" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Description: Colonies erect, up to
<quantity id="377A54F0571A883B43DFBF9B6A3BFB32" box="[1216,1305,1243,1263]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="12.5">12.5 mm</quantity>
high, arising from a tubular and creeping hydrorhiza. Stem monosiphonic, sympodial, divided into internodes moderately long, separated by transverse nodes. Initial internodes short, without hydrothecae or nematothecae. Posterior internodes alternately, carrying one apophysis in the distal portion and two nematothecae, one in the axis between the apophysis and the stem and the other in the middle of the internode. Apophysis carrying one hydrocladium with one hydrotheca. Hydrocladia with two internodes separated by transverse nodes, the first one without hydrothecae or nematothecae and the second one with one hydrotheca and three nematothecae, one medial inferior and a pair or lateral. Hydrothecal internode is almost entirely occupied by the hydrotheca, larger distally and with one or two internal septa behind the hydrotheca. Hydrothecae cylindrical, 133–150 µm high, 137–151 µm wide, abcaulinar and adcaulinar wall slightly convex. All nematothecae two-chambered and mobile. Medial inferior nematothecae short, reaching almost the hydrothecal base. Lateral nematothecae directed outward, inserted in the final portion of the intersegment with hydrothecae, surpassing completely the hydrothecal rim.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571B883A47CBBA606D92FE8C" blockId="45.[149,772,198,606]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Material examined: PCS – few infertile colonies from the dry and rainy seasons. CZUFS CNI-00021; CNI-00197.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571B883A47CBBA1B6D09FEB3" blockId="45.[149,772,198,606]" box="[212,555,347,367]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Stations: PCS – 5, 6, 12, 13, 15, 18.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571B883A47CBBA3A6EEFFE51" blockId="45.[149,772,198,606]" box="[212,461,377,397]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Bottom: gravel and mud.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571B883A47CBBAD76DDFFE15" blockId="45.[149,772,198,606]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
Distribution:
<collectingCountry id="8895B985571B883A4648BAD76EACFE77" box="[343,398,407,426]" name="Brazil" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Brazil</collectingCountry>
–
<collectingRegion id="324637F7571B883A46BEBAD76D0AFE77" box="[417,552,407,426]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571B883A452CBAD76DDBFE77" author="Nogueira CC &amp; Grohmann PA &amp; Silva VMAP" box="[563,761,407,427]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" refId="ref50822" refString="Nogueira CC, Grohmann PA, Silva VMAP (1997) Hydroids from the vicinity of a nuclear power plant site (CNAAA-Unidade I) at Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Coelenterate Biology: 365 - 369, available online at: https: // www. researchgate. net / publication / 279450354 _ Hydroids _ from _ the _ vicinity _ of _ a _ nuclear _ power _ plant _ site _ CNAAA-Unidade _ I _ at _ Angra _ dos _ Reis _ Rio _ de _ Janeiro _ Brazil [Accessed: 10 / 04 / 2019]" type="url" year="1997">Nogueira et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
). World distribution – considered cosmopolitan (
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571B883A4573BAF56DD0FE15" author="Watson JE" box="[620,754,437,456]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="71 - 91" refId="ref52922" refString="Watson JE (2011) Review of the genus Monotheca (Hydrozoa: Leptolida) from Australia with description of a new species and a note on Monothecella Stechow, 1923. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 68: 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2011">Watson 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571B883A47CBBA936D39FD9D" blockId="45.[149,772,198,606]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
Taxonomic remarks: As mentioned above, the recognition of
<taxonomicName id="37828296571B883A47B0BAB16E31FDD9" box="[175,275,497,516]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Monotheca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C2F62507571B883A47B0BAB16E31FDD9" box="[175,275,497,516]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Monotheca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as distinct from
<taxonomicName id="37828296571B883A46AFBAB16D89FDD9" authority="Lamarck, 1816" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[432,683,497,516]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Plumulariidae" genus="Plumularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C2F62507571B883A46AFBAB16D34FDD9" box="[432,534,497,516]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Plumularia</emphasis>
Lamarck, 1816
</taxonomicName>
has been made elsewhere based on evidence of both morphology (
<bibRefCitation id="941384E4571B883A45DFB94E6FEAFD9D" author="Calder DR" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref47306" refString="Calder DR (1997) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: supefamily Plumularioidea. Life Sciences Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum 161: 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1997">Calder 1997</bibRefCitation>
) and genetics (Moura et al. 2018).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F03DF915571B883A47CBB90A6EF6FD83" blockId="45.[149,772,198,606]" box="[212,468,586,606]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Remarks: Found on algae.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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