375 lines
53 KiB
XML
375 lines
53 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="75E64C41C5B97B8E01DBA6CCF81CB2D2">Taxonomy and species-groups of the subgenus Crematogaster (Orthocrema) in the Malagasy region (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A713B85C6BAD12B21BB571EA673EE636">Blaimer, Bonnie B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="D51F9BAE636A24EFC0EC300D4AE11776">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:url id="D41F3772E5E2F720449B59758CD74FD6">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.199.2631</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="3A5F6A94A7D1C04EFDCAF18DEAC2716D">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="A74B73A1CCA7BA65BBAC0FB24C2F83CE" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.199.2631</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="19223755D05B17D3293A504A3C46D608" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-199-23</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="76DEDA86D5EF032FD783D44881FF7D41" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152035987" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:76DEDA86D5EF032FD783D44881FF7D41" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/76DEDA86D5EF032FD783D44881FF7D41" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" scope_family="Formicidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera">
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<subSubSection id="2338C00E7CB3F830779FC3312C71DAD1" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="0A90AE249AF224D1206F33E418969794" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="00DB84B13245428A874B486456DE4147" ID-CoL="6BDCS" LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Crematogaster_rasoherinae" authority="Forel" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster rasoherinae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasoherinae">Crematogaster rasoherinae Forel</taxonomicName>
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Figures 2426
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="565A0DF45D28B19F49461E6FC188E867" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="21910351F5D8B93D3ABF6F4447F5B489" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="E52152F6498870D5595773755F8EFE95" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster rasoherinae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasoherinae">Crematogaster rasoherinae</taxonomicName>
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Forel, 1891: 194. Worker syntype(s) from MADAGASCAR: Tamatave (
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<normalizedToken id="650ECDFF02573E569F7C7ACB6431DA5F" originalValue="O’swald">O'swald</normalizedToken>
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) [Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, not examined, destroyed during WWII]. Forel, 1912: 164. Queen, male described. Combination in
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<taxonomicName id="8E9FB7A072D9086623FEF7AAC5FEE04A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="DF4DBEF83C8373D4C0A67DB74E55C249" genus="Neocrema" lsidName="Neocrema" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" rank="genus">Neocrema</taxonomicName>
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): Santschi, 1918: 182; in
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<taxonomicName id="4BDC1CFE79D7F91B74DBC56F4603CC58" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="8F24ED84CD7DF9DCBBD272155A8E2774" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
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): Wheeler, W.M. 1922: 1023; Combination in
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<taxonomicName id="94C790C2D36175383EF1194B94FD2EBF" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="A0D40FFAE2D6FF0A35C048AE3FF0EC37" genus="Orthocrema" lsidName="Orthocrema" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" rank="genus">Orthocrema</taxonomicName>
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): Emery, 1922: 131; Combination in
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<taxonomicName id="D9563734DDEA2964F2594EF1CD727E4A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="96DAD10AC2F39D759F45D59811804339" genus="Mesocrema" lsidName="Mesocrema" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" rank="genus">Mesocrema</taxonomicName>
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): Santschi, 1928: 33.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="20E6B18AF54E60AD73D19845663EE754" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="BB697D2D724C0347E3D4C6978EE2B302" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">= Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="2A1D58E0675FB51F8FE9DD9C6E5AB5A8" genus="Orthocrema" lsidName="Orthocrema rasoherinae" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" rank="species" species="rasoherinae">Orthocrema) rasoherinae</taxonomicName>
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var. brunneola Emery, 1922: 131. Replacement name for
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<taxonomicName id="0EDAF021DE6F7DD8FB2205DBE69AAA58" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster rasoherinae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasoherinae">Crematogaster rasoherinae</taxonomicName>
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var. brunnea Forel, 1907: 79. Worker and queen syntypes from Madagascar: Andranohinaly (SW Madagaskar) (Voeltzkow) [MHNG, examined]. [Junior primary homonym of brunnea Smith, F. 1857: 75.]. Lectotype worker by present designation: top specimen of 2 workers on one pin, CASENT0101836 (image on AntWeb). Combination in
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<taxonomicName id="C7DE7E32756D15624B2842EF75AAB35C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="B30FC760561119C697D501B7655E4994" genus="Mesocrema" lsidName="Mesocrema" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" rank="genus">Mesocrema</taxonomicName>
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): Santschi, 1928: 33. Syn. n.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FB292F5AE2D29F528F3CD21AA2C7FCA6" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="53E4599FCE135810732C595E9259E101" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster voeltzkowi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="voeltzkowi">= Crematogaster voeltzkowi</taxonomicName>
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Forel, 1907: 78. Worker syntypes from Comoros: Anjouan (Voeltzkow) [MHNG, examined]. Lectotype worker by present designation: top specimen of 2 workers on one pin, CASENT0101615 (image on AntWeb). Combination in
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<taxonomicName id="4A0D0102907BCF99B521CA1575C3C8B8" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="0C94F341738E7831B5AA6E9A387BA431" genus="Neocrema" lsidName="Neocrema" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" rank="genus">Neocrema</taxonomicName>
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): Santschi, 1918: 182 (misspelled as woelzkowi); Comb. in
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<taxonomicName id="D38D5DA8A57086476C49132AB7FDA79E" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4A25D7D70AE0D738FCBE5C87DCC0125B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
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): Wheeler, W.M. 1922: 1024; Comb. in
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<taxonomicName id="A08DD98FC46360717ECB583718E1B510" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="2AD388989BAEE3E47D6ED350217A93B3" genus="Orthocrema" lsidName="Orthocrema" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" rank="genus">Orthocrema</taxonomicName>
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): Emery, 1922: 131. Syn. n.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="B1B90BBECE34E6C8F28844DFF7B84054" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" type="type material">
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<paragraph id="DA76CFDBE9F727BBC40158E2969CCBC6" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4A716BFBB1801130075968CCDA726914" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Syntypes not available for examination; these specimens were housed in the collection of the Naturhistorisches Museum in Hamburg and were destroyed during World War II (confirmation obtained 19.vii.2011, via e-mail communication with F. Wieland).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="6BF011903C18E52A90AC6EAE770220D2" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
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Neotype worker, by present designation: pinned, CASENT0120911, BLF16755, ex dead twig above ground; original locality label: Prov. Toamasina, Tamatave, 20m,
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<geoCoordinate id="BF3863BED6BBEAA867E422C48EFD12C5" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="-18.154667">18°09.28'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="C42111D2807883E97569EE2FF86596DD" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="49.412666">49°24.76'E</geoCoordinate>
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, 16.ii.2007, urban gardens, Fisher et al. BLF16755; deposited at CASC.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="AF9860B9EDD9CA9851361C5DD2BEF81E" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="8" pageNumber="31" type="other material examined">
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<paragraph id="DA0B50353BDCC6773560DF80083D83C0" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">Other material examined</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="869DD9EB50743A84B7A75F8FA660275B" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="8" pageNumber="31">
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(BBBC, CASC, MHNG, NHMB, PSWC, ZMBH, MCZC). MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana: Baie Sakalava: -12.27330, 49.39064, 10m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Montaigne
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<normalizedToken id="04F54995CE363D76B0B9A96F709D957E" originalValue="Français">Francais</normalizedToken>
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: -12.32278, 49.33817, 180m (R.
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<normalizedToken id="A837242B14F2498379AF93AE9695337E" originalValue="Harin’Hala">Harin'Hala</normalizedToken>
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); 7 km N Joffreville: -12.33333, 49.25000, 360m (R.
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<normalizedToken id="4DB9C4E6FD3116288DB195714FBBF157" originalValue="Harin’Hala">Harin'Hala</normalizedToken>
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); 2km S Joffreville: -12.47639, 49.22222, 500m (G.Alpert); 7km SE Antsiranana: -12.31670, 49.33330, 80m (G.Alpert); R.S. Ambre: -12.46889, 49.24217, 325m (B.L.Fisher et al.); P.N. Montagne
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<normalizedToken id="D4157E13BDB9D0D7975FC993EBE792D0" originalValue="d’Ambre">d'Ambre</normalizedToken>
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: -12.50035, 49.17500, 885m; -12.53444, 49.17950, 925m; -12.52028, 49.17917, 1125m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Nosy
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<normalizedToken id="E2E76CA20881EC0C7CCF90CBCAB1A1CD" originalValue="Bé">Be</normalizedToken>
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, R.N.I.
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<normalizedToken id="0B1369B6A7FF89EA252ED91D59B76376" originalValue="Lokobé">Lokobe</normalizedToken>
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: -13.41944, 48.33117, 30m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Nosy
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<normalizedToken id="C2FFBB4543A5032824D372E96C99A030" originalValue="Bé">Be</normalizedToken>
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, Lokobe Forest: -13.41640, 48.30720, 50m (G.Alpert); Nosy
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<normalizedToken id="23C270CF80944754D4C7008CC39E9B66" originalValue="Bé">Be</normalizedToken>
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, 5km E Marodokana: -13.36670, 48.30000, 50m (G.Alpert); R.S. Manongarivo: -13.93153, 48.45213, 370m (B.B.Blaimer); Ambondrobe:
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<pageBreakToken id="06D45CF4E1829A09907BD636D51DA691" pageId="9" pageNumber="32" start="start">-</pageBreakToken>
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13.71533, 50.10167, 10m (B.L.Fisher et al.); P.N. Ankarana: -12.90889, 49.10983, 80m; -12.86361, 49.22583, 210m (B.L.Fisher et al.), P.N. Ankarana: -12.90056, 49.14722, 150m (G.Alpert); F Andavakoera: -13.11833, 49.23000, 425m (B.L.Fisher et al.);
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<normalizedToken id="8C419926F383136E9ABE4D92D61CD82F" originalValue="Rés">Res</normalizedToken>
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. Analamerana: -12.74667, 49.49483, 60m (B.L.Fisher et al.); F Binara: -13.26333, 49.60333, 650-800m (B.L.Fisher et al.); 6.3 km S Ambanizana: -15.68131, 49.9580, 25m (B.L.Fisher et al.); 5.3 km SSE Ambanizana, 425m, -15.66667, 49.96667 (B.L.Fisher et al.); Nosy Mangabe: -15.49730, 49.76223, 5m (B.L.Fisher et al.); -15.50000, 49.76670, 200m (P.S.Ward); P.N. Marojejy: -14.43333, 49.78333, 450m (B.L.Fisher et al.); P.N. Masoala: -15.71333, 49.97167 (B.L.Fisher et al.); -15.72667, 49.95667, 150m (A.Dejean et al.); 84km SW Sambava on road to Andapa: -14.57730, 49.73940, 160m (W.L.&D.E.Brown); Vohemar: -13.35967, 50.00390, 16m (B.L.Fisher et al.); F Analabe: -13.08333, 49.90833, 30m (B.L.Fisher et al.);
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<normalizedToken id="D191546AC7F0865EA9FAAA261E40BEB0" originalValue="Forêt">Foret</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken id="BCC508CCD6B3D23F50369DA30B04CE24" originalValue="d’Ampondrabe">d'Ampondrabe</normalizedToken>
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: -12.97000, 49.70000, 175m (B.L.Fisher et al.); F Orangea: -12.25889, 49.37467, 90m (B.L.Fisher et al.);F Ampombofofo: -12.09949, 49.33874, 25m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Ampamakiambato: -13.97545, 48.15929, 145m (B.L.Fisher et al.);
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<normalizedToken id="2C691E02E238899A7987EBD5602B5DAE" originalValue="Forêt">Foret</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken id="79C4420F71B99AEA0095017A8385231C" originalValue="d’Anabohazo">d'Anabohazo</normalizedToken>
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: -14.30889, 47.91433, 120m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Ankobahoba: -13.39166, 48.48249, 40m (B.L.Fisher et al.); 14km W Cap Est, Ambato: -15.29128, 50.33803, 150m (B.L.Fisher et al.);
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<normalizedToken id="8BBC8BA4E8AD76830E2156DBF5F2550E" originalValue="Andranomatàna">Andranomatana</normalizedToken>
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: -13.14965, 48.91765, 28m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Tsihombe: -25.31833, 45.48367, 30m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Antalaha: -14.90130, 50.28095, 24m (B.L.Fisher et al.); 55km S Antalaha, Nosy Ngontsy: -15.26440, 50.48930, 50m (G.Alpert); 55km S Antalaha, Cap Est: -15.25640, 50.47940, 1m (G.Alpert); Ambohitsara, 10km SW Antalaha: -14.95000, 50.26670, 50m (G.Alpert); Antananarivo: R.S. Ambohitantely: -18.19800, 47.28150, 700m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Fianarantsoa: P.N. Ranomafana: -21.26650, 47.42017, 1020m (B.L.Fisher et al.); 3km W Ranomafana, nr Ifanadiana: -21.25000, 47.41670, 950m (P.S.Ward); Ranomafana, nr. Ifanadiana: -21.26670, 47.45000, 650m (P.S.Ward); 10km E Ranomafana: -18.99972, 48.95000, 50m (G.Alpert); R.S. Manombo: -23.01580, 47.71900, 30m (B.L.Fisher et al.); -23.02183, 47.72000, 36m (R.
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<normalizedToken id="CF9E8B7CFD1ECD774023080A43B23563" originalValue="Harin’Hala">Harin'Hala</normalizedToken>
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); Mahabo [
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<normalizedToken id="3FE39EC3A72C0ED0296E3CB8E061507C" originalValue="Rés">Res</normalizedToken>
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||
.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DDE5EF953EC9E0152EB96C9D43AF4E4D" originalValue="Forestière">Forestiere</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4388D08EBCA80E2E0625CD6FDBC67247" originalValue="d’Agnalazaha">d'Agnalazaha</normalizedToken>
|
||
]: -23.19383, 47.72300, 20m (B.L.Fisher et al.); F Ampitavananima: -23.12972, 47.71700, 34m (B.L.Fisher et al.); 8km E Kianjavato: -21.38860, 47.94360, 145m (G.Alpert); Mahajanga: PN Ankarafantsika (F Tsimaloto): -16.22806, 47.14361, 135m (B.L.Fisher et al.); PN Ankarafantsika: -16.31670, 46.81670 (L.A. Nilsson); Ambolomaiky: -15.85410, 46.74663, ca. 80m (B.L.Fisher et al.);
|
||
<normalizedToken id="31D46072535DB3915E367778AA662718" originalValue="Forêt">Foret</normalizedToken>
|
||
Ambohimanga: -15.96267, 47.43817, 250m (B.L.Fisher et al.); PN Baie de Baly: -16.01000, 45.26500, 10m (B.L.Fisher et al.); P.N. Namoroka: -16.37667, 45.32667, 100m (B.L.Fisher et al.); P.N. Tsingy de Bemaraha: -19.13222, 44.81467,100m; -18.70944, 44.71817, 150m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Mahavavy River: -16.05167, 45.90833, 20m (B.L.Fisher et al.);
|
||
<normalizedToken id="418DA2E4D5B790D1713B0DB8A1B83336" originalValue="Rés">Res</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1AB17B399F45D4728A2EF69915D1734B" originalValue="Forestière">Forestiere</normalizedToken>
|
||
Beanka: -18.02649, 44.05051, 250m (B.L.Fisher et al.); F Tsimembo: -19.02139, 44.44067, 20m; -18.99528, 44.44350, 50m (B.L.Fisher et al.); S.F. Ampijoroa: -16.31944, 46.81333, ca. 40m; -16.31670, 46.81670, 80m; F Asondrodava:: -17.96533, 44.03550, 6m (R.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D7F83653F41ACF19C0087240D7E83766" originalValue="Harin’Hala">Harin'Hala</normalizedToken>
|
||
); 3km S Namakia: -15.95611, 45.83556, 40m (G. Alpert); Toamasina: RS Ambatovaky: -16.81739, 49.29402, 360m (B.L.Fisher
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="70B547430B64D47E74C1F98C7FAAAFAE" pageId="10" pageNumber="33" start="start">et</pageBreakToken>
|
||
al); F Ambatovy: -18.85083, 48.32000, 1075m (B.L.Fisher et al.);
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7B3D909B0CB951106C8C1B6BD046A00E" originalValue="Rés">Res</normalizedToken>
|
||
. Betampona: -17.92400, 49.19967, 390m (B.L.Fisher et al.); 11km SE Ampasimanolotra (=Brickaville): -18.90000, 49.13330, 5m (P.S.Ward); 10km N Brickaville: -18.79194, 49.08667, 100m(G. Alpert); F Kalalao [Ile St.Marie]: -16.92250, 49.88733, 100m (B.L.Fisher et al.); F Ambohidena [Ile St.Marie]: -16.82433, 49.96417, 20m (B.L.Fisher et al.); F Ampanihy [Ile St.Marie]: -16.91117, 49.93917, 10m (B.L.Fisher et al.); F Sahafina: -18.81445, 48.96205, 100m; -18.81445, 48.96205, 140m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Mahavelona (Foulpointe): -17.66667, 49.50000, (A.Pauly); Manankinany: -17.03330, 49.53330 (L.A.Nilsson); Tanambao Nosibe: -17.89117, 49.45617, 15m (Blaimer&Raharimalala); Antaratasy: -17.76733, 49.47767, 25m (Blaimer & Raharimalala); Ampasina-Maningory: -17.21467, 49.40550, 20m (Blaimer & Raharimalala); Anosintany: -16.91117, 49.58867, 10m (Blaimer & Raharimalala); Maitsokely: -16.90617, 49.58683, 10m (Blaimer & Raharimalala); Fenoarivo: -17.38117, 49.41500, 10m (Blaimer & Raharimalala); Antetezambaro: -17.05283, 49.56700, 10m (Blaimer & Raharimalala); Mahambo: -17.48933, 49.45167, 10m (Blaimer & Raharimalala); Tamatave: -18.15467, 49.41267, 20m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Brickaville: -18.82183, 49.07017, ca. 25m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Analalava: -17.7095, 49.45400, 50m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Mahanoro: -19.89933, 48.80883, 15m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Vatomandry: -19.33283, 48.97950, 16m (B.L.Fisher et al.);
|
||
<normalizedToken id="97DF650D4344AE2023799FE22BE39820" originalValue="Forêt">Foret</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9819724E16CEA4B42F42BD8572BE4885" originalValue="d’Analava">d'Analava</normalizedToken>
|
||
Mandrisy: -16.48567, 49.84700, 10m (B.L.Fisher et al.); S.F. Tampolo: -17.28250, 49.43000, 10m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Analalava: -17.693194, 49.46027, ca. 20m (R.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="424CE2E7F9EBA55ED830D0E11BE022BA" originalValue="Harin’Hala">Harin'Hala</normalizedToken>
|
||
); Toliara: Mahafaly Plateau: -24.65361, 43.99667, 80m (B.L.Fisher et al.); F Mikea: -22.90367, 43.47550, 35m (R.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="63378585217937AAFAF382637420DF2B" originalValue="Harin’Hala">Harin'Hala</normalizedToken>
|
||
); Libanona Beach: -25.03883, 46.99600, 20m (B.L.Fisher et al.); F Petriky: -25.06167, 46.87000, 10m (B.L.Fisher); Ranobe: -23.03975, 43.61090, 30m (Frontier Project, MGF);
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C22DE252C88C793FB3B65F1EEC8A0C69" originalValue="Rés">Res</normalizedToken>
|
||
. Berenty (F Bealoka): -24.95694, 46.27150, 35m (B.L.Fisher et al.);
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C43B9A689EA0F46122986A1F258D0C28" originalValue="Rés">Res</normalizedToken>
|
||
. Berenty (F Malaza): -25.00778, 46.30600, 40m;
|
||
<normalizedToken id="633DBE5054F54ABC8EA2F3594BCA9B1F" originalValue="Rés">Res</normalizedToken>
|
||
. Berenty (F Anjapolo): -24.92972, 46.20967, 65m (B.L.Fisher et al.);
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5DED0896802171846C2F41299BA740AF" originalValue="Rés">Res</normalizedToken>
|
||
. Berenty: -25.02100, 46.30550, 35m, -25.00670, 46.30330, 85m (R.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C5E9297642D57BF40BC4D965208E4367" originalValue="Harin’Hala">Harin'Hala</normalizedToken>
|
||
), -25.01670, 46.30000, 35m (P.S.Ward), -24.98330, 46.30000, 30m; Miandrivazo: -19.52317, 45.4575, 80m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Morondava: -20.29650, 44.28150, ca. 10m (B.L.Fisher et al.); F Beroboka: -22.23306, 43.36633, 80m (B.L.Fisher et al.); F Tsinjoriaky: -22.80222, 43.42067, 70m (B.L.Fisher et al.); PN Tsimanampetsotsa: -24.10056, 43.76000, 25m; -24.04722, 43.75317, 40m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Ejeda: -24.3505, 44.51600, 250m (B.L.Fisher et al.); F Tsivory: -24.07083, 46.07533, 400m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Manatantely: -24.9815, 46.92567, 100m (B.L.Fisher et al.); 6.1 km 182°S Marovato: -25.58167, 45.29500, 20m (B.L.Fisher et al.); 3.4 km 190° S Marovato: -25.55972, 45.28250, 160m (B.L.Fisher et al.); 3.5 km 236° SW Marovato: -25.55389, 45.25583, 230m (B.L.Fisher et al.); P.N. Andohahela: -24.81694, 46.61000, 150m (R.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="509F909776DB3112F663770704DFFF57" originalValue="Harin’Hala">Harin'Hala</normalizedToken>
|
||
); -24.93683, 46.62667, 180m (R.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="104061DE4940E9CD3C4CF9660799BB3A" originalValue="Harin’Hala">Harin'Hala</normalizedToken>
|
||
); -24.75850, 46.85370, 275m; -24.93000, 46.64550, 300m (B.L.Fisher et al.); P.N. Andohahela/parcel3: -25.01366, 46.64650, 160m; -25.01790, 46.65175, 170m; P.N. Andohahela/ parcel1: -24.94713, 46.67312, 400m; -24.94683, 46.67625, 440m (B.B.Blaimer); 5km NNW Isaka-Ivondro,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="799782577EB874773B35DA09ECB85972" originalValue="Rés">Res</normalizedToken>
|
||
. Ando
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="55E0DF1A3E084589D205A2F2E8730589" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" start="start">hahela</pageBreakToken>
|
||
: -24.75000, 46.85000, 280m (P.S.Ward); (P.S.Ward); 7km NW Ranopiso: -25.01670, 46.63330, 100m (P.S.Ward); 2.7km WNW 302
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DBDBEA29D539FA85A0F7F608FD4681DC" originalValue="º">°</normalizedToken>
|
||
St.Luce: -24.77167, 47.17167, 20m (B.L.Fisher et al.); F Mandena: -24.95167, 47.00167, 20m (B.L.Fisher);
|
||
<normalizedToken id="AF79A8A637BB25ADAFAAB805EC1B216E" originalValue="Rés">Res</normalizedToken>
|
||
. Cap St.Marie: -25.58767, 45.16300, ca. 35m; -25.59444, 45.14683, 160m, -25.58167, 45.16833, 200m; (B.L.Fisher et al.); SW Madagaskar, Andranohinaly: -23.27500, 43.97500 (Voeltzkow).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="80A38962D0F1DA158E9FEEA793AE0EB6" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">
|
||
SEYCHELLES:
|
||
<normalizedToken id="60C74770B9400152083AEFBAB4595CB6" originalValue="Mahé">Mahe</normalizedToken>
|
||
Island: Morne Blanc: -4.65988, 55.43743, 480m; -4.65740, 55.43325, 660m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Petite Congo Rouge: -4.64514, 55.43364, 745m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Mont Copolia: -4.65121, 55.45835, 520m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Silhouette Island: Mont Dauban: -4.48126, 55.22641; 735m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Aldabra Atoll: Grande Terre Isl.: -9.43453, 46.45767, ca. 5m (S.M.Goodman); COMOROS:
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7BB479AB8C03554C8070E41446975226" originalValue="Mohéli">Moheli</normalizedToken>
|
||
: Ouallah: -12.30668, 43.66407, 275m; -12.30353, 43.66827, 500m; -12.29696, 43.67392, 680m; -12.29600, 43.67600, 750m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Madahali: -12.37421, 43.86857, 50m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Lac Boundouni: -12.37915, 43.85165, 25m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Grande Comore: Goudjoulachamle: -11.44826, 43.27373, 80m (B.L.Fisher et al.);
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5D6B444769DC76F9C9686CEA19C24931" originalValue="Grillé">Grille</normalizedToken>
|
||
: -11.47578, 43.34669, 805m; -11.47578, 43.34669, 995m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Karthala: -11.82699, 43.42950, 1000m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Domani: -11.51778, 43.28000, 5m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Itoundzou: -11.63136, 43.30434, 635m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Trou du Prophete: -11.38087, 43.31335, 10m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Anjouan: -12.22265, 44.28820, 10m; -12.25764, 44.38915, 20m; -12.18771, 44.35929, 65m; -12.29311, 44.51090, 440m; -12.30537, 44.45031, 500m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Anjouan (Voeltzkow); Hajoho: -12.12195, 44.48795, 10m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Lac
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D0E80C6122DCCDADEB892146F4B02B44" originalValue="Dzialandée">Dzialandee</normalizedToken>
|
||
: -12.22474, 44.43121, 900m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Mt. Ntringui: -12.19865, 44.41866, 740m; -12.22043, 44.42924, 1225m (B.L.Fisher et al.); MAYOTTE: Reserve
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3B7C38B0471E876BDCE0E73C856C638C" originalValue="forestière">forestiere</normalizedToken>
|
||
Majimbini: -12.76796, 45.18615, 525m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Mont Combani: -12.80632, 45.15314, 370m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Baie de Tsingoni: -12.79260, 45.10764, 5m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Hajangoua: -12.85492, 45.19889, 10m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Mont Benara: -12.87585, 45.15672, 425m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Sazile: -12.97839, 45.17261, 35m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Tanaraki: -12.75754, 45.0678, 10m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Reserve forestiere Sohoa: -12.80586, 45.10054, 20m (B.L.Fisher et al.); Gorgora Kandza: -12.86735, 45.20827, 65m (B.L.Fisher et al.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="ACE14D1A4952DC917C2B3F6A72CD9DD2" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" type="worker measurements">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B61EC311256A0A27437F3BBBA222048" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">Worker measurements</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0E00B5A4DA22A36569E2C897BD1AB5A6" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">(n=28). Neotype worker: HW 0.64; HL 0.61; EL 0.15; SL 0.45; WL 0.68; SPL 0.07; PTH 0.17; PTL 0.25; PTW 0.18; PPL 0.14; PPW 0.19; LHT 0.44; CI 1.05; OI 0.25; SI 0.74; SPI 0.10; PTHI 0.67; PTWI 0.73; PPI 1.41; LBI 1.53.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BA63FC04BAE3F27AE9C1AE426FD918F6" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" type="other material">
|
||
<paragraph id="E5AC56E300C90A2D1266A22051E0A4AF" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">Other material.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6A595FB49E6C68EA8A9DD4810E70B3AE" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">HW 0.51-0.63; HL 0.49-0.62; EL 0.12-0.15; SL 0.38-0.46; WL 0.52-0.65; SPL 0.00-0.10; PTH 0.11-0.16; PTL 0.16-0.24; PTW 0.13-0.19; PPL 0.10-0.14; PPW 0.14-0.21; LHT 0.35-0.44; CI 0.99-1.07; OI 0.21-0.27; SI 0.71-0.82; SPI 0.00-0.17; PTHI 0.60-0.72; PTWI 0.65-0.93; PPI 1.21-1.62; LBI 1.26-1.56.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D015B3CCBE632501B40E22092C947B09" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="CA7FA868270BC1C21F67EDA523E739B4" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="33E15DD46588C0EE86E5A81A6B0FDAF6" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="11" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="68DC1E9EF4F8AD75D465921F54E668BD" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster rasoherinae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasoherinae">Crematogaster rasoherinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from all other Malagasy
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2A0F37E4D6D69C91F7D78617D15BEAB6" genus="Orthocrema" lsidName="Orthocrema" pageId="11" pageNumber="34" rank="genus">Orthocrema</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of small anterolateral denticles on the petiole and the rectangular shape of the same. Queens are distinct from all other species
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="68A7B7AC519762309333D65767098F49" pageId="12" pageNumber="35" start="start">by</pageBreakToken>
|
||
their rectangular petiole shape. In addition, the absence of propodeal spines distinguishes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2EABE58CA78F5B2C0DA8CFFFA7C3B60" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster rasoherinae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasoherinae">Crematogaster rasoherinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
queens from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5B65031EF7EC3FC796C9A6C382DDE00" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster madecassa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madecassa">Crematogaster madecassa</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="47EED3F7A6B2EBDD5E18BF3DB63724BF" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster razana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="razana">Crematogaster razana</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas very small size (HW 0.80-0.89, WL 1.50-1.63) and large eyes (OI 0.30-0.34) easily separate them from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="34E4AB977783A1CEEC543EEA22B56E06" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster volamena" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="volamena">Crematogaster volamena</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AB193EA636C37FC6019A7EC13E0162B" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster mpanjono" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mpanjono">Crematogaster mpanjono</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="717FB88962C187ABC9823E844ED87C5C" pageId="12" pageNumber="35" type="worker description">
|
||
<paragraph id="D0CFA8BBFABAB8F01AEED70A9A235C61" pageId="12" pageNumber="35">Worker description</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="47AD9A6EA1A9A5B9348B2CD370E85A33" pageId="12" pageNumber="35">
|
||
(Figures 24
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B1483D13190089EAEE72F501CE305DDB" originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
).Very small species (HW 0.51-0.64, WL 0.52-0.68). Masticatory margin of mandibles with 4 teeth; clypeus with several weak vertical carinae; posterior margin of head in full face view usually laterally rounded, sometimes medially slightly depressed; occipital carinae well pronounced; antennal scapes usually just reaching, but not surpassing posterior margin of head; midline of eyes situated well above midline of head in full face view; eyes flush with head, not notably protruding.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="ECD6A84DE669552D325A02B42BCDDC61" pageId="12" pageNumber="35">Promesonotum laterally subangular, with mesonotum posterolaterally slightly marginate and metanotal groove bordered by weak carinae; in lateral view outline of promesonotum moderately convex; promesonotal suture usually absent; mesonotum with or without a distinct posterior face; metanotal groove with 2-3 median carinae of varying prominence; propodeal spines short (SPI <0.17) or absent (most Comoros Isl. material), if present straight or upwards curved, in lateral view directed upwards, in dorsal view almost parallel and not diverging; dorsal face of propodeum very short; petiole in dorsal view rectangular, with dorsolateral margins weakly carinate or angular and small antero- and posterolateral denticles; subpetiolar process mostly developed as broad, rounded protuberance, sometimes as small angular dent; postpetiole more or less globular, merely impressed posteriorly, or with faint median impression; subpostpetiolar process often present as small, angular protrusion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0BDAF7E390044C5F81AA9A0A749E924D" pageId="12" pageNumber="35">Head sculpture reduced, aciculate; mesosoma with promesonotum dorsally aciculate; meso- and metapleuron aciculate to areolate; propodeum with dorsal face carinulate or reticulate, posterior face shiny; dorsal face of petiole mostly reticulate; helcium dorsally finely areolate; postpetiole dorsally feebly reticulate; lateral and ventral face of petiole and postpetiole areolate or reticulate; face with 2-4 erect flexuous setae, and abundant short, subdecumbent pubescence; pronotum with 0-4 (most often 2) erect, stiff humeral setae, and 0-4 (usually 2) erect, stiff lateral setae on mesonotum, rarely also 2 erect setae present dorsally; mesosoma with scattered decumbent pubescence; petiole with a single stiff, erect seta on each posterolateral tubercle; postpetiole with a pair of erect dorsoposterior setae; abdominal tergites and sternites 4-7 with fairly abundant short erect pilosity (> 20 setae), which is more sparse on tergite 4 and usually present only towards posterior end, and with decumbent pubescence throughout.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="942AF4D52A84B15382FC4D6219964342" pageId="12" pageNumber="35">
|
||
Several color variants. Most widespread in Madagascar is a light to dark brown form; less common is a bicolored form with light brown or reddish head and mesosoma and dark gaster. On the Comoros islands, the Seychelles and Mayotte,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AF210E33B6037D5DBD6C5BB19565C352" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster rasoherinae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasoherinae">Crematogaster rasoherinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most often yellow or pale yellow colored, often with the posterior half of the gaster black. The typical brown Madagascar color form seems to be only present on the Seychelles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="21F7A2D66CE43BC9E87A311EE0EB2B13" pageId="12" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<paragraph id="60B509D7D64711E65159BA6263A1AF2B" pageId="12" pageNumber="35">
|
||
Figure 24.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7712E41899B30D5560A78FBF17BAB4B1" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster rasoherinae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasoherinae">Crematogaster rasoherinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, workers.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C094FC41E0D595363CF2151BDA5CC6C2" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||
form with propodeal spines (CASENT0193412) A full face B lateral C dorsal
|
||
<normalizedToken id="94AB6011B06D5E3988F9BDA910FB081B" originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
form without propodeal spines (CASENT0147430) D full face E lateral F dorsal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2C4C23E6C8EBF5B9459E048336FAFF5F" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="12" pageNumber="35" type="intermediate worker measurements">
|
||
<paragraph id="06ED77A594FF1EB60BB56826053A169F" pageId="12" pageNumber="35">Intermediate worker measurements</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="158A049AA38DF73F9FB905FB8DA73E66" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="12" pageNumber="35">
|
||
(n=10). HW 0.73-0.84, HL 0.72-0.83, EL 0.18-0.23, SL 0.49-0.56, WL 0.83-1.03, SPL 0.06-0.15, PTH 0.18-0.23, PTL 0.29-0.37, PTW 0.23-0.30, PPL 0.18-0.23, PPW 0.27-0.34, LHT 0.50-0.57, CI
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="A1769EC2793A53418957B07267B4A0E5" pageId="13" pageNumber="36" start="start">1.00</pageBreakToken>
|
||
-1.05, OI 0.24-0.30, SI 0.65-0.75, SPI 0.08-018, PTHI 0.56-0.67, PTWI 0.74-0.88, PPI 0.43-0.53, LBI 1.59-1.84.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3067EAC2AE59AC9E5E1EE4F1D8B8860D" pageId="13" pageNumber="36" type="intermediate worker description">
|
||
<paragraph id="7A0B16E8E2CCD87932F0D53EE74FB5E8" pageId="13" pageNumber="36">Intermediate worker description</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="369D1840A614EDDA90E7E384355F62C6" pageId="13" pageNumber="36">
|
||
(Figures 25
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BF8B1CD022CBBE16858E882849A5E743" originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
). Intermediate between workers and queens in size. Head, petiole and postpetiole characters similar to queens; ocelli present, but smaller than in queens; the mesonotum is to various extent raised and fused dorsally over pronotum and has wing attachment sutures; otherwise mesosomal characters more similar to worker characters, especially propodeum, and propodeal spines are present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="EB5F98C0C89A5AA7B2B85DDDB5DC3841" pageId="13" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<paragraph id="1A120381CB2563EC0F7A8685933B6C0B" pageId="13" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Figure 25.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="78625C1A618E8E7A77ED358EDB9AED9C" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster rasoherinae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasoherinae">Crematogaster rasoherinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, intermorph and male.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="54A54880D0C6785DF5845A417DCD704B" originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
intermorph(CASENT0193402) A full face B lateral C dorsolateral view of mesosoma (SEM) D close-up of mesosoma in dorsolateral view (SEM) E dorsal
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8704AA3BE34E3F1C9E272C4A2B2B2729" originalValue="F–G">F-G</normalizedToken>
|
||
male (CASENT0193414) F full face G dorsal H lateral.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="143FCDF93D9DACDA4B33A134C79F11AF" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="13" pageNumber="36" type="queen measurements">
|
||
<paragraph id="8A3120EA97248F9887F819BCB105568F" pageId="13" pageNumber="36">Queen measurements</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B29C7F9B264594D6BF12C5F20DE21E3F" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="13" pageNumber="36">
|
||
(n=10). HW 0.80-0.89, HL 0.79-0.88, EL 0.26-0.28, SL 0.51-0.56, MSNW 0.62-0.85, MSNL 0.70-0.90, WL 1.50-1.63, SPL 0.00, PTH
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="6AFB3D4284F494412C97AD32059F7B73" pageId="14" pageNumber="37" start="start">0.20</pageBreakToken>
|
||
-0.24, PTL 0.35-0.43, PTW 0.26-0.31, PPL 0.21-0.28, PPW 0.31-0.37, LHT 0.62-0.70, CI 0.99-1.02, OI 0.30-0.34, SI 0.62-0.66, MSNI 1.72-1.91, SPI 0.13-0.16, PTHI 0.49-0.63, PTWI 0.62-0.75, PPI 1.30-1.63, LBI 2.19-2.48.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="600B87532CA6E4527C609C0674A46E5B" pageId="14" pageNumber="37" type="queen description">
|
||
<paragraph id="FDED3049853975E4FF09B05C73B82E43" pageId="14" pageNumber="37">Queen description</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EB3E0083BA11431F545D9A4EB8185D0B" pageId="14" pageNumber="37">
|
||
(Figures 26
|
||
<normalizedToken id="73BAA27D729CE806BA73838BCFBFCEB4" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||
). Very small (HW 0.80-0.89, WL 1.50-1.63). With worker characters, except as follows. Masticatory margin of mandibles with 5 teeth. Antennal scapes not surpassing posterior margin of head, reaching only to about level of lateral ocelli; eyes large (OI 0.30-0.34), situated at midline of head in full face view; head shape quadrate (CI 0.99-1.02), posterior margin of head straight.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B41D3A374A5F8EB9D038DE7C613B416E" pageId="14" pageNumber="37">Mesosoma slender (MSNI 1.72-1.91, WL 1.50-1.63); mesoscutum in dorsal view oval, about half as wide as long; dorsal face of propodeum distinct, about half as long as posterior face; propodeal spines absent; petiole and postpetiole as in worker; anteroventral subpetiolar tooth present, but reduced with respect to worker.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A273D7989ACB0851EE5A6FD0951651F" pageId="14" pageNumber="37">Sculpture smooth and shiny throughout; erect pilosity generally more abundant, but finer than in workers: face with 4-6 longer erect setae and abundant shorter erect to suberect pilosity; mesonotum with abundant short, and scattered longer erect setae; petiole with one pair of long flexuous setae posterior to posterior denticles; postpetiole with flexuous pair of dorsoposterior setae and 2-4 additional long setae; petiole and postpetiole with abundant shorter pilosity throughout. Body color similar to respective workers.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3E6F795085896C5DEDE1EFE32D7433BA" pageId="14" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<paragraph id="DA5C16EB057D105D9E211C54428B7787" pageId="14" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Figure 26.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7C870BDB9A1FD76C44C041320BE1D116" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster rasoherinae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasoherinae">Crematogaster rasoherinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, queen and distribution.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9BA7D10D13046603796D97451A34F912" originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||
queen (CASENT0193403) A full face B lateral C dorsal
|
||
<normalizedToken id="B3BDAE9C06B03EAAEA7094889897AB77" originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
distribution maps D Madagascar and Indian Ocean island overview E Comoros and Mayotte F Seychelles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5E868071F06E4D297F2BB25D087386AA" pageId="14" pageNumber="37" type="male measurements">
|
||
<paragraph id="28ADB721DE53B019DFB89F8A0BF2487B" pageId="14" pageNumber="37">Male measurements</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F8C6E201DD5E8F34F7BACDA55873C6C6" pageId="14" pageNumber="37">(n=5). HW 0.43-0.48, HL 0.34-0.37, EL 0.19-0.22, SL 0.05-0.08, MSNW 0.43-0.53, MSNL 0.38-0.49, WL 0.64-0.80, SPL 0.00, PTH 0.11-0.13, PTL 0.15-0.19 PTW 0.10-0.14, PPL 0.15-0.19, PPW 0.15-0.19, LHT 0.31-0.34, CI 1.19-1.33, OI 0.54-0.59, SI 0.15-0.21, MSNI 1.56-1.80, SPI 0.14-0.17, PTHI 0.64-0.74, PTWI 0.54-0.83, PPI 1.38-1.55, LBI 2.07-2.42.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C0B7935FE8B11FC84400B9D0CDDC36BF" pageId="14" pageNumber="37" type="male description">
|
||
<paragraph id="E223B663F32708A580CEB2F303FC2344" pageId="14" pageNumber="37">Male description</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2BF83CC96AA59FAB2A4AB6E0645F2675" pageId="14" pageNumber="37">
|
||
(Figures 25
|
||
<normalizedToken id="3A2DF8F5FDFB7A0DFCB9302297050608" originalValue="F–H">F-H</normalizedToken>
|
||
). Very small (HW 0.43-0.48, WL 0.64-0.80). Masticatory margin of mandibles with 2 teeth; eyes very large (OI 0.54-0.59) and protruding, covering most of gena, and reaching anteriorly almost to clypeal margin; antennae 9-10-segmented (separation between 3rd and 4th funicular segment often absent or incomplete), scapes very short (SI 0.15-0.21), 2nd funicular segment globular, last 2 or 3 funicular segments compressed (this may be post mortem); head strongly wider than long (CI 1.19-1.33), mostly due to lateral extent of eyes; ocellar triangle extending to posterior head margin in full face view as a crown; occipital carinae distinct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9EF5EEB17DA8D69E2E57200798CF6915" pageId="14" pageNumber="37">Mesosoma fairly slender (MSNI 1.56-1.80, WL 0.64-0.80); mesoscutum in dorsal view slightly wider than long; scutellum with two distinct faces: anterior face short and steeply sloping from mesoscutum, posterior face long and flat; scutellum in dorsal view oval and posteriorly rounded, but dorsoposterior margin carinate; dorsal face of propodeum about as long as posterior face; propodeal spines absent; petiole in dorsal view more or less rectangular, but carinae or denticles absent and all margins rounded, in lateral view petiole anteriorly tapering; anteroventral subpetiolar tooth absent; postpetiole globular, but dorsally somewhat compressed and flat, median impression absent; wings clear.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9E24097F1804545914EE70C8E38F04C4" pageId="14" pageNumber="37">Sculpture smooth and shiny throughout; face with 2 longer erect setae close to ocelli and sparse short suberect pilosity; mesoscutum with scattered short erect or suberect pilosity; longer erect pilosity present on posterior part of scutellum; petiole with one pair of fine, erect setae; postpetiole with fine dorsoposterior setae. Head medium brown, mesosoma pale yellow, metasoma light brown.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="70499AD0CBD3775223E0C94F3646A60C" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="373EC4861B9B3E6A4316D5081CA10B41" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="C25056E5DAAF5522A63A3CA5CFA33D38" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" start="start">Distribution</pageBreakToken>
|
||
and biology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E0816DC698B5C00F80E3E9C106B39ECC" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="17C9FDD84D6CE6B74A24A9075B53303D" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster rasoherinae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasoherinae">Crematogaster rasoherinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the most widespread species of the Malagasy
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E6487F00B9A4F7AE549DF7FB5496A363" genus="Orthocrema" lsidName="Orthocrema" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" rank="genus">Orthocrema</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and in fact it is one of the most abundant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F26820C33265E41ABFF80B516F3E1DAE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in Madagascar and on a number of Indian Ocean islands (Figures 26
|
||
<normalizedToken id="271324FB15EEA5FDBCDF6BE8CFFDDEB2" originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
). The species is distributed throughout all native forest habitats in Madagascar - rainforest, dry or spiny forest alike - and is also found in disturbed habitats and urban areas. It has been collected at elevations up to 1225m, but appears to be more common at lower elevations. In natural habitats this species is predominantly arboreal nesting, both in dead twigs as well as in live plant parts. However, ground nesting in rotten logs or branches does occur occasionally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CEFB35CBCB4F6F7A08DA5AD7B799C504" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Biologically
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3843C378152E10CFBC503FF7CA0B746A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster rasoherinae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasoherinae">Crematogaster rasoherinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is interesting because of the presence of intermediate workers (i.e., individuals intermediate between workers and queens) (Figures 25
|
||
<normalizedToken id="21392D4F155341ACC678EFD426687F0B" originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
) of unknown function in the colony. I have found intermediates in all four colonies that I collected of this species, with the highest number hereby being eight individuals in one nest. In all cases a normal, dealate queen also was present in the nest. None of the intermediates observed was winged and it seems likely that they are either entirely wingless or brachypterous. Scanning electron micrographs of the lateral mesosoma (Figures 25 C and D) show the presence of a rudimentary suture above the mesopleuron where in a normal queen the forewing attaches.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EEF8628DE5BAA20F13A773CA4F513584" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="963ADDEFDD9C1AF17DB879BF49725BEF" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="397C3C74A190D40C5AB343DAC6685F66" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">
|
||
An intriguing characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5F6122CAFBD00F486F4F9D7ECD7ED1BE" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster rasoherinae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasoherinae">Crematogaster rasoherinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the morphological variability of this species on the Comoros Islands compared to the remainder of its distribution range. In Madagascar, the Seychelles and Mayotte this species always possesses propodeal spines. On the Comoros Islands in contrast, propodeal spines can be present (as in Figure 24B), reduced or entirely absent (as in Figure 24E). More specifically, all specimens examined from the island of Grand Comore have no, or very reduced propodeal spines, whereas on Anjouan and Moheli propodeal spines are mostly reduced or absent and present only in fewer individuals. This spine-polymorphism was presumably the basis of the description of the here synonymized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CE8EBA715AAAC2A8D47A29D69C5F0DBA" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster voeltzkowi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="voeltzkowi">Crematogaster voeltzkowi</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Anjouan is the type locality for this species name and the syntype specimens represent the morphological form lacking the propodeal spines. Analysis of DNA sequence data from both the nuclear markers (see Figure 1) and ancillary mitochondrial data however clearly shows a lack of genetic divergence between the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5B4A61A60F9FA2CD517E8C9BF526341D" originalValue="‘armed’">'armed'</normalizedToken>
|
||
and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8820EF44933FEA6D3E493D17DEC4B0DF" originalValue="‘unarmed’">'unarmed'</normalizedToken>
|
||
forms in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="696C8AC96144E264687702CB88DC7BAD" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster rasoherinae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasoherinae">Crematogaster rasoherinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The cause and maintenance of this intraspecific polymorphism remains to be investigated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C5E8F1337FA0A756066F45911C6088F3" pageId="15" pageNumber="38">
|
||
The syntype specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="66182546C6CD8EBC097D19C23E23AF41" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster rasoherinae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasoherinae">Crematogaster rasoherinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been lost or destroyed during the times of World War II. Confirmation for this has been obtained via e-mail communication with the Naturhistorisches Museum Hamburg (F. Wieland, 19.vii.2011). I designate a neotype in this study to unequivocally ascertain the identity of the species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B6E3F61D6E4D1054E0240019810328C3" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster rasoherinae" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rasoherinae">Crematogaster rasoherinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, hereby selecting a worker specimen from or close to the original type locality in Madagascar, Tamatave [Toamasina, town]. In a large and taxonomically difficult genus such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3993ADB0BFAE47C1B54375B6EA1E2E10" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Crematogaster" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
type material is indispensable to clarify species identities. Although no closely resembling species is currently known, it is likely that a morphologically similar species could be discovered in the future, either in Madagascar or on the African mainland.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |